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PUMPS

NAME STUDENT ID GROUP PROGRAMME LECTURERS NAME

:SITI FATIMAH BINTI : 2011683532 : EH 221 2B : FLUID MECHANICS : MR RUSMI BIN ALIAS

NGAGIMAN

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BIL 1. What is pumps?? 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

TITTLE

PAGES

The importants and uses of the pumps. The classification of pumps. The examples of pumps. The positive displacement and dynamic

comparison. 1.5 Positive displacement pump. - Types of positive displacements pump. - The application of the positive displacement. 1.6 Peristaltic pump Plunger pump Impulse pump

Dynamic pump - Types of dynamic pump. - The application of the dynamic pumps. Centrifugal pump Axial flow pump Mixed flow pump

2.

The selection of the pumps. 2.1 2.2 The factors that involves on choosing the pumps Key parameter of peristaltic pump

3.

NPSH 3.1 3.2 The definition of the NPSH. How to increase the NPSH??

4.

References

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WHAT IS PUMPS?? Based on your accounting, how many pumps do you have??? It actually a very interesting question. If we asked the contractor or rental store operator, they might be respond with the question with the number between 1 until 30. On the other hand, a layperson might be said that they reply that they do need of pump in their home or workplace. But actually with a zero knowledge about the pumps, they are not noticed that all the properties either at home, workplace or everywhere are majority used a pumps. Pumps infact are among the most widely manufactured items in the world and their many designs permit their use in variety of applications. The pumps are very important mechanicals devices in industry, agriculture and also daily live. They actually are used in everything from washing machines, refrigerators, cars and trucks to construction sites, waste water treatment facilities and food processing plant. A pump is a device used to move fluids which is liquids or gases or sometimes slurries by mechanical action. By moving the fluid, pumps must have a mechanism which oerates them, and consume energy to perform the mechanical work. Pumps can be classified into two types which is positive displacements and dynamic pumps. These two catogeries also have any subcatogories of pumps. The figure below show the some types of pump.

Figure 1: A small, electrically power pump

Figure 2: A large, electrically driven pump

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THE IMPORTANTS AND USES OF THE PUMPS: Based on the my information, the pump has two omportant functions which is it has an ability to supply liquid at required rate of flow. Besides, the pump also used as an impart energy to the liquid, thereby the pressure is increasing. Pumps are used for a variety of applications. Below are the few application of the uses of the pumps which are: 1. Drainage 2. Sewage 3. Irrigation 4. Chemical industry chemical plant. 5. Petroleum industry - used in the every phase of petroleum production, transportation and refining. 6. Medical field 7. Steel mills - used to pump fluids in and out of the body. - used to transport cooling water. - used to control the level of water in a protected area. - used in the collection and treatment of the sewage. - used to make dry lands agriculturally productive. - used to transport fluids to and form various sites in the

THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF PUMPS: A pump is defined as a device that moves a liquid by increasing the energy level of the liquid. This kind of devices is very vital and played a main role in our daily live of applications. Note that the pumps are divided into two distinct groups. One group pumps the liquids by means of positive displacement and the other group pumps the liquids by means of dynamics actions. For the positive displacement pumps, it can be divided into two kinds of catogeries which are reciprocating and rotary pumps. The examples of pumps that involves in the reciprocating are power, diaphragm, metering, direct acting pumps and etc. The rotary mostly included screw and gear pumps. While the dynamic pumps also can divided into two types of catogeries which are single stage and multistage. There are many examples for the single stage dynamic pumps which are overhug, inline, integral

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gear, centrifugal, double flow, sump, submersible and also the magnetic drive. Compare with the multistage dynamic pumps, the examples such are horizontal split, barrel, canned, sump and submersible pump. All the examples that had stated above can be simplify as figure below.
TYPES OF PUMPS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

DYNAMIC

RECIPROCATING

ROTARY

SINGLE STAGE

MULTISTAGE

1. Power 2. Diaphragm 3. Metering 4. Direct acting

1. Screw 2. Gear

1. Overhug 2. Inline 3. Integral gear 4. Centrifugal 5. Double flow 6. Sump 7. Submersible 8. Magnetic drive

1. Horizontal split 2. Barrel 3. Canned 4. Sump 5. Submersible

Figure 3 : Types of pumps.

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THE EXAMPLES OF PUMPS:

Figure 4 : screw gear

Figure 5: reciprocating pump

Figure 6: centrifugal pump

THE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT AND DYNAMIC PUMPS COMPARISON.

PROPERTIES DEFINITION

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT Increase pressure

DYNAMIC by Increase pressure by using

operating on a fixed volume in rotary blades to increase fluid a confined space TYPES CHARACTERISTICS Screw, gear, reciprocating 1. Constant volume 2. Variable head 3. Relatively insensitive to liquid properties 4. Relatively insensitive to system changes 5. No self-timing differential velocity Centrifugal axial 1. Variable volume 2. Constant head 3. Sensitive properties 4. Sensitive to system changes 5. Self-timing to liquid differential

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THE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP: Positive-displacement pumps are another category of pumps. Types of positivedisplacement pumps are reciprocating and rotary pumps. Positive-displacement pumps operate by forcing a fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of the pump into the discharge zone of the pump. These pumps generally tend to be larger than equal-capacity dynamic pumps. Positive-displacement pumps frequently are used in hydraulic systems at pressures ranging up to 5000 psi. A principal advantage of hydraulic power is the high power density (power per unit weight) that can be achieved. They also provide a fixed displacement per revolution and, within mechanical limitations, infinite pressure to move fluids. In the other words, positive-displacement pumps displace a known quantity of liquid with each revolution of the pumping elements. This is done by trapping liquid between the pumping elements and a stationary casing. Pumping element designs include gears, lobes, rotary pistons, vanes, and screws. Positive Displacement pumps are found in a wide range of applications --

chemical-processing; liquid delivery; marine; biotechnology; pharmaceutical; as well as food, dairy, and beverage processing. Their versatility and popularity is due in part to their relatively compact design, high-viscosity performance, continuous flow regardless of differential pressure, and ability to handle high differential pressure.

Figure 7 : A lobe pump

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THE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT TYPES: A positive displacement pump can be futher classified according to the mechanism used to move the fluid which had been mentioned above. 1. Rotary type positive displacement: - Internal gear, screw, shuttle, block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, helical twisted roots or liquid ring vacuum pumps.

Figure 8: rotary vane pump Positive displacement rotary pumps move fluid have a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures and draws in the liquid. Advantages: - Rotary pumps are very efficient[citation needed] because they naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the need to bleed the air from the lines manually. Drawbacks: - Because of the nature of the pump, the clearance between the rotating pump and the outer edge must be very close, requiring that it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids will cause erosion, eventually developing enlarged clearances through which liquid can pass, reducing the efficiency of the pump.

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2. Reciprocating type positive displacement: - Piston or diapragm pumps.

Reciprocating pumps are those which cause the fluid to move using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers or membranes (diaphragms), and restrict motion of the fluid to the one desired direction by valves. The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the early days of steam propulsion (19th century) as boiler feed water pumps. Reciprocating pumps are now typically used for pumping highly viscous fluids including concrete and heavy oils, and special applications demanding low flow rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used for pumping water from wells; the common bicycle pump and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action. These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation.

Figure 9: simple hand pump, reciprocating positive displacement.

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VARIOUS POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS: The positive displacement principles applies in the following types of pumps: 1. Rotary lobe pump 2. Progressive cavity pump 3. Rotary gear pump 4. Piston pump 5. Vane pump 6. Regenerative( peripheral) pump 7. Peristaltic pump APPLICATION OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT: 1. PERISTALTIC PUMP A peristaltic pump or known as roller pump is a type of positive displacement(PD) pump which is used for pumping a variety of fluid either liquids or gases. The fluid is contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing. A rotor that used to compresses the flexible tube is attached to the external circumference in the form of rollers. As the rotor turns, the forces fluid is pumped to move to the tube because the part of the tube that under compression is pinched closed. Mostly this kind of process is used in the biological systems such as gastroitestinal tract. It also used in heart-lung machines to circulate blood during a bypass surgery as the pump does not cause significant hemolysis. Besides, the peristaltic pumps are also used in a wide variety of industrial applications. Their unique design make them especially suited to pumping abrasive and viscous fluids.

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2. PLUNGER PUMP They consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger in them. The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the liquid out of the discharge valve. Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and "water hammer" may be a serious problem. In general the problems are compensated for by using two or more cylinders not working in phase with each other.

3. IMPULSE PUMP Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure which can push part of the liquid upwards.

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Impulse pumps include: Hydraulic ram pumps - uses pressure built up internally from released gas in liquid flow. Pulser pumps - run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only. Airlift pumps - run on air inserted into pipe, pushing up the water, when bubbles move upward, or on pressure inside pipe pushing water up.

THE DYNAMIC PUMP: Dynamic pumps are one category of pumps under which there are several classes, two of which are: centrifugal and axial. These pumps operate by developing a high liquid velocity and converting the velocity to pressure in a diffusing flow passage. Dynamic pumps usually have lower efficiencies than positive displacement pumps, but also have lower maintenance requirements. Dynamic pumps are also able to operate at fairly high speeds and high fluid flow rates. Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure can be explained by the First law of thermodynamics or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle. Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is achieved.[3]

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These types of pumps have a number of characteristics: 1. Continuous energy 2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity) 3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head One practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is their ability to operate under closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps physically displace the fluid; hence closing a valve downstream of a positive displacement pump will result in a continual build up in pressure resulting in mechanical failure of either pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).

THE DYNAMIC PUMP TYPES: for the dynamic pump, it types can be divided into 2 sections which are for the single phase and multiphase. For the single phase, the pump that can be concluded are 1. A centrifugal pump A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller and an intake at its center. These are arranged so that when the impeller rotates, liquid is discharged by centrifugal force into a casing surounding the impeller. The casing is there in order to gradually decrease the velocity of the fluid which leaves the impeller at a high velocity. This velocity is converted to pressure which is needed to discharge the fluid. Some of the advantages of cenrtifugal pumps are, smooth flow through the pump and uniform pressure in the discharge pipe, low cost, and an operating speed that allows for direct connection to steam turbines and electric motors. The centrifugal pump accounts for not less then 80% of the worlds pump production because it is more suitable for handling large capacities of liquids than the positive-displacement pump.

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2. Axialflow pump Axial flow pumps are also called propeller pump. These pumps develop most of their pressure by the propelling or lifting action of the vanes on the liquid. These pumps are often used in wet-pit drainage, low-pressure irrigation, and storm-water applications. In general, vertical single-stage axial and mixed-flow pumps are used however, sometimes two-stage axial-flow pumps are economically more practical. Horizontal axial-flow pumps are used for pumping large volumes against low pressures and usually employ siphonic action. When higher pressures are involved, these pumps can be arranged to operate with siphonic action until the back pressure places the hydraulic gradient above the pump.

3. Mixed flow pump Mixed flow pumps, as the name suggests, function as a compromise between radial and axial flow pumps, the fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 090 degrees from the axial direction. As

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a consequence mixed flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial flow pumps. The exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed flow. FACTORS INVOLVES FOR THE PUMP SELECTIONS: Before you can select a pump that will fit your needs, you must know four things that are importants which are : 1. The total head or pressure against in which it must operate 2. The desired flow rate 3. The suction lift 4. The characteristics of the fluid Aquaculture operations imply that you will be pumping water, but you also need to know such things as the temperature range, the corrosiveness (is it salty water?), and how much and what kind of trash or debris such as sand, dirt, leaves, fish or twigs may be in the water. With this knowledge, you and your dealer can select the proper pump The total head, suction lift and flow rate are dependent upon the piping system and the pumps characteristics. The piping system and the pump interact to determine the operating point of the pump flow rate and pressure In order to obtain a pumping system that will meet your requirements, and meet them in an efficient manner, you must match the pump to the piping system and required flow rate. Manufacturers should be able to supply a pump curve which shows the performance of the pump and the allowable operating ranges. Do not plan to operate outside of this recommended range outside this may damage the pump. Your dealer may also be able to help you analyze or plan your piping system. Information on piping systems is also available in the SRAC Publication No. 373, Piping Systems. A cost analysis of pumping willconsider initial cost of capital investment, annual fixed cost and operating cost. All three costs are somewhat dependent on each other. The type of pumpingequipment, size of pipelines, sizeof pumps and type of water supply affect not only the initial costbut also the fixed cost as well asthe operating cost.

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For example, piping systems using large pipes may cost more but could allow the use of smaller horsepower pumps which cost less, require smaller power sources and cost less to operate than a piping system with small diameter pipe. The lowest priced system is not always the best buy, especially if the lower price means less efficient pumps. To get the most efficient pump, an analysis should be made of all pumping requirements. Key points to consider are: 1. net positive suction head(NPSH)

2. priming 3. flexibility 4. corrosion 5. useful life 6. Maintenance 7. quantity pumped 8. pumping head 9. power source 10. economics. KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR THE PERISTALTIC PUMP: 1. CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY For the peristaltic pump, the pumped fluid contacts only in the inside surface of the tubing thereby negating concern for other valves, O-ring or seals that might be incompatible woth the fluid that being pumped. 1.1 the tubing need to be elastomeric. - This is used to maintain the circular cross section after millions of cycles of squeezing in the pump. - It also will eliminates a variety of non-elastomeric polymers that hace compatibility with a wide range of chemicals.

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1.2 Inside parameter.

- With the given rpm of the pumps, a tube with the larger inside diameter will produce a higher flow rate compare with the smaller one. Intuitively, the flow rate is a function of the cross section area of the tube bore. 1.3 Flow rate Flow rate is an important customer requirement. The flow rate in a peristaltic pump is determined by many factors, such as: - Tube ID - higher flow rate with larger ID - Length of tube in the pump measured from initial pinch point near the inlet to the final release point near the outlet - higher flow rate with longer length - Roller RPM - higher flow rate with higher RPM

Interestingly enough, increasing the number of rollers doesn't increase the flow rate, instead it may decrease the flow rate somewhat by reducing the volume of fluid between the initial pinch point and the final release point. Increasing rollers does tend to decrease the amplitude of the fluid pulsing at the outlet by increasing the frequency of the pulsed flow. NPSH (NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD) The net positive suction head can be defined as the difference between the pump inlets stagnation pressure head and the vapor pressure head. In the other word, the NPSH is the amount of energy in the water at the pumps inlet. The required NPSH is a characteristic of the pump and depends on pump design, size and operating conditions. The required NPSH is determined by the pump

manufacturer. The available NPSH must equal or exceed the required NPSH. The available NPSH is a characteristic of the piping system. For the system shown in Figure 2, the NPSH may be calculated as: (atmospheric pressure vapor pressure ) 2.3 - h friction loss in pipe

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The vapor pressure in this equation is dependent upon water temperature and both it and the atmospheric pressure are expressed in pounds per square inch while h and friction loss are expressed in feet. The NPSH can be increase by: 1. Lower the pump or raised the inlet reservoir level. 2. Use larger diameter of pipe 3. Reroute the piping system such that fewer minor losses 4. Shorten the length of the pipe upstream of the pipe 5. Use a smoother pipe 6. Use elbow woth minor loss coefficient REFERENCES: 1. Pumps and Pumping Operations, Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff & Paul N. Cherenisinoff - Prentice Hall, 1993. 2. Perry's Chemical Engineers' HANDBOOK, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1984. 3. Pump Handbook, Igor J. Karassik et. al., 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 1986 4. Introduction to insulin pump therapy for children and adolescent, Jill Gethin, February 2013.