Networks in a nutshell (What are we going to simulate?

Whats the Internet Global data communication infrastructure (network).

Any two hosts connected to the network can exchange data.

2

Whats the Internet

9/20/2012

Whats the Internet

router server local ISP workstation mobile

Millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems

regional ISP

PCs workstations, servers PDAs, phones

running network apps Communication links

company network

fiber, copper, radio, satellite transmission rate = bandwidth

Routers/Switches: forward packets (chunks of data) between networks

4

9/20/2012

Why do we connect to the Internet?

To use different network applications

All network applications rely on standard communication services. 5

The Internet offers two standard services

Connectionless service (UDP) provides no feedback or delivery guarantees.

Connection-oriented service (TCP) provides acknowledgements and guarantees eventual delivery.

6

Connectionless Service Goal: data transfer between end systems

UDP - User Datagram Protocol - Internets connectionless service unreliable data transfer no flow control no congestion control

Apps using UDP: streaming media, teleconferencing,

Internet telephony

9/20/2012

Connectionless Service Source behavior

Send message
Like postal system Messages can be delivered out-of-order Protocols do not establish a connection between devices. As soon as a device has data to send to another, it just sends it (UDP)

Connection-oriented Service
Goal: same as before! Handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time

Hello-hello back human protocol : set up state in two communicating hosts Internets connection-oriented service reliable, in-order byte-stream data transfer
loss: acknowledgements and retransmissions

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

flow control:
sender wont overwhelm receiver

congestion control:
senders slow down sending rate when network congested

Apps using TCP: HTTP (WWW), FTP (file transfer),

Telnet (remote terminal/login), SMTP (email)
9/20/2012 9

Connection-oriented Service Source behavior

Establish connection Communicate Break connection

Like telephone system Connection acts like connected tube Protocols require that a logical connection be established between two devices before transferring data (TCP)
10

Communication Protocols
Define the syntax, semantics, order, and timing of data transmissions.
Syntax: the format of data transmitted. Semantics: the meaning of the data transmitted.

Syntax

Semantics

9/20/2012

11

Communication Protocols
Define the syntax, semantics, order, and timing of data transmissions. Order: the conversation rules of the transmissions.

TCP handshake

12

Communication Protocols
Define the syntax, semantics, order, and timing of data transmissions.
Timing: the beginning and rate of the transmissions. MAC protocols coordinate transmissions; necessary to avoid interference.

Ethernet ports negotiate transmission rates (10,100,1000M).

13

Protocol Layers
Networks are complex! many pieces: hosts routers links of various media applications protocols hardware, software Question: Is there any hope of organizing the structure of network? Or at least our discussion of networks?

9/20/2012

14

Communications Architecture

The complexity of the communication task is reduced by using multiple protocol layers:
Each protocol is implemented independently Each protocol is responsible for a specific subtask Protocols are grouped in a hierarchy

A structured set of protocols is called a communications architecture or protocol suite

9/20/2012

15

9/20/2012

16

OSI Model and Letter Communication Parallel

Created by Josef Sabi for wikipedia.org
9/20/2012 17

Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing airplane routing

Example from Dr. Gergely Zaruba lecture, University of Texas at Arlington

9/20/2012 18

Organization of air travel: layered functional view

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing airplane routing

Layers: each layer implements a service to the layer(s) above via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below
9/20/2012 19

Layered air travel: services view

Counter-to-counter delivery of person+bags baggage-claim-to-baggage-claim delivery people transfer: loading gate to arrival gate runway-to-runway delivery of plane airplane routing from source to destination

9/20/2012

20

Distributed implementation of layer functionality

Departing airport
ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing

intermediate air traffic sites

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing
9/20/2012 21

arriving airport

Internet protocol stack

Application: supporting network applications

ftp, smtp, http TCP, UDP

Application Transport Network Link Physical

Transport: host-host data transfer Network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
IP, routing protocols

Link: data transfer between neighboring network elements

Ethernet

Physical: bits on the wire

9/20/2012 22

Protocol Layering and Data

Each layer takes data from above adds header information to create new data unit passes new data unit to layer below
source
M Ht Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht M M M

destination application transport network link physical

M Ht Hn Ht Hl Hn Ht M M M message segment datagram frame

application transport network link physical

9/20/2012

23

Layering: Logical communication

Each layer: distributed entities implement layer functions at each node entities perform actions, exchange messages with peers
9/20/2012

application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical

application transport network link physical

application transport network link physical

24

Layering: Logical communication

E.g.: transport
take data from app add addressing, reliability check info to form datagram send datagram to peer wait for peer to ack receipt analogy: post office
9/20/2012

data application transport transport network link physical ack application transport network link physical data network link physical data application transport transport network link physical

application transport network link physical

25

Layering: Physical communication

data application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data application transport network link physical

application transport network link physical

9/20/2012

26

Transport Protocols in the Internet The Internet supports 2 transport protocols

UDP - User Datagram Protocol datagram oriented unreliable, connectionless simple unicast and multicast useful only for few applications, e.g., multimedia applications used a lot for services TCP - Transmission Control Protocol stream oriented reliable, connectionoriented complex only unicast used for most Internet applications:

network management (SNMP), routing (RIP), naming (DNS), etc.

web (http), email (smtp), file transfer (ftp), terminal (telnet), etc.

9/20/2012

27

Assignment of Protocols to Layers

ping application

HTTP

Telnet

FTP

DNS

SNMP

Application CBR,Exponential, Layer

TCP

UDP

Transport Layer

Routing Protocols

ICMP

RIP Network Layer

IGMP

IP

PIM

DHCP

OSPF

ARP

Ethernet

Data Link Layer

9/20/2012

Network Interface

28