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Introduction:

General principles of pharmacology Pharmacology: Pharmacology is a science which deals with the study of drugs on living system
Drug: A drug is a substance used in the prevention, diagnosis & treatment of diseases
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Prepared by: Dr.Hala Zaqout

According to WHO a drug is any substance or product that is used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipients
So A drug which cures or eliminates a disease is said to be curative e.g: antimalarials

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A drug which cannot cure but keeps the disease under control is called a suppressive e.g: anti-diabetic, anti-asthmatic & anti-hypertensive drugs in essential hypertension
A drug which prevent a disease are called prophylactic drugs e.g: vaccines

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Thus , Pharmacology is a science dealing with the effective & safe use of drugs for prevention diagnosis & therapeutic purposes

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Scope of pharmacology: The scope of pharmacology is very wide & include: The study of the source, physical & chemical properties, biochemical& physiological effects , mechanism of action & therapeutic uses of drugs
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Also involved in: The development of new drugs,


formation of clinical guidelines for the safe & effective use of drugs for prevention of disease & relief of symptoms

Prepared by: Dr.Hala Zaqout

Subdivisions of pharmacology: 1- Pharmacokinetics : it means the movement of the drug within the body
It deals with the absorption ,distribution, metabolism & excretion (ADME) of drugs What the body does to the drug
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2- Pharmacodynamics: It is the study of drugs their mechanism of action ,pharmacological actions & their side effects
What the drugs does to the body

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3- Pharmacotherapeutics: It deals with the application of drugs in the treatment of diseases 4- Clinical pharmacology: It is the systemic study of drugs in both healthy volunteers & patients It includes evaluation of pharmacodynamic & pharmacokinetic data ,safety ,efficacy & side effects of drug
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5- Toxicology: Its the study of poisons , their action,detection prevention & treatment ( selection of antidotes for poisons)
It also includes the adverse/toxic effects of drugs as hepatotoxicity, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis & allergic reaction to drugs &

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Sources of drugs: The main sources of drugs are: 1- Natural sources: A- Plants : - Alkaloids as morphine , atropine - Glycosides as digoxin B- Animals as insulin, thyroxin C- Minerals as Mg+, Na+, Ca+ D- Microorganisms as penicillin E- Genetic engineering (DNA recombinant technology) as human insulin
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2- Semi -synthetic agents: These are obtained by chemical modification of naturally occurring compounds as semisynthetic penicillins Modification of natural compounds is done to improve the potency, duration of action & some other purposes 3- Synthetic source: Most of the drugs used today are synthetic as aspirin, paracetamol

Pharmacological classification of drugs: 1- According to sources of drugs 2- According to chemical structure 3- According to therapeutic use 4- According to site of action drugs 5- According to mechanism of action 6- Based on prototype drugs: as agents having an action like adrenaline are called adrenergic

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