7 Liner - Cementing Preparation and Procedure Checklist

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(1 vote, average 4.00 out of 5) This article is an example of a checklist for cementing a 7" liner.

Hold pre-job planning meeting. All equipment to be checked and personnel familiar with the plan. The final cement programme to be issued to the rig and approved by the Drilling Superintendent. Ensure that BJ needs to blow out water from the lines after performing pressure test to avoid frozen the in cold weather. Before cement job begins, ensure that the cement is fluffed and transferred from one tank to another tan transfer in the cold weather. Prior to start cementing, ensure to perform the following: o Total required volume of technical water to be stored on the rig site some days in advance of the o Pre-job analysis of technical water, slurry and spacers. Perfrom tests for possible fluid contamin program. o Be sure the slurry formules is fit to avoid flash setting due to possible slurry dehydration while p

Prepare cement mix water in the batch mixers and store in the KPO tanks, prepare spacers in the batch m Confirm that the Technical water is being supplied directly from the LMP. Do not use water from any o supervisor to check the water. Avoid using NaCL Brine to perfrom BJ lines test until a contamination test has been performed. Ensure correct tanks and drill water are delivered at least 24 hours in advance of the cementing job. Check that cement chemicals have been added to the mix water in the correct order. Thoroughly mix each chemical after adding them to the mix water. Take samples of final mix fluids, lab verification tests. Ensure all BJ washer and spacers should be prepared in the batch mixer and pumped by the Cementing control avoid preparing washer and spacer in rig pits and avoid using rig pumps. Take 5 gallons dry cement sample in advance of the cement job so that pilot testing at cementing lab us carried out. Take 1 gallon mix water sample during the cement job. Check that the following equipment is available at the rig site: Weatherford circulating tool; Long eleva Drilling Contractor?). Mud Logger to ensure stroke counters set to zero before pumping spacer and displacement.

While preparing the slurry, continue to circulate and check the following: o Cement head bearing is secured to the derrick prior to rotating the liner o The tugger must be manned at all times during rotation. o There is a minimum of 20 Klbs (10 tonne) of drillpipe weight onto the liner prior to rotation and of HRD tool in HRD profile of ZXP packer to allow rotation of liner. o Establish circulation and rotation (generally ensure continued circulation during all rotation) pri monitor rates and pressures. o Note torque readings at 20 and 30 RPM with a minimum weight of 20 Klbs (10 Tonne) of drill p o Check that the top drive is set properly in order not to limit the torque below programmed for ro cementing job. o Make sure there is good communication possible between the rig-floor and the cement unit. Ha location.

Ensure that TDS IBOP is closed before hooking up the cement lines. Open the low torque valve. If losses encountered during drilling 8 hole section, attempt to cure losses before mixing and pumpin If possible use the caliper log to calculate the slurry volume required. o The Liner should be set 100m inside the 9 7/8" casing. Reduce the slurry top to 50 - 100m above excess and TOC should be agreed & communicated to the team once the logs are run. o Before the job check & calibrate all saipar and WFD-Datalog sensors and stroke counters. Pump the required amount of cement as per cementing programme, allowing for volume of approximate Top (with the DP connected to the hanger). Observe and note the torque required to rotate the Liner. Stop rotation to allow safe release of the Drill Pipe Pump Down Plug as follows (it is not allowed to hav whilst rotating).

When cementing the 7'' liner after bumping the plug to pressure up to 1000psi over final displacement p mins.

Responsibilities during cementing

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(4 votes, average 4.50 out of 5) Planning and supervision is crucial in cementing operations. This article describes the key responsibilities for th Cementing Engineer, Mud Engineer and Drilling Contractor.

Operations Engineer

ensure cement, mixwater and additive samples are sent in time to the service company for testing check that the cementation proposal meets the objectives of planned cementing operation ensure cement, additive and mixwater samples are despatched correctly marked and packaged check log downhole temperature and compare with slurry design temperature. witness and check quality control of calliper logs check cementation proposal and reports discuss with cementing contractor about new equipment/chemicals

Drilling Supervisor

overall responsibility for the conduct of the cementation compare job calculations with those of the Cementer supervise the Cementers and Drilling Contractor in the performance of their duties inform the Mud Loggers, Mud Engineer and Driller: 1. 2. 3. 4.

of the volume of each type of mixwater to be used for both lead and tail cement jobs from which mud pit each type of mixwater will be drawn of the expected gain, per barrel of mixwater blended with cement, for both lead and tail of the expected total volume of returns during the cement job and the expected overall in

co-ordinate the execution of the cement job ensure that all relevant personnel are issued with a detailed programme of the cement job, highlighting i (the detailed programme must include volumes, pressures and pump rates for the cementing and displac ensure that all relevant personnel are issued with contingency plans (flowcharts) to assist in rapid decisi something go wrong witness: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

no changes are made to the agreed programme without the prior approval of the Drilling the landing and hanging off of the casing, including the pressure testing of hanger seals i pressure testing of the surface lines before the job the circulation test the placing of the cement plugs in the cementing head the preparation of the cement slurry and spacers (no deviation from the recipe shall be p the pumping of spacers and cement slurry

count the number of tanks and fractions of tanks for the calculation of the volume of slurry pumped use chart recorders during cementation to record as many relevant parameters as possible, such as:

1. 2. 3. 4.

pumping pressures times of the various actions cement slurry gradients losses

ensure equipment is in a state of readiness collect samples of mixwater, cement and additives during the cement job confirm stock levels of cement and additives supervise preparation of spacers, mixwater cement slurries and additives. ensure dry cement is fluffed as per Contractor recommended procedure prepare all cementation reports. complete checklists prior to commencement of cement job arrange loading and backloading equipment confirm receipt of the cement test report recipe for the cement and spacer from the Operations Engineer ensure that all checks are performed. Two days before the cementation is started, he will collect the checklists and address any problems. Oth carry out the checks, sign off the checklists and return them. A copy of the checklists shall be faxed to t

Drilling Contractor

operate and maintain the bulk air supply and mixing systems provide personnel for loading and backloading of supplies and equipment assist with sampling prior to, and during, the cement job assist with measuring the gradient of the slurries pumped complete the minimum checks and procedures detailed in the checklists and pass completed checklist to prior to commencement of the cement job provide lines for cement and water from supply boat hook up cement/water lines as needed

Cementer

maintain and operate the cement unit and all associated equipment on the rig to the highest standards of ensure that the unit is functioning efficiently and has valid certification record and maintain quality control of stock levels of cement/additives and physically check all stocks o prior to any cementing operation ensure that: 1. liquid additives are checked by use of a hydrometer

2. 3.

adequate spare parts and consumables to support the operation are maintained all materials used and delivered are recorded in a log book

carry out individual cement calculations and compare these with the calculations of the Drilling Superv perform the cement job as per the programme specified by the company, including the use of data recor complete the minimum checks and procedures detailed in the checklists and pass completed checklist to prior to commencement of the cement job advise drilling supervisor of any changes in cementing program send the test results to the Operations Engineer and the Drilling Supervisor for verification at least three scheduled. confirm the laboratory bench tests at the well site. distribute the checklists, which clearly define the responsibilities of personnel involved in the execution

Mud Engineer

check the mixwater for contamination and measure salinity ensure mud is in good condition (no foam) ensure the mud has been pre-treated to minimise cement contamination problems ensure that there is sufficient volume of mud available on surface prior to commencement of the cemen ensure sufficient space is available for spacer or additives to be stored monitor pit volumes throughout the cementation measure cement gradient as required check fluid returns for presence of cement, spacer or drilling fluid.

Mud Loggers

monitor pit volumes throughout the cementation, independently of the Mud Engineer report to Drilling Supervisor immediately in case of discrepancies during displacement.
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Last Updated on Friday, 10 June 2011 20:10

Cement Programme Preparation

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(4 votes, average 4.25 out of 5) The Cement Programme gives a brief explanation as to the objectives in setting casing, i.e.:

isolate hydrocarbons isolate different pressure regimes provide a pressure conduit of full integrity for drilling and completion allow installation of BOP, completion etc.

General Preparation Guidelines

The following guidelines should be applied to the preparation of the Cement Programme:

The Drilling Supervisor shall prepare a call out fax seven days before the job. The Cement Programme shall be sent to the Drilling Superintendent and Operations Engineer for verific The final version of the Cement Programme, including the final details, shall be sent to the Drilling Sup Operations Engineer. No last minute changes to the Programme shall be made without the prior approval of the Drilling Mana A copy of the Programme shall be distributed to all rig personnel involved in the operation.

General responsibilities (execution and QA/QC) for ce

Activity Prepare the detailed Cement Programme Dispatch samples to laboratory Execution Cementing Contractor Cementing Contractor Quality Control Operations Engineer Logistics / Materials Supervisor Operations Engineer Drilling Superintendent

Test samples and prepare Cementing Contractor recipe Verify Cement Programme complies with planned cement operations Prepare well for cementing Operations Engineer

Drilling Contractor

Drilling Supervisor Drilling Supervisor Operations Engineer

Mix, pump and displace Cementing Contractor cement

Conduct rig floor operations Prepare Job Report

Drilling Contractor Cement Contractor Drilling Supervisor

Drilling Supervisor Tool Pusher Drilling Supervisor Operations Engineer

Programme Design Consideration

Activity Check shoe track and accessory configuration. Run and land casing as Proposed circulation test rates with corresponding per programmed casing annular velocities (assuming gauge hole). tally. Pressure test surface lines. Design Consideration

The design considerations given in the following table should be taken into account when preparing the Cemen

Mud Engineer checks all When possible, mud returns shall be diverted to a tank levels. different pit to that used for suction during displacement. Mud Logger Batch mix cement Pump spacers ahead. To adjust chart to monitor volume pumped and volume returned. If feasible Calculate volume, fluid type, gradient, fluid loss

Drop first plug ahead of spacers. Pump scavenger slurry. Calculate volume, gradient, cement sx., mixwater volume Drop bottom plug. Pump lead slurry. Calculate volume, gradient, fluid loss, cement type, cement sx., mixwater volume, recipe, excess (referred to basis of calculation). Calculate volume gradient, cement type, cement sx., mixwater volume, recipe, excess (referred to basis of calculation). Calculate volume, fluid type, gradient, over/under balance

Pump tail slurry.

Drop top plug. Pump spacer behind

Mud engineer checks all tank levels. Displace cement.

Calculate volume, fluid type, gradient, rate before and after catch up. Calculate volume of mud pumped when cement starts to flow into annulus (pressure increase) Total volume pumped when rate must be reduced for bump. Total volume pumped at bump. Bump pressure (casing pressure test) and duration. Pump efficiency. Maximum permissible over displacement past theoretical value to avoid physical over displacement of the slurry. Annular velocity. Flow regime of spacers and slurry. Contact time for any critical point in the wellbore - eg., across a particular gas sand.

Mud Engineer checks all tank levels. Bleed off, check backflow. Cut / Back out landing joint. Proposed course of action if backflow is observed. -

Cement Testing - QA/QC

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(4 votes, average 4.25 out of 5) All slurry and spacers are designed and tested at the Cementing Contractors Laboratory. Samples of cement (10 mixwater must be sent from the well site to the laboratory for this purpose. Testing is carried out according to A

General Guidelines

Bulk cement shall be sampled for testing purposes. After retaining a portion for bench testing, the remainder shall be despatched to the Contractor, Mud an The Laboratory test results shall be reported to the Operations Engineer/Drilling Superintendent in the f Samples of all products used during the cementing operation shall be retained in case further testing by Laboratory is required.

Note: If necessary, the key cement properties may be reported by telephone or fax.

Despatch of Cement, Additives and Water Samples

Sampling Guidelines

Proper sampling of cement, additives and mixwater is essential to obtain accurate and representative test results carried out by the Drilling Supervisor. The following guidelines should be applied:

During unloading, the Drilling Supervisor shall take a sample directly from the supply line at a point ha from the silos. It is essential that the cement sampled is representative of the cement to be used in the fo operation. When powdered additives samples are requested by the laboratory, they must be taken from a sack of th be used in the forthcoming cementing operation. When liquid additives samples are requested by the laboratory, they must be taken from the batch to be cementing operation. The liquid additive must be well agitated before sampling. Cement, additives and water must be sampled properly and stored/despatched in the appropriate contain clean. Excess air must be removed from the containers since exposure to humid air may affect the results of th exercise useless, potentially leading to problems during cementation. Samples of all products, including a 1 gal sample of the actual mixwater, must also be taken during the operations and kept on the rig until a few days after the cement job in case the laboratory required them of the cementation.

Samples Quantities
The sample quantities required are listed in the following table: Material Cement Mixwater Powdered additives 10 kg 1 gal (2 sample bottles) one full plastic bag (to be kept in laboratory) Quantity

Liquid additives Bentonite

500 ml (to be kept in laboratory) 10 kg (to be kept in laboratory)

Sample Labelling

Cement Samples
All cement samples should be labelled with:

rig name silo number well number the type of cementation forthcoming date received date despatched by flight expected date of first cementation.

Additive and Mixwater Samples

All additive and mixwater samples should be labelled with:

rig name well number date despatched (to whom) contents expected date of first cementation

Cement Testing
Consistometer Test Conditions

The Pan Am(erican) Consistometer test is used. It is performed under dynamic conditions with the cement bein The test conditions used are defined the following table: Parameter Depth Test pressure Unit ft psi Definition True vertical depth of the cementation Expected maximum pressure during the cementation (according to API recommendation)

Test temperature oF

Expected circulating bottom hole temperature (according to API recommendations and related to average temperature gradient)

Slurry Composition

In general, additives for cement slurries are added to the mixwater with the exception of weighting material or s the initial cement slurry or may be dry blended into the cement if batch mixing is not feasible. Dead volume, if consideration when batch mixing. The amount of dry powder additives to be used is given on the form in % weight by weight of dry cement (% B amount of liquid additives in % gallons per sack (GPS). In addition the amount of water and chemicals required mixwater is also given. The base for mixwater will be specified on the form as industrial (fresh) or sea water. The salinity of industrial 300 ppm chlorides. The water/cement ratio (mixwater requirement) and slurry yield are given in cu.ft/sk.

Slurry Properties
The following key slurry properties are given on the cement test form: Parameter Slurry gradient ppg Pan Am consistometer test measured at Bottom Hole Circulating Temperature (API tables) Strength of the cement at cementation depth, after the time shown, as determined according to API recommended practices Determined at 1 000 psi pressure differential and bottom hole circulating temperature Dial readings obtained at 600, 200, 100, 6 and 3 RPM measured at BHCT to a maximum of 200oF. 600 rpm reading Tested at standard temperatures 80o F and 300 rpm reading 457oF 200 rpm reading 100 rpm reading 6 rpm reading 3 rpm reading Unit Test Details

Pumpability time minutes

Thickening time Compressive strength HTHP fluid loss psi

cc/30 min

Fann VG Meter Readings Rheology

Notes: * The pumpable time of the slurry must exceed the planned job time, including mixing, by a contingency time t

which may be experienced. As a general guide, one hour contingency should be used for casing cementations a back cementations. * The final strength of cement typically used for primary cementations must be greater than 3 000 psi with high shoe.

Tests at the Well Site

General Guidelines

The following general guidelines should be applied during bench tests: Bench testing shall be carried out at the rig site since it is the main mechanism for quality control on the mixwa comparison with the results of the Mud and Cement Laboratory to confirm that the mixwater of the rig is prope contaminated. Testing must be carried out according to the procedure detailed in this section using representative samples of t Testing should be completed well in advance of the job, so that time is left to make new mixwater and to repeat Bench tests must be carried out with samples of the mixed slurry to give an indication of when the cement dow sufficiently to proceed with operations. It is important to note that the downhole pressure will accelerate the set

Procedure for Testing Mixwater

1. MIX 500 grams of properly sampled cement with enough mixwater to achieve the planned water/cement rati the mud mixer (Hamilton Beach) at high speed. 2. PLACE the slurry in a plastic bag in a water bath controlled at expected static bottom hole temperature (SBH is lower. CALCULATE the expected SBHT. 3. CHECK every 15 minutes for thickening time and hardening time.

Notes: Make sure that the mixwater/additive mixture is homogeneous before sampling. If the cement job is delayed by a substantial amount of time, with the mixwater having been prepared earlier, ex to ensure that additives have neither settled out nor deteriorated. The bench test should be repeated shortly befo enough time to prepare new mixwater if required.

Spacers for cementing

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(13 votes, average 4.31 out of 5)

Spacers are any fluids other than cement slurry or mud, pumped ahead (preflush) or behind (postflush) the cem Preflushes are used to:

prevent contamination of cement slurry with mud improve mud displacement and mud cake removal.

Postflushes are used to prevent:

the plug from spinning when it will be drilled out (cement on top) contamination with the fluid used for displacement.

General Guidelines
The following guidelines shall be adhered to during the use of spacers:

Scavenger slurries shall not be used if the top of cement (TOC) is critical eg., to allow for a possible sid Reduction in hydrostatic head due to spacers pumped must be carefully calculated. If the overbalance is the minimum required overbalance, at any stage of the cementation, a weighted preflush shall be used in spacer. When water is used as a spacer over productive intervals, it shall be treated with 2 % KCl w/w for form Lines shall be flushed thoroughly to ensure the contamination of mud, spacers and cement slurry is min Muds requiring extra long spacers or spacers of a special composition will be advised by the Mud and C If oil has been added to a water base mud for any reason, then +/- 2 % v/v surfactant should be included In general, plug flow and plug flow spacers are only used for stinger cementations where turbulent or la cannot be achieved. It is preferable to pump spacers between cementing plugs.

Preflush Formulations

Cement scavenger slurries are dilute mixes of cement and water, pumped ahead of the cement slurry in turbulen remove gelled mud and filter cakes. The following guidelines shall be used when pumping scavenger slurries:

The gradient should be between mud gradient and the main cement slurry gradient with a maximum of Cement Contractor should be consulted for the optimum gradient. To prevent fast setting of the scavenger slurry, a cement retarder shall be added to the mixwater depend mixing logistics.

Recommended Preflushes for Water Based Muds

High Annular Velocity Displacements

Application Pumping Spacer Size Order (annular length) 1 2 Production casing /liner 4.1/2in / 7in 1 2 500 ft 500 ft 500 ft 500 ft Sea water / Industrial water Sea Water or spacer / scavenger slurry (10 ppg) Spacer Scavenger slurry (10 ppg) / Dual spacer Spacer Type

The recommended preflushes for water based muds for high annular velocity displacements are given in the fol

20in casing Intermediate casing 13.3/8in / 9.5/8in

Cement Plugs and Squeezes

Mud Type Pumping Order Spacer Length (annular length) 300 ft ~ 10bbls Spacer Type Fresh water

The recommended preflushes for fresh water muds when setting cement plugs and squeezes are given in the fol

Water based mud 1

Postflushes
Standard Cementations

In standard cementations, after the top plug has been dropped cement slurry should be pumped behind to preven when it is being drilled out. The postflushes listed in the table below should be used in all cementations including plugs and squeezes. Number 1 2 WBM Cement Fresh water OBM Cement Base Oil 35 500 or 10 bbls Size (ft)

Cementations Using Stinger

The postflushes listed in the table below should be used in all cementations in including plugs and squeezes. Number 1 WBM Fresh water Size (ft) As required to balance cement plug

menting Job - Preparation Guidelines

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(9 votes, average 3.78 out of 5)

This article presents guidelines for: 1. Treatment of Mud Prior to Cementing, 2. Hole Volumes and Slurry Volu

Treatment of Mud Prior to Cementing

Before pulling out of hole to run casing, the hole shall be circulated clean (150 % of casing contents) until there To improve displacement efficiency, the mud shall be conditioned to reduce the rheology during circulation, if n Solids control equipment shall be run to remove drill solids from the mud thus reducing PV to the lowest practi Dispersants / thinners shall be added to reduce the YP and 10 minute gel strength. (YP not reduced in high angl The mud must be completely free of gas after circulating. Circulation must be continued until a full annular vol

Hole Volumes and Slurry Volume Calculations

Cementations shall be based on volumes calculated from a calliper log (plus 10% excess) if available. This is pa If off-scale washouts occur, make a best guess of hole volumes. Most calliper logs will give an integrated hole v previous casing shoe as a check. In the case where an integrated hole volume is given, the tool should be run fo

Circulation Test

Prior to a plug type cementation, at least 150 % of the casing content must be circulated. During this circulation Commence circulation at a very low rate. Increase flow rate in increments of 2 bbls/min or to limitation due to ECPs. After each increase, wait at least five minutes to observe for losses and to allow pressures to stabilise. Ensure th Reduce the pump rate as soon as losses are observed or as soon as the maximum equivalent circulating density In addition, a check shall be made on the circulation pressure at the rate that will be used to bump the plug, in o Notes: The surface pressure losses through the wellhead and return surface lines must be included. No general rules ca If losses are observed at a rate substantially below the maximum rate as predicted with regard to ECD considera

a rate where slight losses are induced. Once the losses have stopped, the rate can be carefully increased in the in When running 7 hydraulic hanger and ECP circulation rate and pressure depends on rating of shear pins Coarse LCM is not to be used before cementing due to risk of plugging the float equipment

Cementing Checklists

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(6 votes, average 4.17 out of 5) Cementing Checklists for planning, during and after cementing jobs:

PRE-JOB Checklist

Water sample sent to town for analysis Pre-job safety brief held with all parties Bottom hole temperature from logs consistent with norm and Caliper run. Is hole under/in/overgauge Casing drifted, threads clean, consumables in place as per pro Strokes to bump Plan to monitor returns/ losses Contingency for losses - minimum turbulent flow, maximum Open-hole excess volume determined Cement and additive stocks sufficient Chemical inventory before slurry and spacer preparation. Has the Cementer been told how much excess mixfluid shoul contingency Cement truck checked out and run recently Cement calculations done by at least 2 people and cross check Spare chicksans available on floor or catwalk Plug dropping head and plugs inspected. Operation of tattle-t Loading of PDH witnessed by Drilling Supervisor. Valves se Strokes to bump plug and strokes to fill pipe calculated What is the plan for handling fluids at surface. Can pits be is briefed

Radios checked Stroke counter functioning OK If displacing with rig pump, use one pump only. Double the chemical requirements calculated available. Check water to be used (salt content is too high/ Mg level to a Set the oven to the test temp. before the job starts. Discuss the complete job when contractor arrives on site. Be present when the cement chemicals are being added to the occurs). Calculate: o 1. the volume and strokes to cement equalised and bum o 2. the expected differential pressure at bump. o 3. based on the planned height of cement in the annulu Litecrete: re-blend and test the dry blend cement at the rig. Litecrete: more mix water must be prepared. Preprare several copies of the cement program Make a list of Cement samples sent to town Have cementers check stock for next casing job

JOB PLANNING Checklist

BHST and BHCT consistent with recipe Spacers compatibility been checked Is fluid loss additive required? It is cheaper to use standard LC If a new system is introduced, has a sensitivity test been done Are the spacers recommended cost effective Is free water acceptable (high angle cementation only)

DURING JOB Checklist

Note times of arrival of contractor and other significant times lines, plug dropped, bumped etc.). Have with you the program and the pre-calculation, a calculat Set up non-oral method of to advise cementer of slurry densit Use rig personnel to assist with monitoring job Sampling: - take two samples of final slurry, one to be placed in and two out of the oven.

If a tail slurry is planned take 2 samples also.

AFTER JOB Checklist

Prepare a cement job report and send to Drilling Superintende Have cementers rig down equipment as soon as possible Insure that personnel do not remain on the wellsite if not requ Confirm chemicals used and returned.

Cement Additives (function and definition)

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(5 votes, average 4.60 out of 5) This article describes the function of the various classes of cement additives and also to highlight which ch purpose. The additives to be used and their concentration shall be decided by the Cement Contractor, after testing th samples of cement, additives and mixwater despatched from the rig. This has to be then approved by the O Superintendent. No deviationfrom the recipe, as determined by the Cementing Contractor is permitted unless specific writt the Superitntendent. Note: % BWOC it means percentage by weight of dry cement. One sack of cement is 94lbs.

Accelerators

Accelerators may be added to the mixwater to reduce the thickening and setting times of the slurry, with th unnecessary time spent waiting on cement. Calcium Chloride is the most common type of accelerator used. Other, less frequently used accelerators ar Potassium Chloride. Additive Formula Concentration Comments Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (Accelerator) Sodium Chloride NaCl (Accelerator) 1 - 2 % BWOC High gels may form at higher concentrations. Flash setting may occur above 3 %. Up to 20 lbs/bbl Acts as an accelerator and of mixwater adversely affects other additives at higher concentrations than 20

lbs/bbl. Sea Water (Accelerator) Use as mixwater Contains NaCl in the correct concentration range. Main application is shallow depth cementation offshore. KCl As required Equivalent to NaCl and CaCl2 but more expensive.

Potassium Chloride Notes:

1. In general accelerators increase the viscosity of the cement slurry and decrease the effectiveness of 2. Calcium Chloride can cause skin burns and sever irritation to eyes, nose and lungs. Gloves, goggles during mixing. Calcium Chloride is available in 50lb sacks.

Retarders

As the temperature increases, the chemical reaction between cement and water is accelerated which, in turn Increased depths and formation temperatures may require the use of retarders in order to extend the pumpa Thixotropic slurries may require retarders at shallow depths and low temperatures.

Effects on Viscosity
Most retarders affect the viscosity of the cement as follows: Type of Retarder Lignin Derivatives (HR 5, HR 6 etc) Reduce Organic Acids Cellulose Derivatives (CMC) Reduce Increase Effect on Viscosity

Note: The combined use of retarders and accelerators in the same mix should be avoided.

High Density Additives

There are two main methods of increasing the gradient of the cement slurry:

reducing the water/cement ratio addition of a weighting material.

Reducing the Water/Cement Ratio

This is the preferred method of increasing cement gradient, particularly when cementing across gas zones.

approximately 17.0 ppg can be attained by this method.

Addition of a Weighting Material

The preferred material is hematite (iron oxide) but barite may also be used. It is preferable to batch mix the material rather than to use pre-blended cement since weighting materials additive in pre-blended cement m Furthermore, handling different blends of cement on one rig may result in operational mistakes. Note: When drilling with a mud gradient of 14.8 ppg or more, a batch mixing unit and sufficient weighting contingency. If very large volumes need to be mixed, batch mixing is not achievable

Low Density Additives (Extenders)

Low gradient slurries are used for cementing weak formations or when there is a possibility that the casing heavier slurry was used.

Preparation

A low gradient slurry is prepared by adding extra mixwater. Bentonite is usually pre-mixed at a concentrati freshwater to reduce free water separation of the resultant slurry. Bentonite must be fully hydrated before any other additives are added to the mixwater. To achieve this, pre industrial water or dry bentonite may be hydrated in industrial water. In the latter case, the minimum hydra may be longer, depending on the type of bentonite used. Consult the Cementing Contractor for expert infor type of bentonite for best results is Wyoming bentonite. The bentonite content must be checked using the methylene blue test (MBT).

Compressive Strength

As a result of the decreased cement concentration of extended slurries, the compressive strength of the hard than that of neat slurries.

Friction Reducers (Dispersants or Thinners)

Friction reducers are dispersing agents which can be added to the slurry to reduce its viscosity and thus the the system while displacing (or squeezing) the cement. As a result, higher pumping rate are possible and hi efficiencies may be achieved

Fluid Loss Control Additives

Fluid loss control additives are added to cement slurries for the following reasons:

To reduce the possibility of dehydration opposite porous zones and consequently flash setting of the Loss of fluid from the slurry will result in increasing slurry viscosity and gradient and higher circul Excessive fluid loss will reduce slurry volume and give less cement fill. When squeeze cementing it is desired to get an effective squeeze against the entire formation and n into it.

Most fluid loss additives tend to viscosify the slurry and consequently, dispersants are often added at the sa

Additives for Thixotropic Slurries

The main application of thixotropic slurries is cementing in lost circulation environments. During pumping the slurry behaves as normal, however, a gel structure develops rapidly when static. Such in cementing across gas zones. The major disadvantage of thixotropic slurries is their relatively high viscosity which may adversely affect

Defoamers and Antifoams

While mixing cement, and/or when preparing mixwater, containing retarders, salts, fluid loss additives and often experienced. To control such problems antifoams and defoamers are available. Antifoams should be used before adding any other chemicals. Defoamers remain effective when added after foam-causing chemicals. In practice, such distinction may be difficult to ensure and therefore both antifoams as well as defoamers sh re-circulating cement mixer.

Gasblocking Additives

During the hardening process, the cement slurry passes through a semi-solid phase in which the liquid has g overburden pressure will be lost thus permitting gas migration into, and through, the cement matrix. Surfactants added to the slurry will form a stable foam with the gas bubbles preventing their transport throu Additives may be incorporated into the slurry which act to block the gelled cement pore structure preventin

Cementing Job - Preparation Checklists

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(5 votes, average 4.20 out of 5) This article presents Cementing checklists for Drilling Supervisor, Mud Engineer, Driling contractor and Ceme Checklist for Drilling Supervisor # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time Description 5d 3d 2d 6h 6h 6h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 1h 5d 5d 2d 2d 1d Cement proposal checked/acceptable. Cementer called out. Competence verified through the Contractor Base Manager. Proposal approved by ODE/1X. Tasks appointed; Scenario ready. Diagram of all lines / valves OK and checked. Annotated execution flow chart ready. Hole OK. (Clean, losses cured, overbalance OK). Mud OK (Rheology in spec., mud mobility in annulus maximised). Mixwater and spacer checklist OK. Rig Eqt. OK. (Compressor, Transfer-and Mud Pumps, Silo's) Cement Eqt OK. (Cmt Unit, Cmt head, Surface/ Lines) Plugs and launcher OK (plugs, P test, Ids of cocks, XO, DP, etc. for liner). Safety Eqt OK. (Dusk mask, Goggles, Earplugs, Gloves, Eye Wash, Fire Fighting) All involved Personnel briefed; 'What if' discussed with key personnel. Check lines/valves (tanks, cmt unit, surface (P test), return) Send samples of water, cement and additives to lab . Label and telex. Send cementation form to lab. Preliminary recipe received. Received recipe for cement and weighted spacer from lab. Prepare cementation programme. Update cement programme with caliper and temperature from logs. The Lab must be informed of any variation from estimated temperature. Compare job calculations with those of Cementer. Post-job remarks

21

1d

22 23

2h 1h

Perform circulation test. Establish pressure at bump rate. Dust mask, gloves and ear and eyes protection, eye wash. Checklist for Mud Engineer

# 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Time Description 1d 1d 1d 1d 2h 2h 1h 1h Fill mixing tank with water to required level and check chlorides <400 ppm. Check quantity of additives as they are added to tank. Record quantity and sequence. Record level of mix water tank after adding additives Perform bench test with mix water with representative cement sample. Check that the mud rheology is within specifications of the Well Programme. Calibrate time gradient with pressurised mud balance plus backup standard mud balance. Check level of mix water tank prior to cementing for any evidence of contamination. Water bath set at correct temperature.

Post-job remarks

Checklist for Rig Equipment by Drilling Contractor # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. Time Description Power end. Pressure. Volume. "Dryness". Relief valve. No leaks in system (last test date/pressure). Impeller check (dry run). Leaking shaft seals (false air). Electrical switches. Post-job remarks Air Compressor

Transfer pump

4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tanks 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. Manifold 1. 2. 3. 4. Return line 1. 2. 1. Surge tank 1.

Lines flushed. Relief valve (pressure test). Control power supply, switches. Pistons OK (pre job cleaned). Liners OK (pre job cleaned). Valves OK (pre job cleaned). Suction lines/strainers (pre job cleaned). Line up to cement unit OK. No leaks on tank or valves. Level indicators OK. Pressure test . Size adequate (avoid bottlenecks). Cement dump line operational. Ensure that valves in lines are in good condition. Hook up as on diagram. Integrity of the valves OK. Check lines (flushed/clean). Contingency lines clean and ready for hook up. Lined up as per diagram. No Leakages into line from outside Pre fluff and circulate around. Maintain pressure differential. Checklist for the Cementer

Mud pumps

Surface lines

Cement silo's

Time Description

Post-job remarks

General 1. 2. 3. Pre-Job 1 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Check quantity / appearance of cement and additives Flush lines from mix tank to cement unit with water Air system - check air cleaner, lubrication, tanks and drain moisture. Diesel fuel - check level, drain water and sediment from bottom. Engine oil - check level twice for consistency. Radiator/heat exchanger - water level. Fire hose for cooling engine stand-by. Fan belt - tension, crack or damage. Transmission oil - check level. Chain case oil - check level. Power end oil - check level. Hydraulic oil - check level. Plunger oiled - check reservoir tank level and alemite pump. Gauges - check for operation. Emergency kill system - check operation. Pneumatic operating butterfly valves - check operation. Centrifugal pumps - bearing oil level, packing seal, impeller (dry run), Output pressure and rate. Pressure sensor diaphragm - pumped up and leak-free. Start engine - check starter. Circulation - check for strainer, suction and discharge lines. Valves condition. Over pressure shutdown system - check operation by Job calculations done. Chemicals quality and quantity checked. Dust mask, gloves and ear, eyes protection; fire extinguisher, eye wash station.

Cementing unit

pressuring. 22. 23. Pressure test - test unit to 1,000 psi. above expected working pressure. Sensors - pressure, gradient and flow rate, calibrate if necessary. Slurry tub - strainer, clean and cement-free. Knife gate (metering valve) - check operation, grease. Mixing bowl - correct jets size. Centrifugal pump - check for output pressure and rate, leaks on seal, wear in bearing Check operation of cement, water quick shut off valves & recirculating valve. Centrifugal pump - check for output pressure and rate, leak on seal, wear in bearing Paddle - operational. Electric motor - cables, switches, coil resistivity test. Chemical hopper - clean, jets good, lines clear. Dry cement inlet - clean and operational. Check can clean and empty. Pre fluff through air jets and blow clear through vent line. Check all gauges, zero the gradient indicator. Load cell - pumped up, leak-free. Sight glasses - clean and not cracked. Hatch cover - hinges, bolts secured, leak-free. Relief valve - check last serviced and tested. Check all lines, jets, hoses and check valves. Correct size - pressure rating (stump test). Manifold valves - greased, pressure tested. Plug retainers - greased, operation.

Re-circulating mixer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Batch Mixer 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Surge Can 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. 2. 3.

Cementing heads

4. 5. 6. 7.

Plug release indicator - operation. Cross-over - o rings, correct thread. Circulating heads - non welded, pressure rating. Check quantity/appearance of cement and additives