1

Outline
Reading: M&K-6.4, 7.1, 7.3 ; T&N-6.3.2.1, 6.3.3.1, 6.4.1, 7.2.4
Non-Ideal Behavior in BJTs
Early Effect
Kirk Effect
Gummel Plot
Ebers-Moll Model
Base Transit Time
2
Early Effect (Base-width Modulation or Base Narrowing)
3
Kirk Effect (Base Widening)
4
Generation-Recombination Current & High Inject
Effects
high injection
recombination
recombination
high injection
5
Ebers-Moll Model Circuit Diagram

F
I current that crosses the EB junction, f(V
EB
)
R
I current that crosses the CB junction, f(V
CB
)

F F
I o current injected by E that reaches C
R R
I o current injected by C that reaches E

R
o reverse common-base current gain
F
o forward common-base current gain
6
Relationships Between BJT Currents and Ebers-Moll Model
R R F E
I I I o + =
F F R C
I I I o + =
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
R R F F C E B
I I I I I o o + = + =
( ) | | 1 exp = kT qV I I
BE ES F
( ) | | 1 exp = kT qV I I
BC CS R
( ) | | ( ) | | 1 exp 1 exp + = kT qV I kT qV I I
BC CS R BE ES E
o
( ) | | ( ) | | 1 exp 1 exp + = kT qV I kT qV I I
BE ES F BC CS C
o
7
( ) | | ( ) | | 1 exp 1 exp + = kT qV I kT qV I I
BC CS R BE ES E
o
( ) | | ( ) | | 1 exp 1 exp = kT qV I kT qV I I
BC CS BE ES F C
o
) 1 ( ) 1 (
12 11
+ =
kT qV kT qV
E
BC BE
e a e a I
) 1 ( ) 1 (
22 21
=
kT qV kT qV
C
BC BE
e a e a I
E
E E
B
B
B
B B
L
p qAD
L
x
L
n qAD
a
0 0
11
coth +
|
|
.
|

\
|

B B B
B B
L x L
n qAD
a
sinh
1
0
12

B B B
B B
L x L
n qAD
a
sinh
1
0
21

C
C C
B
B
B
B B
L
p qAD
L
x
L
n qAD
a
0 0
22
coth +
|
|
.
|

\
|

8
Apply Ebers-Moll to Modes of Operation
Cut-Off Mode
R R F E
I I I o + =
F F R C
I I I o + =
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
R R F F C E B
I I I I I o o + = + =
( ) | | 1 exp = kT qV I I
BE ES F
( ) | | 1 exp = kT qV I I
BC CS R
Forward Active Mode
9
10
BJT Speed: Base Transit Time
11
For a npn BJT (long base):
) 1 ( ) 1 (
12 11
+ =
kT qV kT qV
E
BC BE
e a e a I
) 1 ( ) 1 (
22 21
=
kT qV kT qV
C
BC BE
e a e a I
E
E E
B
B
B
B B
L
p qAD
L
x
L
n qAD
a
0 0
11
coth +
|
|
.
|

\
|

B B B
B B
L x L
n qAD
a
sinh
1
0
12

B B B
B B
L x L
n qAD
a
sinh
1
0
21

C
C C
B
B
B
B B
L
p qAD
L
x
L
n qAD
a
0 0
22
coth +
|
|
.
|

\
|

C E B
I I I =
Want J
nE
for a short base BJT in forward active mode.
How do you use these equations?
12
Review Questions
1. How do you find the Early Voltage using a common-
emitter I-V characteristic?
2. Is the Early Effect more apparent in a heavily or lightly
doped based?
3. Describe the Kirk Effect.
4. What are the circuit components in the Ebers-Moll
model for a BJT?
5. What parameters do you need to describe the Ebers-
Moll model?
6. What is the definition of the base transit time?
13
More Review Questions
1. Is the plot an npn or pnp BJT? Explain.
2. Is the plot a common-emitter or common-base
characteristic?
3. Which modes of operation are 1 and 2?
4. What does 3 represent?
5. What does each curve represent?
1
2
3
14
Equations and Constants
A CE
C
CE
C
V V
I
dV
dI
+
=
L
C C
q
J
n p
v
,
0 0
=
R R F E
I I I o + =
F F R C
I I I o + = ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
R R F F C E B
I I I I I o o + = + =
( ) | | 1 exp = kT qV I I
BE ES F
( ) | | 1 exp = kT qV I I
BC CS R
( ) | | ( ) | | 1 exp 1 exp + = kT qV I kT qV I I
BC CS R BE ES E
o ( ) | | ( ) | | 1 exp 1 exp + = kT qV I kT qV I I
BE ES F BC CS C
o
) 1 ( ) 1 (
12 11
+ =
kT qV kT qV
E
BC BE
e a e a I ) 1 ( ) 1 (
22 21
=
kT qV kT qV
C
BC BE
e a e a I
E
E E
B
B
B
B B
L
p qAD
L
x
L
n qAD
a
0 0
11
coth +
|
|
.
|

\
|

B B B
B B
L x L
n qAD
a
sinh
1
0
12

B B B
B B
L x L
n qAD
a
sinh
1
0
21

C
C C
B
B
B
B B
L
p qAD
L
x
L
n qAD
a
0 0
22
coth +
|
|
.
|

\
|

CS R ES F S
I I I o o = =
C S CS
I I I
0
+
E S ES
I I I
0
+
E S
S
F
I I
I
0
+
= o
C S
S
R
I I
I
0
+
= o