Basic Ethical Principles Stewardship This principle is grounded in the presupposition that God has absolute Dominion over

creation, and that, in so far as human beings are made in Gods image and likeness (Imago Dei) responsible for its care. Example: The concept of stewardship has been applied in diverse realms, including with respect to environment, economics, health, property, information, and religion, and is linked to the concept of sustainability. Totality It refers to the duty to preserve intact the physical component of the integrated bodily and spiritual nature of human life, whereby every part of the human body "exists for the sake of the whole as the imperfect for the sake of the perfect"(St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica II, Question 65, Article 1). (Give example:) These principles dictate that the well-being of the whole person must be taken into account in deciding about any therapeutic intervention or use of technology. Totality : Application in Health Care Example: Under the principle of totality, organ donations are allowed if the organ donation would save another from a serious physical threat, if the donation does not diminish the functional integrity of the person and if the organ donation was an act of charity with free and informed consent from the donor. This principle advocates maintaining the wholeness of the body but is extended to allow for removal of a part of the body, if it is done in the interest of or for the benefit of the whole person. Example: This would permit, for example, the amputation of an extremity in order to save the rest of the body. In addition to the assumed need for totality in the resurrection of the body, the principle of totality includes charitable donation and mutilation of the body. Relationship of Totality to Wholeness Principle of totality is mainly concerned with the ordination of the parts to the overall perfection of the whole. This means, parts are integrated in the whole, which is a "perfect being." At

the same time parts receive their own perfection as parts in the whole. Thus, parts are destined for the good of the whole. There is a mutual interrelation of parts and whole "being directed toward the perfection of totality. (give example) Principle of Doubt effect An action that is good in itself that has two effects: An intended and otherwise not reasonably attainable good effect, and An unintended yet foreseen evil effect--is licit, provided there is a due proportion between the intended good and the permitted evil. (Give sample) Principle of Cooperation The principles of cooperation were developed in the Catholic moral tradition as a way of helping individuals discern how to properly avoid, limit, or distance themselves from evil in order to avoid a worse evil or to achieve an important good.

Formal Cooperation Formal cooperation occurs when a person or organization freely participates in the actions of a principal agent, or shares in the agents intention, either for its own sake or as a means to some other goal. (give sample; explain) Implicit formal cooperation occurs when, even though the cooperator denies intending the object of the principal agent, the cooperating person or organization participates in the action directly and in such a way that it could not be done without this participation. (give saple and explain) Immediate Material Cooperation Immediate material cooperation occurs when the cooperator participates in circumstances that are essential to the commission of an act, such that the act could not occur without this participation. Immediate material cooperation in intrinsically evil actions is morally illicit. There has been in the tradition a debate about the permissibility of immediate cooperation in immoral acts under "duress."

Example: When individuals are forced under duress (e.g., at gunpoint) to cooperate in the intrinsically evil action of another, they act with diminished freedom. Following Church teaching, the matter of their action remains objectively evil, but they do not intend this object with true freedom. In such cases, the matter remains objectively evil as such, but the subjective culpability of the cooperator is diminished. Mediate Material Cooperation Mediate material cooperation occurs when the cooperator participates in circumstances that are not essential to the commission of an action, such that the action could occur even without this cooperation. Example: If there is a proportionately serious reason for the cooperation (i.e., for the sake of protecting an important good or for avoiding a worse harm); the graver the evil the more serious a reason required for the cooperation. The importance of the reason for cooperation must be proportionate to the causal proximity of the cooperators action to the action of the principal agent (the distinction between proximate and remote). The danger of scandal (i.e., leading others into doing evil, leading others into error, or spreading confusion) must be avoided.

Group 4 3DMT Balbanida, Jermaine B. Chan, Jon Carlo B. David, Norman Rafael N. Fernandez, Christian Noel Go, John Joshua O. San Pedro, Joana Marie Camille C.