Heavy equipment (construction) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)

Heavy equipment (construction)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Further information: Equipment (disambiguation)

Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for

executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork
operations. They are also known as, construction equipment, construction
plant, earth movers, engineering vehicles, or simply equipment. They
usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure,
power train, control and information.[1] Heavy equipment functions through
the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force
applied and force exerted is multiplied.[2] Currently most equipment use
hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
Heavy equipment vehicles of various
types parking near a highway
construction site
Contents
1 History
1.1 From horses, through steam, to diesel
2 Types
3 Images Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators
4 Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools and other heavy equipment vehicles
5 Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks parking near a quarry in Israel.
6 Structure
7 Powertrain
8 Control and Information
9 Equipment operators
9.1 Operator training
10 Equipment cost
10.1 Operating cost
11 Models
12 Notable Manufacturers Bulldozer, excavators and other heavy
13 See also equipment vehicles parking near a
14 References quarry.
15 External links

History
Further information: History of construction and History of steam road vehicles

JCB 3CX backhoe A wheeled bulldozer in A portable engine; a An early gasoline-

loader an open pit coal mine precursor to modern powered tractor
engineering vehicles

The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave

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descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura. The pile driver was
invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1818.

From horses, through steam, to diesel

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power.
With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new
engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into
a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th
century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene, ethanol and
gasoline engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases
replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift.
Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first
mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.

The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the Lombard Steam Log Hauler from 1901. Tracks became
extensively used for tanks during World War I, and after the war they became commonplace for civilian machinery
such as the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles, and the largest mobile land machines altogether, are
bucket-wheel excavators, built from the 1920s.

"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel -
moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which
material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a
draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used
to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and ignorant to place solid
building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging,
raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now,
were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of
that time."[3]

Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.

Types
These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization. See List of Heavy Equipment
Equivalents to compare products between manufacturer. Some contractors place numbers on the side of their
equipment corresponding to the category - Grader '02' - followed by a sequential number that usually corresponds to
the number purchased.

Excavator Timber Mining

Track-type
Compact excavator Feller buncher Construction &
Agricultural tractors Dragline excavator Harvester mining tractor
Air-track Dredging Skidder Construction &
Bulldozer Excavator (wheel) Track harvester mining trucks
Track skidder Excavator (bagger, Wheel forwarder
Track-type tractors digger) Wheel skidder Articulated
(Bulldozer) Front shovel
Tractor Reclaimer PipeLayer Articulated hauler
Military engineering Steam shovel Articulated truck
vehicles Suction excavator Pipelayer Water wagon
Trencher (machine)
Grader Yarder Scraper Compactor

Grader Backhoe Fresno scraper Wheel dozers – soil

Scraper compactors
SkidSteer Backhoe loader, Wheel tractor- Soil stabilizer
Backhoe scraper
Skid steer loader Loader

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Loader (trailer mount) & Stomper:concrete Venturi-mixer

Skip loader (skippy) Knuckleboom loader drop hammer
Wheel loader (front (trailer mount) Highway
loader, integrated Telescopic handlers Underground
tool carrier) Dump truck
Paving Roadheader Highway 10 yard
Track Loader Tunnel boring rear dump
Asphalt paver machine Highway bottom
Track loader Asphalt plant Underground mining dump (stiff), pup
Cold planer equipment (belly train), triple
Material Handler Concrete batch plant Highway end dump
Cure rig Hydromatic Tool and side dump
Aerial work platform Pneumatic tire Highway transfer,
/ Lift table compactor Ballast tamper Transfer train
Boomtruck Roller (road roller or Attachments Highway
Cherry picker roller compactor) Drilling machine transit-mixer
Crane Slipform paver Pile driver Lowboy (trailer)
Forklift Vibratory compactor, Rotary tiller Street sweeper
Knuckleboom loader Compactor (rototiller, rotovator)

Images

The Caterpillar D10N Normally the bucket is The wheel trencher Iron bar reinforced
bulldozer evolved from pulled toward the MARAIS SMC 200 R. foundation piles are
tracked-type tractors excavator to excavate driven with a drilling
and is characterized by material. The machine, concrete
a steel blade attached to uncommon "thumb" pump, mixer-truck,
the front that is used to attachment on this and a specialized auger
push other equipment Caterpillar enables that allows pumping
and construction 'grabbing' objects, for concrete through its
materials, such as, example, during axis while withdrawn.
earth. demolition.

Wheel loader Grader (plowing snow Landfill compactor A wheeled front loader
here) (tamping tip) tractor equipped with a
large bucket elevated
by hydraulic rams.

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Reconditioned Folded conveyor on a

Caterpillar 825G Soil tracked grinder
Compactor

Military engineering vehicles

The militarized Military scraper PiPz Dachs armoured

Caterpillar D9 armored engineering vehicle of
bulldozer allows for the German Army
earthmoving projects in (2008)
a combat environment.
In the picture: IDF
Caterpillar D9R.

Implements and Hydromechanical Work Tools

grapple multi processor compactor
auger hydraulic hammer, pavement removal skeleton bucket
backhoe hoe ram bucket snow blower
bale spear hydraulics pile driver stump grinder
broom hydraulic tilting power take-off stump shear
bulldozer blade bucket (4-in-1) (PTO) thumb
clam shell bucket landscape tiller quick coupler tiltrotator
cold plane material handling rake trencher
demolition shears arm ripper vibratory plate
equipment bucket mechanical rotating grab compactor
excavator bucket pulverizer, crusher sheep's foot wheel saw
forks

Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks

see caterpillar tracks

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment
have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility
is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper
selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of
off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earth moving machines, and load and
carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover,
G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread

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types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction
project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.

Structure
"This system connects components, transmits loads, provides attachment points for implements, and allows the
machine to travel over uneven ground. The machine’s frame, articulation, and steering for wheeled
equipment are the major parts of this system."[1]

Powertrain
engine steering (tracked brakes
internal combustion transmission equipment)

Control and Information

"The control and information systems. These systems enable the operator to direct and control all the other
systems and provide information to guide operations or to monitor the performance and health of the
equipment."[1]

Equipment operators
* see Heavy equipment operator

Operator training

The International Union of Operating Engineers has equipment schools where apprentice operators are trained.

The Association of Equipment Manufacturers provides effective safety training materials for operators of rough
terrain forklifts and operators of industrial and agricultural mowers.

The National Association of Heavy Equipment Training Schools provides American national certification for heavy
equipment operator

In the USA haul trucks are typically operated by Teamsters, who they are included on this page as equipment but
have a differing apprenticeship and education system (http://www.nctat.org/ClassListings.asp) .

Currently there is not an international association of heavy equipment schools.

Equipment cost
[4]

tax savings from overhauls storage

purchase expense depreciation property taxes
salvage value major repairs and insurance

Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is
constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy
& Schexnayder text:

m = some year in the future example:

N = equipment useful life (years) N=5

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and Dn = Annual depreciation amount

purchase price = $350,000
Dn = purchase price / N
m = 3 years from now
Book value (BV) in year m
BV3 = $350,000 - ( 3 x $350,000/5) = $140,000
BVm = purchase price - (m x Dn)

Operating cost

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are
as follows:[5]

F.O.G.
fuel repairs tires
lubricants, lube oils, repair parts 3rd party service contract
filters (oil, air, fuel, repair labor replacement of high-wear items
hydraulic), and grease

The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair. A major
repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal
maintenance. Major repairs are charged to the equipment, and minor repairs are charged to the job. It is advantageous
for projects to classify all repairs as major, while the equipment department will desire to classify all repairs as
"minor" and charge the work to a job.

Models
Main article: Model construction vehicle

Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to
prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and
NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.

Notable Manufacturers
Kubota
Atlas Copco Kobelco
Bharat Earth Movers Limited (India) Komatsu
Bobcat Company Liebherr Group
CASE Madill
Caterpillar Inc. MARAIS
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant - ChTZ Navistar International Corporation
CNH Global NCK
Deere & Company New Holland
Demag Terex
Doosan Group Track Marshall
Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo Heavy Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)
Industries & Machinery) - including Solar brand Poclain
DORMASH Rototilt
Fiat-Allis SANY Group Company Ltd.
Hitachi- Hitachi, Ltd. ST Kinetics
Hyundai Heavy Industries Takeuchi Manufacturing
Ingersoll Rand Volvo Construction Equipment
JCB Wacker Neuson

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Zoomlion[6]

See also
Construction equipment theft
Ritchie wiki (http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page)

References
1. ^ a b c C. B. Tatum et al., J. Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006) (http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet
/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=JCEMD4000132000009000976000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal)
2. ^ "Machine." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 22 May 2008, 20:01 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 25 May 2008
<http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Machine&oldid=214260935>.
3. ^ William R. Haycraft "History of Construction Equipment" Journal of Construction Engineering and Management /
Volume 137 / Issue 10, Accepted 14 February 2011; published online 15 September 2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061
/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374
4. ^ Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN
0-07-232176-8, 2002.
5. ^ Bartholomew, S.H. “Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction” CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Hall, ISBN 0-13-598327-4, 2000
6. ^ "Zoomlion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomlion) . En.wikipedia.org.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomlion. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

External links
Constructionequipment.com (http://www.constructionequipment.com)
Earthmoving in Perth Western Australia (http://www.earthmoving-perth.com.au)
Heavy Equipment Aftermarket parts (http://www.semspares.com)

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