SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL BONDING

1. What is called hydrogen bond? Mention by figure the formation of hydrogen bond in hydrogen fluoride, ammonia and water? Also mention their properties? A. The covalent bond formed between atoms of elements having unequal electronegativity are partially polar. In hydrogen flouride HF molecule, the electronegativity of flourine is more than that of hydrogen, the electrons of covalent bond remains more attracted towards the fluorine atom.

As a result partial positive electric charge (+) is possessed by hydrogen and partially negative electric charge (-) is possessed by fluorine. Two or more molecules of HF in any state, are combined by some definite attraction near each other.this type of attraction force is called hydrogen bond. It is represented in dotted (.) lines.

Hydrogen bond in hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen is also there in molecule of water. Water in its liquid state is not obtained as free molecule. The evapouration of water is slow at normal temperature because of the formation of weak hydrogen bond in water. Hence, water is retained on the earth.

Hydrogen bond in water

Hydrogen bond in liquid ammonia The elements like N, O, F having more electronegativity in their compounds with hydrogen shows the property of hydrogen bond. Importance of hydrogen bond:

(i)

The evapouration of water is slow at normal temperature because of the formation of hydrogen bond in water. Hence large amount of water is retained on the surface of the earth.

(ii) The storage of water in plant cell and animal cell is due to hydrogen bond. (iii) The molecules of water forms hydrogen bond with the components of the soil of the land. Hence moisture is maintained in the soil. (iv) Because of hydrogen bond, the clothes of artificial fibres like terrylene etc. dry faster than the clothes of cotton.

2. How are molecules and elements are formed? On what property of a molecule depends? A. Molecule: a molecule is formed from chemical combination of two or more atoms of same or different elements. - Property of a molecule depends upon the properties of atom. During the formation of molecules, the energy of elements decreases and the stability of molecules increases. Element: it is not formed from any combination but is present in as such properties of an element depand on the electronic structure of their atoms.

3. Why inert gases do not show reactivity? A. Inert gases do not show reactivity because of the octet formation. There is no extra electron present in their outermost orbit and are stable compared to other elements.

4. What is meant by octet configuration? A. It is seen that in the outermost orbit of helium, there are 2 electrons and in the rest of other elements, the outermost orbit contains eight electrons. This arrangement of eight electrons in outermost orbit in inert gases is known as octet configuration.

5. Give octet rule? A. The elements of group 18 show electron octet formation which is stable and their structure are also inert. On the basis of this, Lewis proposed the octet rule. When the atoms of elements exchange or share their valence electrons with one or more atoms, an octet structure results which is like that of inert gas. On the basis of this rule, one or more atoms of any element combine to form molecules by chemical bond with exchange of electrons.

6. Which types of elements show the tendency to form positive ion? A. Elements whose valence orbits contain one, two or three electrons lose these valence electrons and forms positive ions which have octet configuration. Metal elements show this property and have tendency to form positive ions. Eg. Sodium, potassium, magnesium etc.

7. Which types of elements show the tendency to form negative ion? A. Elements whose outermost orbit contains 5, 6 or 7 electrons will accept one or two electrons to achieve the stable, inert gas configuration of eight valence, electrons and forms negatively charged ions. The atoms of non-metal elements accept electron to form negative ions or anions. Eg. Flourine, chlorine, bromine,etc.

8. Give formula for aluminium chloride? Which element loses electron in it?
A.

Formula of aluminium chloride is AlCl3 where aluminium is the element which loses three electron.

9. Show by equation only the chemical bond formed in magnesium chloride?

A.

Magnesium belongs to 2nd group and 3rd period of periodic table. Chloride belongs to 17th group and 3rd period of periodic table. The atomic number of magnesium is 12, so its electronic configuration is (2,8,2). It has 2 electrons in its valence orbit and it donates 2 outermost electrons and forms magnesium ion. The atomic number of chlorine is 17, so its electronic configuration is (2,8,7). It has 7 electron in its outermost orbit and it gains 1 electron to achieve the stable state.

The magnesium atom donates its 2 electrons and forms Mg2+ and becomes as same as that of its nearest inert gas neon. The chlorine atom accepts 1 electron and forms Cland becomes same as that of its nearest inert gas argon.

An attractive force between 1 magnesium ion and 2 chloride ions is formed, that is known as ionic bond. So an ionic bond is formed in formation of magnesium chloride.

10.Common salt is harmless for edible purpose. Why? A. Sodium chloride is formed from two elements sodium and chlorine. The properties of an atom and its ion are entirely diferent for any element.

Sodium chloride is made from Na+ ions and Clions through an ionic bond.

When ions are formed from atoms by loosing or gaining electrons, they loose their original property. Though solid sodium chloride is made up of ions but it does not conduct electricity or any charge. This is due to the fact that the sodium ions and chloride ions are held toghether in fixed position in sodium chloride crystal which is not harmfull. Therefore common salt is safe to eat. 11.In sodium chloride crystal, how many chloride ion are arranged around sodium ion? How many sodium ion are arranged around chloride ion? A. In sodium chloride crystal 6 chloride ions are arranged around sodium ion. There are 6 sodium ions arranged around each chloride ion.

12. Why solid ionic compounds are non-conductor of electricity? A. Solid ionic compounds are non-conductor of electricity because there are no unpaired electrons in the positive and negative ions arranged in its crystal structure, or we can say that the constituent ions are fixed to their positions in the solid state.

13. Melted or aqueous ionic compounds conduct electricity. Why? A. Melted or aqueous ionic compouds conduct electrcity because the ions get free in solution. Therefore ions are moving more freely in the solution and conduct electricity.

14. What is doublet closed configuration or divalent stable structure? Which atom gets this structure? A. When two atoms of any element share electrons of their outermost orbit and acquire inert gas configuration nearest to it they form a stable doublet state. This state is known as divalent stable structure. For eaxmple; 2 atoms of hydrogen, share electrons of their outermost orbit and acquire inert gas configuration which form a stable doublet state. Here both atoms share electrons equally to become stable

and inert. Hydrogen, lithium, beryllium etc. atoms get this structure.

15. Write equation only showing structure of hydrogen molecule? A. A covalent bond formed by mutual sharing of one pair of electrons is called single covalent bond. Here 2 hydrogen atoms in H2 molecule are bonded by a single bond, because the 2 hydrogen atom shares only one pair of electrons and thus each hydrogen atom acquires stable electronic configuration of helium.

16. Show only structure of covalent bond formed in chlorine molecule? A. Structure of covalent bond formed in chlorine molecule:

17. In chloride molecule which is called bonding electron pair? For what reason? A. The electronic configuration of chlorine is 2,8,7. A chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons. Thus chlorine atom requires only 1 electron to acquire a stable configuration. These 2 chlorine atoms achieve stable configurations by mutual sharing of one pair of electrons. So, the pair f electrons which takes part in formation of covalent bond is known as bonding electron pair. 18. What is valence of an atom? Mention valence of chloride ion in sodium chloride;and valence of chloride in chlorine molecule? A. In a molecule, number of electrons in the atoms sharing the covalent bond is known as covalence of that atom.

Both ionic and covalent bonds are considered to be valence of an atom. For example; in sodium chloride, the valence of chlorine ion is 1 and in chlorine molecule valence of chloride ion is 2.

19. In oxygen molecule how many covalent bonds are formed? By sharing of how many electrons? A. in oxygen molecule 2 covalent bonds are formed,by sharing of 2 electrons. 20. Oxygen is divalent while nitrogen is trvalent. Why? A. Oxygen is divalent because 2 electrons each from 2 oxygen atom share their electrons. Nitrogen is trivalent because 3 electrons each from 2 nitrogen atoms share their electrons.

21. What is a polar covalent bond? Explain this bond with example? A. The covalent bond between the atoms of two elements having different electronegativity is called a polar covalent bond. Two atoms present in a molecule are atoms of two different elements, then, the bonding electron pair of covalent bond formed by sharing of electrons between them will be attracted towards the element or atom which has more electronegativity. Hence, the bonding electron pair will not remain at equal distance from the nucleus of both the atoms but will be attracted towards the atoms having more electronegativity, because of the polar tendency of the covalent bond formed in this way is called polar covalent bond.

Eg; in hydrogen chloride, the bonding electron pair will be attracted more towards electronegative chlorine atom, because electronegativity of chlorine is more than that of hydrogen. In the same way polar covalent bonds are also there in water and hydrogen fluoride. The partial electric charge is expressed with symbol . The polar covalent bond is expressed by the arrow (>) at half distance from the atom possessing partial positive electric charge (+) is shown towards the atom possessing negative electric charge (-).

22. In which tyoes of compounds both ionic and covalent bonds are present? A. Anion is formed from two or more than two types of atoms and that anion combines with the cations of another atom to form a compound. Here both the bonds are formed between the related atoms and in such type of compound both ionic and covalent bonds are present. 23. Water molecules are not in free state. Why? A. The hydrogen bonds are present between water molecules in any physical condition. (solid as ice, liquid as water, gases as vapours). Due to presence of force of attraction betwenn these atoms, water molecules are not found in free state. 24. What is a chemical bond? Describe in details with its various types?

A. The chemical force that keeps the atoms in any molecule together is commonly known as a chemical bond. The nature of a chemical bond depends upon three ways of combining atoms that acquire a stable configuration: (i) by transfer of electron from the atom of an element to the atom of another. (ii) by mutual sharing of the electrons. (iii) by one sided sharing of the electrons. This gives rise to a co-ordinate bond. This bond is also known as active bond. Formation of various types of bond is as follows Ionic bond: it is an electrovalent bond. The coulombic force of attraction between the two oppositely charged ions is called an ionic bond. The positively charged ions are called cations and the negatively charged ions are called anions. Covalent bond: it is defined as the force of attraction between the two combining atoms is due to mutual sharing of electrons. It is formed due to sharing of one pair of electrons and is represented by a single dash (-) between the two atoms. 25.What is ionic bond? Explain using example of sodium chloride? A. A bond which is formed between two different atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other atom.

In sodium chloride, sodium has one valence electron (2,8,1) and chlorine has seven valence electron (2,8,7). Sodium loses one electron present in its valence shell and forms cation and Na+ ion has the configuration of the noble gas neon. Chlorine gains one electron released by sodium as it has seven electron in its valence shell and forms anion and Clion has the configuration of noble gas argon.

26. Molecules of hydrogen and chlorine are formed but argon atom does not form molecule. Why? A. The atomic number of argon is 18. Its electronic distribution is (2,8,8). This means that an atom of Ar has 8 valence electrons. It has no tendency to take up any more

electrons. Thus, argon is a noble gas atom. Therefore, two atoms do not combine to form Ar2 molecule. 27. Explain the covalent bonds by examples of oxygen and nitrogen and write the number of bonds present in them? A. COVALENT BOND IN OXYGEN MOLECULE:

Two atoms of the oxygen in oxygen molecule share two-two electrons each and forms two covalent bonds.

The electronic structure of oxygen atom is (2,6) and so each oxygen atom requires two electrons to complete the octet, and so shares two electrons of each oxygen atom. Hence forms two covalent bonds and the valency of oxygen is considered to be two because of double bond in oxygen and it is called divalent compound.

COVALENT BOND IN NITROGEN MOLECULE: Two atoms of nitrogen in nitrogen molecule share three-three electrons each and forms triple bond. The electronic structure of nitrogen is (2,5) and so each nitrogen atom requires three electrons to complete the octet.

 Hence the valency of nitrogen atom is three and it forms trivalent covalent bond.

28. Explain the properties of ionic compounds. A. (1) physical nature : They are obtained in solid form. They are hard and brittle because there is strong electrostatic forces between ions possessing opposite electric charges. (2) solubility : They are soluble in polar solvents like water because the water decreases the attraction between the ions in the compound. They are insoluble in nonpolar organic solvents like ether, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. (3) melting point and boiling point : They possess crystalline structure and in this structure the positive and negative ions are combined very strongly by interionic attraction forces.thus more energy is required to break the crystal. Hence, melting and boiling points of ionic compounds are higher.

(4) electrical conductivity : They are bad conductor of electricity as there are no unpaired electrons in the positive and negative ions in the crystal structure.

29. Explain properties of covalent compounds? A. (1) physical nature: they are in all the three solid, liquid and gas. (2) solubility :