ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BREAST CANCER Etiology Non- modifiable factors: Genetic Predisposition Gender Age group: 40 years

s old and above Early Menarche Personal history of ovarian cyst /CA > Modifiable factors: - Diet with high saturated fats - Poor senditary lifestyle

BREAST (Affected part) Difference in size

Carcinogens precipitating factors / predisposing factors

Maybe caused by inflammation or a mass. Retractions or dimplings

Results from invasion of underlying ligaments by tumors. Ductal lobular epithelial cells
Abnormal cells formed by mutation. Cell grows and proliferates hyperplasia / excessive growth of cells. Some viruses / bacteria Radiation Heredity

Malignant tumors typically begin.

Spread via the lymphatic system to the axillary lymph nodes. Metastasize
Invades into the other tissue of the body blood stream or lymphatic system

What causes cancer?

Chemicals

Test / laboratory
Clinical examination Breast self examination Signs and Symptoms C change in bowel or bladder habits A a sore that does not heal U usual bleeding or discharges T thickening or lumps I indigestion or difficulty in swallowing O obvious change in a dart or mole N nagging or persistent cough or hoarseness U- unexplained anemia S- sudden unexplained weight loss Nursing Management Promote measures that relieve pain and discomfort. Promote measures to maintain intact skin integrity. Promote measures that maintain oral mucosa. Promote measures to prevent injury from abnormal bleeding. Promote measures that identify and prevent infection, TREATMENT Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation