CE 356 Environmental Engineering-II

SEWER APPURTENENCES
Prof. Dr. Javed Anwar Aziz Engr. Ghulam Hussain

SEWER APPURTENENCES
Appurtenances are those devices, other than sewers, which are essential for the operation of sewer systems. These include;
Manholes, Drop manholes Inlets, Catch basins Oil and grease traps Flush tanks Inverted siphons Pumping station

SEWER APPURTENENCES
MANHOLES: Purpose, spacing, locations have already been discussed. A standard brick manhole sketch is shown in fig below.

SEWER APPURTENENCES
DROP MANHOLE: When lateral or sub-mains join in a deeper sewer, excavation will be saved by keeping the upper sewer at a reasonable grade and making a vertical drop at the manhole. This is known as Drop Manhole.

Fig: Drop Manhole

SEWER APPURTENENCES INLETS: An inlet is an opening into a storm or combined sewer for entrance of storm sewage. i. Curb Opening Inlet

SEWER APPURTENENCES INLETS: ii. Grate Inlet:

SEWER APPURTENENCES INLETS: iii. Catch Basins: These are same as inlets but deeper enough to store the settled grit which is then removed periodically.

SEWAGE PUMPING STATION

Objectives: To elevate and transport wastewater when;
Continuation of gravity flow is no longer feasible. Basements of buildings are below the grade of the sewer Any obstacle lies in the path of sewer Receiving stream is higher than the sewer Sewage is to be delivered to an above ground treatment plant.

COMPONENTS OF SEWAGE PUMPING STATION

1. Screens 2. Dry Well 3. Wet Well For installation of pumps For receiving wastewater

4. Pumps along with valves, pipes, motor, control panel etc.

SEWAGE PUMPING STATION

DESIGN CONSIDRATIONS: Pump suctions are usually larger than the discharge (force main) The smallest discharge pipe: 75 mm The smallest suction pipe: 100 mm Capacity of Pumps: Max Sewage Flow No. of Pumps: Minimum two Screens should be provided to remove particles larger than 50 mm size. Sump pump should be provided in dry well to pump leakage water.

SEWAGE PUMPING STATION Selection of Pumps for Sewage:

Centrifugal, Vertical, Non-clog Type Impeller having 2 - 3 vanes Low head Speed 200 1200 RPM

Operating Conditions: Pumps should be self-priming type or should operate under positive suction head. Each pump should have an individual intake.

SEWAGE PUMPING STATION Operating Conditions: (cont) The pump must run for at least 2 minutes. Cycle time must not be less than 5 minutes. Cycle Time: It is the time between successive start-ups of the motor pump The detention time in the wet well should, preferably, be not more than 30 minutes.

SEWAGE PUMPING STATION Design of Wet Well: Design of wet well refers to the calculation of operating volume of wet well. It is designed on the basis of minimum cycle time. Cycle Time = Time on + Time off = Time to empty + Time to fill Let V be the volume of wet well; Cycle Time = V/(P Q) + V/Q (1) Where; P = Pumping rate (constant) Q = Sewage inflow (Variable)

SEWAGE PUMPING STATION Design of Wet Well (Cont.) To find minimum cycle time, differentiate eq-1 w.r.t. Q dt/dQ = V/(P-Q)2 + V/Q2 for min. cycle time, dt/dQ = 0 0 = V/(P-Q)2 - V/Q2 Q = P/2
NOTE: Minimum cycle time will be reached when sewage folw rate is half of the

pumping rate.

SEWAGE PUMPING STATION Design of Wet Well (Cont.) Putting Q=P/2 in eqn-1 gives tmin = V/(P-P/2) + V/(P/2) tmin = 4V/P V = (tmin x P )/4

SEWAGE PUMPING STATION

Problem: Design a wet well for a community producing an average sewage flow of 4000 m3/d & peak sewage flow of 14,000 m3/d. The motor pump has a minimum cycle time of 20 minutes. Problem: A small subdivision produces an average wastewater flow of 120,000 L/d. The minimum flow is estimated to be 15,000 L/d and the maximum 420,000 L/d. Using a 2 min running time and a 5 min cycle time, determine the design capacity of each of two pumps and the required wet well volume.