PROBLEM5.

76
KNOWN: One-dimensional convective heating of sphere of radius r
o
, with Bi = 1 for a dimensionless
time of Fo
1
.
FIND: (a) Sketch of the dimensionless center and surface temperatures of the sphere as a function of
dimensionless time over the range 0 < Fo
1
< Fo < . Relative value of Fo
2
needed to achieve a
steady-state center temperature equal to the center temperature at Fo
1
. (b) Analytical expression for,
and value of AFo = Fo
2
- Fo
1
for Bi = 1, Fo
1
> 0.2, Fo
2
> 0.2. (c) Value of AFo for Bi = 0.01, 0.1, 10,
100 and .
SCHEMATIC:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Constant properties, (3) Approximate, one-
term solutions are valid.
ANALYSIS: (a) A sketch of the dimensionless center and surface temperatures is shown below.
Note that, at Fo
1
, the surface of the sphere will be warm (smaller u) relative to its center since
temperature gradients within the sphere are significant (Bi = 1). At the curtailment of heating (Fo
1
),
the surface temperature cools rapidly while warm temperatures continue to propagate toward the
center, slowly heating the center until a steady-state, isothermal condition is eventually reached.
<
Based on the sketch above, one could achieve a steady-state center temperature equal to the center
temperature at Fo
1
by reducing the duration of convective heating to Fo
2
, as shown in the sketch
below.
Continued
2r
o
T

, h
Heating: 0 s Fo s Fo
1
Adiabatic: Fo > Fo
1
T

, h
Heating: 0 s Fo s Fo
1
Adiabatic: Fo > Fo
1
Fo
1
0
Fo
Surface
Centerline
u
1
0
Adiabatic boundaries Convective heating
PROBLEM5.76 (Cont.)
Hence, Fo
2
< Fo
1
. <
(b) Using the approximate solutions of Sections 5.6.2 and 5.6.3, and noting that the steady-state
temperature of the sphere is uniform and related to the energy transferred to the sphere,
*
1 2
( ) 1 ( )
o
o
Q
Fo Fo
Q
u =
or,
*
1 1 1
1 ( ) ( )
o
o
Q
Fo Fo Fo
Q
u = + A (1)
Substituting Eqs. 5.53c and 5.55 into Eq. (1) yields
| |
2
2 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
3
1
3 exp( ( ))
1 exp( ) 1 sin( ) cos( )
C Fo Fo
C Fo
,
, , , ,
,
+ A
=
which may be simplified to
| |
3
1
2
1 1 1 1
1
ln
3 sin( ) cos( )
Fo
,
, , , ,
| |
A =
|
|

\ .
<
From Table 5.1, ,
1
= 1.5708 rad at Bi = 1. Hence,
| |
3
2
1 1.5708
ln
3 sin(1.5708) 1.5708cos(1.5708) 1.5708
Fo
| |
A = =
|
|

\ .
-0.1038 <
(c) The expression for AFo may be evaluated for a range of Bi, resulting in the following.
Continued
Fo
1
0
Fo
Surface
Centerline
u
1
0
Fo
2
PROBLEM5.76 (Cont.)
Bi ,
1
AFo <
0.01 0.1730 -0.1000
0.1 0.5423 -0.1004
1 1.5708 -0.1038
10 2.8363 -0.1154
100 3.1102 -0.1200
3.1415 -0.1207
COMMENTS: (1) Note that the dimensionless temperature,
( )
* 2
1 1
exp
o
C Fo u , = , is defined in a
manner such that for sphere heating, increases in actual temperature correspond to decreases in the
dimensionless temperature. (2) The dimensionless time lag, AFo, is weakly-dependent on the value of
the Biot number and is independent of the heating time. Hence, a general rule-of-thumb is that a time
lag of AFo ~ - 0.11 should be specified in order to achieve an ultimate center temperature equal to that
predicted at Fo
1
for convective heating or cooling. (3) For applications such as materials or food
processing, where a certain minimum center temperature is desired, assuming that Fo
1
(as determined
by Eq. 5.52c) is the appropriate processing or cooking time can result in significant over-heating of the
material or food, especially at small Fourier numbers. (4) Significant energy and time savings can be
realized by reducing the processing or cooking time from Fo
1
to Fo
2
.