Practical 2

Aim:To study telephone sections. Equipment:Model phone 100 (sigma), DSO, connecting probes etc. Theory:
Signalling tones: A telephone system consists of six sections for dialling a number, transmission and reception which are as follows: Polarity guard section:The two wired connections between telephone set and exchange is used for transmission and reception between exchange and the other end. The telephone exchange supplies 40v - 60v DC to the telephone set for the operation. If the polarity of the supply line were to be reversed, it would damage the telephone set circuit. To overcome this, a bridge rectifier, also known as polarity protector is used. The o/p of the polarity guard is applied to sound amplifier and dialler section. Voltage dropper section is connected between these sections to provide the requisite voltages.

S1/ Hook Switch ON hook B Close A Open OFF hook A Close B Open

To Pin 8 ringer IC N301 To Pin 1 Ringer IC N301

Figure 1.Polarity Guard Section Ringer Section: Ringer circuit consists of IC KA 2418. The sound signal o/p from the pin 5 of this IC drives the speaker. The o/p of the speaker is provided to a variable register R30H (100k) which controls volume of the ringer tone.When the receiver is on the cradle, ringer switch is in ON position. This makes the phone set to be connected to 48V DC supply. When the ring signal comes as an AC signal from the exchange, the capacitor allows the AC signal to pass to the ringer section and the phone rings.

Figure 2. Ringer Section Voltage dropper section: The DC voltage sent over the phone line is 48 V. While this voltage needs to be maintained to ensure proper transmission and reception, the telephone circuit itself does not require such a high voltage. Hence, voltage must be dropped to the required levels of 9.12 V. This is achieved through a series of transistors which drop and stabilize voltage, when the receiver is in a off hook position. Dialler section: The dialler section consists of IC VM91214B which has facility to select tone or pulse dialling. In the Pulse dialling mode, the number pressed is decoded by the IC and that many pulses are sent. In DTMF dialling modes, sound tones are provided by the IC to the sound amplifier which is then passed on the telephone line.3.58 MHz crystal 9201, connected between pin 3 & 4 of IC works as time base for the oscillator. Dialler IC has facility to store up to 30 digits. This helps for redialling last dialled number. Keypad/Matrix section: The rows and columns of keyboard matrix corresponds to particular frequencies that lie in voice band but are unique in sense that they never occur in communication through sound. The key pressed corresponds to two such frequencies which are forwarded to dialler IC for decoding.

Button Pushed 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 # *

Connection Shorted 4-5 1-2 2-10 2-3 3-9 9-10 3-8 6-8 5-6 3-6 3-4 7-8

* button is used to turn phone into tone dialling mode.

Speech Amplifier section: The reception and transmission of sound signal is controlled by IC TEAI060. A microphone is used as transmitter and speaker is used as receiver. The input from mic is amplified and provided to exchange and the dial tone from the exchange is amplified and provided to the speaker through the telephone line. Tone dialling and Pulse dialling: o In tone dialling mode each key is assigned with a particular tone, which is a combination of two different frequencies. Thus when key is pressed, it is decoded by the IC and a corresponding tone is generated by the IC and transmitted. o In pulse dialling mode each key is decoded and then particular no. of pulses are transmitted for a particular key. Thus in pulse dialling mode key pressed is represented by particular number of pulses while in tone dialling mode it is represented by a particular tone.

Procedure:
1. Connect the handset kit to one of EXT lines of EPBX. 2. Connect the probe at different test points on the kit and observe the waveforms on DSO. 3. For observing some waveforms, call has to be made.

Conclusion:
The study of telephone handset is done by observing different types of waveforms for different types of tones.