1) present participle The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action.

In English we add -ing to the infinitive of the verb. Use of the present participle He is reading a book. He was reading a book. Reading books is fun. Gerund He likes reading books. Look at the reading boy. He came reading around the corner. Participle He sat reading in the corner. I saw him reading. 2-1) past participle The present participle is often used when we want to express a passive action. In English we add -ed to the infinitive of regular verbs. We use the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs. Use of the past participle He has forgotten the pencil. Perfect tenses He had forgotten the pencil. A house is built. Passive voice A house was built. Look at the washed car. Participle The car washed yesterday is blue. He had his car washed.

Progressive/ Continuous tense

What is a past participle? A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called the 'ed' form as it is formed by adding d or ed,to the base form of regular verbs, however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs. It can be used to form a verb phrase as part of the present perfect tense. For example:I have learnt English. (Learnt is part of the verb phrase 'have learnt') It can be used to form the passive voice. For example:Her hair was well brushed. It can also be used as an adjective. For example:As an adjective: He had a broken arm. (Broken is used here as an adjective.) Here is a comprehensive list of irregular verbs. What is the present participle? The present participle is a participle that ends in ing. It can be used with the auxilliary verb 'to be' to form the continuous tense. It always takes the ing form of the verb, even irregular verbs have an ...ing form, in fact virtually all English words that end with ing are present participles. For example:I am learning English. (Learning is part of the continuous verb phrase 'am learning') We were running through the woods. (Running is part of the continuous verb phrase 'were running' ). It can also be used as an adjective. For example:As an adjective: I am a working woman. (Working is used here as an adjective.) !Note :The present participle can also be used as a noun denoting the action of a verb a gerund. But remember the present participle can be used as a verb or an adjective whilst the gerund is used as a noun.

1. I like to go for a walk when I'm _____.

boring bored

2. That was the most _____ project I have ever worked on.

boring bored

3. I don't like to watch the evening news; it's too _____.

depressing depressed

4. I like John, but he can be very _____ at times.

annoyed annoying

5. My friend Greg thought Vanilla Sky was an extremely _____ movie.

confusing confused

Conditional sentences
The conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English. Watch out: 1) Which type of the conditional sentences is used? 2) Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)? There are three types of the if-clauses. type I II III condition condition possible to fulfill condition in theory possible to fulfill condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

Form
type I II III if clause Simple Present Simple Past Past Perfect main clause will-future (or Modal + infinitive) would + infinitive * would + have + past participle *

Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

type I II III if clause If I study, If I studied, If I had studied, main clause I will pass the exam. I would pass the exam. I would have passed the exam.

Examples (if-clause at the end)

type I II III main clause I will pass the exam I would pass the exam I would have passed the exam if-clause if I study. if I studied. if I had studied.

Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

type Examples

long forms + If I study, I will pass the exam. I If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I do not study, I will fail the exam.

short/contracted forms If I study, I'll pass the exam. If I study, I won't fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam. If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam. If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam. If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam. If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.

+ If I studied, I would pass the exam. II + III If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I did not study, I would fail the exam. If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. If I had studied, I would not have failedthe exam. If I had not studied, I would have failedthe exam.

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too). I would pass the exam. I could pass the exam. I might pass the exam. I may pass the exam. I should pass the exam. I must pass the exam.

because dan because of digunakan sebagai frasa alasan atau sebab. ada perbedaan di antara keduanya: - because adalah kata sambung, dan diikuti oleh 'subyek' beserta 'kata kerja'. misal: He can't go to the party because he feels sick. perhatikan bahwa 'because' langsung diikuti 'he' sebagai subyek dan 'feels' sebagai kata kerja. - because of adalah kata depan, karenanya diikuti dengan kata/frasa benda atau kata kerja bentuk -ing. misal: He can't go to the party because of his sickness. atau: He can't go to the party because of feeling sick.
Q1 - We stopped playing tennis ....... the rain because of because Q2 - It was all ........ her that we got into trouble because because of Q3 - We had to hurry indoors ...... it was raining

because of because Q4 - I am late ....... the traffic because because of Q5 - We didn't arrive until seven o'clock ........ the traffic was terrible because because of Q6 - She found the exam easy ........ she had worked hard during the course because of because Q7 - He can't drive ........ his illness because of because Q8 - The restaurant closed down ........ the recession because because of Q9 - He found working in Japan very difficult ......... the language problem because because of Q10 - He's very difficult to understand ......... his accent because of because Q11 - They moved to Liverpool ......... her job because because of Q12 - There have been a lot of problems in Britain ........ mad cow disease because of because Q13 - They came to London ........ he got a job there because of because Q14 - He crashed his car ........ he was driving too fast because because of Q15 - He lost his driving licence ......... he was convicted of drinking and driving because of because