LOAD TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR AIM To draw the performance characteristics of the D.C.

shunt motor APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl. No. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity 1. Ammeter (0-5A) MC 1 2. Ammeter (0-2A) MC 1 3. Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 1 4. Rheostat 200 O, 2A -1 5. Tachometer (0-10000 rpm) Analog 1 PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The motor is started using three point starter. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to the rate d value. The no load current, voltage and shunt field current are noted. Load on the brake drum arrangement is increased in steps. At each step of loading all the meter readings are noted. The procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated load current of the m otor. PRECAUTION The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position. There should be no load at the time of starting the experiment. MODUL CALCULATION: Circumference of brake drum = 2 x p xR R Radius of the brake drum

Torque,T =(S1 S2) x9.81x R Nm Input power, Pi = VL x IL Watts Output power, Pm = (2 x p xNxT)/60 Watts % Efficiency, h = (Pm / Pi) x 100 TABULAR COLOUMN Sl. No. Voltage, VL (V) Current IL (A) Spring balance Speed Rpm Torque N-m Input Pi Watts Output Pm watts Efficiency In % S1 Kg S2 Kg

RESULT Thus the performance characteristics of the DC shunt motor were drawn.

SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR AIM To draw the speed characteristics of DC shunt motor by (1) Armature control method (2) Field control method APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity 1. Ammeter (0 -20 A) MC 1 2. Voltmeter (0 -300 V) MC 1 3. Rheostat 200O, 2 A -1 4. Tachometer (0-10000 rpm) Analog 1 PROCEDURE (1) Armature control method: The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The field current is varied in steps by varying the field rheostat. In each step of field current the armature voltage is varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat. In each step of armature rheostat variation the meter readings (Voltmeter & Tachometer) are noted. (2) Field control method: The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The armature voltage is varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat. In each step of armature voltage the field current in steps by varying the field rheostat. In each step of field rheostat the meter readings (Ammeter & tachometer) are not ed. PRECAUTION All the switches are kept open initially. The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position. The armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.

Armature control method Sl. No. If = If = If = Va volts N rpm Va volts N rpm Va volts N rpm Field method:Sl. No. Va = Va = Va = If volts N rpm If volts N rpm If volts N rpm RESULT Thus the speed characteristics of the DC shunt motor were drawn.

HOPKINSON S TEST AIM To draw the efficiency characteristics of a DC machine as (i) DC motor (ii) DC generator APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl. No. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity 1. Ammeter (0 -2 A) MC 2 2. Ammeter (0 -20 A) MC 2 3. Voltmeter (0 -300 V) MC 1 4. Rheostat 200 O, 2A -2 5. Tachometer (0-10000 rpm) Analog 1 PROCEDURE The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The motor is started using 3 point starter. The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed of the generator by varyin g the field rheostat of the motor. The voltage generated by the generator is made equal to the supply voltage by va rying the generator field rheostat (monitored by the voltmeter connected across the SP ST switch). The SPST switch is closed. The machine is loaded by varying any one of the field rheostat & all the meter r eadings are noted. PRECAUTION All the switches are kept open initially.

The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position at the ti me of start and stop the experiment. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position at th e time of start and stop the experiment. VL IL Generator Motor Volts Amperes(I2) Iag in A (I1) Ifg in A (I3) Iam in A (I1+I2) Ifm in A (I4) MODEL CALCULTION: Input = VL x IL watts Motor armature copper loss = Iam 2 Ra watts Motor field copper loss = V Ifm watts Generator armature copper loss = Iag 2 Ra watts Generator field copper loss = V Ifg watts Constant loss, Wc = Input copper loss watts

Constant loss, Wc = V I2 -(I1 + I3)2 Rag + (I1+ I2 I4)2 Ram + VI3+ VI4 Constant loss / machine = Wc / 2 watts % Efficiency = (output / input) x 100 Output from generator = V I1 Watts Input to the motor = V (I1+I2) Watts Wg=(I1+I3)2Ra+VI3+(WC/2) Watts .g=(V I1 / (V I1+Wg)) Wm=(I1+I2 I4)2Ram +VI4+(WC/2) Watts .m=(V (I1 + I2)-Wm )/ (V(I1+I2))

DC motor: VL Volts IL Amperes Ia = IL IF Ia 2 Ra Constant Loss in watts Total loss in watts Input watts Output watts Efficiency in % DC generator: VL Volts IL Amperes Ia = IL + IF Ia 2 Ra Constant Loss in watts Total loss in watts Input watts Output watts Efficiency in %

RESULT Thus the efficiency characteristics of the DC machine have been drawn.

OPEN CIRCUIT & LOAD CHARACTERISTICS SEPERATELY EXCITED D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR AIM To draw the open circuit characteristics of separately excited D.C. shunt genera tor. APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl. No. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity 1. Ammeter (0-5) A MC 1 2. Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1 3. Voltmeter (0-300) C MC 1 4. Rheostat 200 O, 2A -1 5. Rheostat 400 O, 1A -1 6. Tachometer (0-10000)rpm Analog 1 Open Circuit Characteristics: PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The motor is started using three point starter. By varying the field rheostat of the motor, the speed of the motor, is adjusted to the rated speed of the generator. The potential divider of the generator is varied in steps. In each step the ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted. The procedure is repeated till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage. PRECAUTION All the switches are kept open initially. The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position. The generator potential divider is kept at minimum potential position.

TABULAR COLOUMN Sl. No. Field current, If Amperes Generated EMF, Eg volts Load test PROCEDURE The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The DPST of the motor side is closed. The motor is started using the 3-point starter. By varying the field rheostat of the motor, the speed of the motor is adjusted t o the rated speed of the generator. The potential divider at the generator side is varied till the voltmeter reads t he rated voltage of the generator. The DPST switch of the generator side is closed. The load on the generator is applied in steps. At each step of loading all the meter readings are noted. The procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current of the genera tor.

PRECAUTION All the switches are kept open initially. The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position. The generator potential divider should be kept at minimum potential position. There should not be any load on the generator when start and stop the motor. TABULAR COLOUMN FOR LOAD TEST Sl. No. Voltage, V (Volts) Current, IL (Amperes) Armature Current, Ia (Amperes) Field current, If (Amperes) Generated EMF, Eg (Volts) MODEL CALCULATION: Armature current, Ia = IL + If Generated EMF, Eg = (V + Ia Ra)

RESULT Thus the O.C.C. and load characteristics of separately excited D.C. shunt genera tor have been drawn.

SUMPNER S TEST AIM To predetermine the efficiency of given single phase transformers by conducting back to back test. APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl. No. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity 1. Ammeter 2. Ammeter 3. Voltmeter 4. Voltmeter 5. Wattmeter 6. Wattmeter PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The auto transformer is gradually varied till the voltmeter reads the rated volt age. The A. C. supply in the secondary side is switched ON and the secondary auto transformer is increased till the secondary voltage is reached. Corresponding meter readings on both sides are noted. PRECAUTION The polarity of transformers should be the same. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum potential position.

MODEL CALCULATION: Copper loss per transformer = WSC / 2 Core loss per transformer = WOC / 2 Equivalent resistance, R02 = (WSC / 2) ISC 2 Equivalent impedance, Z02 = VSC / ISC % Efficiency, h = (output / input) x 100 Output power = x . kVA . power factor Copper loss = WSC . x 2 Input power = output power + losses TABULAR COLOUMN VOC Volts IOC Amperes WOC Watts VSC Volts ISC Amperes WSC Watts % of load Output power Total loss Input power Efficiency X X . kVA . cosf . 1000 WOC + (X2 . WSC) Output + losses (output/ input) . 100

RESULT Thus the efficiency of a given single phase transformer is predetermined by cond ucting back to back test.

SEPERATION OF LOSSES IN A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER AIM To separate the hysteresis and eddy current losses in a single phase transformer . APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl. No. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity 1. Voltmeter (0 300 V) MI 1 2. Wattmeter 300 V, 5 A , UPF -1 3. Rheostat 200 , 2 A -1 4. Rheostat 400 , 1 A -1 5. Tachometer (0 10000 rpm) -1 PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The motor is started with the help of starter. The motor field rheostat is adjusted to run at predetermined speeds of 1500rpm, 1350rpm, 1200rpm, 1050rpm and 900rpm corresponding to alternator output frequencies of 50 Hz, 45 Hz, 40 Hz, 35 Hz and 30Hz. At each speed the voltage and frequency of alternator is kept constant. For each speed all the meter readings connected in the primary side of the trans former are noted. PRECAUTION The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position. The potential divider of the alternator should be kept at minimum potential posi tion. The V / f ratio of the alternator should be maintained constant.

TABULAR COLOUMN Sl. No. W Watts V Volts N rpm MODUL CALCULATION:Ph . Bn . f Pe . B2.f 2 Voltage in a transformer, V = 4.44 f f N volts Since N is constant (N = Number of turns) V f .f Holding V / f constant and hence B = ( f / A ) remains constant Therefore Ph . f and Pe . f2 Ph . K1.f and Pe . K2 f2 Pcore =Ph +Pe = K1 . f + K2 f2 (Pcore / f) = K1+ K2 f By determining (Pcore / f) at two different frequencies, we can solve K1 & K2 an d hence Ph and Pe can be found.

RESULT Thus the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss were determined.

LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER AIM To determine the efficiency and regulation of a given three phase transformer. APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl. No. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity 1. Voltmeter 2. Voltmeter 3. Ammeter 4. Ammeter 5. Wattmeter 6. Wattmeter PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The TPST switch is closed. The auto transformer is adjusted to the rated primary voltage. The no load readings of all the meters are noted. The load on the secondary is increased in steps. At each step the meter readings are noted. The above procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current. PRECAUTION All the switches should be kept open. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum potential position.

TABULAR COLOUMN Sl. No. V1 Volts I1 Amperes W1 Watts V2 Volts I2 Amperes W2 Watts Efficiency Regulation MODEL CALCULATION: Input power = W1 + W2 Watts Output power = v3 V2 I2Watts % Efficiency = (output / Input) . 100 % Regulation = (VNL -VL) / VL

RESULT Thus the efficiency and regulation of a three phase transformer were calculated.