* Fill in the blanks with should have V3 or shouldnt have V3 1. Oh, no!

You (put) shouldnt have put milk in his coffee. He drinks his coffee black, but now that you have, I can have this, and we can prepare another one for him. 2. This refrigerator was inexpensive, but it doesnt have a freezer compartment. I think we (buy) should have bought one with a freezer. It would be nice to be able to buy frozen food. 3. He (stay) shouldnt have stayed up playing computer games last night. No wonder hes still asleep at noon. 4. I think we (send) should have sent the proposal before today. We (take) shouldnt have taken so long to put the details together. 5. I (drink) shouldnt have drunk so many cups of coffee today. Now I cant sleep.

DEDUCTION
* We use must when we feel sure that something is true because theres very strong evidence. * We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but were not sure.
EXERCISES: 1. A: Why is Jack at home today? B: I saw him last night and he wasnt feeling very well. He (be) .. ill. 2. A: Why is the baby crying? B: I dont know. She (be) hungry. 3. How far is it now to the village? We (get) . Close as I can see some chimneys in the distance. 4. A: Look! Isnt that Susan going up the street? Where is she going? B: I dont know. She (go) to the cinema or she (go) .. shopping.

5. She (finish) .. the essay she was writing as Ive just seen her heading towards the gym. 6. I cant find my grammar book. I dont know where I left it. I (leave) it in the classroom. 7. He (serve) a customer when I phoned because I know he is always in the shop at that hour. 8. When I got home late last night, the light in my brothers room was still on. I didnt go to see what he was doing, but he (read) . a book. 9. He (live) .. near here because he comes to work on foot. We dont know where he lives but were sure its not far away. 10. Did you hear that? I think there (be) . a burglar downstairs. Shes not sure theres a burglar but she thinks its possible.

* We use cant when we feel sure something is not true. * We use must not for the best guess * We use may not might not if we are not sure

EXERCISES: 1. A: Your brother says he is very hungry. B: No, he (be) hungry. He ate a huge meal just half an hour ago. 2. A: Your brother isnt eating his lunch. B: Well, he (be) .. hungry. Normally he eats everything on his plate. 3. A: Why does she always get low grades in history? B: I dont know. She (study) . hard enough. 4. A: Dont make so much noise. Your brother is studying in the next room.

B: No, he (study) . I saw him in the street playing with other children just a quarter of an hour ago. 5. A: Do you hear some noise from the babys room? B: Yes, I sure do. She (sleep) 6. A: I think your brother is studying in his room. B: Well, I dont know. He (study) . 7. He (go) to the match yesterday, because his leg has been in plaster since the previous match. 8. A: Jane is normally a good student, but she got a low grade on yesterdays test. B: Well, she (study) hard enough. 9. A: Why did Jane get a low grade on the last test? B: Who knows, she (study) .. hard enough. 10. He (drive) . Very fast at the time of the accident because I know that he doesnt like speeding. 11. While I was preparing to go to bed last night, I heard some noises from my sons room. He (sleep) 12. Jane said Henry was studying in his room all yesterday afternoon, but she was not sure. He (study) .

FUTURE DEDUCTION * eer bir durumun olacandan kesin eminsek : WILL He will pass his drivinh test. He is very good at driving. * gl bir tahminde bulunuyorsak : SHOULD OUGHT TO

He took plenty of driving lessons and he drives the car very well. He should ought to pass the test. * dk dzeyde tahminde bulunuyorsak : MAY MIGHT - COULD He took some driving lessons, and isnt so bad at driving. He may-might-could pass his driving test tomorrow, but who knows. Anything can happen in a test.

Modals deduction (past)

In the same way that we use modal verbs to say how certain we are about things in the present we can also use them to speculate about the past. Have + past participle (have done, have been have stolen etc.) is called the perfect infinitive. When we use modal verbs to talk about the present they are followed by an infinitive without to. When we use modal verbs to talk about the past they are followed by a perfect infinitive. must + perfect infinitive We use must + perfect infinitive when we feel sure about something in the past.

You must have been delighted when you heard youd won the lottery. The thieves must have come in through the window. Look its still open. Oh no! Wheres my car? Someone must have stolen it!

might/may/could + perfect infinitive We use might, may or could with the perfect infinitive to say that we think something was possible but we arent sure.

The thieves might have escaped by car but we cant be sure. He should be hour by now. He may have been delayed by a traffic jam or something. I cant find my purse. I could have left it in the supermarket but I just dont know.

cant + perfect infinitive We use cant + perfect infinitive when we feel sure something didnt happen in the past.

I thought I saw John in town this morning but it cant have been him hes in Greece this week. I cant have left it in the supermarket I had it on the bus on the way home. You cant have read the instructions properly. Theyre perfectly clear.