EECE 301 Signals & Systems

Prof. Mark Fowler

Note Set #1
What is Signals & Systems all about???

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Do All EEs & CoEs Design Circuits?

No!!!! Someone has to figure out what function those circuits need to do Someone also needs to figure out the algorithms needed (i.e., mathematical computer processing) Someone also needs to figure out what the whole system needs to do
So lots of EEs/CoEs dont design circuits at all What they do instead is design the systems & algorithms that are needed to accomplish certain needed tasks

Rely Heavily on Mathematical Models

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Signals & Systems

Because most systems are driven by signals EEs & CoEs study what is called Signals & Systems Signal = a time-varying voltage (or other quantity) that generally carries some information The job of the System is often to extract, modify, transform, or manipulate that carried information So a big part of Signals & Systems is using math models to see what a system does to a signal
Physical System System Model

vout(t) vin(t)
Voltage

Audio Amplifier
Electronics

Input x(t) System

Math Function Math Model

Output y(t)

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Beyond Signals & Systems

EECE 361 Control Systems Control Systems EECE 323 Electromag. Antennas & Propagation

EECE 301 Signals & Systems

EECE 377 Comm. Systems

Communications

Digital Signal Processing

EECE 315 Electronics

Analog Electronics FPGAs for DSP

Computer Networks

Computer Security

Computing Paradigms (Artificial Intel., Neural Nets, etc.)

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Some Application Areas

Application Area
Telecommunications Speech and Audio Automotive Medical Image Processing Control Systems

From Table 32.1 in Electrical Engineering Uncovered, 2nd Ed. by White & Doering

Specific Uses of Signals & Systems

Answering machines, modems, fax machines, cell phones, speaker phones Voice mail, speaker verification, synthetic speech, audio compression (e.g., mp3) Engine control, antilock braking systems, active suspension, airbag control, system diagnosis Hearing aids, remote monitoring, ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3D animation, image enhancement, image compression (JPEG), video compression (MPEG), high-definition TV Head positioning in disk drives, laser control (e.g., printers, CD/DVD drives), engine & motor control, robots

Military & Aerospace Radar & sonar, navigation systems (e.g., GPS), secure communications, missile guidance, battlefield sensors

In each of these areas you cant build the electronics until your math models tell you what you need to build

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 Five Common Signals & Systems Scenarios:

Given a system, determine a signal that will pass through it well
e.g., Communication Transmitter

Given a type of signal, design a system that will pass it well

e.g., Audio Amplifier

Design a system that will make a desired change to a signal

e.g., Audio Equalizer

Design a system that will extract desired info from a signal

e.g., Radar System or Communication Receiver

Design a system (and maybe signal) that gives a desired output

e.g., Control System. such as cruise control for a car

external forces: fe(t) t t control forces: fc(t) Forward System Feedback

The Car speed: v(t) t Cruise Control

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Continuous-Time & Discrete-Time

Modern systems generally
get a continuous-time signal from a sensor a cont.-time system modifies the signal an analog-to-digital converter (ADC or A-to-D) sample the signal to create a discrete-time signal a stream of numbers A discrete-time system to do the processing and then (if desired) convert back to analog (not shown here)
x(t) t x(t) t

Sensor Analog Electronics

Physical Electrical C-T C-T Signal Signal Electrical C-T Electrical System C-T Signal

ADC

Digital Elec. (Computer)

Electrical D-T Signal Electrical D-T System Electrical D-T Signal

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Our Studies
Because there are many similarities between C-T and D-T signals and systems
We will present many ideas side-by-side Youll need to recognize the differences/similarities Ch. 2 Differential Equations Difference Equations Ch. 2 Ch. 6 & 8 Ch. 3 & 5 C-T C-T C-T Convolution Fourier Analysis Laplace Transform D-T & Freq. Response & Transfer Function Convolution Ch. 4 & 5 Ch. 7

D-T D-T Z-Transform Fourier Analysis & Freq. Response & Transfer Function
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Course Flow Diagram (The Capital Letters Show Order of Coverage)

The arrows here show conceptual flow between ideas. Note the parallel structure between the pink blocks (C-T Freq. Analysis) and the blue blocks (D-T Freq. Analysis). New Signal Models
A. Ch. 1 Intro
C-T Signal Model Functions on Real Line System Properties LTI Causal Etc D-T Signal Model Functions on Integers

D. Ch. 3: CT Fourier Signal Models

Fourier Series Periodic Signals Fourier Transform (CTFT) Non-Periodic Signals

E. Ch. 5: CT Fourier System Models

Frequency Response Based on Fourier Transform

H. Ch. 6 & 8: Laplace Models for CT Signals & Systems

Transfer Function

New System Model

New System Model

B. Ch. 2 Diff Eqs

C-T System Model Differential Equations D-T Signal Model Difference Equations Zero-State Response Zero-Input Response Characteristic Eq.

C. Ch. 2 Convolution
C-T System Model Convolution Integral D-T System Model Convolution Sum

New System Model

New Signal Model Powerful Analysis Tool

F. Ch. 4: DT Fourier Signal Models

DTFT (for Hand Analysis) DFT & FFT (for Computer Analysis)

G. Ch. 5: DT Fourier System Models

Freq. Response for DT Based on DTFT

I. Ch. 7: Z Trans. Models for DT Signals & Systems

Transfer Function

New System Model

New System Model

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