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DFY 3123: INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEMS

IBS

STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS

LECTURERS NAME: MR KUMARASON RASIAH SECTION / COURSE: 1 / 3 DFT

NAME CHNG YEE SHZEN SITI AISYAH BINTI MARTUA NUR AFIFAH HANY BINTI ABDULLAH ROSETELLA GONIS NURUL ZIWANNA BINTI SANIF NUR IZNI BINTI AZIZ

MATRIC NO AF090437 AF090441 AF090399 AF090412 AF090212 AF090220

IBS

[STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS]

TITLE OF PROBLEM: Steel Framing Systems DURATION OF PROBLEM: 6 weeks BASE SUBJECT: DFY 3123 Industrialised Building Systems POSSIBLE INTEGRATION WITH THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS: Construction Engineering 1. OUTCOMES
1. Identification of advantages and

Process: 1. Work in teams 2. Research/Experiment/Observation 3. Web surfing 4. Communication and interviewing 5. Learn Independently 6. Conduct oral presentation

disadvantages of using steel framing systems


2. Roof and universal column design 3. Roof and column installation methods

4. Simple project evaluation

2. PROFILE OF STUDENTS: Course of Study: Civil Engineering Year of Study: 3rd year Number of Students: 43

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Comments on Learning Abilities: Moderate Experience in APBL: None/Novice/Experienced 3. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS
1. Roof and column components

2. Building construction

4. NEW INTEGRATED LEARNING ISSUES

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using steel framing systems in construction?
2. What components in the building used steel framing systems? 3. What type of roof component do they used at the construction site?

4. What type of column component do they used at the construction site?


5. How does the construction work?

6. What types of joining do they used?

5. PROBLEM FORMAT Problem 1: At UTHM, they only used conventional method in making buildings. This may give reluctant in timing, total workforce, and construction product. As an engineering student, we want to introduce industrialised building systems to the university. Below is the memo that we received.

MEMO From: Head of Development

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IBS Director of Works

[STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS]

UTHM, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat. Johor

To: Project Engineer ( Ir. Siti Aisyah, Ir. Chng Yee Shzen, Ir. Rosetella Gonis, Ir. Nur Afifah Hany Abdullah, Ir. Nurul Ziwanna Sanif, Ir. Nur Izni Aziz) / Consultant Firm Batu Pahat, Johor.

Please be informed that the Director of Works is requesting your firm to prepare a detail report and presentation regarding the implementation of Fast track construction / IBS for future development projects in UTHM. The use of fast track construction is becoming increasingly important in construction. Your consultant firm is requested to propose the use of the above method for use in future UTHM projects. Your firm is requested to provide a detailed report and presentation which may include handouts, models, samples, pictures, video presentation, etc., that will be of help to the Director of Works and staff to better understand its method, implementation and problems.

Yours sincerely,

-------------------------Ir. Hamzah Hamid

Document 1. 6. PROBLEM Facts Ideas

Complaint Letter

Learning Issues

Action / Resources Needed

We received a

Choose a reference site

What are the

1. Internet
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IBS memo from UTHM office building property

[STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS] advantages and disadvantages of using steel framing systems? 2. Interview 3. Site visit 4. En Mustafa 5. Public Work Department Building What are the processes involved? Specifications

that used steel framing systems

We have been ask to prepare a presentation on steel framing systems

Gain as much information from the part that involved in this project

Identify the importance and uses of steel framing systems in industrialised building system (IBS)

How to construct steel framing systems?

What is the type of joint used in constructing steel framing systems?

What are the main components of steel framing systems?

7. ASSESSMENT PLAN

Tool

Individual/ Group

Formative/ Summative

Weight age

Assessed by

1.

Peer Assessment

Individual/Group

Formative

20

Peers

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IBS 2 Presentation

[STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS] Summative 80 Peers/Facilitator

Individual/Group

8. FOLLOW-UP AFTER PROBLEM REVIEW Action Taken: Followed Up by: Date of Follow-Up: 9. PROBLEM-CRAFTING TEAM Name: KUMARASON RASIAH Designation: LECTURER Email: kumar@kuittho.edu.my

Name: MUSTAFA Designation: ENGINEER Email: mustafa@yahoo.com

BIL 1 2 3 4 5

CONTENT COVER FILA TABLE CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION

PAGE 1 2 7 8 9

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IBS 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

[STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS] 10 11 12

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS MAIN COMPONENT TYPES AND METHOD OF JOINING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND METHOD CONCLUSION REFERENCES

We would like to project some words of esteem towards the people that directly or indirectly assisted us. We were given months to fulfil this Industrialised Building System project. Firstly, we would like the give a big thanks and gratitude toward our own Industrialised Building System (IBS) lecturer, Mr Kumarason Rasiah. He has helped in many ways that we actually managed to finish this project. When we have any questions or doubts, he will answer

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IBS

[STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS]

any of our questions and provided us with the most adequate information that we needed to finish our project finally. Secondly, we would like to say tremendous thanks towards people around us that helped us during the process. That is our fellow friends and course mates that had helped. They have helped us in succeeding this project at any time. Then, we would also give special thanks towards Mr Mustafa, the engineer of this site that we have been surveying at Sungai Suloh. He would give us as much information regarding the topic of our project. He would also give explanation on how IBS process work at site. Finally, special thanks needed to be said for that helped us that may have slipped our mind intentionally and also a feeling of gratitude and a sense of achievement towards our own group members for the corporation and hard work that have been shown throughout the process of finishing this report.

Industrialised Building System (IBS) is a technique of construction whereby

components are manufactured in a controlled environment, either at site or off site, and transported, positioned and assembled into construction works. Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) is often misinterpreted as systems limited only for the construction of buildings. In fact, IBS covers all types of structures as the word building actually relates to constructing. There are five main IBS groups identified in Malaysia, there are :

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IBS

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1) Pre-cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems pre-cast columns, beams, slabs, 3D components (balconies, staircases, toilets, etc) 2) Formwork Systems tunnel forms, EPS-based forms, beams and columns moulding forms, permanent steel formworks, 3) Steel Framing Systems steel beams and columns, portal frames, roof trusses, 4) Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems timber frames, roof trusses, 5) Block Work Systems interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU), lightweight concrete blocks. With the advancement of technology and innovation, besides the five main types, various pre-fabricated materials have entered the market. It includes gypsum, wood wool, polymer, fibre glass, glass and aluminium based IBS components. In the modern era, it is time we move from the construction industry construction means the construction of conventional industrial means. But at present, there are many conventional ways than the construction of the building is built the way industry. The main factor is due to the contractor and think about the expensive cost will reduce the profit to the contractor. We go to a site visit at Sungai Suloh, to see how the steel framing is installed. Steel, strong and stiff, is a material of slender towers and soaring spans. Precise and predictable, light in proportion to its length, it is also well suited to rapid construction, highly repetitive building frames, and architectural details that satisfy the eye with a clean, precise elegance. Among the metals, it is uniquely plentiful and inexpensive.

Cost Effective and Quick to Build With FRAMECADs accurate steel frame components, construction is quick and simple allowing low-cost, low-skilled labour to be used with high quality results.

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Strong and Design-Flexible Steel offers architectural and design flexibility due to its inherent strength. This allows large span distances and curves to be easily incorporated into designs.

Durable and Safe Steel frames wont ignite, burn, rust or get eaten by pests therefore making them highly desirable in extreme environmental conditions. Steel also doesnt need to be treated with pesticides, preservatives or glues making it safer for handling and living or working around.

Steel Frame Production and Construction Steel framed buildings, manufactured using FRAMECADs 5-Star Steel Frame System, can be produced very quickly and constructed using modular, prefab, build-on-site or transportable methods enabling construction flexibility for lower overheads, quicker manufacturing and improved profitability.

Environmentally Friendly Steel delivers a number of unique environmental benefits such as product longevity, recyclability, easy transportation and less raw material wastage.

Fire Resistant Severe bush fire test at over 1000 C endorses steel framed housing. Earthquake Tested Structural integrity of steel framed houses tested in full-scale simulations resulting in positive outcome.

Steel frames can be manufactured to custom length, resulting in fewer wasted materials than wood.

Steel wont warp, bow, rot, or fall viction to termites. Homes are also less likely to be invaded by rodents.
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Steel studs, joist, and trusses weigh as much as 30% less than wood, making assembled walls easier to handle.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Steel is an expensive material (much more expensive than masonry or concrete) Frames are unstable Needs fire protection Needs separate "skin" (walls and floors) Conducts heat much faster than wood. Steel conduct heat over 300 times faster than wood. 6. A bit noisy- metal to metal contact.

Steel roof truss are popular in a single storey building of short and medium spans, which is used for industrial purposes or recreation. Steel roof truss is very suitable for high buildings and are typically used with a panel of precast concrete slabs and walls in production of hybrid structures with fast time.
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IBS

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Basically steel roof truss are more expensive compare to timber trusses but they are more durable and reliable. The quality of these trusses are good because they are manufactured in a controlled environment, their strength is consistent and do not vary as the timber product. Most of the steel trusses are coated with protective layer to prevent rust only and do not need to be chemically treated. Timber truss would bow over time while steel would remain straight. Steel roof truss is a two dimensional framework in which a series of triangular compression and tension members. The members are usually consisting of Standard Mild Steel angles that are connected either by using bolts or welding.

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IBS

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Purlin (or purline) is a horizontal structural member in a roof. Purlins support the loads from the roof deck or sheathing and are supported by the principal rafters and/or the building walls, steel beams etc. Purlin used in the longitudinal direction to connect all the trusses and used as a medium rooftop installation. Purlin spacing and height of the truss will be determined by the type of roof used. The use of purlins, as opposed to closely spaced rafters, is common in pre-engineered metal building systems and both the ancient post-and-beam and newer pole building timber frame construction methodologies.

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IBS

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A rivet is a mechanical fastener. Before it is installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail. On installation the rivet is placed in a pre-drilled hole. Then the tail is "upset" (i.e. deformed) so that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter and holds the rivet in place. To distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail. Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet it can support tension loads (loads parallel to the axis of the shaft); however, it is much more capable of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft). Bolts and screws are better suited for tension applications. Fastenings used in traditional wooden boat building like copper nails and clinch bolts work on the principle of the rivet but they were in use long before the term rivet was invented and, where they are remembered, are usually classified among the nails and bolts respectively.

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TYPES There are a number of types of rivets, designed to meet different cost, accessibility, and strength requirements. These include solid rivets, blind rivets, multi-grip rivets, grooved rivets, peel type blind rivets, self-pierce rivets, plastic rivets, tubular rivets, etc. INSTALLATION

There are several methods for installing rivets. Rivets that are small enough and soft enough are often "bucked". In this process the installer places a rivet gun against the factory head and holds a bucking bar against the tail or a hard working surface. The bucking bar is a specially shaped solid block of metal. The rivet gun provides a series of high-impulse forces that upset the rivet in place. Rivets that are large or hard may be more easily installed by squeezing instead. In this process a tool in contact with each end of the rivet clinches to deform the rivet. Rivets may also be upset by hand, using a ball-peen hammer. The head is placed in a special hole made to accommodate it, known as a rivet-set. The hammer is applied to the bucktail of the rivet, rolling an edge so that it is flush against the fastened material. SIZES

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Rivet diameters are commonly measured in 132-inch increments and their lengths in 116-inch increments, expressed as "dash numbers" at the end of the rivet identification number. A "dash 3 dash 4" (XXXXXX-3-4) designation indicates a 332-inch diameter and 416-inch (or 14-inch) length. Some rivets lengths are also available in "half sizes" and will have a dash number such as 3.5 (732 inch) to indicate that it is a half-size rivet. The letters and digits in a rivet's identification number that precede its dash numbers indicate the specification under which the rivet was manufactured and the head style. On many rivets, a size in 32nds may be stamped on the rivet head.

A screw is a simple machine that is made from another simple machine. It is actually an inclined plane that winds around itself. A screw has ridges and is not smooth like a nail. Some screws are used to lower and raise things. They are also used to hold objects together. TYPES OF SCREWS

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Definition An externally threaded, cylindrical fastener with a head at one end and a threaded blunt end at the other. Bolts are designed to fit into non-threaded holes to join parts and are assembled with a nut.

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Type of bolts

The bolts is commonly used in steel frame construction fall into two categories : Carbon steel bolts Also called unfinished or common bolts are similar to ordinary machine bolts. Their installed cost is less than that of high strength bolts, so they are used in many structural joints where their lower strength is sufficient to carry the necessary loads.

High strength bolts Heat treated during manufacture to develop strength. High strength bolts are inserted into holes slightly larger than the shank diameter of the bolts. The bolt is usually tightened using a pneumatic or electric impact wrench.

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Type of Joining

The bolt is tightened to a calculated clamp load, usually by applying a measured torque load. The joint will be designed such that the clamp load is never overcome by the forces acting on the joint. This type of joint design provides several properties:

Greater preloads in bolted joints reduce the fatigue loading of the fastener. For cyclic loads, the fastener is not subjected to the full amplitude of the load; as a result, the fastener's fatigue life can be increased or-if the material exhibits endurance limit-extended indefinitely.

As long as the external loads on a joint don't exceed the clamp load, the fastener is not subjected to any motion and will not come loose, obviating the need for locking mechanisms.

Does not have a designed clamp load but relies on the shear strength of the bolt shaft. This may include clevis linkages, joints that can move, and joints that rely on a locking mechanism.

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IBS Method of Joining

[STEEL FRAMING SYSTEMS]

Most steel frame connections use angles, plates or tees as transitional elements between the members being connected. A simple bolted beam-to-column flanges connection requires two angles and a number of bolts. The angles are usually bolted to the web of the beam in the fabricators shop. The bolts through the flange of the column are added after the beam is in place.

Bolted joint in vertical cutaway

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Definitions Welding is a process for joining similar metals. Welding joins metals by melting and fusing the base metals being joined and the filler metal applied. Welding employs pinpointed, localized heat input. Most welding involves ferrous-based metals such as steel and stainless steel. Welding covers a temperature range of 1500 F - 3000 F (800C - 1635C). Weld joints are usually stronger than or as strong as the base metals being joined.

Types of welding Fillet weld

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Is used to make lap joints, corner joints, and T joints. It takes the form of a fillet of a weld metal deposited at the junction of two parent metal members membranes to be joined at an angel. The angle usually being a right angle in structural steelwork.

Butt weld

Used to connect parts which are nearly parallel and don't overlap. It can be used to run a processing machine continuously, as opposed to having to restart such machine with a new supply of metals. The throat thickness of a butt weld is equal to the thickness of the thinnest plate joined by weld and the strength of the weld is determined by the throat thickness multiplied by the length of the length of the weld to give the cross-sectional area of throat.

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Fundamentals of Welding A welded joint is obtained when two clean surfaces are brought into contact with each other and either pressure or heat, or both are applied to obtain a bond. The tendency of atoms to bond is the fundamental basis of welding. The inter-diffusion between the materials that are joined is the underlying principle in all welding processes. The diffusion may take place in the liquid, solid or mixed state. In welding the metallic materials are joined by the formation of metallic bonds and a perfect connection is formed. In practice however, it is very difficult to achieve a perfect joint, for, real surfaces are never smooth. When welding, contact is established only at a few points in the surface, joins irregular surfaces where atomic bonding occurs.

Method of Joining The butt joint is a very simple joint to construct. Members are simply docked at the required angle (usually 90) and required length. One member will be shorter than the finished size by the thickness of the adjacent member. For enclosed constructions, such as four-sided frames or boxes, the thickness of the two adjacent members must be taken into consideration. Advantages Enable direct transfer of stress between members eliminating gusset and splice plates necessary for bolted structures.
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The weight of the joint is minimum. Offers air tight and water tight joining and hence is ideal for oil storage tanks, and ships Welded structures also have a neat appearance and enable the connection of complicated shapes. Welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted and bolted connections.

Disadvantages It requires skilled manpower for welding as well as inspection. Welded joints are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading. Difficult due to the location or environment. Large residual stresses and distortion are developed in welded connections.

1. The steel frames components is manufacture at the factory with the specification and dimension that stated by the client.

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2. The steel frames components are transported by truck to the construction sites to be install.

3. The components are set up at the construction site by using bolts and nuts to connect the steel frame.

4. Beside that, some components cannot connect by using bolt and nuts is connected by welding method.

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As conclusion, steel framing systems is one easy method in construction. Usage of steel gives more advantages compared to the usage of wood. Steel results in fewer wasted materials, it would not warp, bow, rot or fall viction to termites, steel also make assembled walls easier to handle, steel has superior fire rating and can also withstand extremely heavy wind loads. Based on our project, the usage of steel framing systems is at the column and roof. By using this type of industrialisation, trusses can carry its load by bending along both axes. It must supported by columns that a spaced more or less equally in both directions.

http://www.google.com.my/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=fungsi+kerangka+bumbung+keluli&source=web&cd=4&ve d=0CDsQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.my%2Findex.php %3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid %3D3485%26Itemid%3D28%26lang %3Dmy&ei=eo4qT73yEY_LrQeih5nZDA&usg=AFQjCNFhezLFQSn8A5hxXT21Hk2eBaxPQ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_(2008_film) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(hardware) http://www.masteel.co.uk/universal_columns.htm

Industrialised Building Systems book. Mr Mustafa


Mr Kumarason Rasiah

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