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Medium Voltage Drives: Motor voltages: 2.3kV, 3.3kV,4.16kV, 6.3kV, 6.9kV Requirements: Availability: 99.9% Efficiency: > 97% Input PF: > 0.98 at all speeds On The Fly Start: YES Regeneration:Not always needed
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Desirable: Easy to install, minimum cabling Possibility of locating transformer outside converter room Retrofit on existing normal motors No limit on cable length to motor
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MV Drive Configurations:
Induction Motor
Synchronous Motor
VSI CSI
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APPLICATION TYPES
SLOW RESPONSE
FANS PUMPS COMPRESSORS
FAST RESPONSE
CRANES HOISTS WINDERS COILERS ROLLING MILLS PAPER MILLS
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PROF.V.T.RANGANATHAN
VSIs ------ IGBTs ----- up to 6.5Kv, 600A more commonly 3.3kV, 800/900A IGCTs ------ up to 5.5kV, 900A
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IGBT Vs IGCT IGBT Voltage Gate drive Voltage drop Lower(<3.3 kV) Easier Higher for high voltage ratings Hard IGCT Higher Complex Smaller for similar rating Easier
Series connection
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PROF.V.T.RANGANATHAN
Vp Vref
Vdc __ 2 Ton
__ - Vdc 2
Tc/2
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PROF.V.T.RANGANATHAN
Max. IGBT voltage rating: 3300V Max. DC Bus : 2200V Max. Motor L_L Voltage:1700V (sq. wave) 1300V (PWM) IGBT current /module :400A RMS Current of :150A
O/P KVA rating/module : 275KVA (for 1100V) For higher KVA, modules have to be paralleled.
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Motors of 1MW and above: Designed at higher voltages KV: DC Bus: 1.5 2.0 2.2 3.0 3.3 4.5 4.2 5.8
Such voltages require multiple devices in series. Direct series connection of devices is difficult; also it leads to very high dv/dt stress on motor windings. Multistepped waveform of motor voltage preferred.
+Vdc/2, 0, -Vdc/2
Motor line voltage will have 5 levels: +Vdc, +Vdc/2, 0, -Vdc/2, -Vdc
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PROF.V.T.RANGANATHAN
Effect Of VSI Operation on Induction Motors Nonsinusoidal voltages: lead to harmonic currents, torque pulsations. This problem is tackled by resorting to pulsewidth modulation
Voltage steps applied to motor: this leads to 1) dv/dt stress on the motor insulation; 2) bearing currents; 3) overvoltage due to reflections when long cables are used to connect motor to inverter.
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PROF.V.T.RANGANATHAN
A.CYCLOCONVERTERS
SIMPLE LINE COMMUTATED CIRCUIT OUTPUT FREQUENCY LIMITED TO ABOUT 20Hz LINE SIDE POWER FACTOR NOT GOOD INPUT CURRENT DRAWN FROM LINE HAS COMPLEX WAVESHAPE USED IN HIGH PERFORMANCE LOW SPEED APPLICATIONS SUCH AS ROLLING MILLS, CEMENT MILLS ETC.
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PROF.V.T.RANGANATHAN
vr
RECTIFIER
GTO INVERTER
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CAPACITOR
FEATURES OF SLIP RING MOTORS CONNECTION CAN BE MADE TO ROTOR ROTOR RESISTANCE CONTROL WAS USED IN SOME EARLY APPLICATIONS E.G. WIND TUNNELS, PUMPS ETC. SUBSYNCHRONOUS CASCADE WAS THE FIRST COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF ROTOR SIDE CONTROL
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SUBSYNCHRONOUS CASCADE
CHOKE
INVERTER
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RECTIFIER
FEATURES
CAN WORK ONLY AT SUBSYNCHRONOUS SPEEDS THIS IS SUFFICIENT FOR MANY APPLICATIONS SUCH AS WATER PUMPING, FANS ETC.
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FEATURES (contd.)
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FEATURES (contd.)
IT WAS RECOGNISED THAT IF ROTOR SIDE CONVERTER COULD HANDLE BIDIRECTIONAL POWER FLOW, SUPERSYNCHRONOUS OPERATION ALSO WOULD BE POSSIBLE CYCLOCONVERTERS WERE USED ON THE ROTOR SIDE FOR INJECTING CURRENT AT ANY REQUIRED PHASE AND FREQUENCY
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FEATURES (contd.)
RESULTING DRIVE HAD THE DRAWBACKS THAT LINE CURRENT WAS NOT SINUSOIDAL AND THE CIRCUIT WAS COMPLEX TODAY, ROTOR CURRENT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY CONNECTING VSIs IN CASCADE
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PR PS
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FEATURES Variable speed constant frequency operation Converter power rating is fraction of system power Operation below and above the synchronous speed possible Active and reactive power can be controlled in a decoupled manner
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OPERATING REGION OF GRID CONNECTED SLIP RING MACHINE WITH ROTOR SIDE CONTROL
torque 1 p.u.
SUBSYNCHRONOUS MOTORING SUPER SYNCHRONOUS MOTORING
1 p.u. 0 p.u.
SUBSYNCHRONOUS GENERATION
2 p.u. speed
-1 p.u.
S
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COMMON DC BUS PS PR
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-1 p.u
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s stator frequency rad / sec r rotor frequency rad / sec e motor speed electrical rad / sec
e = s r
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Important Features
Proposed drive can extract 2p.u. power from 1p.u. motor Motor can run at 2p.u. speed without field weakening operation. The drive is extremely rugged at very low speed including the zero speed operation without rotor encoder. Controller depends very little on machine parameters Negligible effect of temperature variation
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Application Areas
Because of the following features: Reliable sensorless operation even at very low speed High speed with full torque operation
SUITABLE APPLICATION AREAS ARE:
vr
vi SYNCH. MOTOR
RECTIFIER
INVERTER
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FEATURES
The rectifier works at line frequency The inverter decides the motor frequency, which can be greater than the line frequency also The choke serves to isolate the two sides Regeneration is possible by reversing the roles of the two converters
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The turn-off of the inverter thyristors is brought about by the machine back emf; hence the name Load Commutated Inverter The motor has to be operated at leading power factor for this to be possible At low speeds The back emf is not sufficient to turn off the thyristors The dc link current has to be brought to zero by phasing back the rectifier; then the new pair of conducting devices in the inverter have to be fired; the dc link current then has to be brought up again This mode of operation lasts until the output frequency reaches about 5 Hz.
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FEATURES SCRs USED INSTEAD OF GTOs GATE DRIVE MUCH SIMPLER ACTIVE FILTER COMPENSATES MOTOR REACTIVE POWER AND INJECTS CONTROLLED REACTIVE POWER TO MANAGE THE COMMUTATION OF THE SCRs
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VSI OF THE ACTIVE FILTER CAN ALSO START THE MOTOR NO NEED FOR PULSING THE DC LINK CURRENT AS IN LCI ACTIVE FILTER ALSO COMPENSATES THE HARMONICS OF THE CSI MOTOR SEES SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
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Experimental Results
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(11kV)
A2
A1 (2.2 kV)
3-ph SOURCE
REC1 CSI
INV1 CSI
B2
ACT-REACT B1 MACHINE C1
LC FILTER
INV2 VSI
C2
INV 3 VSI
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FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED DRIVE SINSUSOIDAL MOTOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LOAD COMMUTATED SCR CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER TOTAL REACTIVE AND HARMONIC KVA SHARED BY THE TWO VSIs
The two motor windings can be for different voltages Field weakening will be easier
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simulation results
Steady state response of winding 1 voltage and current 15 Vs1
10 Vs1(1unit=15Volt),Is1(1unit=1A)
Is1
-5
-10
-15 3.04 3.045 3.05 3.055 3.06 3.065 3.07 3.075 time(sec) 3.08 3.085 3.09
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simulation results
Steady state voltage and current of Wdg. 2 with 10 Nm load applied 15
Vs2
10
Is2
-5
-10
-15 3.195 3.2 3.205 3.21 3.215 3.22 3.225 time(sec) 3.23 3.235 3.24
CONCLUSION
PRESENT MARKET IN HIGH POWER MEDIUM VOLTAGE DRIVES SHARED BWTEEN THREE LEVEL VSI DRIVES FOR INDUCTION MOTORS AND CYCLOCONVERTER OR LCI FOR SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS NEW APPROACH OF HANDLING THE MAIN POWER THROUGH SCR CIRCUITS AND THE REACTIVE/HARMONIC POWER THROUGH VSIs RESULTS IN SINUSOIDAL MOTOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HOLDS PROMISE FOR RETROFIT AS WELL AS NEW APPLICATIONS
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