UNIT -I Microwave network theory:

Microwave network is often characterized in terms of S matrix representation. The network analysis we use R,L and C that is no longer used in microwave. The scattering matrix expresses a relationship between incoming and outgoing waves at various ports of a network. This is an alternative to impedance (or admittance) matrix representation commonly used at lower frequency. Impedance and admittance matrix are based on kirchoffs law for electrical network and this Kirchoffs law are derived from Maxwell equation.

Low frequency parameters: Impedance or Z parameter:

[V]=[Z][I]

Admittance or Y parameter: [I]=[Y][V] Hybrid or h parameter: V1 h11 h12 i1 = i2 h21 h22 V2 Transmission or ABCD: V1 A B V2 = V2 C D..-i2
Z,Y,h and ABCD are based on net voltage and net current and short circuit and open circuit termination. Z,Y,h and ABCD is difficult at microwave due to these reasons, Non availability of terminal voltage and current measuring equipment. Short circuit and open circuit are not easily achieved for a wide range of frequency. Presence of active devices makes the circuit unstable for open circuit and short circuit. Thus microwave is analyzed using scattering or S parameter. The network representation of 2 port network at microwave frequency is scattering parameter.

Formulation of S parameter :
The high frequency S parameter are used to characterize the high RF and microwave 2 port network. To characterize a 2 port network that has identical characteristic impedance (Z at the input and output. )

Let us consider incident and reflected voltage waves at each port

2 port network To define the S parameter accurately consider the voltage with [Vi+] as incident and [Vi-] for reflected waves. The S matrix now defined to describe the linear relationship between Vi+ and Vi- at any of 2 ports as follows V1+ =S11 V1+ + S12 V2+ V2- =S21 V1+ + S22 V2+ In matrix form,

V1= V2
-

S11 S12 S21 S22 V1V= V2

-

V1+ V2+ V2+ [V ] = V

+ 2 +

S11 S12

[S] =
S21 S22

S11=V1-/V1+ for V2+=0 Input reflection coefficient when output port is terminated in
matched load.

S21=V2-/V1+ for V2+=0 Forward transmission output terminated S12=V1-/V2+ for V1+=0 Reverse transmission input terminated S22=V2-/V2+ for V1+=0 Output reflection coefficient input port is terminated in matched
load

Advantages of S parameter:
S parameter is the complete characteristic of network as it is a 2 port S parameter requires the use of matched load for termination because the load absorbs all the incident energy; there impossibility of serious reflection back to the source is eliminated. S parameter makes use of short circuit or open circuit is completely unnecessary at high frequency. Impedance of short circuit or open circuit varies with the frequency. Incident and reflected amplitude of microwave frequency at any port are used to characterize a microwave circuit. The amplitude are normalized in such a wave that square of any of these variables gives the average power in that wave. Input power at nth port = Pin= |an|2 Reflected power at nth port = Prn= |bn|2

Where as an and bn are normalized incident wave amplitude and mormalised reflected wave amplitude of the nth port. For two port network we can express as a1=Vi1/(Z0)= (V1 Vr1)/Z0 a2=Vi2/(Z0)= (V2 Vr2)/Z0 b1=Vr1/(Z0)= (V1 Vi1)/Z0 b2=Vr2/(Z0)= (V2 Vr2)/Z0 Total voltage is: V1=Vi1+Vr1 V2=Vi2+Vr2 Total or net power: P=Pi-Pr=1/2 ( |a|2-|b|2) Two port network relation between incident and reflected in S parameter. b1=S11a1+S12a2 b2=S21a1+S22a2 S11=(b1/a1) for a2=0; reflection co-efficient 1 at port1 when port2 is terminated with match. S22=(b2/a2) for a1=0; reflection co-efficient 2 at port2 when port1 is terminated with match. S12=(b1/a2) for a1=0;attenuation of wave traveling from port2 to port1. S21=(b2/a1) for a2=0;attenuation of wave traveling from port1 to port2.

S parameter matrix representation for multiport network:

b1 b2 = . . bN SN1 SN2 SN3...SNN aN S11 S12 S13. S1N S21 S22 S23..S2N a1 a2

Losses:
Insertion loss (dB) = 10 log (Pi/Pr) = 10 log ( |a1|2 / |b2|2) = 20 log (1 / |S21|) = 20 log (1 / |S12|2) Transmission loss or attenuation loss = 10 log ((Pi-Pr)/P0)=10 log ((1- |S11|2 ) / |S12|2 ) Reflection loss = 10 log (Pi / (Pi-Pr)) = 10 log (1 / (1 - |S11|2)) Return loss = 10 log ( Pi / Pr) = 20 log (1 / || ) = 20 log (1 / |S11| )

Properties of S parameter :

 Zero diagonal element for perfect match network for an ideal n-port network with matched termination Sii=0 Since there is no reflection from any port therefore under a perfect match condition, diagonal elements of [S] are zero The symmetry of S matrix for a reciprocal network. The reciprocal device has the same transmission characteristics in either direction of a pair of ports and characterized by a symmetry (scattering matrix) Sij=Sji [ij] [S]T = [S] Unitary property for reciprocal device [S] [S*]=I Properties of S matrix for non-reciprocal device i) Product of any column of S matrix and the complex conjugate of this column equals unity. n Sij Sij* =1
i=1

The product of any column of S matrix and the complex conjugate of any other column equals zero. n Sij Sik*=0 Phase shift property Complex S parameter of a network is defined with respect to the position of the port or reference planes. For a 2 port network the reference plane is 1 and 2. S11 S12 [S]= S21 S22 1=1l1 e-j1 [S]= 0 e-j2 0 [s] 0 e-j2 2=2l2 e-j1 0

ii)

Relation of Z,Y and ABCD with S Z: V1 Z11 Z12 I1 = V2 Z21 Z22 I2 ABCD: V1 V2 A C B D I1 I2

Comparing A=Z11/Z21 B=-( Z11Z22-Z12Z21)/Z21 C=1/Z21 D=-Z22/Z21 Y: I1 Y11 Y12 = I2 Y21 Y22 Comparing with ABCD: Y11=D/B Y22=-A/B Y12=1/B Y21=1+AD/2 V1 V2

S: S

S11 S21

S12 S22

S11 = A-B-C+D A-B+C-D S12= -2(AD+BC) A-B+C-D S22=-A-B-C-D A-B+C-D S21= 2 A-B+C-D