GROUP 1 Calaour, Carey Dasco, Danica Amor Gabuat, Hermie Joyce M. Jafarhabahdi, Armaghan Tesoro, Joseph Paulo D.

Velasco, Philipp Rey M.

Pulmonary Disease 1.Lung Infections: Tuberculosis 2.Obstructive PulmonaryDisease Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema 3.Asthma Tuberculosis is a common, and in many cases lethal, Infectious Disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit their saliva through the air. Most infections are asymptomatic and latent, but about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of those so infected. Cause and spread Cause: tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) aerobic, nonmotile, rods with a high lipid content inaerobic, nonmotile, rods with a high lipid content intheir cell walls.their cell walls. acid-fastacid-fastbacilli, because once they are stained, they resistbacilli, decoloration with acid-alcohol

Transmission: through inhalation of aerosolized bacteria (1 droplet = 110through inhalation of aerosolized bacteria (1 droplet = 110bacilli)bacilli) From coughing, sneezing or speaking by people with activeFrom coughing, sneezing or speaking by people with activeTBTB These small droplets can remain suspended in the air forThese small droplets can remain suspended in the air forseveral hours.several hours. Infection will occur if inhalation results in the organismInfection will occur if inhalation results in the organismreaching the alveoli of the lungs.reaching the alveoli of the lungs. DIAGNOSIS 1. HISTORY IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT EXPOSURE TO PERSON WITH ACTIVE TB 2. CHEST XRAY 3. TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST Treatment Multiple Drug Therapy Isoniazid (INH) Pyrazinamide Rifampicin Streptomycin DOT- directly observed Dental Management In Active TB: 1.patients should be in negative pressure. 2.Health professionals should wear masks or with HEPA filters respirator masks Before treating, make sure: Clinical improvement is seen (nofever and cough) Sputum test is free of mycobacteria At least two weeks of multiple drugAt least two weeks of multiple drugtherapy completed Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

 a disease state characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Symptoms: Productive cough Breathlessness Wheezing Signs: barrel chest, wheezing, Primary Cause Smoking Others : air pollution, airway hyperresponsiveness Common in patients >50 years old Chronic Bronchitis the presence of a chronic productive cough for 3 months during each of 2 consecutive years (othercauses of cough being excluded) Mucuos gland enlargement Mucuos gland in airway Cyanosis Overweight patients Emphysema defined as an abnormal,permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. Treatment Smoking cessation Mucolytic agents Oxygen therapy Antibiotics Oral steroids Inhaled steroids Bronchodilators Anticholinergic agents Dental Management Avoid use of rubber dam May need oxygen supplementation while treating.

 Dont use bilateral blocks GA contraindicated Asthma hyperreactive airway disease a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and the cellular elements play a role, inparticular, mast cells, eosinophils, Tlymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells Symptoms Wheezing Breathlessness Chest tightness Particularly at night and early in the morning Asthma Causes/ triggers : Environmental allergens Viral respiratory infections Exercise; hyperventilation Gastroesophageal reflux disease Chronic sinusitis or rhinitis Aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity, Use of beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (including ophthalmic preparations) Environmental pollutants, tobacco Occupational exposure Emotional factors Irritants such as household sprays and paint fumes Dental Management Never treat a patient with an asthma attack

 Have anti-asthma medication (inhaler) Good suction and evacuation of water Avoid allergens (incl. NSAIDs) Decrease stress experience Avoid respiratory depressants (opioiddrugs)drugs) Common Causes Of Pulmonary Disease Smoking, or being in an enclosed area full of smoke (bar/pub) Heredity, Allergies, Medications, blood pressure, heart drugs, aspirin, and sleeping pills will worsen asthma Lung infections Vigorous exercise Stress Air pollution Common Sign and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease 1.Fever Body temperature is higher in bacterial infection than viral infection 2. Cough Dry cough Productive cough Muscle ache Nasal discharge Sore throat Unproductive cough 3.Shortness of Breath A common symptom of respiratory disease is shortness of breath. As respiratory disease progresses without proper treatment, you may have serious problems breathing. Short walks or walking up a flight of stairs may leave you gasping for air. 4.Common Cold Symptoms

 With respiratory disease, you may experience symptoms similar to that of a common cold. Sore throat, coughing and fever-like symptoms may indicate that you have respiratory disease. 5.Fatigue In some instances, respiratory disease may leave you feeling very fatigued. This can even lead to slurred speech and forgetfulness. Despite feelings of fatigue, you may have trouble sleeping. 6.Congestion Chest and nasal congestion are common signs of respiratory disease. In addition, you may see varying colors of yellow and green mucus. Nasal congestion may lead to severe headaches and facial pain. 7.Muscle Aches Muscle swelling and aching joints may be a warning sign of respiratory disease. Pain in the chest may be a strong indicator as well. Dental Management 1. Medical Consultation 2. Appointment 3. Reduction of Stress and Anxiety 4. Drug Used in treatment 5. Drug given to the patient 6. Treatment procedures

Procedures contraindicated in clients with Respiratory Ds Supine chair position Place client in upright chair position for Tx. to avoid orthopnea and respiratory discomfort Avoid use of ultrasonic debridement Pathogens found in bacterial plaque and periodontal pockets may be aspirated into the lungs Avoid use of rubber cup and air polishing Polisher can exacerbate existing breathing problems Avoid use of rubber dam May produce problems with respiration Avoid use of Nitrous oxide-oxygen analgesia in clients with Emphysema

 May produce cessation of respiration (apnea) Avoid use of barbiturates and narcotics because of their respiratory depressant properties