Newtons first law

Every object continues either at rest or in constant motion in a straight line, unless it is forced to change that state by forces acting on it.
Newtons third law

Relation between kinetic-friction force and normal force

For two interacting objects A and B, the formal statement of Newtons third law is F on B 5 2FB on A A
S S

fk 5 m kn.

Circular Motion Dynamics S For an object in uniform circular motion, the acceleration vector a rad is directed toward the center 2 of the circle and has constant magnitude arad 5 v R (Equation 3.16). The period T is the time required for the object to make one complete circle; the magnitude of the acceleration vector can also be written arad 5 4p2R / T 2 (Equation 6.2). Provided that the object can be treated as a particle, S S circular motion (like other motions) is governed by Newtons second law, gF 5 ma . . Because the net force vector points in the same direction as the acceleration vector, an object in uniform circular motion is acted upon by a net force directed toward the center of the circle, with magnitude Fnet 5 m 1 v2 / R 2 (Equation 6.3).

v v
S

SF arad SF
S S

arad SF arad
S S

Newtons Law of Gravitation (Section 6.3) Two particles with masses m 1 and m 2 , a distance r apart, attract each other gravitationally with forces of magnitude Fg 5 G m1m2 r2 . (6.4)

m1 Fg

Fg 5 G

m1m2 m2 r2 Fg

These forces form an actionreaction pair in accordance with Newtons third law. If the objects cannot be treated as particles, but are spherically symmetric, this law is still valid; then, r is the distance between their centers. The gravitational interaction of a spherically symmetric object, from any point outside the object, is just the same as though all its mass were concentrated at the objects center. Weight The weight w of a body is the total gravitational force exerted on it by all other bodies in the universe. Near the surface of the earth, an objects weight is very nearly equal to the gravitational force exerted by the earth alone. If the earths mass is m E, the weight of an object of mass m is
(Section 6.4)

w 5 Fg 5

GmmE RE2

and the acceleration due to gravity g is g5 GmE RE2 .

Satellite Motion (Section 6.5) When a satellite moves in a circular orbit, the centripetal acceleration is provided by the gravitational attraction of the astronomical body it orbits. If the satellite orbits the earth in an orbit of radius r, its speed and period T are, v respectively, GmE v5 , r T5 2pr r 5 2pr 5 . v GmE "GmE 2pr /
32

arad m RE r mE Fg v

v5 T5

GmE r 5 2pr 3/2 "GmE

v 2pr

A black hole is an aggregation of matter that is so dense that nothing can escape its gravitational attraction. A nonrotating spherical distribution of mass is a black hole if its total mass M is contained within a radius of less than Rs 5 2GM c 2 (the Schwarzschild radius), where c is the speed of light.

Free-Body Diagrams (Section 4.6) In Newtons second law, only the forces acting on an S object go into gF. To help identify the relevant forces, draw a free-body diagram. Such a diagram shows the chosen object by itself, free of its surroundings, with vectors drawn to show the forces applied to it by the various other objects that interact with it. Be careful to include all the forces acting on the object, but be equally careful not to include any forces that the object exerts on any other object. In particular, the two forces in an actionreaction pair must never appear in the same free-body diagram, because they never act on the same object.

A free-body diagram of a man dragging a crate. The diagram shows all the forces acting on the man, and only S forces acting on the man. T w
S

Man (treated as particle)

S

Equilibrium of a Particle (Section 5.1) When an object is in equilibrium, the vector sum of S the forces acting on it must be zero: gF 5 0. (Equation 4.3). In component form,
T

y n Fy 5 0 T a w An object moving at constant velocity down a frictionless S ramp is in equilibrium: F 5 0. w A free-body diagram and coordinate system for the object. The weight vector is replaced by its components. y n Fy 5 0 m a w
S F 5 ma. S

n Fx 5 0 w sin a x

gFx 5 0,

gFy 5 0.

(4.4)

Free-body diagrams are useful in identifying the forces acting on the object being considered. Newtons third law is also frequently needed in equilibrium problems. The two forces in an action reaction pair never act on the same object.

w cos a a

Applications of Newtons Second Law (Section 5.2) When the vector sum of the forces on an object is not zero, the object has an acceleration determined by Newtons secS S ond law, gF 5 ma (Equation 4.7). In component form, gFx 5 max, gFy 5 may. (4.8)

a T

n a T w cos a a w A free-body diagram for the object. Friction opposes n motion. fk f Static friction w T Fx 5 max w sin a x

Contact Forces and Friction (Section 5.3) The contact force between two objects can always be represented in terms of a normal component n perpendicular to the surface of interaction and a frictional component f parallel to the surface. When sliding occurs, the kinetic-friction force fk is often approximately proportional to n. Then the proportionality constant is m k, the coefcient of kinetic friction: fk 5 m kn (Equation 5.1). When there is no relative motion, the maximum possible friction force is approximately proportional to the normal force, and the proportionality constant is m s, the coefcient of static friction. The governing equation is fs # m sn (Equation 5.2). The actual static-friction force may be anything from zero to the maximum value given by the equality in Equation 5.2, depending on the situation. Usually, m k is less than m s for a given pair of surfaces. Force Force, a vector quantity, is a quantitative measure of the mechanical interaction between two objects. When several forces act on an object, the effect is the same as when a single force, equal to the vector sum, or resultant, of the forces, acts on the object.
(Section 4.1)

n fs w

Friction keeps box motionless. T

Kinetic friction

1 fs 2max
fk T O The static-friction force remains equal in magnitude to the tension force until its maximum value 1 fs 2max is exceeded.

F2
S

Fy
S

F1 Two forces acting on a point have S the same effect as a single force R equal to their vector sum.

Fx A force may be treated as the vector sum of its component vectors.

Mass and Newtons Second Law (Section 4.3) The inertial properties of an object are characterized by its mass. The acceleration of an object under the action of a given set of forces is directly proportional to the vector sum of the forces and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. This relationship is Newtons second law: gF 5 ma , or, in component (Equations 4.8). form, gFx 5 max and
S S

F2 mass m
S

SF

a 5 SF/m

(4.7) gFy 5 may

F1 An objects acceleration depends on its mass and on the net force acting on it.