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5.3 Mass
5.4 Newton's second law 5.5 Some particular forces 5.6 Newton's third law 5.7 Applying Newton's laws
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5.2 Force
- Force is a vector. The unit of force is Newton (N). - A force acting on an object produces an acceleration. The direction of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the force applied. The acceleration of the standard body under the influence of two forces.
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5.3 Mass
- The mass m of a body is a scalar; its SI unit the kilogram.
- Mass is an intrinsic property of a body (not depends on the location).
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass. The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object.
where F
is the vector sum of all forces acting on an object with mass m, and a is the resulting acceleration 3 (note: the sum includes only external forces).
- If we decompose both the force and the acceleration into their individual components along the x, y and z-axis, we obtain the following relations: Fx ma x , Fy ma y , and Fz ma z - Newton's second law includes a formal statement of Newton's first law: if there is no net force acting on an object ( F = 0 N) the acceleration is zero (and the velocity of the object is constant).
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c) Frictional force
- A horizontal force F, is applied to a block resting on a rough surface, the motion is resisted by a bonding between the body and the surface. - The resistance is considered to be a single force f, called either the frictional force or simply friction.
- This force is directed along the surface and opposite the direction of the intended motion.
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d) Tension
- This is the force exerted by a rope or a cable attached to an object Tension has the following characteristics: 1.It is always directed along the rope. 2.It is always pulling the object. 3.It has the same value along the rope (for example, between points A and B).
- The following assumptions are made: a. The rope has negligible mass compared to the mass of the object it pulls. b.The rope does not stretch. - If a pulley is used as in fig.(b) and fig.(c), we assume that the pulley is massless and frictionless.
Experiments show that in that case body B exerts a force ( FAB) on body A. These twoforces are equal in magnitude and oppositely directed: FBA - FAB .
- Since the two members of an action-reaction pair always act on different bodies, they can not cancel each other.
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Sample Problem 2:
A block of mass m1 = 3.70 kg on a frictionless plane inclined at angle = 30.0 is connected by a cord over a massless, frictionless pulley to a second block of mass m2 = 2.30 kg. What are (a)the magnitude of the acceleration of each block, (b)the direction of the acceleration of the hanging block, and (c)the tension in the cord.
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