(Orientation / Language of Anatomy)

Anatomical position Anatomical planes Anatomical quadrants Body regions Body cavities and membranes Directional terms Anatomical terms Organ systems & their components

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What is the Anatomical Position

Subject stands erect Feet flat on floor Arms at sides Chin parallel to floor Palms, eyes & face facing forward facing the observer

This is standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissections

Anatomical Planes and Sections

Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ Mid-sagittal plane divides body into equal right and left halves Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left halves Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into anter & posterior portions Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior & inferior portions Oblique plane cut the body at a slant or diagonal angle not perpendicular to the other planes

Sagittal section

Frontal section

Transverse section

Cut/plane?
Liver Serosae

Diaphragm

Lesser omentum
Pancreas

Stomach Greater omentum Large intestine

Duodenum Dorsal mesentery

Small intestine
Parietal peritoneum Peritoneal cavity

Visceral peritoneum Rectum

Urinary bladder

Cut/plane?
Posterior Back muscles

2nd lumbar vertebra Kidney Liver Renal vein and artery

Spinal cord Fat

Inferior vena cava Aorta Intestine

Dorsal mesentery Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum (serosa) Peritoneal cavity Omentum or other ventral mesentery

Anterior

Quadrants

Stomach

Right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant

10th rib

Right lower quadrant

Left lower quadrant

Anterior superior spine

(a)

(b)

Regions of the Body

Hypochondriac Region (l/r) Subcostal line

Epigastric region

Liver Gallbladder 10th rib

Lumbar Region (l/r)

Intertubercular line Inguinal region (l/r) Midclavicular line (c)

Umbilical region

Large intestine Small intestine Urinary bladder Urethra

(d)

Hypogastric region

Cavities of the Body

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Diaphragm

Dorsal cavity

Ventral cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

(a) Left lateral view

Cavities of the Body

Thoracic cavity: Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

(b) Anterior view

Cavities within the ventral cavity have double-layered serous membranes that surrounding organs. They produce serious fluid that reduces friction when the organs move against one another

Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium

Heart Diaphragm

(a) Pericardium

Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Visceral pleura

Lung

Diaphragm

(b) Pleurae

 Directional terms: are used to describe the relationship of one body structure to another. Terms can be found in contrasting pairs such as: Superior & inferior Anterior/ventral & posterior/dorsal Medial & lateral Proximal & distal Ipsilateral & contralateral Superficial & deep Parietal & visceral Cephalic & caudal Intermediate
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Directional terms:

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 Other helpful terms to be familiar with: i). Medullary ii). Cortical iii). Apical iv). Basal v). Lumen vi). Endovii). Epiviii). Periix). Hyper x). Hypo
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Anatomical terms to know

Anatomical Names Cephalic Otic Oral Orbital Buccal Mental Glabella Cervical
Nuchal/nape

Anatomical Names Manual

Pollex

Common Names Hand

Thumb

Common Names Head Ear Mouth Eye Cheek Chin Forehead Neck
Back of neck

Palmar Phalanges/digits Mammary Umbilical Inguinal Lumbar Gluteal Patellar Popiteal Sural Crural Tarsal Pedal Calcaneal Hallux

Palm Fingers Breast Navel Groin Lower back Buttocks Knee Back of knee Calf / posterior leg Leg Ankle Foot Heel Big-toe

Acromial Axillary Brachial Olecranal Antecubital Antebrachial Carpals

Shoulders Armpit Arm Elbow Front of elbow Forearm Wrist

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Anatomical Terms
Cephalic r. (head) Facial r. (face) Upper limb: Acromial r. (shoulder)

Cervical r. (neck) Thoracic r. (chest): Sternal r. Pectoral r. Umbilical r.

Abdominal r. Inguinal r. (groin) Pubic r.: Mons pubis External genitalia: Penis Scrotum Testes Lower limb: Femoral r. (thigh)

Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm) Cubital r. (elbow)

Antebrachial r. (forearm)
Carpal r. (wrist)

Palmar r. (palm)
Lower limb: Coxal r. (hip)

Patellar r. (knee)

Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle) Pedal r. (foot): Dorsum

Plantar surface (sole)

(a) Anterior (ventral)

McGraw -Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

(b) Anterior (ventral)

Anatomical Terms
Cranial r.
Nuchal r. (back of neck) Interscapular r.

Scapular r. Vertebral r. Lumbar r. Sacral r.

Gluteal r. (buttock)

Dorsum of hand Perineal r. Femoral r.

Popliteal r.

Crural r.

Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r. (heel)

(c) Posterior (dorsal)

McGraw -Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer

(d) Posterior (dorsal)

Principal organs: Skin, hair , nails, cutaneous glands

Principal functions: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication

Integumentary system

Principal organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments Principal functions: Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acidbase balance

Skeletal system

Principal organs: Skeletal muscles

Principal functions: Movement, stability , communication, control of body openings, heat production

Muscular system

Principal organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Principal functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against disease

Lymphatic system

Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acidbase balance, speech

Respiratory system

Principal organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Principal functions: Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification

Urinary system

Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia Principal functions: Rapid internal commun ication, coordination, motor control and sensation

Nervous system

Principal organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries Principal functions: Hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination

Endocrine system

Principal organs: Heart, blood vessels Principal functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Circulatory system

Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Principal functions: Nutrient breakdown and absorption. Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma proteins; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood.

Digestive system

Principal organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis Principal functions: Production and delivery of sperm; secretion of sex hormones

Male reproductive system

Principal organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

Principal functions: Production of eggs; site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation; secretion of sex hormones

Female reproductive system

Fig. A.12
Platysma Trapezius m. Clavicle

Copyright The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Deltoid m. Pectoralis major m.

Cephalic v.
Breast Biceps brachii m.

External abdominal oblique m.

Sheath of rectus abdominis m. Umbilicus

Anterior superior spine of ilium

Inguinal ligament Tensor fasciae latae m. Sartorius m. Femoral vein

Mons pubis Adductor longus m.

Gracilis m.

Great saphenous vein Vastus lateralis m. Rectus femoris m.

Fig. A.13
Internal jugular v. External jugular v. Omohyoid m.
Clavicle Internal intercostal mm. External intercostal mm.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Common carotid a.

Sternum
Subscapularis m. Coracobrachialis m. Lung Pericardium Pleura Diaphragm Stomach

Costal cartilages Liver

Gallbladder External abdominal oblique m. Internal abdominal oblique m. Transverse abdominal m. Greater omentum

Large intestine

Urinary bladder

Penis Scrotum

Femoral n.

Femoral a. Femoral v.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Thyroid cartilage of larynx Thyroid gland

Brachiocephalic v. Subclavian v. Subclavian a. Aortic arch

Brachial nerve plexus

Superior vena cava Coracobrachialis m. Humerus

Axillary v. Axillary a. Cephalic v. Brachial v. Brachial a.

Heart
Lobes of lung

Spleen Stomach

Large intestine

Small intestine Cecum

Appendix

Tensor fasciae latae m. Penis (cut)

Pectineus m. Adductor longus m. Gracilis m. Adductor magnus m.

Ductus deferens Epididymis Testis Scrotum

Rectus femoris m.

Trachea Superior vena cava Bronchus

Esophagus
Pleural cavity

Lung (sectioned) Thoracic aorta

Hepatic vv. Inferior vena cava Splenic a. Duodenum

Spleen
Adrenal gland Pancreas

Superior mesenteric v .

Kidney Superior mesenteric a. Inferior mesenteric a.

Abdominal aorta

Common iliac a.
Ureter

Ovary
Uterine tube Uterus Tensor fasciae latae m. (cut) Sartorius m. (cut) Rectus femoris m. (cut) Adductor brevis m.

Urinary bladder
Pectineus m. Gracilis m. Adductor longus m.

Vastus intermedius m.
Adductor longus m. (cut) Vastus lateralis m. Vastus medialis m.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Right common carotid a.

Right subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk External intercostal m.

Left common carotid a. Left subclavian a.

Ribs
Internal intercostal m.

Thoracic aorta
Esophagus

Diaphragm

Abdominal aorta

Quadratus lumborum m.

Intervertebral disc Lumbar vertebra

Iliac crest Psoas major m.

Iliacus m.

Ilium Sacrum
Anterior superior spine of ilium

Gluteus medius m. Rectum V agina

Urethra

Brim of pelvis

Adductor magnus m. Adductor brevis m.

Femur Gracilis m. Adductor longus m.

Inside the Cadaver

Lung Diaphragm

Transverse colon Gallbladder

Small intestine

Mesenteric arteries and veins Mesentery

Descending colon

Cecum

Sigmoid colon

Inside the Male Cadaver

Urinary bladder

Pubic symphysis

Sigmoid colon

Seminal vesicle

Prostate gland Penis: Root Bulb

Rectum Anal canal Anus

Shaft: Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum

Epididymis Scrotum

Glans
Testis (a) Male
The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer

Inside the Female Cadaver

Vertebra

Red bone marrow

Mesentery Small intestine

Intervertebral disc Sacrum Sigmoid colon

Uterus Cervix Urinary bladder

Pubic symphysis Urethra Vagina

Rectum

Labium minus

Prepuce Labium majus

Anal canal Anus

(b) Female
McGraw -Hill Companies/Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections