PAPER I [Chapter 1 THE SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY] DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY: PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE OF BEHAVIOUR, SCHOOLS AND SYSTEMS

OF PSYCHOLOGY, RECENT TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2011 State the definition of psychology as a science. Show your familiarity with the scope of Psychology. 2010. Define Psychology as a science of behavior. List various schools and systems used in psychology. 2009: Define psychology and describe in brief about various schools of psychology 2008 What are the major approaches or perspectives in modern psychology? 2007. Define Psychology, give its scope and write in brief about various schools of Psychology. 2006 Comment on recent trends in psychology, duly supported by factual data. 2005. Comment on recent trends in Psychology as viewed by Behaviorists. 2004. Describe the aims and methods of Structuralism and Functionalism. 2003. What makes Structuralism stand out as different from other schools and how it fits in recent rends in Psychology? Discuss. 2002. How did behaviorism differ from earlier schools of psychology? What were the main objections of Gestalt psychologists about behaviorism? 2001. Critically evaluate different schools and systems of psychology. Discuss their scientific status in contemporary psychology. SN: 2009 Trends in psychology [Chapter 2 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM] NERVOUS SYSTEM: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF CELLS, CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. 2011 Describe briefly the structure and functions of central nervous system. 2010. Describe structures and function of brain emphasizing the role of neurons as a unit of nervous system. 2009: describe the development of Nervous System with special reference on the central nervous system 2008 Identify and describe the major structures and functions of hind brain, mid brain and fore brain. 2007. Write down the function of central and peripheral nervous system, and briefly give the structure and function of cell. 2004. Name and define the three major subdivisions of Brain and describe their functions. 2003. Describe and explain the role of peripheral nervous system in determining the overt behavior of an organism. 2002. What is the endocrine system? Discuss the role of various hormones in regulating normal human development. 2001. Describe central and peripheral nervous system and their impact on human behavior. SN: 2009. Peripheral nervous system, Brain 2008 Endocrine System 2006 Role of ENDOCRINE GLAND in human body [Chapter 3 LEARNING] LEARNING: CONDITIONING - CLASSICAL AND OPERANT REINFORCEMENT, AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING, EXTINCTION, DISCRIMINATION LEARNING, IMPRINTING, THEORIES OF LEARNING, VERBAL LEARNING, PROBABILITY LEARNING, CONCEPT LEANING, PERCEPTUAL LEARNING, TRANSFER AND INTERFERENCE, MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS IN LEARNING, READINESS AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING.

2011. Define learning. Discuss the principle of reinforcement as related to both classical and operant conditioning. 2010. Differentiate between classical conditioning and operant conditioning in context of human learning. 2009: Introduce the various theories of learning and explain the concepts of classical conditioning. 2008 Describe the process of classical conditioning and recognize the principles in real life situations. 2007. Describe the significance of learning in life of an individual referring to different theories of learning. 2006 What is AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING? Describe as to how, if at all, this can be used to reduce the alarming rate of road accidents. 2005. Highlight and describe the main Motivational Factors which regulate the degree and quality of Learning. 2004. Compare and contrast the principles of Operant and Classical conditioning and describe the impact of classical conditioning on everyday life. 2003. Give a comprehensive account of primary (major) and secondary parameters for including a desired response through Conditioning. 2002. How is Shaping used to condition a new response? In what ways principles of operant conditioning can be used for improving educational techniques? 2001. How would you define learning? Also compare and contrast different views about reinforcement. In your option which one is significant? Give reasons. SN: 2009. Transfer and interference 2008 Reinforcement 2006 Probability Learning DEF: 2010 Negative reinforcement, Stimulus, Extinction [Chapter 4 MOTIVES AND EMOTIONS] NATURE OF MOTIVES AND EMOTIONS: HOMEOSTASIS, BIOGENIC AND SOCIAL MOTIVES, MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN MOTIVATION. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION - MASLOW, LEWIN AND FREUD, THEORIES OF EMOTION ROLE OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS, FRUSTRATION AND CONFLICT. 2011 Critically examine Maslows hierarchy of need theory. 2010. Describe the significance of motivation in human life referring to any one theory of motivation. 2009: describe the nature of Emotions in reflection to different approaches for understanding Emotions. 2008 Differentiate between motivation and emotions. Critically evaluate different theories of emotions 2007. Define Motivation. List the various theories of Motivation and explain any one of them. 2006 Give a comparative account of various theories of MOTIVATION. 2005. How do you conceptualize self actualization? What stages, according to Maslow, it has to pass through to reach the goal? Discuss 2004. Critically evaluate the theories of emotions. 2003. Describe how and what secondary motives determine ones source of action in practical life. 2002. Elucidate the differences between biogenic and sociogenic motives. How does Maslows hierarchy of Motives explain the relative standing of these motives? Give examples. 2001. In what ways biogenic motives differ with sociogenic motives? Support your views in the light of theoretical and experimental researches conducted recently. SIN: 2009. Maslows, theory of motivation 2009 Emotions and characters 2009. Frustration and conflict 2011 Homeostasis, Frustration and Conflict DEF: 2010 Aggression [Chapter 5 SENSES AND PERCEPTION] NATURE OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION PERCEPTION OF DISTANCE, MOVEMENT, SPACE. DEPTH, COLOUR, PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY, EFFECT OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION ON PERCEPTION. SENSES VIZ. VISION HEARING AND OTHER SENSES, PERCEPTION AND

SENSATION, DETERMINATIONS OF PERCEPTION (NEEDS, ATTITUDES, SETS, VALUES, PERSONALITY TRAITS, EMOTIONAL STATES, SUGGESTION ETC.) 2011 Distinguish between sensation and perception. Explain determinants of perception. 2010. Define perception and sensation and explain how five senses specially vision and hearing operate. 2008 Explain how a person's needs, beliefs, emotions and expectations can influence his or her perceptions? 2006 Highlight and describe the role of SUBJECTIVE and OBJECTIVE factors in the perception of objects in space. 2005. What is meant by Determinants of Perception? Describe at least 5 out of 8 such major factors. 2004. Define perceptual constancy. Explain the influences that allow us to perceive constant size, shape and brightness. 2003. Elucidates determinants of perception (any 5 out of listed 7) lodged within the individual alone. 2002. What are the main determinants of perception? Explain the effects of learning and motivation on perception. 2001. Explain what takes place in the perceptual process once the information from the situation is received by the individual. DEF: 2010 Perceptual constancy [Chapter 6 PERSONALITY] NATURE AND DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY FACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY, THEORIES OF PERSONALITY, TRAIT AND TYPES, FREUDAIN, NEO FREUDAIN, MURRY, ALLPORT, CAUEL, TYPES OF PERSONALITY TESTS AND THEIR RATIONALE. 2011. Define personality. Discuss the Factors in development of personality. 2010. Explain the psychoanalytic perspective of personality, giving details of Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development. 2009: list the various theories of personality and write about the best one in detail. 2007. Define personality. Write in detail the Psychoanalytic theory of personality. 2006 Describe the determining role of various factors in the development and grooming of PERSONALITY. 2005. Describe the role of Home and School Environment in shaping of ones personality. 2004. Define Personality. Discuss in detail different type of personality tests. 2003. Describe the role of socio-cultural factors in the development of personality. 2002. Critically evaluate Freuds theory of personality development. SN: 2008 Personality Tests 2009. defence mechanism DEF: 2010 Psychometrics, Unconscious mind, Free association, Thematic Apperception Test, Personality traits [Chapter 7 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY] SOCIALIZATION: SOCIETY AND PERSONALITY, FORMATION OF OPINIONS AND ATTITUDES, PREJUDICE. 2009: write down the components that comprise attitudes, especially in reflection to the cognitive and affective reactions to social Events. 2008. Define attitude. Discuss the relationship between attitude and behavior. 2007. Explain the process of socialization. Write down the stages involved in formation of opinions, attitudes and prejudice.

2006 What is SOCIALIZATION? Can the process of monitored socialization help to reduce the sectarian /ethnic group feelings? Discuss. 2005. What is implied by the process of Socialization? Enumerate and describe the impact of major agents of Social Change. 2004. How attitudes are formed? Discuss the role of learning and direct experience in formation of attitudes. 2003. How Prejudices are formed? What role media can play in minimizing the hostile feelings? Discuss. 2001. Critically examine the theories of prejudice with special reference to social learning, and motivational approaches. Also suggest two social psychological techniques for reducing various aspects of prejudice and stereotyping. SN: 2002 Formation of opinions and attitudes, Prejudice 2008 Socialization, 2011 Prejudice DEF: 2010 Attitudes, Altruism, Prejudice [Chapter 8 PSYCHOLOGY OF GROUPS] STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF GROUP, ROLE STATUS RELATIONS, GROUP NORMS, GROUP SOLIDARITY, INTERGROUP TENSION, INTERNATIONAL TENSION. 2007. What is group dynamics? Write down the structure and function of Group referring to the group norms. 2005. What is Group Dynamics? Describe the role in your opinion it can play in diffusing the tension at national and international level. Discuss. 2001. Discuss nature of groups. Also explain riots, and social loafing. SN: 2006 Group Solidarity 2002 International tension, Group norms DEF: 2010 Group norms PAPER II [Chapter 9 CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH] MEANING, PHASES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION, METHODS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO CULTURAL FACTORS, IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, BROAD APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CHILDREN. 2011 Differentiate between maturation and development. Identify several factors that can be harmful to the developing foetus. 2010. Define growth and development and discuss the basic processes and stages of development highlighting the nature nurture theory. 2009: define growth, development and maturation and explain the role of biological and sociological factors in the process of development. 2007. Define Developmental Psychology. Describe the characteristics of Growth, Development and maturation in the light of methods of Developmental Psychology. 2006 How do biological factors interact with environmental experiences to determine the course of development? 2004. Differentiate between growth and development. Describe the influence of nature on development. 2002. Discuss the growth, maturation and learning is considered important to our understanding of human development. DEF: 2010 Maturation.

[Chapter 10 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND INFANCY] PRE-NATAL DEVELOPMENT AND INFANCY: GENETIC FACTORS, HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY, STAGES. DEVELOPMENTAL IRREGULARITIES, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INFANT. METHODS OF STUDYING INFANT BEHAVIOUR. 2010. Explain the prenatal development and infancy period of development. Write down the role of genetics and heredity in chromosomal disorder or abnormality. 2008 What are the chromosomal abnormalities that can take place in prenatal stage? What measures can be taken to prevent them? 2008 Explain the environmental influences adversely affecting the development of neonate. 2007. Explain the concepts of Genetic Factors, Heredity transmission and chromosomal abnormality with reference to developmental irregularities in children. 2006 What is meant by "developmental irregularities"? How does heredity contribute to chromosomal abnormalities? 2005. During early childhood significant Emotional Development begins to manifest. Describe the characteristics pattern of development. 2005. Highlight and describe the Developmental irregularities during pre-natal period of development and their probable causes. 2003. Describe the methods used for studying infant behavior with special reference to psychological and physical characteristics of infant. 2002. Compare and contrast Longitudinal and cross sectional methods, identifying the advantages and limitation s of each. DEF: 2010 Neonatal period 2009. Infancy, genetics, chromosomal abnormalities, motor development. [Chapter 11 PHYSICAL, MOTOR AND SENSORY DEVELOPMENT] PHYSICAL, MOTOR AND SENSORY DEVELOPMENT. PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT, INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT OF LOGICAL THOUGHT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTS. CREATIVITY. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT; PATTERNS, CHARACTERISTICS. SOME COMMON EMOTIONAL PATTERNS. 2011 Describe Jean Piaget's four stages of development; and discuss the process of organization, adaptation, assimilation and accommodation. 2010. What are the various areas of human development? Define and describe the significance of intellectual development in comparison with other areas of development in child development. 2008 Discuss Piaget's view of how mind develops and describe his cognitive stages. 2007. Describe in brief the distinguishing features of any TWO of the following: (a) Physical Development and Emotional Development (b) Sensory and Motor Development. (c) Intellectual and Personality Development (d) Perceptual and Cognitive Development 2004. Describe the principles and stages of Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development. 2003. Highlight the self-evident milestones in the process of development of logical thinking stage in early childhood. 2002. Describe Piagets view of the cognitive development process, and define the roles of schemes, assimilation and equilibrium in the process. 2001. Explain major highlights of physical, perceptual and social development after birth of a child. 2001. Compare and contrast Piagets theory of cognitive development with information-processing theory.

DIFF: 2009 differentiate between ANY TWO 1. physical development- social development 2. Sensory development- intellectual development 3. Perceptual development- emotional development 4. Personality development- fine motor development DEF: 2010 Object permanence 2009 Emotional pattern, Imprinting [Chapter 12 ABNORMALITY] CONCEPT OF ABNORMALITY POPULAR AND SCIENTIFIC. GOALS OF CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS. PERSONALITY ASSESSMENTS, BEHAVIOURAL ASSESSMENT. NATURE OF CLINICAL JUDGEMENT. SOURCES OF INFORMATION IN CLINICAL DIAGOSIS, ASSESSMENTS OF ORGANISATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND ENVIRONMENT, PROFESSIONAL ISSUES, THE NATURE OF PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION FOR CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL WORK, ETHICAL STANDARDS AND LEGAL ISSUES. 2011 Discuss different viewpoints regarding abnormality. 2010. Explain the concept of abnormality. Briefly describe the goals of clinical diagnosis and write about either personality or behavioral assessment. 2009: list the different types of assessment procedures\tools used for clinical diagnosis and explain the significance of clinical judgment in the process of assessment. 2006 Describe the criteria that can be used to distinguish between "normal" and "abnormal" behavior. What are the different sources of information that you will recommend for clinical diagnosis? 2005. Describe the potential, sources of information on which Reliable Clinical Diagnosis can be based. 2004. Discuss the ways in which abnormal behavior has been defined. 2003. Elucidate the sources of information used in clinical diagnosis. 2002. What are the different sources of information in clinical diagnosis? Why training and official permission is essential for a practicing psychotherapist? 2002. What is chromosomal abnormality? Discuss the cause and consequences of chromosomal abnormalities for later development. 2001. Discuss reliable and valid psychological tool to measure personality of Pakistani adults and children. SN: 2011 Personality assessment [Chapter 13 THERAPIES] THERAPIES SOMATIC THERAPIES, ENVIRONMENTAL THERAPIES, PSYCHO ANALYTIC, PHENOMENOLOGICAL, EXISTENTIAL, GESTALT, RATIONAL - EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE THERAPIES, BEHAVIOUR THERAPY AND BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION, GROUP THERAPIES. 2011 List and briefly describe different techniques of behavior therapy. 2010. Define therapy. List various therapies used in psychology and write about any one briefly. 2009 list various therapies used in psychological treatment and write about any two in detail. 2008 Discuss Sigmund Freud's Psychotherapy in detail, also give its name. 2007. Briefly explain any THREE of the following: (a) Somatic Therapies (b) Environmental Therapies (c) Psychoanalytic Therapies (d) Gestalt Therapy (e) Cognitive Therapies (f) Behavior Therapies 2006 What are the underlying principles and assumptions of behavior therapies? Discuss the role of behavior therapy in behavior modification? 2004. Define Behavior therapy. Describe its basic features and assumptions on which it is based. 2003. Give a critical appraisal of Rational Emotive Behavior therapy highlighting its merits and limitations. 2002. Compare and contrast the Rationale Emotive therapy of Ellis and Cognitive therapy of Beck. 2001. Describe basic milestones of Gestalt therapy and Humanistic-Existential therapy. In your opinion which therapy you would employ for treatment? SN: 2011 Group Therapies DEF: 2010 Psychotherapy

[Chapter 14 INTELLIGENCE] INTELLIGENCE: ITS NATURE AND ASSESSMENT, MENTAL RETARDATION. 2011 Discuss several different approaches to defining intelligence. 2009 define intelligence in reference to factors of intelligence and write how intelligence test can be used for identification of disability in general and mental retardation in specific. 2008 Discuss both genetic and environmental influences on intelligence. Support your answer with evidence. 2007. Define intelligence. Emphasize the role of IQ testing in identification of Mental Retardation referring to a few tests of intelligence testing. 2005. Comment on mental retardation and describe as to what best can be done to cope with? Discuss. 2004. What do you understand by Intelligence? How can be intelligence assessed? 2001. Define intelligence and Mental Retardation. Differentiate between IQ and EQ. SN: 2011 mental retardation DEF: 2009 Mental retardation [Chapter 15 MALADJUSTMENT] BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENTS AND CRIME, JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, DRUG ADDICTION, ALCOHOLIC AND SEX OFFENCES - CHARACTERISTICS CAUSATION AND TREATMENT. 2010. Describe what do you know about biological and sociological factors relating to maladjustment and crime psychology? 2009 describe the role of biological and sociological factors in development of maladjustment and criminal behavior and explain the treatment strategies. 2008 What is drug addiction? What are the factors that instigate an adolescent? 2006 Discuss the role of biological and sociological factors in crime and drug addiction. 2005. What is implied by Maladjustment? Can increasing rate of crime be attributed to this factor alone? Discuss. 2004. List the components that interact to influence drug addiction in Pakistan. Suggest practical remedies. 2003. What psycho-sociological factors can be identified as mainly responsible for juvenile delinquent behavior with reference to Pakistan? Discuss and suggest practical remedies. 2002. Give a critical appraisal of biological and sociological factors contributing to maladjustment of youth and crime in our society. SN: 2011 drug addiction DEF: 2010 Drug addiction 2009 juvenile delinquency [Chapter 16 DISORDERS] PSYCHONEUROTIC DISORDERS, PSYCHOSIS, CHARACTER DISORDERS, PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS 2011 Show your familiarity with psychosomatic disorders. 2008 Describe the Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorders and discuss the causes of Schizophrenia. 2007. List the various Psychoneurotic disorders and write in detail about any TWO of them. 2006 How will you differentiate between psychoneurotic and psychosomatic disorders? Give an account of anxiety disorders.

2003, 2005. Briefly describe as each of the following as being identified characteristically distinct from each other. Psychoneurotic, Psychosis, Character disorders, psychosomatic disorders. 2004. Discuss biological and psychosocial theories that attempt to explain schizophrenia. State the major criticism for each theory. SN: 2011 psychosis, Character Disorders DEF: 2009 Character Disorders 2010 Psychosomatic disorder, Neurotic disorder, Psychosis. [Chapter 17 INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY] INDUSTRY NATURE OF THE WORK SITUATIONS WORK, VOCATION, PERSONALITY AND SOCIETY. WORKING ENVIRONMENT. WORKS METHODS AND MODERN APPROACHES. WORK EFFICIENCY. GROUP DYNAMICS WORK INCENTIVES, JOB SATISFACTION 2007. What is the role of Psychology in an industrial setting? Write down the significance of group dynamics in improving work situation. 2006 Identify the important determinants of job satisfaction for workers in an industry. 2005. What in your opinion, needs to be looked into by an industrial psychologist to ensure the smooth functioning of an industrial organization? Discuss. 2003. What is job-satisfaction? Describe the role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors as determiners of jobsatisfaction or dissatisfaction. 2001. Discuss the roll of work incentives on the basis of theories of Reinforcement. SN: 2011 Job satisfaction, work incentives DEF: 2009 Group Dynamics

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