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CONDUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL
MANUAL
FOR
CONDUCTION
measured at five different positions, while the radial temperature distribution is measured by separate thermocouples at two different sections in the insulating shell. The heater is provided with a dimmer stat for controlling the heat input. Water under constant head condition is circulated through the jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise are noted. SPECIFICATIONS 1) Length of the metal bar = 450 mm 2) Size of the metal bar (diameter) = 25 mm 3) Test length of the bar = 250 mm. 4) Number of thermocouples mounted on the bar = 5 5) Number of thermocouples in the insulation shell = 4 6) Heater Coil (Band type) Nichrome heater. 7) Cooling Jacket diameter = 75 mm.
CONDUCTION 8) Temperature Indicator : 0-300oC with channel selector switch. Positions 1 to 5 Thermocouple positions on metal bar Positions 6 to 9 Thermocouple position in the shell Positions 10 to 11 To measure rise in temperature of cooling water 9) Dimmer stat for heater coil 2 A, 230V A.C. 10) Digital Voltmeter. 11) Digital Ammeter 12) Flask for measuring water flow rate. 13) Stop clock. THEORY The heater will heat the bar at its end and heat will be conducted through the bar to the other end. After attaining the steady state temperature heat flowing out of section AA (water) of bar qw = m. Cp T Where, m = mass flow rate of cooling water. Cp = specific heat of water. T = (T11 T10) Thermal conductivity of bar at section AA can now be calculated as Qw = - KAA . ( dt/dx ) AA x A
The value of (dt/dx)AA is obtained graphically. The negative sign is introduced because heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature & serves to make the heat flux in the positive direction.
CONDUCTION
Where, K = 0.2 Kcal/hr-m- oC (Assume value for the powder in M.K.S. units.) Thermal conductivity at section BB can be calculated as qBB = - KBB x ( dt / dx )BB x A
Heat conducted through the section CC 2KL (T9 T8) q cc = qBB + ln (ro/ri) and qCC = - KCC x (dt/dx)CC x A Thus the thermal conductivity of bar at different sections can be calculated.
PROCEDURE 1) Put ON the electric supply. 2) Give input to the heater by the dimmer stat. 3) Start the cooling water supply through the jacket and adjust it to about 300 to 350 CC/min 4) Go on checking the temperature at some specified time intervals, say 15 minutes and continue this till a satisfactory steady state condition is reached. 5) Note the temperature readings 1 to 11. 6) Note the mass flow rate of water in Kg/hr and temperature rise in oC.
CONDUCTION OBSERVATION TABLE Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Radial distances of thermocouples in insulating shell ri = 40 mm ro = 80 mm CALCULATIONS 1. qAA = qw = m . cp ( T11 T10 ) Kcal/hr. Thermocouple No. Temperature (0c)
= - KAA . ( dt / dx ) AA x A A = /4 .d2
d = diameter of the bar = 25 mm. KAA= Kcal / hr m oC. 2 K L ( T6 T7 ) 2. qBB = qw + ln ( ro / ri ) = - KBB . ( dt / dx )BB x A
CONDUCTION
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS 1. The temperature of the bar decreases alone the length of the bar and can be plotted. 2. Thermal conductivity of three sections can be calculated and its variation with temperature can be studied.
PRECAUTIONS 1) Selector switch, dimmer knob should be used gently. 2) When the experiment is over turn the dimmer knob to Zero position. 3) Run the equipment once in a week for better performance.
CONDUCTION
INSTRUCTIONAL
MANUAL
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CONDUCTION THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATION POWDER AIM To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder.
INTRODUCTION Thermal conductivity is one of the important properties of the materials and its knowledge is required for analyzing heat conduction problems. Physical meaning of thermal conductivity is how quickly heat pass through a given material. Thus the determination of this property is one of the considerable engineering significance. There are various methods of determination of thermal conductivity suitable for different materials. The present apparatus is suitable for finding out thermal conductivity of materials in powdered form. SPECIFICATIONS 1) Diameter of inner sphere 2) Diameter of outer sphere : 10 cm. : 20 cm.
3) Mica heater Nichrome wire (200) watt. 4) Open type dimmerstat 5) Insulating powder : 2 Amp.
: Asbestos.
6) Digital temperature indicator : 0 300 0c. 7) Digital Voltmeter. 8) Digital Ammeter. DESCRIPTION The apparatus consists of two thin walled concentric copper spheres. The inner sphere houses the heating coil. Heating coil is Nichrome wire wound on mica sheet. The insulating powder is packed between two shells. Power supply to the heater is given through a dimmer stat and is measured by a voltmeter and an Ammeter. Chromel - alumel thermocouples are used to measure temperatures. Four thermocouples are embedded on inner sphere
CONDUCTION and six thermocouples are embedded on outer sphere. All ten temperatures are measured on a temperature indicator by operating a selector switch. These readings enable to find out the thermal conductivity of the insulating powder. PROCEDURE 1) Put on main switch. 2) Apply input power by operating dimmer stat. (Note - The power should not exceed 40 watts otherwise heater wire is likely to burn.) 3) Wait for one hour for steady state conditions. 4) Note down the readings in observation table. 5) Repeat the experiments for different heat in put. 6) After experiment is over put the dimmer to zero position and make the main switch off. EXPERIMENTS The value of thermal conductivity of the powder can be calculated by using following equation. Under steady stat conditions, 4 k ri ro ( Tin - Tout ) Q = ( ro - ri )
CONDUCTION OBSERVATIN TABLE 1) Radius of inner sphere ( ri ) : 50 mm. 2) Radius of outer sphere (ro ) : 100 mm.
T2 T3 T4 T5
CALCULATIONS 1) Average temperature for inner sphere T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 Tin = 4 2) Average temperature for outer sphere
0
c.
c.
4) Thermal conductivity
q x ( ro ri ) k = 4 . x ri x ro x ( Tin T out)
CONDUCTION
PRECAUTIONS 1) Selector switch, dimmer knob should be used gently. 2) When the experiment is over turn the dimmer knob to Zero position. 3) Run the equipment once in a week for better performance.
CONDUCTION
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MANUAL
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CONDUCTION
CONDUCTION 4. Start the supply of heater by varying the dimmerstat; adjust the input at the desired value. 5. Take readings of all the thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes until fairly steady temperatures are achieved and rate of rise is negligible. 6. Note down the reading in observation table. Observations and observations table: Composite slabs: 1. Wall thickness: a. mild steel = b. backelite = c. Wood = 2. Slab diameter = 300mm. Sr. No. Voltmeter v Ammeter I Thermocouple reading (C) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
Mean Readings : T1 + T2 TA = 2 T3 + T 4 TB = 2 T5 + T 6 TC = 2 T7 + T8 TD = 2
c.
c.
c.
c.
CONDUCTION Calculations :Practically:1) Heat flow rate for one side of slab VxI q= Heat flow rate = ---------- [W] 2 q Now Q= Heat flux = ---------- [W / m2] A Where A = / 4 x d2 D= dia. of plates. 2) Total thermal resistance of composite slab (TA TD) ------------------- K/W q
Rtotal =
3) Thermal conductivity of composite slab. b Kcomposite = --------------- W/mk Rtotal x A b = Total thickness of composite slab.=b1 + b2 + b3 Theoretically :Given :- kwood :- 0.17 w/mk km.s :- 50 w/mk kbackelite :- 0.17 w/mk