01 Lect1

102061700LBasicsandPrinciplesofRadarRemoteSensingfor
EnvironmentalApplications(HS12Wednesday,hajnsek@ifu.baug.ethz.ch)
9/19/2012
1
102061700LBasicsandPrinciplesofRadar
RemoteSensingforEnvironmentalApplications
19September,2012
IrenaHajnsek
EarthObservationandRemoteSensing,
Instituteof EnvironmentalEngineering,ETHZrich
hajnsek@ifu.baug.ethz.ch 2
ThecoursewillprovidethebasicsandprinciplesofRadarRemoteSensing
(specificallySyntheticApertureRadar(SAR))anditsimagingtechniques
fortheuseofenvironmentalparameterestimation.
ThecourseisgivinganintroductionintoSARtechniques,the
interpretationofSARimagingresponsesandtheuseofSARfordifferent
environmentalapplications.Theoutlineofthecourseisthefollowing:
1.IntroductionintoSARbasicsandprinciples
2.Introductionintoelectromagneticwavetheory
3.Introductionintoscatteringtheoryanddecompositiontechniques
4.IntroductionintoSARinterferometry
5.IntroductionintopolarimetricSARinterferometry
6.Introductionintobio/geophysicalparameterestimation
(classification/segmentation,soilmoistureestimation,forestheight
inversion,etc.)
ContentoftheCourse
9/19/2012
2
Time:Wednesday 10:0011:45,Room HILE6
Examination:benoteteSemesterleistung
Written questionnaire @the lastlecture block
Homeworks during the semester willbe given (notfor each lecture blook)
Presentation materialcan be downloaded untermystudiesor under the
link:http://www.ifu.ethz.ch/EO/education/102061700L/index_EN
Please download the materialfor the use during the course
Thiscourseincombinationwith102062700G:AppliedRadarRemote
SensingforEnvironmentalParameterEstimationisprovidingaprofound
basisforindependentdataanalysis.Itisrecommendedtotakeboth
coursestogether.
Structure of the Course
102062700AppliedRadarRemoteSensingfor
EnvironmentalParameterEstimation
Course Content:
PracticeonSARdata (space &airborne)
ReadingSARdata
Filtering techniques
Scattering mech.decomposition
Phaseinformation extraction,e.g.DEM
Application on
Soil moisture retrieval
Landuse segmentation
Forest height estimation
DigitalElevationModelgeenration
Location:HILG15.4
9/19/2012
3
TimeScheduleDivision
Date Content
19.09.
Basicsand Principles of Synthetic Aperture Radar
26.09.
03.10.
10.10.
SARPolarimetry (OthmarFrey,IFUEO)
17.10.
SARPolarimetry
24.10.
SARPolarimetry
31.10.
SARPolarimetry
07.11.
SARInterferometry (OthmarFrey,IFUEO)
14.11.
SARInterferometry
21.11.
PolInSAR
28.11.
PolInSAR
05.12.
PolInSAR
12.12.
Wrap Up
19.12.
Examination (Questionnaire)
Folie6
IntroductoryBooks
Introduction to Microwave
Remote Sensing
Ian Woodhouse
CRC Press
February 2006
ISBN: 0-415-27123-1
Introduction to the Physics
and Techniques of Remote
Sensing
C. Elachi & J. van Zyl
John Wiley & Sons, 2006
ISBN-10: 0-471-47569-6
ISBN-13: 978-0-471-47569-9
Digital Processing of
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Data
Ian Cumming & Frank Wong
Artech House
January 2005
ISBN: 9781580530583
9/19/2012
4
Folie7
IntroductoryBooks
Radar Interferometry
Ramon F. Hanssen
Kluwer Academic Publishers
April 2001
ISBN-10: 0792369459
ISBN-13: 9780792369455
Polarimetric Radar Imaging:
From basics to applications
J.-S. Lee & E. Pottier
CRC Press
February 2009
ISBN: 978-142005492
Polarisation: Applications in
Remote Sensing
Shane R. Cloude
Oxford University Press
October 2009
ISBN: 978-0199569731
Folie8
IntroductoryBooks
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Systems and Signal
Processing
J. Curlander & R. McDonough
John Wiley & Sons, 1992
ISBN-10: 0-471-85770-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-471-85770-9
Imaging with Synthetic
Aperture Radar
D. Massonnet & J-C. Souyris
Auerbach Pubn. 2008
ISBN-10: 0849382394
ISBN-13: 978-0849382390
9/19/2012
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Deatiled Content Overview
Basicsand Principles inSynthetic Aperture Radar
SARPolarimetry
SARInterferometry
Polarimetric SARInterferometry
HH HV
VH VV
PART 1: Synthetic Aperture Radar
Radarmeasurementprinciple
Backscatteringcoefficient
SideLookingImagingRadar
Range&azimuthresolution
SyntheticApertureRadar(SAR)
Azimuthresolution
SARdataacquisition&imageformation
Range&azimuthcompression
GeometricdistortionsinRadarimages
Layoverandforeshortenting
Radarshadow
Movingtargets
SARimagingmodes
ScanSAR
SpotlightSAR
StripmapSAR
SARimagecharacteristics
HH HV
VH VV
9/19/2012
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PART 2: Polarimetric SAR
HH HV
VH VV
Scattering Polarimetry Wave Polarimetry
Polarisation Ellipse
Jones Vector
Polarisation State
Degree of Polarisation
Decomposition Theorems
Pauli
Sphere-Diplane-Helix
Model Based
Eigenvector
Hybrid
Wavepolarimetry
Scattering polarimetry
Decomposition theories
Application of Radarpolarimetry
Introduction into the TerraSARXMission
Scattering Matrix & Measurement
Backscattering Vector
Backscattering Matrices
Interpretation of Scattering
Mechanisms
PART 3: Interferometric SAR
BasicsofInterferometricSAR
Concept&Implementation
Basicrelationships
InterferometricCoherence
PropertiesandInterpretation
DecorrelationTerms
GenerationofDigitalElevationModels
DifferentialSARInterferometry
IntroductiontotheTanDEMXMission
HH HV
VH VV
9/19/2012
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PART 4: Polarimetric SAR Interferometry
BasicsPrinciplesofPolarimetricSARInterferometry
PolInSARCoherence&CoherenceRegion
PhysicalInterpretation
CharacterisationoftheVolumeCoherence
VerticaldistributionofscattererswithinaVolume(f(z))
Parameterisationoff(z)
ExponentialFunction
PCT
IntroductioninVolumeHeightEstimation
GeometricalinterpretationontheUnitCircle
InversionApproaches
EffectofTemporalDecorrelation
ApplicationExamples(Forestheight,AgriculturalVolume,IceExtinction,)
HH HV
VH VV
Electromagnetic spectrum and attenuation caused by Earths atmosphere
ElectromagneticSpectrum
Microwave Window OpticalWindow
9/19/2012
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UniqueCharacteristicsofMicrowaveRemoteSensing
IndependentofWeatherConditions:Penetrateclouds,rain,(smoke);
(LowerFrequencies)Penetrateinto/throughawideclassofnatural
covertypesas:Sand/Ice/Vegetation;
Sensitivetoobjectsofdimensionsfromcmtom:(Complementaryto
OpticalandIRremotesensing);
Veryaccurate(differential)distancemeasurements(employing
interferometrictechniques);
(Active)Microwavesystemsareabletooperatedayandnight.
Folie16
The cloud fraction expresses how much
of the Earth is covered by clouds
Cloud Fraction
*
by MODIS
(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) - January 2008
9/19/2012
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Folie17
1994:ShuttleRadarLabSIRC/XSAR
L C X
35,3 km
2
1
,
3

k
m
Folie19
InfraRed Image of Venus (Magellan Sensor/1990-1994 NASA)
9/19/2012
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Folie20
S-band Radar Image (NASA)
9/19/2012
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Folie23
Infrared Image
(Spaceshuttle Columbia)
Radarbild
(Spaceshuttle Endeavour)
Folie24
L-band Pauli RGB Image
Test site: Dornstetten, Germany
Penetrationinto Vegetation
Vertical Reflectivity Profile (HH)
Vertical Reflectivity Profile (Pauli)
9/19/2012
12
Folie26
E-SAR / Test Site: Glacier Austfonna, Svalbard
Surface
Bedrock
~300m
9/19/2012
13
Folie28
SIR-C/X-SAR: Oman
Optical Image (taken by the shuttle
Astronaut)
R: L-band HH, G: C-band HH,B: L-band HV
9/19/2012
14
Folie30
1992-2002 ERS 1/2 Data, West-East Mean Velocity
9/19/2012
15
Folie32
In the Wilkins Ice Shelf an area of about 160 km
collapsed during the antarctic winter 2008.
This animation, comprised of images acquired by
Envisats Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR)
between 30 May and 9 June 2008, highlights the
rapidly windling strip of ice that is protecting thousands
of kilometres of the ice shelf from further break-up.
This was the first ever-documented episode to occur in
winter.
9/19/2012
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WhatisRemoteSensing?
Measuringobjectpropertiesfromdistancewithdedicatedinstruments
Acuqiredinformation
Spatial(geometricresolution)
Spectral(frequencyresolution)
Intensity(radiometricresolution)
Aerialphotographyistheoriginalformofremotesensing
RadarRemoteSensingstartedwithSideLookingAirborneRadar(SLAR)
systems
SyntheticApertureRadar(SAR)allowedhighresolutionspaceborneimaging
ABriefHistory of ImagingRadar
1886 Heinrich Hertz experimentally validates Maxwells Theory of Electromagnetism. He
discovers radio waves & demonstrates their reflection from metallic & non-metallic objects
1903 Christian Hlsmeyer demonstrates radar detection of ships. He holds the
first patent for using radar for ship detection.
1920 A.H. Taylor (Naval Research Laboratory) develops a ground-based,
pulsed radar system.
1930 The US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) uses radar systems to
detect and track ships and aircrafts.
1937 Sir Watson-Watt (UK) develops the first practical radar
system for aircraft detection
1938 First airborne radar images showing the reflections from ships
at sea to a range of ~16km were made on the 28 March.
1940 Independent development of radar systems during WW II
(Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia & US).
1950 Real-aperture, side looking imaging radars (SLAR) developed for
military reconnaissance. Optical processing techniques are used to
both create and analyse SLAR images.
9/19/2012
17
Radar Measurement Principle
ChristianHlsmeyer:InventorofRadar(1904)
9/19/2012
18
Folie38
Range distance r
o
Object
o
c (Velocity of light)
Tx
Rx
transmit
t (time)
Total time delay t = =
o
o
c
r . 2
Received echo signal (back-scattered signal of imaged object):
receive
Total distance
Velocity of light
o
c
RadarMeasurementPrinciple
Example: A time delay of t=1sec corresponds to a distance of r
0
=150m.
c
0
= 299 792 458 m/s
Folie39
Tx
Rx
o
c
o
c
r
o
Tx
Rx
o
c
Range difference r
o
o
c
Pulse Duration
r
o
r
o
Tx
Rx
o
c
o
c
r
o
r
o
(Slant)RangeResolution
Time difference t = =
Total range difference
Velocity of light
Velocity of light
Two scatterers are resolved because they have different time delays; i.e. because their echoes
arrive at different times.
o
o
c
r . 2 r
o
9/19/2012
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Folie40
Tx
Rx
o
c
Range difference r
o
Tx
Rx
o
c
r
o
o
c
o
c
Pulse Duration
r
o
r
o
o
c
o
c
Time difference t = =
o
o
c
r . 2 Total range difference
Velocity of light
Velocity of light
r
o
When the time difference t (i.e. the difference of time delays) becomes smaller than the pulse
duration then the objects cannot be separated from each other !
Folie41
Tx
Rx
o
c
o
c
Time difference t := Pulse duration = = Range resol.:
2 Range resolution
Velocity of light
r
o
Range resolution: The min. distance between two objects that can still be separated from each
other i.e. the distance that corresponds to a time difference t equal than the pulse duration
2
c
r
=
c
2
r
The range resolution is independent on the distance between the sensor and the scatterer; it depends
only on the pulse duration that is inverse proportional to the pulse bandwidth W:
r
W 2
c
2
c
r
= =
Example: A pulse bandwidth of W=100MHz leads to a range resolution
r
=1.5m (corresponding to a
pulse duration of =10ns) .
9/19/2012
20
The energy of a pulse defines the (maximum) distance that a object can be detected:
Received signal energy E
RX
from an object at distance r
0
:
The energy of the transmitted pulse is given by product of instantaneous peak power P
and pulse duration :
P is limited by the sensor hardware especially in the case of spaceborne sensors so that
for increasing the pulse energy long pulses are required.
But on the other side:
For achieving a high spatial resolution short pulses (realized by wide bandwidths) are required.
The solution is to use pulse modulation e.g. Linear Frequency Modulation (FM Chirp)
P E
Tx Tx
=
Range distance r
o
Object
4
0
Tx
Rx
r
E
~ E
Tx
E
TheDilemma
P
h
a
s
e

M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
Frequency variation
Chirp bandwidth
Pulse compression gain
Phase modulation
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
2
r r
t k ) t ( =
t k ) t ( f
r r
=
k : W
r r
=
2
t
2
s s
) W ( log 10 C
r r 10 r
=
f W
r
=
r
k
with
:= Pulse duration
2
Thefrequencyf
0
islinearlychangedalongthepulse
time
Note: The phase of the chirp has
a quadratic dependency on time.
Linear Frequency Modulated Pulse FM Chirp
The bandwidth is independent on the pulse
length . So it becomes possible to generate pulses
with large pulse lengths and large bandwidths W
r
f : W
r
=
k
r
maybe positive (Up-Chirp) or negative (Down-Chirp)
time
9/19/2012
21
Folie44
The high range resolution is achieved after reception: The long chirp(ed) pulse s
o
(t)
is compressed using a matched filter. The output pulse u
o
(t) will have the same
total energy of the input pulse s
o
(t) but will be significantly shorter.
Matched Filter
h
o
(t)
Matched
filter
s
o
(t) u
o
(t)
n(t)
x
o
(t)
) t ( s m ) t ( h
0 0
=
-
Thematchedfilterfunctionh
o
(t) isgivenbythecomplexconjugated,time
revertedtransmittedshirp
where stands for convolution d ) T t ( h ) T ( s ) t ( h ) t ( s ) t ( u
0 0 0 0 0
}

= =
Convolution
t
e
Point Target Response

Reference Function
Range SAR Signal
t
t
RangeCompressionbyConvolution
r
9/19/2012
22
Folie46
Range SAR Signal
Convolution
t
t
t
Reference Function
e
t
r
Point Target Response

RangeCompressionbyConvolution
Examples of transmitted pulses:
Gain in the average power by using chirp signal:
Pulse with 10 ns width
leads to 1,5 m resolution.
(Bandwidth=100MHz)
Chirp with 5 s width and 100 MHz
bandwidth leads to 1,5 m resolution
(after pulse compression).
G = 5 s / 10 ns = 500 !!!
Matched Filter
Assuming white Gaussian noise (e.g. thermal noise):
Pulse compression with matched filtering leads to best possible Signal-to-Noise ratio.
The length of the compressed pulse is limited by the bandwidth of the chirp:
r
W
1
=
9/19/2012
23
Folie48
RadarTypes
NadirLookingImplementations:
RadarAltimeters
RadarSounders
Left(A)andright(B)echoesarenot
separable.
SideLookingImplementations
Scatterometers
ImagingRadars(SLAR&SAR)
Thesidelookinggeometryresolvesthe
leftrightambiguity
A B A B
Spaceborne RadarRemoteSensing
Radar Altimeter
Radar Scatterometer
Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR)
Weather Radar
measures
two-dimensional
surface
backscattering
measures
three-dimensional
rainfall
distribution
measures
surface
topography
(sea height)
measures
surface
backscattering
(sea winds)

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