OUR OBJECTIVE

Almost all the practical experiments on analog electronics and Digital Electronics Laboratories need some basic instruments which are classified as . Test equipment: Equipment used to provide test signals for testing the circuits. Examples: Power supply, Signal generator, Function generator. Measuring equipment: Equipment used to measure the different electrical quantities like current, voltage etc. Examples: Multimeter, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Components like Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Transistors, Thyristors, optical devices, Integrated circuits (ICs) etc are also the basic need for doing an experiment We the students need to collect all the equipments and components from deferent location of the respective laboratory by maintaining a register book and then have to assemble the experimental setup which may require more time and space also The above problem may be quite sorted by using some integrated module of standalone trainer kit in which most of the basic instruments (Test & measuring) are built-in that single module along with other basic components and devices Some of the companies are there who are manufacturing such kind of Educational Trainer kits but these are still expensive in the common market We have just tried to design such kind of Trainer Kit by using the materials available in our Electronics Device & Circuit Lab to satisfy the need of the said laboratorys common experiments based on the syllabus of Degree/Diploma course By using our TRAINER kit, it is possible to assemble most of the basic setups on analog and digital experiments with less time and obviously require less space

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE UNIT Aesthetically designed injection moulded electronic desk. Master unit carrying useful experiment resources Variable Power supplies/ Status / Pulsar/Function Generator, DPMs , PC based CRO etc. Connection through Sturdy 4mm Banana Sockets & Patch Cords. Hands on learning by constructing circuits using built in power bread board panel as well as optionally using Discrete component panel. Set of Users Guide provided with the Unit. A set of manuals on almost all the experiments which can be performed using this unit SPECIFICATIONS OF THE UNIT Built in Power Supply with extra SMPS SMPS : +5V / 1.7A, 12V, 250mA, +3.3V 500mA, - 21V 100mA Regulated: +6V 2 Amp, Variable : 0 - 12V 2Amp, AC 12.0.12 600mA Built in Function Generator Output Waveform - Sine, Triangle & Square / TTL Output Frequency - 1 Hz to 200KHz in 6 ranges, with amplitude & frequency control pots. O/P Voltage 18V p-p max. Clock Generator : 10 MHz TTL clock. Input Data Switches and output LED status indicators for High/Low indication (15+1) No. Pulser switches (3 Pairs.) With THREE de-bounced outputs... Built In low range general purpose PC based CRO upto 1 KHz

 Fixed TTL/CMOS (5V & 12) clocks : 1 Khz Logic probe to detect High/Low level pulses upto 1MHz, With bi-colour LEDs to indicate status.
2 digit 7 segment display with BCD to 7 segment decoder. LED logic status/indicators with 21 LED indicator to display 0-2.5V or 0-4V

input. Onboard DPMs are provided with DC volt -0-20V / current 0-2 Amps. Onboard DC Buzzer 3 to 27 V, 0.2 Watt (1no.) Onboard POTS.............100K, 10K(wire wound), 470K, 500 ohms..1 no each Built in bread board panel with 1280 tie points and 400 distribution points totaling to 1680 points along with 4mm banana sockets for tapping from the trainer +5V, +12V GND etc. for the circuits to be assembled on bread board using single stand (#22/24)wire.
Computer Interface Adapter- facilitates connecting the trainer kit to RS232 com

port of PC using 25 pin (male) D connector. Optionally a 16 pin ZIF may be provided in place off D connector. Mechanical Dimensions o Unit : 5(H), 1.5(L), 2(B), Net weight: 6.9Kg Operating Voltage - 230V +/- 10%, 50Hz/72VA.

BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTIONS

B L O CS C H E M A R E P R E S E N T A T IO N K T IC
2 3 0A C IN PU T 100VA 1 :1 TR A N SFO R M ER

D P M s C A P A C I T IONRD U C T O R S I S T ORRE S I S T O R RE
BANK BANK BANK BANK

LOAD

P O T ..

FU N CTIO N GEN .

SMPS B LO C K REG. DC S U P P L IE S LO W A C SU PP LY CLO C K G EN . To PC P C-C R O

O TH ER SPECIAL SEM ICO N D U C TO R S DEVICE BANK BANK

DUAL BR EAD BO AR D DMM

DATA S W IT C H E R
PUSH ON SW

In p u t

LE DS T A T U S P A N E L -

1. FUNCTION GENERATOR It is one of the most useful basic part of the Trainer kit This is a SUITABLE project for home constructors keen on building their own test and measurement (T&M) equipment. It makes use of the ICL8038 signal generator chip, manufactured by Intersil. An improved version, made by Exar corp. is available (XR8038A). It can be used to produce three types of waveforms sine, square and triangle. The frequency, amplitude and duty cycle can be varied, and selection of waveform is done digitally. To further reduce the complexity, a 3-to-1 switch may be used in place of the digital selection circuitry. I made use of the digital selection mechanism because switches available on the market are prone to dirt accumulation and poor contact quality. Besides, the digital method is a lot cooler! Overview The circuit shown below can be roughly divided into three parts: the oscillator based around the ICL8038 chip, the selection logic based on the CD4017 and CD4066 and the offset generation and output buffers, based on the LF412. Apologies for the cramped schematic, I had to keep the image size small, and the width under 640 pixels! The oscillator is a standard 8038-based oscillator circuit, taken from the ICL8038 datasheet. The timing resistor chosen is rather small, to give a wide range of frequencies. This range might be a little too large, making precise frequency setting difficult. In that case, the frequency range may be split into two parts, using two capacitors which can be switched using an SPDT switch. Note that the 8038 is powered from a split supply, not a single supply, to generate a symmetrical waveform without the need for capacitor coupling. Two sine wave adjustment terminals (Pins 1 and 12) are provided, however only one is used. This gives a sine wave distortion of about 1%. To achieve better distortion figures, the circuit shown in Figure 4 of the ICL8038 datasheet may be used. The 8038 is powered from slightly less than +8V to allow the tuning voltage to go above the supply rail. This allows for maximum sweep range (1000:1), however the output waveform tends to be slightly asymmetric because of this. This may be compensated using the offset control R10. R2 controls the duty cycle of the oscillator. R7 acts as the sine wave distortion adjustment. The square wave output of the 8038 is an open-collector output. Hence, a 1k pull-up resistor is provided. The sine and triangle outputs are about 5Vpp, while the square wave is 16Vpp. Hence to equalize the different outputs, the square wave is attenuated using a fixed attenuator formed by R6 and R9. A 47k pot may be substituted to make the attenuation level adjustable.

HI

R 11 A U 8A 13 D2 CTRL GND IN /OU T OU T /IN 1 2

R 9A

10 4 5

TC D C F AD J D C F AD J F M BIA S F M SIN SW AD J SW AD J V+ V-/GN D IC L 80 3 8

SQ WOU T SW OU T T OU T

9 2 3

LO

R6 R 10 A

7 8 1 12 6 11

U 8B 12 CTRL IN /OU T OU T /IN 11 10

R 14 A C D 4 06 6B /S O

U 8C 5 CTRL VD D C D 4 06 6B /S O IN /OU T OU T /IN 4 3

R6 R2 R 16 A C2

14

R 16 A 3 2 4 7 10 1 5 6 9 11

12 U 11 COUT GN D C D 4 01 7B 8

HI

R 18 R 13 A CKE RST U 12 A 11 LM 3 2 4A /SO 2 1 3 R8 4 11 U 13 A 16 2 3 13 15 14 VDD CLK

LM 3 2 4A /SO 4 C1 SW 2 SW PU SH B U TT ON
LO

Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 + +

7
LO

U4

C D 4 06 6B /S O

0
R 15 A R 17 A

FUNCTION GENERATOR

One of the three outputs is then selected using the digital selection circuit. This is based on the CD4066 quad analog bilateral switch and the CD4017 decade counter with fully decoded outputs. We havent used the 4051-series Analog MUXes here because getting a counter to drive this is a bit of a pain. The 4066 essentially acts like four switches under electronic control. The voltages switched must not be above or below the supply voltages. Hence, the 4066 is given both +8 and -8. Now, however, the selection inputs to the 4066 cannot be with reference to ground, and since the selection inputs are driven by the 4017, it too must have a split supply. Hence, note that both chips have ground connected to -8V and not 0V. The 4017 is wired so that it resets itself when the fifth state is selected. The clock to the 4017 comes from a pushbutton switch with a pull-up to +8. A 0.1μ capacitor across the switch serves as a contact de-bouncer. This prevents multiple triggering of the 4017 from a single key press. Hence, each output is successively chosen when the switch is pressed. The fourth state corresponds to the output being off (DC). On the fifth press, the counter resets itself and selects sine wave again.

HI

The final stage is the offset adjust, amplitude adjust and output driver stage. The offset adjust is an inverting amplifier whose reference pin is not at ground. It is instead attached to a 1k pot's wiper, connected across the supply rails. Hence, when the reference pin is taken off ground, the amplifier introduces a DC shift corresponding to the product of the gain and the reference voltage. The gain of this amplifier is chosen to be about 1.5, to raise the amplitude of the sine and triangle waves (but not high enough to cause distortion). The output is passed through an attenuator R12 before going to the output driver voltage follower. This stage uses an LF412 op-amp, since the rise time of the square wave imposes a high slew rate on the op-amp. Cheaper opamps such as the LM358 have poor slew rates compared to the LF412. Also, the LF412 has a robust output stage. A mistake in this design is putting the attenuator after the stage introducing a voltage offset. This means that even the offset is attenuated along with the signal... not desirable behaviors. The solution would either require a pot with a high resistance (100k or more) in place of the 10k unit here, connected before the offset-introducing inverting amplifier U3B. No pot is required between U3B and U3A.
TP1 1

FIXED DC UNIT
1 GND 3 IN OUT

TEST POINT

Vm
3 TP3 1

+Ve
Voltage Reg

D1 2 CAP-1000mfd/25V LM7812C/TO220 LM7812C/TO220_0.Normal 2 + DIODE BRIDGE_4213 C1

TEST POINT

4 +

TP2

Vm
1

Gnd
Voltage Reg + C2 LM7912C/TO220 TEST POINT 1 CAP-1000mfd/25V 1

-Ve
3 OUT

2 IN GND

The power supply is a regular split-supply design based on a 78L08/12 and 79L08/12 linear regulators. We made use of a 15-0-15 transformer, which was a bit risky (very low headroom voltage for the regulators), but then my dealer didnt have a stock of 120-12 transformers. The output of the transformer is rectified and smoothed using 100uF capacitors. The float-voltage measured here for the 9-0-9 transformer was +/13V. The unregulated DC is regulated by the 78L08 and 79L08 to give the regulated supply rails for the circuit. Construction Again, the usual breadboard/Vero board, we used Relimate connectors for all the connections to and from the board. As a retrofit, we also added a connector to make available the +/- 8V rails to outside projects, since we do not own a bench split supply. The whole works was shoved into a small plastic chocolate box (!!!), but we haven't got down to drilling holes for the pots, switch, etc. etc. Performance was quite good; we measured frequencies up to 60kHz, with a rather clean looking sine wave. The square wave was attenuated too much, but that was OK by us. The rise time for the square wave was very good. As a test, replacing the LF412 with an LM358 resulted in very poor square wave output (it almost looked like a sine!), and other waveforms seemed to have crossover distortion (*shrug*... crossover distortion in an op-amp!!!) Amplitude could be adjusted from 0V to about 7Vpp for all waveforms. Contact bounce was still a bit of a problem for the counter; sometimes the counter moved two places rather than one. A higher value capacitor will help a bit. I attached three LEDs through 1k resistors to each of the three used outputs of the 4017 to indicate which waveform is selected. This wasnt included in the schematic due to space constraints. It would be wise to go through the excellently written "Everything You Always Wanted to Know about the ICL8038" (AN013.1) by Intersil. It is available at Intersil's website, along with the ICL8038 datasheet. Improvements As we mentioned, move the attenuator to before the offset stage. We are planning to make a frequency synthesizer based on a similar circuit with a PLL, using the 8038 as the VCO. It should be under computer control or use a microcontroller to form a standalone instrument.

2. LOGIC PROBE

This circuit is a Logic Probe. It indicates the logic state of the node of any TTL logic circuit. To do that, we have to supply the probe with the same power of the circuit that we want to analyze: same Vcc and same GND. To check the logic level, we must connect the "Test" wire of the probe to the desired node of the circuit that we want to check. If the level is Low, the probe will display a "zero" (0) and only the green LED will be lighted. If the level is High, the probe will display a "one" (1) and only the red LED will be lighted. If the level is Impedance, the probe will display a nothing and no LED will be lighted. The logic level is "Low" when the "Test" wire is connected to the ground of the circuit (the voltage is between 0V and 2V). The logic level is "Impedance" when the "Test" wire is unconnected (it has no voltage or the voltage is between 2V and 3V). The logic level is "High" when the "Test" wire is connected to the positive supply of the circuit (the voltage is between 3V and 5V).
3. NE555 BASIC MONOSTABLE -

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Here the popular 555 timing IC, is wired as a monostable. The timing period is precise and equivalent to:1.1 x R1 x C1 With component values shown this works out at approximately 1.1msec.The output duration is independant of the input trigger pulse, and the output from the 555 is buffered and can directly interface to CMOS or TTL IC's, providing that the supply voltages match that of the logic family.

The timing diagram above shows the output pulse duration, the trigger input and the output at the discharge terminal of the IC.

4. TTL POWER SUPPLY WITH CROWBAR PROTECTION

Circuit diagram

Overview Power supplies that are intended to be used with TTL logic circuitry must guard against over-voltage, which can destroy TTL chips very rapidly. The duration of overvoltage that can destroy TTL chips is much too brief to trigger any conventional fuse, so that only other semiconductor circuits can play any useful part in protecting a circuit against the type of failure of a stabilizer that leads to excessive voltage. As it happens, this is the most common type of stabilizer failure, so that the protection is necessary for any TTL circuit of any significance. Many modern digital circuits make extensive use of MOS devices, which are less susceptible to damage from over-voltage, but it is unusual to find a large digital circuit, which does not contain at least one or more TTL devices. In the circuit shown below, if the voltage at the output terminals rises above 6.2V, zener conducts charging capacitor C4. This voltage will fire the silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), which quickly shorts-or puts a crowbar across the supply rails blowing the fuse.

Circuit Description The regulator IC is the familiar fixed voltage type such as LM7805. The 7805 is a three-pin regulator which requires a minimum voltage input of 7.5V to sustain stabilization, which an absolute maximum input voltage of 35V. The maximum load current is 1A and the regulation against input changes is typically 3-7mV for a variation of input between 7.1V and 25V. The regulation against load changes is of the order of 10mV for a change between 5mV and 1.5A load current. The noise voltage in the band from 10Hz to 100KHz is 40-50uV, and the ripple rejection is around 70db. Maximum junction temperature is 215 degrees C, and the thermal resistance from junction to case is 5 degrees C/W. This stabilizer is used extensively for power supplies in digital equipments. In the circuit, the capacitors that are shown connected each side of the IC are very important for suppressing oscillations and must not be omitted. In particular, the 330nF capacitor at the input must be wired across the shortest possible path at the pins of the IC. We choose a TIC 106A SCR because it can handle an anode current up to 4A at 100V, but has a very sensitive gate requiring only about 200uA to fire it. The SCR is only on for a very short time and thus does not need a heat sink. If you use another type, it is not likely to display the same characteristics. Most SCRs with a heavy anode current rating have insensitive gates. SCRs with a lower anode current rating will need a heat sink. The rating of fuse depends on the power supply you are using the circuit with. Assuming a maximum power supply output current of about 200 to 300 mA, you can fit a 500mA fuse. The voltage at which the SCR switches on is largely dependent on the value of the zener. You can experiment with different values of zeners to protect other types of circuits. The 4000 series CMOS ICs have supply voltage limits of 15V (AE suffix) or 20V (BE suffix) and crowbar protection can be used for these too. 5. DUAL VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY This dual polarity power supply is easy to build, requires few parts, and is adjustable from 0-15 volts. It is great for powering op amp circuits, as well as other circuits that require a dual supply voltage. A truly timeless circuit. LM317 is a versatile and highly efficient 1.2-37V voltage regulator that can provide up to 1.5A of current with a large heat sink And LM337 is just same in nature but negative regulation is gained. These are ideal for just about any application. Since LM317 and LM337 are protected against short-circuit, no fuse is necessary.

Thanks to automatic thermal shutdown, it will turn off if heating excessively. All in all, a very powerful (and affordable!) package, indeed. Although LM317 and LM337 are capable of delivering up to +/- 37V, the circuit pictured here is limited to 25V for the sake of safety and simplicity. Any higher output voltage would require additional components and a larger heat sink. Make sure that the input voltage is at least a couple of Volts higher than the desired output. It's ok to use a trimmer if you're building a fixed-voltage supply. Circuit diagram

DUAL ADJUSTABLE POWER SUPPLY

U 3 1 C 2 D D 3 1 4 4 S B - 8 0 2 1 + 0 0 U F + C 3 1 U V A

1 I N D J

L V

M O

3 U 2

1 T

R 2 2 4 0 C

O 5

h + F

s + C 6 1 0 0 U F

1 U 5 R K 7

5 R C 2 2 2 + 0 0 U F + C 4 1 U

C F U 1 2 L A V M 2 D I N 3 J V 3 O 7 T U 3 T 1 U R 3 2 4 0

7 F

C 8 1 0 0

Notes: U1 and U2 can only go down to a minimum of +-1.2V. If you need to go lower, you can add two 1N4003 diodes in series with the output of the regulator. The diodes drop about 0.6V each, which will allow the supply to go to 0. Note that this will also decrease your maximum output voltage by 1.2V.

PC-BASED OSCILLOSCOPE

PC BASED GENERAL PURPOSE CRO

This circuit conditions different signals of frequency below 1 kHz and displays their waveforms on the PCs screen. The hardware is used to condition the input waveform and convert it to the digital format for interfacing to the PC. The software for acquiring the data into the PC and displaying the same on its screen is written in Turbo C. The input waveform (limited to 5V peak-to-peak) is first applied to a full-wave rectifier comprising op-amps A1 and A2 of quad op-amp LM324 (IC4) and a zerocrossing detector built around LM3914 dot/ bar display driver (IC8) simultaneously. The full-wave rectifier rectifies the in- put signal such that the negative half cycle of the input signal is available in the positive side itself, so both the half cycles are read as positive when it is given as input to the ADC. During positive half cycle, diode D3 is on and diode D4 is off, and op-amps A1 and A2 act as inverters. Thus the output is a replica of the input. During the negative half cycle, diode D3 is off and diode D4 is on. With R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=R=330 ohms, the voltage (V) at output pin 1 of op- amp A1 is related to the input voltage (Vi) as follows: Vi/R +V/(2R)+V/R=0 V= -(2/3)Vi

The final output voltage (Vo) at pin 7 of op-amp A2 is given by the following relationship: Vo=(1+R/2R)(-2Vi/3)= -Vi As Vi is negative, the output voltage is positive. The zero-crossing detector detects whether the cycle is positive or negative. It is the most critical part of the circuit and if it operates improperly, the symmetry of the analogue signal displayed in the PC monitor gets affected. At the zero-crossing instant when the input signal transits to negative side, the zero-crossing detector informs the PC by taking pin 15 of 25 pin D connector of the parallel port high. The input at pin 15 of D connector goes low when the input signal transits to positive side. The zero-crossing detector communicates with the PC through bit D3 of the status port 379Hex.The zero-crossing detector has been realised using LM3914 IC. We may adjust VR1 such that the last LED (LED10) goes off when the input signal transits negative side of the input waveform. The LM3914 itself rectifies the input signal and allows only positive half of the cycle. The output from the full-wave rectifier is applied to the input of a sample-and-hold circuit comprising op- amps A3 and A4 of the LM324 (IC5), capacitor C3, transistor T1 (SL100), and analogue switch IC6 (CD4016). This circuit samples the input signal, i.e. it divides the waveform into a number of voltages or points and inputs each voltage level (with a delay) to the ADC for conversion into the digital format. Op-amps A3 and A4, along with a switch from IC CD4016 and a 1500pF capacitor with sampling time of 20 s, are used as voltage followers/buffers. When the base of transistor T1 is made low via strobe pin 1 (bit Do of I/O port 37A) of 25-pin D connector of the parallel port, the transistor stops conducting and the voltage at its collector goes high. The high voltage at the collector of transistor T1 closes the switch inside CD4016. As a consequence, the analogue input signal is applied to the capacitor, which charges towards the signal voltage. When the switch is subsequently opened by applying a logic-high voltage from pin 1 of D connector to the base of transistor T1, the capacitor retains the voltage with a loss of about 20 mV/sec and this voltage is given to input pin 6 of the ADC0804 (IC3) via buffer A4 for conversion to the digital format. When the number of sampling points in the input signal waveform is increased, the reconstructed waveform becomes more accurate. The ADC0804 is compatible with microprocessors. It is a 20-pin IC that works with 5V supply. It converts the analogue input voltage to 8-bit digital output. The data bus is tristate buffered. With eight bits, the resolution is 5V/255 = 19.6 mV. The inbuilt clock generator circuit produces a frequency of about 640 kHz with R1=10 kilo-ohms and C4=150 pF, which are the externally connected timing components. The conversion time obtained is approximately 100 s.

The functions of other pins are given below: Pin 1 (CS): This is active-low chip- select pin. Pin 2 (RD): This active-low pin enables the digital output buffers. When high, the 8-bit bus will be in Hi-Z state. Pin 3 (WR): This active-low pin is used to start the conversion. Pin 9 (Vref/2): This is optional input pin. It is used only when the input signal range is small. When pin 9 is at 2V, the range is 0-4V, i.e. twice the voltage at pin 9. Pin 6 (V+), Pin 7(V-): The actual input is the difference in voltages applied to these pins. The analogue input can range from 0 to 5V. In this circuit, pins 1 and 2 are always made low, so the IC and the buses are always enabled. Pin 9 is made open, as we use analogue input with 0-5V range. Pin 7 is grounded. Pin 5 (INTR): This active-low pin indicates the end of conversion. It is connected to pin 17 (bit D3 of I/O port 37A) of D connector. (Note that this bit is inverted.) The start-of-conversion command via pin 16 of D connector is applied to pin 3 of the ADC0804. Since we cannot read 8-bit digital data output from ADC through the 4-bit status port at a time, we divide it in two 4-bit parts and read. Hence the ADC data output is multiplexed through two 4-bit sections of octal buffers of IC1 (74244) with the help of output-enable signals from pins 2 and 9 of D connector to pins 1 and 19 (OE1 and OE2, respectively) of IC1. The digital data output from IC1 is interfaced to the PC via pins 13 (S4), 12 (S5), 10 (S6), and 11 (S7) of status input port 379H of D connector. The circuit uses 9V and 5V regulated DC supply voltages as shown in the circuit diagram. A PC printer port is an inexpensive platform for implementing lowfrequency data acquisition projects. Each printer port consists of data, status, and control port addresses. These addresses are in sequential order; for example, if the data port address is 0x0378, the corresponding status port address is 0x0379 and the control port address is 0x037a. The port addresses for parallel ports are summarised below:
Printer Data port Status port Control port

LPT1 LPT2 LPT3

0x0378 0x0278 0x03bc

0x0379 0x0279 0x03bd

0x037a 0x027a 0x03be

The software, written in C programming language, is user-friendly and easy to understand. It gets data from the developed hardware circuit and displays it in the graphical screen with some changes. The C program includes two user defined functions with the main function: graphics( ) and settings( ). The settings( ) function is used to adjust the voltage and time scale. The graphics( ) function is used to display the waveform on the screen. The sample control signal is used to close the switch in the sample-and-hold circuit, so the capacitor charges towards the analogue input voltage. After the sampling is over, the switch is opened using the same signal. Then the start-of-conversion control signal is given to start the conversion. The sampling time is approximately 20 s and the conversion time is approximately 100 s. After the conversion is over, the 8-bit binary data for the specific voltage sample is available in the data bus of the ADC. Since the PC accepts only 4-bit data through the status port (379H), the 8-bit data must be split into two 4-bit data, which are accepted one after another. This is done by IC 74244, which is controlled by D0 and D7 bits of the data port. Then the two 4-bit data are packed to get the final 8-bit data. The default BGI directory path is set as c:\tc\bgi. The sampling time is decided by the for loop that uses the sampled value. The maximum delay produced should be greater than 20 s, which is the maximum acquisition time of the capacitor. When the sample value is increased, the number of points on the input signal decreases and therefore the accuracy decreases. The time scale may be calibrated with 50Hz sine wave as reference. Note. Mount a 25-pin D-type female connector on the PCB. Use 25-pin D male-to-male connector for connecting PCB to computers female 25-pin LPT port D connector. It is a demo PC based oscilloscope only and may not be suitable for real time application. Debounced data switch

U 3 2

2 A R 5 A

This circuit is used here for entering data using the external push button switches. A part of such switching circuit is shown in the fig. Here we use CMOS IC 4049 HEX INVERTER to construct a circuit which may be called as de-bouncing switch. A single unit of switch needed two nos. of inverter connected in such away that the output will be stable at any logic state by eliminating switch errors. The input push button switch will configure the output state.
1 0 0 K S W 1 4 0 4 9 S W K E Y - S P D T U 3 A 3 2 R 4 A 1 0 0 K 4 0 4 9

A PART OF DATA INPUT DEBOUNCER SWITCH

ABOUT OUR ELECTRONICS LABORATORY AND GUIDELINES

INTRODUCTION This manual is our guide to the first electronics laboratory in the electronic engineering program. It is assumed that by completing the first electronics laboratory course we are familiar with basic electronic measurements and instrumentation, as well as with elements of data analysis, presentation of results, and reporting. Professional engineering practice requires using proper experimental methods and procedures. They include not only good measurement techniques, but also proper recording of all relevant information, preparing tables and graphs, etc. Almost as important as obtaining good data is their proper presentation which often determines success in this laboratory course as it does in engineering practice. Upon completion of the first laboratory course you should be very familiar with effective laboratory practices and professional style data presentation. They will be a great asset in your future. The experiments in this lab manual are designed to give the student practical experience in working with diodes and transistors (BJT, FETs and MOSFETs). The laboratory will complement and support the theory taught in the lectures, and should help the student to apply his knowledge of electronics. Laboratory Guidelines (Laboratory procedures) Every week before lab, each student should read over the laboratory experiment and work out the various calculations, etc. that are outlined in the prelab. Return parts and jumper wires to correct bins when you are finished with them. Do not put suspected defective parts back in the bins. Give them to the Lab Technician for testing or disposal. Report all equipment problems to Lab Instructor or Lab Technician. Most experiments have several parts; students must alternate in doing these parts as they are expected to work in group. Each student must have a laboratory notebook. The notebook should be a permanent document that is maintained and witnessed properly, and that contains accurate records of all lab sessions. Laboratory and equipment maintenance is the responsibility of not only the Lab Technician, but also the students. A concerted effort to keep the equipment in excellent condition and the working environment well-organized will result in a productive and safe laboratory.

Safety in the Laboratory To minimize electric shock hazard, the experiments are designed for low-voltage; however one should never assume that electric circuits are safe. Few milliamps of current through the body can be lethal. For your safety you must follow safety rules particularly: Turn off power before working on circuits. Know the location of emergency power-off switch. Make sure that the transformers and equipments are plugged into utility lines, have no exposed wiring. Check with the instructor if you are not certain about the procedure. Laboratory Notebook The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record should be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can duplicate the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record everything directly into the notebook during the experiment. Do not use scratch paper for recording data. Do not trust your memory to fill in the details at a later time. GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK State the objective of the experiment. Draw the circuit diagram and mention the values of resistances etc. which are used. Make a note of all the measuring instruments you have used. Mention the formulas used. Create a table and write down the readings, including the units. Show all your calculation neatly and SYSTEMATICALLY. Do this is an organized manner. Attach graph if any. Be concise. Complete sentences are not necessary as long as the context is clear. If mistakes are made, they should not be erased. Just bracket them and make a short note explaining the problem. Make entries as the lab progresses; don't assume you can fill it in later. The instructor will ask to see it during the lab. Date every page. All important results must be underlined. Attach simulation and hand calculation to your note book.

Draw the figure using pencil before you come to the lab so that you can make corrections to it in case you need to do so by erasing and redrawing. This will ensure tidy and neat work. Prepare the READING TABLE using pencil and ruler and not just by sketching lines. Sketching gives rise to crooked lines and gives the lab notebook a haphazard look. Take a few short notes (2-3 lines), which explains some of the problems you encountered while doing the experiment. This will help you write better reports.

General Lab Report Format Following the completion of each laboratory exercise in Electronics/Electrical Engineering courses, a report must be written and submitted for grading. The purpose of the report is to completely document the activities of the design and demonstration in the laboratory. Reports should be complete in the sense that all information required to reproduce the experiment is contained within. Writing useful reports is a very essential part of becoming an engineer. In both academic and industrial environments, reports are the primary means of communication between engineers. There is no one best format for all technical reports but there are a few simple rules concerning technical presentations which should be followed. Adapted to this laboratory they may be summarized in the following recommended report format: Title page Introduction Experimental Procedure Experimental Data Discussion Conclusions

Detailed descriptions of these items are given below Title Page: The title page should contain the following information i. Student name ii. ID iii. Course number (including section) iv. Experiment number and title v. Date submitted vi. Instructors Name

Introduction: It should contain a brief statement in which you state the objectives, or goals of the experiment. It should also help guide the reader through the report by stating, for example, that experiments were done with three different circuits or consisted of two parts etc. or that additional calculations or data sheets can be found in the appendix, or at the end of the report. The Procedure: It describes the experimental setup and how the measurements were made. Include here circuit schematics with the values of components. Mention instruments used and describe any special measurement procedure that was used. Results & Questions: This section of the report should be used to answer any questions presented in the lab handout. Any tables and/or circuit diagrams representing results of the experiment should be referred to and discussed/explained with detail. All questions should be answered very clearly in paragraph form. Any unanswered questions from the lab handout will result in loss of points on the report. The best form of presentation of some of the data is graphical. In engineering presentations a figure is often worth more than a thousand words. There are some simple rules concerning graphs and figures which should always be followed. If there is more than one figure in the report, the figures should be numbered. Each figure must have a caption following the number. The Discussion: It is a critical part of the report which testifies to the students understanding of the experiments and its purpose. In this part of the report you should compare the expected outcome of the experiment, such as derived from theory or computer simulation, with the measured value. Before you can make such comparison you may have to do some data analysis or manipulation. When comparing experimental data with numbers obtained from theory or simulation, make very clear which is which. It does not necessarily mean that your experiment was a failure. The results will be accepted, provided that you can account for the discrepancy. Your ability to read the scales may be one limitation. The value of some circuit components may not be well known and a nominal value given by the manufacturer does not always correspond to reality. Very often, however, the reason

for the difference between the expected and measured values lies in the experimental procedure or in not taking into account all factors that enter into analysis. Conclusion: A brief conclusion summarizing the work done, theory applied, and the results of the completed work should be included here. Data and analyses are not appropriate for the conclusion.

LABORATORY MANUALS ON EXPERIMENTS

(ANALOG ELECTRONICS LABORATORY)

ANALOG ELECTRONICS Analog electronics is the term given to the circuitry used in devices like power supplies, audio amplifiers, wave shaping circuits and operational amplifiers. The study of analog electronics is important because it provides the fundamental theory of electricity that carries through to all of the disciplines of electronics. Learning analog electronics is necessary to understand the theory and operation of passive circuits containing resistors, capacitors, inductors and voltage sources as well as the more complex circuits containing diodes, transistors and linear integrated circuits. Besides teaching the theory, these workshops provide the student with hands-on experience with circuit design, building and testing. Each student will gain experience in measurement and troubleshooting techniques using industry-standard equipment like function generators, digital multi meters and oscilloscopes. By using our TRAINER KIT we can perform so many experiments as described here along with detail procedure, circuit diagram, list of materials and other necessary documentation. We believe that it will be very much useful to the students doing practical in the laboratory

27

EXP NO : 1 Objective:

Diode Characteristics

To study the characteristics of silicon and germanium diodes.

Equipment: Ana-Digi Trainer Kit having the following. Instruments DC power supply Function Generator Digital Multimeter (DMM) Components Diodes: Silicon (D1N4002), Germanium (D1N4148) Resistors: 1k, 1M Procedure: Part A : Forward-bias Diode Characteristics 1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1.1 with the supply (E) is set at 0 V. Record the measured value of the resistor.

+ D C S u p pE l y

V R 1 k

+ S i V D -

Fig. 1.1 2. Increase the supply voltage until VD reads 0.1 V. Then measure current ID and record the results in Table 1.1 3. Repeat step 2 for the remaining settings of VD shown in the Table 1.1. 4. Replace the silicon diode by a germanium diode and complete Table 1.2. 5. Plot on a graph paper ID versus VD for the silicon and germanium diodes. Complete the curves by extending the lower region of each curve to the intersection of the axis at ID = 0 mA and VD = 0 V. 6. How the two curves differ? What are their similarities?

28

Part B : Reverse-bias Diode Characteristics 1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 1.2 with E is set at 20V. Record the measured value of the resistor.
+ D C V R S i + V D -

1 M S u p p El y = 2 0 V

Fig. 1.2 2. Measure the voltage VD. Measure the reverse saturation current, Is. 3. Repeat the above step for germanium diode. 4. How do the results of Step 2 compare to Step 3? What are the similarities? Results and Calculations: Part A (Forward Bias) 1. R (measured) = _______________

2. ID (measured). Fill in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 VD (V) ID (mA) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75

Table 1.1(Silicon Diode) VD (V) ID (mA)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.75

Table 1.2 (Germanium Diode) Part B (Reverse Bias) 1. R (measured) = __________ 2. Silicon Diode -VD (measured) = __________IS (measured) = __________ 3. Germanium Diode - VD (measured) = __________IS (measured) = __________

29

EXP NO : 2

Zener Diode Characteristics

Objectives: To study the characteristics of Zener diode. To study the voltage regulation in Zener diode regulation circuit.

Equipment: Ana-Digi Trainer Kit having the following. Instruments DC power supply Function Generator Digital Multimeter (DMM) Components Diode : Zener (10-V) Resistors: 0.1k, 1k(2 pcs), 3.3k Procedure: Part A : Zener Diode Characteristics 1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 2.1. Set the DC supply to 0 V and record the measured value of R.
+
0

V R
. 1 k

S u p p El y

+ Z e n eV r Z -

Fig. 2.1 2. Set the DC supply (E) to the values appearing in Table 2.1 and measure both VZ and VR. Calculate the Zener current, IZ using the Ohms law given in the table and complete the table. 3. Plot IZ versus VZ using the data in Table 2.1 on a graph paper.

30

Part B : Zener Diode Regulation 1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 2.2. Record the measured value of each resistor.
+
R

V R
= 1 k

+ L = 1V kL -

+ Z e n eV rZ R S u p p E l =y 1 5 V -

Fig. 2.2 2. Measure the value of VL and VR. Using the measured values, calculate the value for current across R, IR, current across RL, IL, and current across the zener diode, IZ. 3. Change RL to 3.3 k and repeat Step 2. 4. Comment on the results obtained in Steps 2 and 3. Results and Calculations: Part A 1. R (measured) = __________ 2. E (V) VZ ( V ) VR ( V ) IZ = VR / Rmeas ( mA ) Part B 1. 2. 3. R (measured) = ____________, RL (measured) = ___________ VR (measured) = ___________, VL (measured) = ___________ IR = VR / R = ___________, Change RL to 3.3k; RL (measured) = ________,VR (measured) = _________, VL (measured) = ___________ IR = VR / R = ___________, IL = VL / RL = ___________,IZ = IR IL = ___________ IL = VL / RL = ___________, IZ = IR IL = ___________

11

13

15

Table 2.1

31

EXP NO: 3 Objectives:

Wave Rectifier and Clipper Circuits

To calculate and draw the DC output voltages of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. To calculate and measure the output voltages of clipper circuits.

Equipment: Ana-Digi Trainer Kit having the following. Instruments DC power supply Digital Multimeter (DMM) Function Generator Oscilloscope ( min. 25 MHz) Components Diode : Silicon (D1N4002) Resistors: 2.2k, 3.3k Procedure: Part A : Half Wave Rectification 1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 3.1. Set the supply to 9 V p-p sinusoidal wave with the frequency of 1000 Hz. Put the oscilloscope probes at function generator and sketch the input waveform obtained. 2. Put the oscilloscope probes across the resistor and sketch the output waveform obtained. Measure and record the DC level of the output voltage using the DMM.

Function Generator

Fig. 3.1

3. Reverse the diode of circuit of Fig. 3.1. Sketch the output waveform across the resistor. Measure and record the DC level of the output voltage. 4. Comment on the results obtained from step 2 and 3.

Part B : Full-Wave Rectification

32

1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 3.2. Set the supply to 9 V p-p with the frequency of 1000 Hz. Put the oscilloscope probes at function generator (trainer board) and sketch the input waveform obtained. 2. Put the oscilloscope probes across the resistor and sketch the output waveform obtained. Measure and record the DC level of the output voltage using the DMM.

Function Generator (Trainer Board)

Fig. 3.2 3. Replace diodes D3 and D4 of circuit of Fig. 3.2 by 2.2 k. Draw the output waveform across the resistor. Measure and record the DC level of the output voltage. 4. What is the major effect of replacing the two diodes (D3 and D4) with resistors? Part C : Parallel Clippers 1. Construct the circuit in Fig. 3.3. The input signal is an 8 V p-p square wave at frequency of 1000 Hz. Record the measured resistance value. 2. Set the oscilloscope in DC mode. 3. Put the oscilloscope probes at function generator and sketch the input waveform obtained.

Function Generator

DC Supply

Fig. 3.3 4. 5. 6. 7. Sketch the output waveform obtained from the oscilloscope. Reverse the battery of the circuit and sketch the output waveform. How do the waveforms differ? What is the function of the battery in the circuit? Change the input signal of the circuit of Fig. 3.3 to an 8 V p-p sinusoidal signal with the same frequency of 1000 Hz. Repeat step 3 and 4 for this circuit.

Part D : Series Clippers

33

1. Construct the circuit in Fig. 3.4. The input signal is an 8 V p-p square wave at frequency of 1000 Hz. Record the measured resistance value. 2. Set the oscilloscope in DC mode. 3. Put the oscilloscope probes at function generator and sketch the input waveform obtained.
DC Supply

4. 5. 6. 7.

Fig. 3.4 Sketch the output waveform obtained from the oscilloscope. Reverse the battery of the circuit and sketch the output waveform. Change the input signal of the circuit of Fig. 3.4 to an 8 V p-p sinusoidal signal with the same frequency of 1000 Hz. Repeat step 3 and 4 for this circuit. How does the series clipper differ from the parallel clipper?

Function Generator

1.

Results and Calculations: Part A Input waveform, Vi :

V(volt)

Time (s)

2.

Output waveform, Vo :
V(volt)

Time (s)

3.

DC level of Vo (measured) = __________ Part A (reversed diode) Output waveform, Vo :

34

V(volt)

Time (s)

1.

DC level of Vo (measured) = __________ Part B Input waveform, Vi :

V(volt)

Time (s)

2.

Output waveform, Vo :
V(volt)

Time (s)

DC level of Vo (measured) = __________ 3. Part B (diodes replaced with resistors) Output waveform, Vo :
V(volt)

Time (s)

DC level of Vo (measured) = __________ Part C (vin square-wave)

35

1. 2.

R (measured) = _______________ Input waveform :

V(volt)

Time (s)

3.

Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

Part C (vin square-wave, battery reversed) 4. Output waveform :

V(volt)

Time (s)

Part C (vin sine-wave)

36

5.

Input waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

6.

Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

Part C (vin sine-wave, battery reversed) 7. Output waveform :

V(volt)

Time (s)

Part D (vin square-wave)

37

1. 2.

R (measured) = _______________ Input waveform :

V(volt)

Time (s)

3.

Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

Part D (vin square-wave, battery reversed) 4. Output waveform :

V(volt)

Time (s)

Part D (vin sine-wave) 5. Input waveform :

38

V(volt)

Time (s)

6.

Output waveform :
V(volt)

Time (s)

Part D (vin sine-wave, battery reversed) 7. Output waveform :

V(volt)

Time (s)

39

EXP NO: 4

BJT Characteristics & Common-Emitter Transistor Amplifier

Objectives: To graph the collector characteristics of a transistor using experimental methods. To measure AC and DC voltages in a common-emitter amplifier.

Equipment: Ana-Digi Trainer Kit having the following. Instruments 1 DC Power Supply 3 Digital Multimeter (DMM) 1 Function Generator 1 Oscilloscope Components Capacitors: Resistors: Transistors: 15 F, 100 F 1 k, 3 k, 10 k, 33 k, 330 k, 10 k potentiometer, 1M potentiometer 2N3904

Procedure: Part A : The Collector Characteristics (BJT) 1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 4.1. Vary the 1M potentiometer to set IB = 10 A as in Table 4.1.
DC Supply

2 0 V

A 1 M C R B B a s eC o

V C l l e

R c

C t o r

B + r

A 1 0 k C

= 1 k

B = 3 3 0 k

E m

i t t e

IB

Fig. 4.1 2. Set the VCE to 2V by varying the 10k potentiometer as required by the first line of Table 4.1. 3. Record the VRC and VBE values in Table 4.1. 4. Vary the 10 k potentiometer to increase VCE from 2V to the values appearing in Table 4.1. (Note: IB should be maintained at 10 A for the range of VCE levels.)
40

5. Record VRC and VBE values for each of the measured VCE values. Use the mV range for VBE. 6. Repeat step 2 through 5 for all values of IB indicated in Table 4.1. 7. Compute the values of IC (from IC = VRC/RC) and IE (from IE = IB+IC). Use measured resistor value for RC. 8. Using the data of Table 4.1, plot the collector characteristics of the transistor on a graph paper. (Plot IC versus VCE for the various values of IB. Choose an appropriate scale for IC and label each IB curve). Part B : Common-Emitter DC Bias 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Measure all resistor values (R1, R2, RC and RE) from circuit in Fig. 4.2 using DMM. Calculate DC Bias values (VB, VE, VC and IE) and record them. Calculate AC dynamic resistance, re. Construct circuit as of Fig. 4.2 and set VCC = 10 V. Measure the DC bias values (VB, VE, VC and IE) and record them. Calculate IE using values obtained in Step 5. Calculate re using the value of IE from Step 6. Compare value of re obtained both from Step 3 & 7.
V C C = 1 0 V DC Supply

3 3 k R

3 k

C 1

V o

1 F 2

a s e

To Oscilloscope 5 u F l l e c Or oDMM t r

Function Generator
V s i g

1 5 u

E m

i t t e

1 0 k R

1 k

1 0 u

F C

Fig. 4.2

41

Results and Calculations: Part A 3. Table 4.1 IB (A) VCE (V) meas 2 4 10 6 8 2 4 30 6 8 2 50 4 6 8 Graph IC versus VCE for each value of IB (use graph paper). Part B 1. R1 (measured) = ____________, R2 (measured) = ___________, RC (measured) = ___________, RE (measured) = ___________ 2. VB (calculated) = ___________, VE (calculated) = ___________ VC (calculated) = ___________, IE (calculated) = ___________ 3. re (calculated) = ___________ 5. VB (measured) = ___________, VE (measured) = ___________ VC (measured) = ___________, 6. IE (calculated) using measured values of VE and RE = __________ I E = VE / RE 7. re (measured) = ____________, using IE from Step 6. VRC (V) meas IC (mA) (calc) VBE (V) meas IE (mA) (calc)

42

EXP NO: 5

BJT Biasing Circuits

Objectives: To determine the quiescent operating conditions of the fixed- and voltage-divider-bias BJT configurations. Equipment: Ana-Digi Trainer Kit having the following. Instruments 1 DC Power Supply 3 Digital Multimeter (DMM) Components Resistors: 680 , 1.8 k, 2.7 k, 6.8 k, 33 k, 1 M Transistors: 2N3904, 2N4401 Procedure: Part A : Fixed-Bias Configuration 1. Measure all resistor values (RB and RC) from circuit in Fig. 5.1 using DMM. Record them. 2. Construct circuit as of Fig. 5.1 using 2N3904 transistor and set VCC = 20 V. 3. Measure the voltages VBE and VRC. Record them. 4. Calculate the resulting base current, IB and collector current, IC. Using the values obtained, find . 5. Using the values obtained in Step 4, calculate the values of VB, VC, VE and VCE. 6. Energize the network in Fig. 5.1, measure VB, VC, VE and VCE. 7. How do the measured values (Step 6) compare to the calculated values (Step 5)? 8. Simply remove the 2N3904 transistor and replace with 2N4401 transistor. 9. Then, measure the voltages VBE and VRC. Using the same equations, calculate the values of IB and IC. From the values obtained, determine the value for 2N4401 transistor. 10. Compile all the data needed for both transistors in Table 5.1.

43

IC IB + VBE + VCE -

IE

Fig. 5.1 11. Calculate the magnitude (ignore the sign) of the percent change in each quantity due to a change in transistors. 12. Place the results of your calculations in Table 5.2. Part B : Voltage-Divider-Bias Configuration 1. Measure all resistor values (R1, R2, RB and RC) from circuit in Fig. 5.2 using DMM. Record them. 2. Using the determined for 2N3904 transistor in Part B, calculate the theoretical values of VB, VE, IE, IC, VC, VCE and IB for the network shown in Fig. 5.2. Record them in Table 5.3. 3. Construct the network of Fig. 5.2 and measure VB, VE, VC and VCE. Record them in Table 5.3.

I1

IB + VBE

IC + VCE -

I2

IE -

Fig. 5.2 4. Measure the voltages VR1 and VR2 (take readings to the hundredth or thousandth place). Calculate the currents IE and IC and the currents I1 and I2. Using Kirchoffs current law, calculate the current IB. Record IE, IC and IB values in Table 5.3. 5. How do the calculated and measured values of Table 5.3 compare?

44

6. Compile the measured values of VCE (Step 3), IC and IB (Step 4) along with the magnitude of in Table 5.4. 7. Simply remove the 2N3904 transistor and replace with 2N4401 transistor. 8. Then, measure the voltages VCE and VRC. Also, measure the voltages VR1 and VR2 (take readings to the hundredth or thousandth place). Calculate the current IC and the currents I1 and I2. Using Kirchoffs current law, calculate the current IB. 9. Complete Table 5.4 with the values of VCE, IC, IB and . 10. Calculate the magnitude (ignore the sign) of the percent change in each quantity due to a change in transistors. 11. Place the results of your calculations in Table 5.5. fgfg

45

Results and Calculations: Part A 1. RB (measured) = ______________, RC (measured) = _______________ 3. VBE (measured) = ______________, VRC (measured) = ______________ 4. IB = __________________, IC = _________________, = _____________ IB = V I V RB VCC V BE = = .., I C = RC = .., = C = . RB RB RC IB

5. VB (calculated) = _____________, VC (calculated) = _______________ VE (calculated) = _____________, VCE (calculated) = ______________ 6. VB (measured) = _____________, VC (measured) = _______________ VE (measured) = _____________, VCE (measured) = ______________ 7. Comparison of results from Step 5 & Step 6 : 9. VBE (measured) = ______________, VRC (measured) = ______________ IB = __________________, IC = _________________, = _____________ IB = 10. Trans. Type 2N3904 2N4401 11. % = . %VCE = 12. % %IC %VCE %IB VCE ( 4401) VCE ( 3904 ) VCE ( 3904 ) x100% = , %I B = I B ( 4401) I B ( 3904 ) I B ( 3904 ) x100% = . VCE (V) IC (mA) Table 5.1 IB (A) V I V RB VCC V BE = = , I C = RC = .., = C = RB RB RC IB

( 4401) ( 3904 ) ( 3904 )

x100% = ., %I C =

I C ( 4401) I C ( 3904 ) I C ( 3904 )

x100% =

46

Table 5.2 Part B 1. R1 (measured) = ____, R2 (measured) = _____, RC (measured) = ____, RE (measured) =____ 2. VB (calculated) = , VE (calculated) = .., IE (calculated) =, IC (calculated) = VC (calculated) = ____, VCE (calculated) = ____, IB (calculated) = _____ 3. 2N3904 VB(V) VE(V) VC(V) VCE(V) IE(mA) IC(mA) IB(A) Calculated (Step 2) Measured (Step 3&4) Table 5.3 4. Show the works for calculating IE and IC (using measured values recorded in Table 5.3). V R1 V = .., I 2 = R 2 = I1 = _______________, I2 = ________________, I 1 = R1 R2 Using KCL, IB = _______________ (Currents calculated from measured values; considered as measured IE, IC & IB) 5. Comparison of calculated and measured values of Table 5.3: 6. Trans. Type VCE (V) IC (mA) IB (A) 2N3904 2N4401 Table 5.4 VCC VCE = .., I1 =______, I2 = ______ 8. VCE (measured) = ________, I C = RC + R E V V I 1 = R1 = ., I 2 = R 2 = ., Using KCL, IB = ______ R1 R2 9. Complete Table 5.4 (Step 6) with the values obtained in Step 8 and value obtained for 2N4401 transistor. 10. I C ( 4401) I C ( 3904 ) ( 4401) ( 3904 ) % = x100% = .., %I C = x100% = .. ( 3904 ) I C ( 3904 ) VCE ( 4401) VCE ( 3904 ) VCE ( 3904 ) I B ( 4401) I B ( 3904 ) I B ( 3904 )

%VCE = 11.

x100% = , %I B =

x100% = .

%IC

%VCE Table 5.4

47

%IB

EXP NO : 6

JFET Characteristics & Common Source Amplifier

Objectives: To establish the output and transfer characteristics for a JFET transistor. To measure DC and AC voltages in a common-source amplifier. Equipment: Ana-Digi Trainer Kit having the following. Instruments DC power supply : 9V, 25V Digital Multimeter (DMM) Function generator Oscilloscope Components Capacitors : Resistors : Transistor : Procedure: Part A : Measurement of the Saturation Current IDSS and Pinch-Off Voltage VP for JFET
V C D C C = 2 5 V S u p p l y

10F, 100F 510, 1k, 2.4k, 10k, 1M,100, 1k, 10k, 10k Potentiometer, 1M potentiometer 2N3819

1 k

1 0 k

R 1 0 0

A
1 0 k

A
D C S u p 9p V l y 1 M

G
-

D a t e +
V G SS V -

r a i n
D S

o u r c e
+

Fig. 6.1

48

1. Referring to Fig. 6.1, construct the circuit. The function of 10k resistor in the input circuit is to protect the circuit if the 9V supply is connected with wrong polarity and the potentiometer is set on its maximum value. 2. Measure R value. 3. Vary the 1M potentiometer until VGS = 0V. Measure ID at this time. (ID = IDSS when VGS = 0V). Record ID measured. 4. Set VDS to 8V by varying the 10k potentiometer. Measure the voltage across R, VR. 5. Calculate the saturation current, IDSS using the measured resistor, R and VR values. Record IDSS calculated. 6. Maintain VDS at about 8V and reduce VGS until VR drops to 1mV. At this level, ID = VR/R = 1mV/100 = 10A 0 mA. Record VGS value. The VGS value (when ID is 0 mA) is the pinch-off voltage VP. 7. Using the values of IDSS and VP, sketch the transfer characteristics for the device using Shockleys equation given (in the results section). Plot at least 5 points on the curve. (Use VP < VGS < 0V) Part B : Output Characteristics (JFET) 1. Referring to Fig. 6.1, vary the two potentiometers until VGS = 0V and VDS = 0V. Determine ID from ID = VR/R using the measured value of R and record in Table 6.1. 2. Maintain VGS at 0V and increase VDS from 0 to 14V and record the calculated value of ID at every 1V increment (refer to Table 6.1). (Be sure to use the measured value of R in your calculations) 3. Vary the 1M potentiometer until VGS = -1V. Maintaining VGS at -1V, vary VDS through the levels of Table 6.1 and record the calculated value of ID. 4. Repeat Step 3 for the values of VGS in Table 6.1. Discontinue the process if VGS exceeds VP. 5. Plot the output characteristics for the JFET. 6. Compare the IDSS and VP values obtained from Step 5 with those measured in Part A. Give comments. Part C : Transfer Characteristics (JFET) 1. Using the data from Table 6.1, record the values of ID for the range of VGS at VDS Table 6.2. 2. Repeat step 1 for VDS = 6V, 9V and 12V. 3. For each level of VDS, plot ID vs VGS on the graph. Plot each curve carefully and curve with the value of VDS. Part D : Measurement of IDSS and VP (Common-Source Amplifier) 1. Referring to Fig. 6.2, construct the circuit (VDD = +20V, RG = 1M, RD = 510 0). Measure VD and record. 2. Calculate IDSS using the measured VD from Step 1. Then, measure IDSS 3. Connect RS = 1k. Measure and record the values of VGS and VD. 4. Calculate ID and VP using the measured values from Step 3. and RS = = 3V in each

label

49

C D

C C

= 2 0 V S u p p l y

D 5 1 0 V D

1 F

G
+

a t e D
V G SS -

r a i n o u r c e

1 0 u F u n c t i o n G e n e r a t o r V s i g = 1 0 0 1 m k HV zR

1 M

S 1 0 0 u

Fig. 6.2 Part E : DC Bias of Common-Source Amplifier 1. Calculate the DC bias expected in the circuit of Fig. 6.2 using IDSS and VP values from Part D. Draw graph of the equations to graphically obtain the equation intersection which will be the calculated values of VGS and ID. 2. Using the calculated ID from Step 2, calculate VD. 3. Construct the circuit of Fig. 6.3 using VDD = +20V, RG = 1 M, RS = 510 and RD = 2.4k. 4. Measure the DC bias voltages which are VG, VS, VD and VGS. Record the values. 5. Calculate ID using the measured VD from Step 5. 6. Compare the DC bias values calculated in Step 2 & Step 3 with those measured in Step 5 & Step 6. Give comments. Results and Calculations: Part A 1. 2. 3. 4. R (measured) = _____________ IDSS (measured) = ____________ VR (measured) = ____________ IDSS (calculated) = ___________ i. IDSS = ID = VR/R 5. VGS (measured) = VP = ___________ V 6. 7. I D = I DSS 1 GS VP
2

50

5 points for plot (calculated): VGS = 0V, ID = IDSS = _____, VGS = ______, ID = ____________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ Note : VP < VGS < 0 Sketch ID vs VGS: Part B 1. R (measured) from Part 1 : ______________ VGS (V) VDS (V) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 ID (mA) -2.0 -2.5

Table 6.1 2. Output characteristics (use graph paper).

Part C
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1. VDS (V) VGS (V) 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5

6 ID (mA)

12

Table 6.2 2. Plot of ID vs VGS (use graph paper). Part D VD (measured) = _______________ IDSS (calculated) = ____________ V VD I D = DD = RD IDSS (measured) = ID (at VGS = 0V) = ___________ 3. VGS (measured) = _____________ VD (measured) = _____________ 4. ID (calculated) = _____________ ID = V DD V D = RD

1. 2.

VP (calculated) = _____________ VP = VGS ID 1 I DSS =

Part E 1. VGS (calculated) = _____________

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ID (calculated) = ______________ VGS = -IDRS VGS = 0 V VGS = -1V ID = _________ ID = _________

2. VD (calculated) = ___________ VD = VDD - IDRD 4. VG = __________ VS = __________ VD = __________ VGS = __________ 5. ID (calculated) = ___________ ID = VS / RS

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EXP NO : 7

FET Biasing Circuits

Objective: To analyze fixed-, self-, and voltage-divider-bias JFET circuits. Equipment: Ana-Digi Trainer Kit having the following. Instruments DC power supply Digital Multimeter (DMM) Components Resistors : 1k, 1.2k, 2.2k, 3k, 10k,10M, 1k potentiometer Transistor : 2N4416 Procedure: Part A : Fixed-Bias Configuration

ID + VRD
-

VGS +

+ VDS -

Fig. 7.1 3. Referring to Fig. 7.1, construct the circuit. Measure RD value. 4. Set VGS to 0V and measure the voltage VRD. Calculate ID from ID = VRD / RD using the measured RD value. Since VGS = 0V, the resulting drain current ID = IDSS (saturation current). Record the value. 5. Make VGS increasing negatively until VRD = 1mV (and ID = VRD / RD 1 A). Since ID is very small (ID 0A), the resulting value of VGS = VP (pinch-off voltage). Record the value. 6. Using the values obtained in Step 2 & Step 3, sketch the transfer curve using Schokleys equation. (Use graph paper)!
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7. Referring to the transfer curve plotted in Step 4, determine IDQ if VGS = -1V. Label the straight line defined by VGS as the fixed-bias line. 8. For the circuit in Fig. 7.1, vary the potentiometer to set VGS = -1V. Measure VRD. Calculate IDQ using the measured RD value. The IDQ obtained is the measured value of ID. 9. Compare the measured (Step 6) and calculated (Step 5) values of IDQ. Part B : Self-Bias Configuration 1. Referring to Fig. 7.2, construct the circuit. Measure RD and RS values. Record
ID

them.

VGS +

+ VDS -

2. 3. Fig. 7.2 4. On the same graph in Part A, draw the self-bias line defined by VGS = -IDRS and find the Qpoint. Show all your works. Record the quiescent values of IDQ and VGSQ. Label the straight line as the self-bias line. 5. Calculate theoretical values of VGS, VD, VS, VDS, and VG. Record them. 6. Measure the voltages VGS, VD, VDS, and VG from the circuit. Record them. 7. Compare the measured (Step 4) and calculated (step 3) values. Part C : Voltage-Divider-Bias Configuration 1. Referring to Fig. 7.3, construct the circuit. Measure R1, R2, RD and RS values. Record them. 2. On the same graph in Part A, draw the voltage-divider-bias line defined by VGS = VG - IDRS. Find the Q-point. Show all your works. Record the quiescent values of IDQ and VGSQ. Label the straight line as the voltage-divider-bias line. 3. Calculate theoretical values of VD, VS, and VDS. Record them. 4. Measure the voltages VGS, VD, VS, and VDS from the circuit. Record them. 5. Compare the measured (Step 4) and calculated (step 3) values.

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VGS +

+ VDS -

Fig. 7.3 Part A 1. RD (measured) = _____________ 2. VRD (measured) = ____________ V I D = RD = 3. RD a. Since VGS = 0V, ID = IDSS =____________ 4. VGS (measured) = ____________ V RD 1A 0 A a. VRD = 1mV; I D = RD b. Since ID 0A, VGS = VP = ____________ 5. Sketch transfer curve using Schokleys equation on graph paper. To draw the curve, find for at least 4 points. Show all works below. V I D = I DSS 1 GS 6. VP 5 points for plot (calculated): VGS = 0V, ID = IDSS = ___________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ VGS = ______, ID = ____________ Note : VP < VGS < 0
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2

7. From transfer curve in Step 4, if VGS = -1V, IDQ = ______________ (This is IDQ calculated) 8. If VGS = -1V, VRD (measured) = _____________ 9. ID = V RD = RD

a. (This is IDQ measured) 10. Comparison of IDQ measured (Step 6) & IDQ calculated (Step 5): Part B 1. 2. RD (measured) = ______________, RS (measured) = ______________ On the same transfer curve in Part A, draw the self-bias line which is given by VGS = I D RS (To draw the line, find at least 2 points). From the graph, IDQ (calculated) = _________, VGSQ (calculated) = __________ VGS (calculated) = ______________ , VD (calculated) = _________________ , VS (calculated) = ______________ , VDS (calculated) = _________________ , VG (calculated) = ______________ (Show your calculations) 4. VGS (measured) = ______________ , VD (measured) = _________________ , VS (measured) = ______________ , VDS (measured) = _________________ , VG (measured) = ______________ 5. Compare the difference of measured (Step 4) and calculated (Step 3) values Vmeas Vcalc x100% using %difference = Vcalc %VGS = _____________, %VD = _________________ , %VS = ______________ %VDS = _________________ , %VG = ______________

3.

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Part C 1. R1 (measured) = ______________, R2 (measured) = ______________ RD (measured) = ______________, RS (measured) = ______________ 2. On the same transfer curve in Part A, draw the voltage-divider-bias line which is given by RV VGS = VG I D RS where VG = 2 DD R1 + R2 (To draw the line, find at least 2 points). From the graph, IDQ (calculated) = _________,VGSQ (calculated) = ____________ 3. VD (calculated) = _________________ , VS (calculated) = ______________ , VDS (calculated) = _________________ , (Show your calculations below!) 4. VGS (measured) = ______________ , VD (measured) = _________________ , VS (measured) = ______________ , VDS (measured) = _________________ , 5. Compare the difference of measured (Step 4) and calculated (Step 3) values Vmeas Vcalc x100% using %difference = Vcalc %VGS = ______________ , %VD = _________________ , %VS = ______________ , %VDS = _________________ ,

58

LABORATORY MANUALS ON EXPERIMENTS

(DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY)

59

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS Digital electronics refers to the circuitry used in computers and microprocessor-based systems. Digital circuitry is also used in such areas as home entertainment systems, automobiles and medical electronics. These workshops will be caught with material from professor Kleitz's best-selling textbook, Digital Electronics: A Practical Approach, Fifth Edition. The workshops cover the full spectrum of digital circuitry from the basic gates up through Programmable Logic ICs. Students will gain hands-on experience building and de-bugging circuits using the state-of-the-art integrated circuits used in modern industry. Modern test and measurement instruments will be used to monitor actual circuit operation. Specialized software will be run on PCs to perform circuit design and simulation.

Objects of the experiment on Digital Electronics Fundamental Logic Gates- AND, OR, NOT Fundamental Logic Gates- NAND, NOR, XOR De Morgans Law (1) De Morgans Law (2) Application of Boolean Algebra Exclusive OR Using Basic Logic Gates Exclusive NOR Using basic Logic Gate MUX-Demultiplexer Using TTL/CMOS IC Many of the digital experiments can be performed using this KIT. Hobbyist can use this kit for developing digital project kits and circuits using the TRAINER KIT

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