Lecture 1 - Introduction

Dr. Veselin Rakocevic room CM356 E-mail: V.Rakocevic@city.ac.uk ex. 8136 Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, James F. Kurose, Keith W. Ross, 2nd edition, Addison Wesley 2002 Multimedia Communications, Fred Halsall, Addison-Wesley 2001
spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 1

Computer Networks & Communications

How computer networks work? How is digital data transported? Internet applications Internet transport and network protocols Local Area Networks Fundamentals of Digital Communications Multimedia networking Network security and management
EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 2

spring 2005

LAN Inter-site Backbone Network LAN

LAN

Data Network
Global Internet Backbone Network

What is the Internet

millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems
pcs workstations, servers PDAs phones, toasters

router server local ISP

workstation mobile

LAN

Gateway

Gateway

Home

Gateway

Site/ Campus LAN

running network apps communication links

fiber, copper, radio, satellite

regional ISP

ISP Network
spring 2005

PC
3 Server

routers: forward packets (chunks) of data through network

spring 2005

Small Business

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

company network

Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical national/international backbone providers (NBPs)
e.g. BBN/GTE, Sprint, AT&T, IBM, UUNet interconnect (peer) with each other privately, or at public Network Access Point (NAPs) local ISP regional ISP

Whats a protocol?
human protocols: whats the time? I have a question introductions specific msgs sent specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
6

NBP B NAP NBP A

regional ISP local ISP
5

NAP

regional ISPs
connect into NBPs

local ISP, company

connect into regional ISPs
spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

A closer look at network structure:

network edge: applications and hosts network core:
routers network of networks

Hi Hi
Got the time?

TCP connection req. TCP connection reply.

Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm

access networks, physical media: communication links

2:00 time
spring 2005

<file>

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

The network edge:

end systems (hosts):
run application programs e.g., WWW, email at edge of network

The Network Core

mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete chunks

client/server model
client host requests, receives service from server e.g., WWW client (browser)/ server; email client/server

peer-peer model:
host interaction symmetric e.g.: Gnutella, KaZaA
spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 9

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

10

Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources reserved for call
link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required

Network Core: Packet Switching

each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed, resource contention: aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available congestion: packets queue, wait for link use store and forward: packets move one hop at a time transmit over link wait turn at next link

Bandwidth division into pieces Dedicated allocation Resource reservation

11 spring 2005

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

12

Network Core: Packet Switching

A B
10 Mbs Ethernet statistical multiplexing 1.5 Mbs
queue of packets waiting for output link

Packet switching versus circuit switching

Packet switching allows more users to use network!

1 Mbit link each user:

100Kbps when active active 10% of time

45 Mbs

N users 1 Mbps link

circuit-switching:
10 users

packet switching:
with 35 users, probability > 10 active less than .0004
13 spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 14

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

Packet-switched networks: routing

Goal: move packets among routers from source to destination
well study several path selection algorithms (chapter 4)

Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connection end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per second) of access network? shared or dedicated?
spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 16

datagram network:
destination address determines next hop routes may change during session analogy: driving, asking directions

virtual circuit network:

each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines next hop fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru call routers maintain per-call state
spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 15

Residential access: point to point access

Dialup via modem up to 56Kbps direct access to router (conceptually) ISDN: integrated services digital network: 128Kbps all-digital connect to router ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line up to 1 Mbps home-to-router up to 8 Mbps router-to-home ADSL deployment: happening

Institutional access: local area networks

company/univ local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router Ethernet: shared or dedicated cable connects end system and router 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet deployment: institutions, home LANs happening now

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

17

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

18

Wireless access networks

shared wireless access network connects end system to router wireless LANs:
radio spectrum replaces wire e.g., Lucent Wavelan 11 Mbps

Home networks
Typical home network components: ADSL or cable modem router/firewall Ethernet wireless access point to/from cable headend cable modem router/ firewall Ethernet (switched)

router base station

wider-area wireless access

CDPD: wireless access to ISP router via cellular network
spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

wireless laptops wireless access point

20

mobile hosts
19

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

Delay in packet-switched networks

Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x108 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s
propagation

Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing airplane routing

A B

transmission

nodal processing

queueing

Note: s and R are very different quantities!

21

a series of steps
spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 22

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

Organization of air travel: a different view

Departing airport
ticket (purchase) baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing ticket (complain) baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing airplane routing
Layers: each layer implements a service via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below
spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 23

Distributed implementation of layer functionality

baggage (check) gates (load) runway takeoff airplane routing baggage (claim) gates (unload) runway landing airplane routing

intermediate air traffic sites

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing
spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1 24

arriving airport

ticket (purchase)

ticket (complain)

Internet protocol stack

application: supporting network applications
ftp, smtp, http

Layering: logical communication

Each layer: distributed entities implement layer functions at each node entities perform actions, exchange messages with peers
application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical

transport: host-host data transfer

tcp, udp

application transport network link physical

25

network: routing of datagrams from source to destination

ip, routing protocols

link: data transfer between neighboring network elements

ppp, ethernet

physical: bits on the wire

spring 2005 EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

application transport network link physical

application transport network link physical

26

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

Layering: logical communication

E.g.: transport
take data from app add addressing, reliability check info to form datagram send datagram to peer wait for peer to ack receipt analogy: post office
spring 2005

Layering: physical communication

data application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data application transport network link physical
28

data application transport transport network link physical application transport network link physical ack data network link physical data application transport transport network link physical
27 spring 2005

application transport network link physical

application transport network link physical

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

Protocol layering and data

Each layer takes data from above adds header information to create new data unit passes new data unit to layer below

OSI Layered Network Model

source
M Ht M Hn Ht M Hl Hn Ht M

destination application Ht transport Hn Ht network Hl Hn Ht link physical

M M M M message segment datagram frame

application transport network link physical

logical connection between peer processes

spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

29

The only real connection is at the physical layer spring 2005

EE1423 Computer Networks, Lecture 1

30