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Knfhza

There is perhaps nothing which so occupies the


middle position of mathematics as trigonometry.
J.F. HERBART

Kjik Fnfhf

Knfhza jfis mj

u nfhzf Knfhza jfis


mj

Knfhza mltizia gagLJj

Maglh
(A.D. 476 550)

6.1 mKf

eh nghJ sine


Knfhza My bkhahfkhd
Trigonometry vw brh nuf bkhUJ
bgwglJ. j bghU Knfhz msf
vgjhF.
Mug fhyf Knfhz
gffSF, mj nfhzfSF ilna
cs bjhlid ma Knfhza gaglJ.
ghf (Hipparchus) vD nuf thda
kW fj tYe Kj Kj Knfhza
j mltizia flikJ, Knfhza
KndwF
lh.
vdnt,
t
Knfhza jij vd miHfgLwh.
KnfhzayhdJ
jfhy
bgUks
gagLjgL tU gy gaghLfis csla
f gHikahd fj ahF. gilfhyf
ymsit kW thda nfhzf kW
uf msl brnfhz Knfhzaiy
gagLd. fg gaz nghJ t fhz,
thbt nfhf aF ghijf kW
mfis (x miyf, lh f mf)
fhz
Knfhza
gagLjgLwJ.

6.2 Knfhza jf

vD Fpil vthW
gagLJnwhnkh,
mnj bghU Kj
Kj cgnahjt
Maglh (Aryabhatta) .
. 500- mt vGa
Magoa vD fj
sine vD FpL
fhzgLwJ. Magl
ah fwj
Kfhy fj nkijf
Kjikahdt. t fh
khy ghdh cs
ghlu vD l
thjt Mt. t
. 476 M ML kh
21 nkr rfuh mW
wjh. t jdJ 23tJ ta thda g
Fiwjgr Maglh,
Maglh jhjh vD
U fis vGdh.

6.2.1 nfhz (Angle)



eh ghlit nfhz tiuaiwia
mtj _y bjhlFnth. tiuaiw gntW
fis cslaJ MF.
151

Maglh vD
fj kW thdaiy
gaJ.

maha 6

Ka fUJ nfhz
Ugkhz js irl U nfhL gFfSF ilgl
gF nfhz vdgL. nfhz MuF gF nfhz
bjhlfgf vd mJ Ko gF Kogf vd
miHfgL. irl U nfhL gFf MuF
nfhz c vdgL.

gl 6.1 MdJ nfhzfhd tiugl cjhuzkhF.


F O-it bghWJ f OA MdJ OB
tiu RHwgLtjh nfhz AOB cUthwJ.
jid +AOB vd Fngh. F OA vgJ
bjhlfgf vd, OB vgJ Kogf
vd kW O vgJ mnfhz c vd c
O
miHfgLwJ. eh nfhzfis Ff i , a ,
b nghw nuf vGJfis gagLJnwh.

Ko
i

bjhlfgf
gl

xU nfhz msit ghif vw myfh Fnwh.

6.1

J .K 1000

M MoF Kng ghnyhafsh gagLjglJ. xU ghif (1c vd


FLnth) vgJ xU RH clhF nfhz 1 klF MF.
360
6.2.2 jhfu njw (Pythagoras Theorem)

xU brnfhz Knfhz bjahj gf msit fhz jhfu njw
gagLwJ.
jhfu njw: xU brnfhz Knfhz fz J tiuagL
rJu gugsthdJ, kw uL gff J tiuagL
rJuf gugsf TLjYF rk.

j hfu njw Knfhza fUJfis nkgLj,
fzFfSF fhz gagLwJ.

gy

6.2.3 Knfhza jf (Trigonometric Ratios)

brnfhzF ne vnu mikJs gf


fz vdgL. J brnfhz Knfhz
f skhd gf MF.
nfhz i F ne vnu mikJs gf
vgf MF.
i F mUYs fz myhj gf mLJs
gf MF.
152

z
f

vgf


gl 6.2- cs brnfhz Knfhz _W gff nfhz i-F
vd bjhl bgW mikJsJ vd fhngh.
C

A mLJs gf B
gl 6.2

Knfhza

tobthj

brnfhz

Knfhzfis

mogilahf

bfhnl

Knfhza jf (Trigonometrical Ratios) Kj cUthfglJ. bghJthd


FWnfhzij bfhl vyh brnfhz KnfhzfS tobthjit
MF. fhQ brnfhz Knfhzf FWnfhzf xnu msid
cilajhF.
B

vdnt, nkfhQ Knfhzf xj gff jf rkkhF.

vLJfhlhf,

AD = BE = CF ;
OA
OB
OC

OD = OE = OF
OA
OB
OC


Knfhzf gff jf i - msit bghWJ mikwnj
ju Fl vj xU brnfhz Knfhzij bghWJ miktiy. j
_y eh MW Knfhza jfis bgWnwh. j jfSF
btFfhyF Kng bgaLsd.
vgf
vw j nfhz i - sine vd miHfgLwJ. nkY J
fz
sin i vd FlgLwJ.

mLJs gf
vw j nfhz i - cosine vd miHfgLwJ.
fz
nkY J cos i vd FlgLwJ.

vgf
vw j nfhz i - tangent vd miHfgLwJ.
mLJs gf
nkY J tan i vd FlgLwJ.

fz vw j nfhz i - cosecant vd miHfgLwJ. nkY


vgf
J cosec i vd FlgLwJ.

fz
vw j nfhz i - secant vd miHfgLwJ.
mLJs gf
nkY J sec i vd FlgLwJ.

mLJs gf
vw j nfhz i - cotangent vd miHfgLwJ.
vgf
nkY J cot i vd FlgLwJ.

153

maha 6

Ka fUJ Knfhza jf
brnfhz Knfhz i xU FWnfhz vf. nfhz
i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jf tUkhW

sin i =

vgf

fz

cosec i =

fz
vgf

cos i =

mLJs gf

fz

sec i =

fz
mLJs gf

tan i =

vgf

mLJs gf

cot i

mLJs gf
vgf

jiy bjhlf
cosec i , sec i kW cot i Ma Knfhza jf Kiwna
sin i , cos i kW tan i Mat jiy jf MF.

sin i =

1

cosec i

cos i =

1
sec i

tan i =

1
cot i

cosec i =

1
sin i

sec i =

1
cos i

cot i =

1
tan i

Fiu

1. mogil jfsha sin i , cos i kW tan i Mad


tan i = sin i vgj _y bjhlgLjgLsd.
cos i
2. FWnfhz i Knfhza jfis fzl, nfhz
i it bfhl vj brnfhz Knfhzij gagLjyh.
3. Knfhza
jf
gff
jfshf
tiuaWfgLsjh Knfhza jf myF mwJ.

vLJfhL 6.1


gl
fhQ
brnfhz
Knfhz
ABC-,
nfhz i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis fhf.
gl 6.3 UJ, vgf BC = 3, mLJs gf AB = 4, A
fz AC = 5

sin i = BC = 3
cosec i = AC = 5
AC
BC
5
3

cos i = AB = 4
AC
5

sec i = AC = 5
AB
4

tan i = BC = 3
AB
4

cot i
154

= AB = 4
BC
3

5
i

gl 6.3

3
B

Knfhza

vLJfhL 6.2

5

gl fhQ brnfhz Knfhz PQR-,
nfhz i -it bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis Q
fhf.

12
i

13

gl 6.4

gl 6.4-UJ, vgf PQ = 5, mLJs gf PR = 12, fz QR = 13


sin i =

PQ
= 5
RQ 13

cosec i =

RQ 13
=
PQ
5

cos i = PR = 12
RQ 13

sec i =

RQ 13
=
PR
12

tan i =

PQ
= 5
PR
12

cot i

= PR = 12
PQ
5
A

vLJfhL 6.3

gl 6.5-UJ, nfhz i - MW Knfhza jfis

i
24

fhf.
gl 6.5-UJ, AC = 24 kW BC = 7. jhfu njwgo,


AB = BC + CA = 7 + 24 = 49 + 576 = 625

` AB =

7
gl 6.5

625 = 25

eh bghGJ _W gff msfis gagL, nfhz i -it

bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis fhzyh


sin i = BC = 7
AB
25

cosec i = AB = 25
BC
7

cos i = AC = 24
25
AB

sec i = AB = 25
AC
24

tan i = BC = 7
AC
24

cot i

= AC = 24
BC
7

vLJfhL 6.4

brnfhz Knfhz ABC-, B brnfhz kW 15 sin A = 12 v,


C

nfhz A- kw IJ Knfhza jfis, nfhz C-


MW Knfhza jfis fhf.
15 sin A = 12 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt, sin A = 12 .
15
BC = 12, AC = 15 kW B-I brnfhzkhf bfhl D ABC I
(gl 6.6) fUJf. jhfu njwgo,
155

15

gl 6.6

12
B

maha 6
2

AC = AB + BC

15 = AB + 12

AB = 15 - 12 = 225 - 144 = 81

` AB =

81 = 9

eh bghGJ _W gff msfis gagL, nfhz A kW

C- Knfhza jfis tUkhW fhzyh.


cos A = AB = 9 = 3
AC
15
5

tan A

cosec A = AC = 15 = 5
BC
12
4

tan C

sec A = AC = 15 = 5
AB
9
3

cosec C = AC = 15 = 5
AB
9
3

cot A

sin C

= BC = 12 = 4
AB
9
3

= AB = 9 = 3
AC
15
5

cos C = BC = 12 = 4
AC
15
5

= AB = 9 = 3
BC
12
4

= AB = 9 = 3
BC
12
4

sec C

= AC = 15 = 5
BC
12
4

cot C

= BC = 12 = 4
AB
9
3

vLJfhL 6.5

3 PQR -, Q brnfhz, PQ = 8 kW PR = 17 v, nfhz P- MW

Knfhza jfis fhf.


brnfhz Knfhz PQR-, Q brnfhz (gl 6.7I ghf), PQ = 8 kW
R
PR = 17 vd bfhLfgLsJ. jhfu njwgo,
2

PR = PQ + QR

17 = 8 + QR

2
2

QR = 17 - 8
2

17

= 289 - 64 = 225

` QR =

225 = 15

gl 6.7


eh bghGJ _W gff msfis gagL, nfhz P- MW
Knfhza jfis fhzyh.
RQ 15
=


sin P =
cosec P = PR = 17
PR
RQ 15
17
PQ
cos P =
= 8
sec P = PR = 17
PR
PQ
17
8
RQ 15
PQ
tan P =
=

= 8
cot P =
PQ
RQ 15
8
156

Knfhza

vLJfhL 6.6

cos A = 35 v, sec A + tan A it fhf.
sec A - tan A
37
cos A = 35 vd bfhLfgLsJ. AB = 35 kW AC = 37, +B = 90c
37
bfhl brnfhz Knfhz ABC I (gl 6.8) fUJf. jhfu njwgo,
eh bgWtJ
2
2
2

AC = AB + BC

372 = 352 + BC2

BC2 = 372 - 352

= 1369 - 1225 = 144

` BC = 144 = 12

sec A = AC = 37 ,
AB
35

C
37
A

35

gl 6.8

tan A = BC = 12
AB
35

vdnt, sec A + tan A = 37 + 12 = 49 ,


sec A - tan A = 37 - 12 = 25
35 35 35
35 35 35
49
sec
A
tan
A
+

= 35 = 49 # 35 = 49
`
sec A - tan A
35 25
25
25
35
vLJfhL 6.7

tan i = 20 v, 1 - sin i + cos i = 3 vd Wf.


21
7
1 + sin i + cos i

tan i = 20 vd bfhLfgLsJ. AB = 21 kW BC = 20 msf


21
bfhl brnfhz Knfhz ABC-I (gl 6.9) fUJf. jhfu njwgo,
C

eh bgWtJ

20

AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = 202 + 212 = 400 + 441 = 841.

` AC =

841 = 29.

sin i = BC = 20 , cos i = AB = 21
AC
AC
29
29

1 - sin i + cos i = 1 - 20 + 21 = 29 - 20 + 21 = 30
29 29
29
29

1 + sin i + cos i = 1 + 20 + 21 = 29 + 20 + 21 = 70
29 29
29
29

1 - sin i + cos i =
1 + sin i + cos i

30
29
70
29

= 30 # 29 = 30 = 3
29 70
70
7
157

21

gl 6.9

maha 6

6.3 y w nfhzf Knfhza jf

ytif w nfhzfshd 30c, 45c kW 60c- jfis fhz


toa Kiwia gagLjyh.
6.3.1 30c kW 60c- Knfhza jf

3 ABC vgJ a myF gf ms bfhl rkgf Knfhz (gl 6.10I

ghf) vf. AD = BC I tiuf. vdnt, D vgJ BC- ika MF. Mjyh,


BD = DC = a kW +BAD = +DAC = 30c. nghJ, brnfhz Knfhz BDA-,
2
A
+BAD = 30c kW BD = a . jhfu njwgo,
2
2

AB = AD + BD

a = AD + 8 a B
2

30c

2
2
AD = a - a
4
` AD = 3 a
2

= 3a
4

60c

60c
a
2

a
2

gl 6.10

Mfnt, brnfhz Knfhz BDA- nfhz 30c- Knfhza

jfis eh tUkhW fhzyh.


a
BD
sin 30c =
= 2 =1
AB
a
2

cosec 30c =

3a
AD
2
cos 30c =
=
= 3
AB
a
2
a
BD
2
tan 30c =
=
= 1
AD
3a
3
2

1
=2
sin 30c

sec 30c

1
= 2
cos 30c
3

cot 30c

1
= 3
tan 30c


3 BDA -, +ABD = 60c. vdnt, eh nfhz 60c-fhd Knfhza
jfis tUkhW fhzyh.
3a
AD
2
sin 60c =
=
= 3
AB
a
2
a
cos 60c = BD = 2 = 1
AB
a
2

cosec 60c =

3a
AD
2
tan 60c =
=
= 3
BD
a
2
158

1
= 2
sin 60c
3

sec 60c

1
=2
cos 60c

cot 60c

1
= 1
tan 60c
3

Knfhza

6.3.2 45c- Knfhza jf


xU brnfhz Knfhz xU FWnfhz 45c v, kbwhU

FWnfhzK 45c MF.

vdnt, mKnfhz

xU Urkgf brnfhz

KnfhzkhF. +B = 90c bfhl xU Urkgf Knfhz ABC-I fUJf. F


+A = +C = 45c, vdnt, AB = BC.

AB = BC = a vf. jhfu njwgo,


2

AC = AB + BC
2

` AC = a 2

= a + a = 2a

45c

45c
A

gl 6.11

gl 6.11-UJ, nfhz 45c- Knfhza jf tUkhW


sin 45c = BC = a = 1
AC
a 2
2

cosec 45c =

cos 45c = AB = a = 1
AC
a 2
2

sec 45c =

1
= 2
cos 45c

tan 45c = BC = a = 1
AB
a

cot 45c =

1
=1
tan 45c

1
= 2
sin 45c

6.3.3 0ckW 90c- Knfhza jf


Mia ikakhf XuyF MuK bfhl tlij

(gl 6.12) fUJf.

P(x, y) vgJ Kj fhgF tl jikj VnjD xU vf.


P-UJ x mRF brFJnfhL PQI

tiuf.

brnfhz

Knfhz

OQPI

B(0, 1)
P(x, y)

mikwJ. nkY +POQ = i vf. vdnt,


sin i =

y
PQ
= = y (P- y mRbjhiy)
1
OP

cos i =

OQ x
=
= x (P- x mRbjhiy)
OP 1

tan i =

PQ y
=
OQ x

1
O

i
x

y
Q A(1, 0)

gl 6.12
OPMdJOA-l xW nghJ i = 0c MF. A- Mabjhiyf (1,0) vgjh,

eh bgWtJ
159

maha 6

sin 0c = 0 (A- y mRbjhiy)

cosec 0c tiuaWfgliy

cos 0c= 1 (A- x mRbjhiy)

sec 0c = 1

tan 0c = 0

cot 0c tiuaWfgliy
o

OP MdJ OB-l xW nghJ i = 90 MF. B- Mabjhiyf (0, 1)

vgjh, eh bgWtJ

sin 90c = 1 (B- y mRbjhiy)

cosec 90c = 1

cos 90c = 0 (B- x mRbjhiy)

sec 90c tiuaWfgliy

tan 90c tiuaWfgliy

cot 90c = 0

nfhz 0c, 30c, 45c, 60c kW 90c Ma nfhzfSfhd MW Knfhza

jf tU mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
nfhz i

0c

30c

45c

60c

90c

sin i

1
2

3
2

3
2
1
2

cos i

1
2
1
2

tan i

1
3

tiuaWf
gliy

cosec i

tiuaWf
gliy

2
3

sec i

2
3

tiuaWf
gliy

cot i

tiuaWf
gliy

1
3

vLJfhL 6.8

k fhf : sin2 45c + tan2 45c + cos2 45c

sin 45c = 1 , tan 45c = 1 kW cos 45c = 1 vd ekF bj.


2
2
160

Knfhza
2
2
` sin2 45c + tan2 45c + cos2 45c= c 1 m + (1) 2 + c 1 m
2
2

= 1 +1+ 1 = 2
2
2

(sin i) I sin i vd vGJnth.

vLJfhL 6.9
2
2 tan2 60c
k fhf : 12 cos 30c 4 sec2 45c

cos 30c =

3 , tan 60c = 3 kW sec 45c = 2 vd ekF bj.


2
2

2
c12 # c 3 m m - ^2 # ^ 3 h h
2
2
2
c
c
12
cos
30
2
tan
60
=
`
4 sec2 45c
4 # ( 2 )2

3
`12 # 4 j - ^2 # 3h
=

4#2

= 9- 6 = 3
8
8

g 6.1
tU glfUJ, nfhz i -it bghWJ Knfhza jfis
fhf.

1.

10

A
7

24

i
C

25
B

(i)

(ii)
A

B
12

37

40

35

(iii)

9
41

(iv)

2.

tUtdtUJ kw Knfhza jfis fhf.

(i) sin A = 9
15
(iv) sec i = 17
8

(ii) cos A = 15
17
(v) cosec i = 61
60
161

(iii) tan P = 5
12
(vi) sin i = x .
y

maha 6

3.

tUtdt i - kig fhf.

(i) sin i = 1
2

4.

3 ABC -, B brnfhz, AB = 10 kW AC = 26 v, nfhz A kW CI


bghWJ MW Knfhza jfis fhf.

5.

5 cos i - 12 sin i = 0 v, sin i + cos i kig fhf.


2 cos i - sin i

6.

29 cos i = 20 v, sec2 i - tan2 i kig fhf.

7.

sec i = 26 v, 3 cos i + 4 sin i kig fhf.


10
4 cos i - 2 sin i
tan i = a v, sin2 i + cos2 i kig fhf.
b
(1 + sin i)(1 - sin i)
kig fhf.
cot i = 15 v,
8
(1 + cos i)(1 - cos i)

8.
9.

(ii) sin i = 0

(iii) tan i = 3

(iv) cos i =

3.
2

10.

Knfhz PQR-, Q brnfhz kW tan P = 1 v, tUtdt


3
kig fhf.

(i) sin P cos R + cos P sin R

11.

sec i = 13 v, 2 sin i - 3 cos i = 3 vd U.


5
4 sin i - 9 cos i

12.
13.

sec A = 17 v, 1 - 2 sin2 A = 2 cos2 - 1 vd U.


8
k fhf :

(i)

sin 45c + cos 45c

(ii) sin 60c tan 30c

(iii)

tan 45c

tan 30c + tan 60c

(iv) cos2 60c sin2 30c + tan2 30c cot2 60c

(v) 6 cos2 90c + 3 sin2 90c + 4 tan2 45c

2
2
2
2
(vii) tan 60c + 4 cos 45c + 3 sec 30c 2+ 5 cos 90c
cosec 30c + sec 60c - cot 30c

(viii) 4 (sin4 30c + cos4 60c) - 3 (cos2 45c - sin2 90c) .

14.

tUtdtiw rghf.

(i)

(ii) 1 + tan2 45c = sec2 45c

(iii) cos 60c = 1 - 2 sin2 30c = 2 cos2 30c - 1

(iv) cos 90c = 1 - 2 sin2 45c = 2 cos2 45c - 1

(ii) cos P cos R - sin P sin R.

2
sec2 30c - 2 sin2 45c
(vi) 4 cot 60c +
sin2 60c + cos2 45c

sin2 30c + cos2 30c = 1

162

Knfhza

cos 60c =
1
1 + sin 60c
sec 60c + tan 60c
2
(vi) 1 - tan2 60c = 2 cos2 60c - 1
1 + tan 60c
(vii) sec 30c + tan 30c = 1 + sin 30c
sec 30c - tan 30c 1 - sin 30c
(v)

(viii) tan2 60c - 2 tan2 45c - cot2 30c + 2 sin2 30c + 3 cosec2 45c = 0
4
(ix) 4 cot2 45c - sec2 60c + sin2 60c + cos2 60c = 1
(x) sin 30c cos 60c + cos 30c sin 60c = sin 90c.

6.4 u nfhzf Knfhza jf


(Trigonometric Ratios for Complementary Angles)


uL FWnfhzf TLj 90c v xW kbwh u
nfhzkhF. brnfhz Knfhz uL FWnfhzf TLj 90c.
vdnt, brnfhz Knfhz cs U FWnfhzfS vbghGJ
xWbfhW u nfhzfshF.

brnfhz Knfhz ABC-, B brnfhz vf (gl 6.13I ghf).

+ACB = i v, +BAC = 90c - i . Mfnt, nfhzf +BAC kW +ACB Mait


xWbfhW u nfhzfshF.
C

nfhz i -fhd jf


sin i = AB
AC
cos i = BC
AC
tan i = AB
BC

cosec i = AC
AB
sec i = AC
BC
cot i = BC
AB

(1)
A

nj nghW, nfhz (90c - i) -fhd jf




sin (90c - i) = BC
AC
cos (90c - i) = AB
AC
tan (90c - i) = BC
AB

cosec (90c - i) = AC
BC
sec (90c - i) = AC
AB
cot (90c - i) = AB
BC

90c - i
gl

(2)

(1) kW (2)- cs jfis xl eh bgWtJ,




sin i = AB = cos (90c - i)


AC
cos i = BC = sin (90c - i)
AC
tan i = AB = cot (90c - i)
BC

cosec i = AC = sec (90c - i)


AB
sec i = AC = cosec (90c - i)
BC
cot i = BC = tan (90c - i)
AB
163

6.13

maha 6

Ka fUJ u nfhzf Knfhza jf


brnfhz Knfhz i vgJ xU FWnfhz v,
u nfhzfSfhd Knfhza jf
KbwhUikfis eh tUkhW bgWnwh.

sin i = cos (90c - i)

cosec i = sec (90c - i)

cos i = sin (90c - i)

sec i = cosec (90c - i)

tan i = cot (90c - i)

cot i

= tan (90c - i)

vLJfhL 6.10

k fhf : cos 56c


sin 34c

nfhzf 56c kW 34c Mait xWbfhW unfhzf.


Mfnt, u nfhzf Knfhza jfis gagLj,
cos 56c = cos (90c - 34c) = sin 34c. Mfnt, cos 56c = sin 34c = 1
sin 34c
sin 34c
vLJfhL 6.11

k fhf : tan 25c
cot 65c
tan 25c = tan (90c - 65c) = cot 65c vd vGjyh. Mfnt,
tan 25c = cot 65c = 1
cot 65c
cot 65c
vLJfhL 6.12

k fhf : cos 65c sin 18c cos 58c


cos 72c sin 25c sin 32c

u nfhzf Knfhza jfis gagLj, eh bgWtJ


cos 65c = cos (90c - 25c) = sin 25c,

sin 18c = sin (90c - 72c) = cos 72c

cos 58c = cos (90c - 32c) = sin 32c.


` cos 65c sin 18c cos 58c = sin 25c cos 72c sin 32c = 1
cos 72c sinc 25c sin 32c
cos 72c sin 25c sin 32c

vLJfhL 6.13

tan 35c tan 60c tan 55c tan 30c = 1 vd Wf.

tan 35c = tan (90c - 55c) = cot 55c,

tan 60c = tan (90c - 30c) = cot 30c vd vGjyh.

` tan 35c tan 60c tan 55c tan 30c = cot 55c cot 30c tan 55c tan 30c
1

=
# 1
# tan 55c # tan 30c = 1
tan 55c tan 30c

164

Knfhza

vLJfhL 6.14
cosec A = sec 25c v, A-I fhf.

cosec A = sec (90c - A) vd ekF bj. vdnt,


sec (90c - A) = sec 25c ( 90c - A = 25c


` A = 90c - 25c = 65c

vLJfhL 6.14- , A- kig bgw UwK sec-M


tFfTlhJ. khwhf FWnfhzf Knfhza jf
xUik g mogil A- kig fzlntL.
mjhtJ, a kW b Mait FWnfhzf v,

sin a = sin b ( a = b

cos a = cos b ( a = b , g

vLJfhL 6.15

sin A = cos 33c v, A-I fhf.

sin A = cos (90 - A) vd ekF bj. vdnt,


cos (90c - A) = cos 33c ( 90c - A = 33c

` A = 90c - 33c = 57c

g 6.2
1.

k fhf.

(i) sin 36c


cos 54c

(ii) cosec 10c


sec 80c

(iii) sin i sec (90c - i)

(iv) sec 20c


cosec 70c

(v) sin 17c


cos 73c

(vi) tan 46c .


cot 44c

2.

RUFf.

(i) cos 38c cos 52c - sin 38c sin 52c

(ii) cos 80c + cos 59c cosec 31c


sin 10c

(iii) sin 36c - tan 54c


cos 54c cot 36c

(iv) 3 tan 67c + 1 sin 42c + 5 cosec 61c


cot 23c 2 cos 48c 2 sec 29c

(v) cos 37c # sin 18c


sin 53c cos 72c

(vi) 2

(vii)

(ix) cot 12c cot 38c cot 52c cot 60c cot 78c.

sec (90c - i)
cos (90c - i)
+7
cosec i
sin i

sec (90c - i)
cos i
#
- sec i (viii) sin 35c + cos 55c - 2 cos2 60c
cos 55c sin 35c
sin (90c - i) tan (90c - i)

165

maha 6

3.

tUtdt A- kig fhf.

(i) sin A = cos 30c

(ii) tan 49c = cot A (iii) tan A tan 35c = 1

(iv) sec 35c = cosec A

(v) cosec A cos 43c = 1 (vi) sin 20c tan A sec 70c = 3 .

4.

tUtdtiw Wf.

(i) cos 48c - sin 42c = 0

(ii) cos 20c cos 70c - sin 70c sin 20c = 0

(iii) sin (90c - i) tan i = sin i

(iv)

cos (90c - i) tan (90c - i)


= 1.
cos i

6.5 Knfhza mltizia gagLJ Kiw



eh Jtiu 0c, 30c, 45c, 60c kW 90c Mat Knfhza
jfis fzL brnjh. brnfhz Knfhz it fhz it
myhj khWgl kw FWnfhzf Knfhza jfS ekF
njitgLwJ. midJ FWnfhzf sine, cosine kW tangent- njhuha
kf jf gF bfhLfgLsJ.

ghif dfis, xU ghif vgij 60 lfshf, xU l
vgij 60 dhofshf J vGJnwh. xU l vgJ 1l vd xU
dho vgJ 1m vd FfgLwJ. Mfnt,

1c = 60l kW 1l = 60m .


sine, cosine kW tangent- 0c Kj 90c tiuyhd midJ nfhzf
kfS 6l ilbt ms ehF jrk l Ujkhf mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ. nkY, Knfhza mltiz _W gFfis cilaJ.

(i)

(ii) mltiz mLJs gJ uf Kiwna 0l , 6l , 12l , 18l , 24l , 30l ,


36l , 42l , 48l kW 54l vw jiy bfhLfgLsJ.

(iii) bghJahr (Mean Difference) vw jiy IJ uf


csd. mj IJ ufSF 1l , 2l , 3l , 4l kW 5l vd jiyf
bfhLfgLsJ.

mltiz lJ nfho cs u ghif 0c Kj 90c tiu


FlgLsJ.


nfhzf sine, cosine kW tangent- kf (ii) FLsthW 6l -
klFf gJ ufshf bfhLfgLsJ. kw lf bfhLfgl
nfhzf kfis fhz bghJahr mltiz bfhLfgLs
kfis bfhL rbrJ bfhsntL.

sine kW tangent mliz kig fhQnghJ bghJahrij
Tl ntL, mnj rka cosine mliz bghJahrij ff ntL.
166

Knfhza

vLJfhL 6.16
sin 46c51l - kig fhf.

sine mltizUJ njitahd gF nH bfhLfgLsJ.

0l 6l
0.0c

0.1c

12l

18l

24l

30l

36l

42l

48l

54l

Mean Diff.

0.2c

0.3c

0.4c

0.5c

0.6c

0.7c

0.8c

0.9c

1 2 3 4 5

0.7290

46c

46c51l = 46c48l + 3l vd vGJf. mltizUJ eh bgWtJ,


sin 46c48l = 0.7290

3l - bghJ ahr = 0.0006

` sin 46c51l = 0.7290 + 0.0006 = 0.7296

vLJfhL 6.17

cos 37c16l - kig fhf.

0l 6l
0.0c

0.1c

18l

24l

30l

36l

42l

48l

54l

Mean Diff.

0.2c

0.3c

0.4c

0.5c

0.6c

0.7c

0.8c

0.9c

1 2 3 4 5

0.7965 7

37c

12l

37c16l = 37c12l + 4l vd vGJf. mltizUJ,

cos 37c12l = 0.7965

4l - bghJ ahr = 0.0007

i - k 0cUJ 90c-F mfFnghJ cos i - k 1UJ 0-F

Fiwtjh, bghJ ahrij ff ntL.


` cos 37c16l = 0.7965 - 0.0007 = 0.7958

vLJfhL 6.18

tan 25c15l - kig fhf.

0l 6l
0.0c

25c

0.1c

12l

18l

24l

30l

36l

42l

48l

54l

Mean Diff.

0.2c

0.3c

0.4c

0.5c

0.6c

0.7c

0.8c

0.9c

1 2 3 4 5

0.4706

25c15l = 25c12l + 3l vd vGJf. mltizUJ,


167

11

maha 6

tan 25c12l = 0.4706

3l - bghJ ahr = 0.0011

` tan 25c15l = 0.4706 + 0.011 = 0.4717

vLJfhL 6.19

sin i = 0.0958 v, nfhz i -it fhf.

0.0958 -F vuhf sine mltizUJ, eh fhQ k sin 5c30l .

( sin 5c30l = 0.0958


` i = 5c30l

vLJfhL 6.20

sin i = 0.0987 v, nfhz i -it fhf.

sine mltizUJ, sin i = 0.0993 -F xj i - k 5c42l kW

0.0006 F vuhd k 2l . Mfnt,


0.0987 = 0.0993 - 0.0006

sin 5c40l = sin 5c42l - (2l bghJ ahr)


` i = 5c42l - 2l = 5c40l

vLJfhL 6.21

tan i = 0.4040 v, nfhz i - kig fhf.

0.4040 F vuhf tangent mltizUJ, eh fhQ k tan 22c0l .

( tan 22c = 0.4040

` i = 22c

vLJfhL 6.22

RUFf. sin 30c30l + cos 5c33l

sine mltizUJ, sin 30c30l = 0.5075. cosine mltizUJ,

cos 5c30l = 0.9954 kW bghJ ahr 3l = 0.0001. Mfnt,



cos 5c33l = 0.9954 - 0.0001 = 0.9953

` sin 30c30l + cos 5c33l = 0.5075 + 0.9953 = 1.5028


168

Knfhza

vLJfhL 6.23

RUFf. cos 70c12l + tan 48c54l

cosine kW tangent mltizUJ, eh fhgJ

cos 70c12l = 0.3387

tan 48c54l = 1.1463

` cos 70c12l + tan 48c54l = 0.3387 + 1.1463

= 1.4850

vLJfhL 6.24

gl 6.14- bfhLfgLs brnfhz Knfhz
gugsit fhf.

3
C

.
br

10c 14l

gl 6.14

gl 6.14-UJ, sin i = AB & sin 10c14l = AB


3
AC

sine mltizUJ, sin 10c12l = 0.1771 kW bghJ ahr 2l = 0.0006

` sin 10c14l = 0.1777

0.1777 = AB
3

` AB = 0.1777 # 3 = 0.5331

cos i = BC ( cos 10c14l = BC


3
AC

cosine mltizUJ, cos 10c12l = 0.9842 kW bghJ ahr 2l = 0.0001


` cos 10c14l = 0.9842 - 0.0001 = 0.9841

0.9841 = BC
3

` BC = 0.9841 # 3 = 2.9523

brnfhz Knfhz gugs = 1 bh = 1 # 2.9523 # 0.5331


2
2

= 0.786935565

` brnfhz Knfhz gugs = 0.7869 r.br. (njhuhakhf)

vLJfhL 6.25

6 br. MuKs tl ika 165c nfhzmsit jhF eh
sij fhf.
169

maha 6

O-it ikakhf cila 6 br. MuKs tl ika 165c nfhz


msit jhF eh AB vf. OC = AB I tiuf, Mfnt C vgJ AB- ika.
vdnt,

+AOC = 165c = 82c30l


2

brnfhz Knfhz ACO-,


sin 82c30l = AC ( AC = sin 82c30l # OA


OA

AC = 0.9914 # 6 = 5.9484 br.

r.
6 b 82c30l

O
B

C
gl 6.15

` eh s AB = AC # 2 = 5.9484 # 2 = 11.8968 br.


vLJfhL 6.26

8 myF MuKila tlD mikj 9 gffis bfhl xGF

gynfhz gf s fhf.
AB vgJ 8 myF MuKila tlD mikj 9 gff bfhl xGF
gynfhz xU gf vf. O vgJ tl ika v, +AOB = 360c = 40c
9
. OC = AB I tiuf. vdnt,

+AOC = 40c = 20c


2

sin 20c = AC = AC
8
OA

i.e., 0.3420 = AC
8

O
8
A

AC = 0.3420 # 8 = 2.736

c
20

C
gl 6.16

` gf AB- s = 2 # AC = 2 # 2.736 = 5.472 myFf

vLJfhL 6.27

6 br. gf ms bfhl xGF mWnfhz mikJs ctl

Mu fhf.
AB vgJ xGF mWnfhz xU gf kW O vgJ ctl ika
vf. OC = AB I tiuf. r vgJ tl Mu v, OC = r. nkY,
170

Knfhza

+AOB = 360c = 60c


6
` +AOC = 60c = 30c
2

tan 30c = AC
r

30o

i.e., 1 = 3
r
3

` r = 3 # 1.732 = 5.196 br.

Mfnt, ctl Mu = 5.196 br.

A 3br. C 3

gl 6.17

g 6.3
1.

tUtdt kfis fhf.

(i) sin 26c

(ii) cos 72c

(iii) tan 35c

(iv) sin 75c15l

(v) sin 12c12l

(vi) cos 12c35l

(vii) cos 40c20l

(viii) tan 10c26l

(ix) cot 20c

(x) cot 40c20l

2.

tUtdt i - kig fhf.

(i) sin i = 0.7009

(iv) cot i = 0.2334 (v) tan i = 63.6567

3.

Knfhza mltizia gagL RUFf.

(i) sin 30c30l + cos 40c20l

(ii) tan 45c27l + sin 20c

(iii) tan 63c12l - cos 12c42l

(iv) sin 50c26l + cos 18c + tan 70c12l

(v) tan 72c + cot 30c

4.

fz 20 br. kW xU FWnfhz 48c bfhl brnfhz Knfhz


gugsit fhf.

5.

fz 8 br. kW xU FWnfhz 57c bfhl brnfhz Knfhz


gugsit fhf.

6.

mogf 16 br. kW cnfhz 60c40l bfhl Urkgf


Knfhz gugsit fhf.

7.

mogf 15 br. kW cnfhz 80c bfhl Urkgf Knfhz


gugsit fhf.

8.

xU V 30c nfhz ms Rt rhJ itfgLsJ. mj


mogf RtUJ 12 bjhiy csJ v, V s fhf.

(ii) cos i = 0.9664 (iii) tan i = 0.3679

171

maha 6

9.

4 sKs V Rt moghfUJ 2 bjhiy rhJ


itfgLsJ v, V RtUl VgLJ nfhzij fhf.

10.

5 br. MuKs tl ika 108c nfhzmsit jhF eh


sij fhf.

11.

6 br. MuKila tlD mikj 12 gffis bfhl xGF


mWnfhz gf s fhf.

12.

24 br. gf ms bfhl xGF mWnfhz mikJs ctl


Mu fhf.

id bfhf

jhfu njw:
xU brnfhz Knfhz fz J tiuagL rJu
gugsthdJ, kw uL gff J tiuagL rJuf
gugsf TLjYF rk.

Knfhza jf:
brnfhz Knfhz i xU FWnfhz vf. i -it bghWJ
MW Knfhza jf tUkhW
vgf

fz
mLJs gf

cos i =
fz
vgf

tan i =
mLJs gf

sin i =

cosec i =

fz
vgf

fz
mLJs gf
mLJs gf
=
vgf

sec i =
cot i

Knfhza jf jiy bjhlf:


sin i

cosec i =

1

cosec i

cos i =

1
sec i

tan i =

1
cot i

1
sin i

sec i =

1
cos i

cot i =

1
tan i

u nfhzf Knfhza jf:


brnfhz Knfhz i vgJ xU FWnfhz v, u
nfhzf
Knfhza
jfUJ
eh
tU
KbwhUikfis bgWnwh.
sin i = cos (90c - i)

cosec i = sec (90c - i)

cos i = sin (90c - i)

sec i = cosec (90c - i)

tan i = cot (90c - i)

cot i
172

= tan (90c - i)

toa

Truth can never be told so as to be understood,


and not to be believed
- William Blake

Kjik Fnfhf
toa mogil fUJfis id Tj.
izfu
bfhSj.

jhd

njwfis

tl jhd njwfis J bfhSj

7.1 mKf

Geometry vw bga uL nuf thijf
ia msl vw bghUUJ bgwglJ.
fhyngh toa f mHfhf mikfgl
jUf Kiw xGFgLjgl fj mthF.
J f, nfhLf, jsf, cUtfSF
ilnas
gf
kW
bjhlfis
cslaJ. Rkh .K. 3000 Mo nghJ Kfhy
vJ kW J rkbt toa ga
gf fhzgld. tiuaWfglhj thijf,
tiuaiwf kW Cff Matwh toa
bjhlFwJ. it njwfSF tiuglfSF
bfhL brwd. J Egkhd ghl Mdh,
kdfzh vjhf Cfyh. nkY cWahd
eilKiw gaghLfis bfhlJ. toa
yfis msbtLg Ka gfhdhY,
vLJfhlhf, jnghJ fLkhd cWghLila
ghyf, bt MTlf kW fbga
isahL kW bghGJ nghF muFf mikf
tthdJ
gagLjgLwJ.
o
Kjjfkhd Elements- Flglitf
nkTa fLkhd gf toa njw
bjthf vGjgLsJ.
173

nj

(640 - 546 BC)


Thales (pronounced THAY-lees)
nuf efukhd nyl
nj wjh. toa
fUa kW tiuj
jYfhf eF maglt.
xU tl lij
Knfhz l gfkhf
bfhL mjF xU
Knfhzij tiujh l
gfF vnus nfhz
vnghJnk brnfhzkhF
vw njwij Wdh.
uLf cau kW
flfiuF fgYF
ilnas u
MafzFfSF toa
Kiw fljh.
toa cj
fhuzij gagL nj
njwF ehF Jiz
njwfis KjKj
gagLdh. jfhf Kj
Kiwahf cikahd
fj mP vW
fj fLofis
flj Kj kj vd
tghulglh. nuf
eho VG m f
myJ VG Jwf xUtuhf
sdh. nkfa
ggho Kj jJt
nkijahf kwtfsh mt
kfglh.

maha 7

7.2 toa mogil fUJf



eh Kija tFf goj y Kakhd toa mogil
fUJfis gF id Tnth.
fUJ

gl

sf
xiwbahW bto bfhshk xnu
js brY nfhLfis iznfhLf
vnwh. U iznfhLfSF ilna
cs bjhiy vbghGJ rkkhf UF.

l1

iz
nfhLf

l2

uL nfhLfSF xnubahU bghJthd


Ujh mit btLnfhLf vdgL.
bghJF btobfhS (btL)
vW bga. mU csgl nfhLf
D AB kW CD Mait 0 vw bto
bfhwd.

btL
nfhLf

O
A

_W myJ mjF nkgl nfhLf


xU t brwh mit xU
tnfhLf vdgL. mU cs
gl nfhLf l1 , l2 , l3 Mait 0 vw
tna brwd. vdnt, mit
xU tnfhLf vdgL.

l1

xU

l2

tnfhLf
l3

_W myJ mjF nkgl f


xnu
nenfho
mikjh,
mj
f xUnfhlik f vdgL.
mthW
iyba,
mit
xU
nfhlikahf vdgL.

xUnfhlik
f

7.2.1 nfhzf tiff



nfhzfis mt nfhz msfis bghWJ tifgLjyh.
brnfhz
(Right Angle)
B

nfhz
(Obtuse Angle)

tis nfhz

(Reflex Angle)

FWnfhz
(Acute Angle)

bga

tiugl
O

nfhz
ms

A
+AOB 1 90c

+AOB = 90c

174

90c 1 +AOB 1 180c 180c 1 +AOB 1 360c

toa

u nfhzf (Complementary Angles)



U nfhz msf TLj 90c v, mnfhzf xWbfhW
u nfhzfshF.
vLJfhlhf, +A = 52c kW +B = 38c v, nfhz +A kW +B
Mait xWbfhW u nfhzfshF.
ifu nfhzf (Supplementary Angles)

U nfhzf TLj 180c v, mnfhzf xWbfhW
ifu nfhzfshF.

vLJfhlhf, 112c kW 68c ms bfhl nfhzf xWbfhW
ifu nfhzfshF.
7.2.2 FWFbto (Transversal)

uL myJ mjF nkgl nfhLfis xU nfhlhdJ btntW
f btodh mjF FWFbto vW bga.
U iz nfhLfis xU FWFbto btLtjh VgL nfhzf

bga

nfhz

Fbj nfhzf rk

+1 = +3, +2 = +4,
+5 = +7, +6 = +8

xj nfhzf rk

+1 = +5, +2 = +6,
+3 = +7, +4 = +8

cbs nfhzf rk

+3 = +5, +4 = +6

bt v nfhzf rk

+1 = +7, +2 = +8

tiugl
1

l1
4

l2

2
3

5 6
8

c nfhzf if u +3 + +6 = 180c;
nfhzf
+4 + +5 = 180c
A

7.2.3 Knfhzf (Triangles)


xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj180c.

+A + +B ++C = 180c(gl 7.1.)


B

Fiu
A

gl 7.2

gl 7.1 C

(i) xU Knfhz xU gf lgLtjh VgL


btnfhz mj cbs nfhzf TLjYF
rk. +ACD = +BAC + +ABC
(ii) xU Knfhz btnfhzkhdJ cbs
nfhzfis l mfkhf UF.
(iii) vjbthU KnfhzY bga gfF vnu cs
D
nfhz bgajhf UF.
175

maha 7

rtrk Knfhzf (Congruent Triangles)



xU Knfhz midJ gffS, nfhzfS kbwhU
Knfhz xj gffSF, xj nfhzfSF rkkhdh
mKnfhzf rtrk Knfhzf vdgL.
rtrk vgjF eh / Fpil gagLJnwh.
sf

gl
A

xU Knfhz _W gff
g-g-g
SSS

kbwhU Knfhz _W
gffSF rkbk, mU

KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.

g-nfh-g
SAS

xU Knfhz U gffS
mit
csla
nfhzK
kbwhU
Knfhz
U
gffSF mit csla
nfhzF rkbk, mU
B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.

176

TABC / TPQR
P

TABC / TPQR
A

xU
Knfhz
U
nfhzfS mj VjhtJ xU
nfh-nfh-g gfK kbwhU Knfhz
AAS
U
nfhzfSF
xj
B
gfF rkbk, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.
xU brnfhz Knfhz
fz, VnjD xU gf, kbwhU
brnfhz
Knfhz
fz, xU gf MatF
Kiwna rkkhf U, mU
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.

TABC / TPQR

xU
Knfhz
U
nfhzfS mtwh izj
nfh-g-nfh gfK kbwhU Knfhz U
nfhzfSF mtwh izj
ASA
gfF rkkhdh, mU B
KnfhzfS rtrkkhF.

br-f-g
RHS

TABC / TPQR
A

TABC / TPQR

toa

g 7.1
1.

tU nfhzf u nfhzfis fhf.

(i) 63c (ii) 24c (iii) 48c

2.

tU nfhzf ifu nfhzfis fhf.

(i) 58c (ii) 148c

3.

tU glf x- kig fhf.

(i)

(iii) 120c

xc

(v) 20c

(iv) 40c

(115 x)c

(x + 30)c

40c
B

(v) 100c

(ii)

(x 20)c

4.

(iv) 35c

xc
B

tU nfhz msfis fhf.


i) xU nfhz mj u nfhzij nghy U klF.
ii) xU nfhz mj if u nfhzij nghy ehF klF.
iii) xU nfhz ifughdJ mj u nfhzij nghy ehF
klF.
iv) xU nfhz ughdJ mj ifu nfhz M xU
gF.
v) if u nfhzf 4:5 vw j csd.
vi) u nfhzf 3:2 vw j csd.

5.

tU glf x, y- kig fhf.

(i)
A

(ii)

3x 2x
D

(3x+5)c (2x25)c
D

C
y c 90cxc
O
A
3xc 60c B

(iii)

6.

l1 || l2 kW m1 xU FWFbto vf. +F = 65c v, kw


nfhzmsfis fhf.

7.

l1 || l2 v x - kig fhf.

(i) l1
l2

8.
9.

(2x + 20)c
(3x10) c

E
m1

(ii) l1

l1

B A
C D
F E
G H

l2

(3x + 20)c
2xc

l2

xU Knfhz nfhzf 1:2:3 vw j U, mt


nfhz msfis fhf.
3 ABC- +A+ +B = 70c kW +B + +C = 135c v, mj nfhz msfis
A
fhf.

10. bfhLfgLs gl 3ABC- gf BC MdJ D


lgLsJ v, +A kW +C ia fhf.
177

tiu
B

40 c

120 c
C

maha 7

7.3 ehfu (Quadrilateral)



ehF gff kW ehF Kidfsh milgL cUt ehfu MF.


ehfu ehF nfhzf TLj 360c MF.
ehfu

rtf

izfu

brtf

rhrJu

U rkgf
rtf

rJu

7.3.1 izfu, rhrJu kW rtf gf


gf
izfu nfhz

vgff iz kW rk
v nfhzf rk
nfhzf ifu

kW

mLJs

_iyl _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL

rhrJu

rtf

gf

midJ gffS rk kW vgff iz

nfhz

v nfhzf rk, kW mLJs


nfhzf ifu.

_iyl _iylf xWbfhW ikaFJnfhL.


gf
xU nrho vgff iz
izyh gff Kidf cs
nfhz
nfhzf ifu
_iyl

_iylf
mtaiy

gf

xU nrho vgff iz, izyh


gff msf rk

Urkgf
nfhz
rtf

rkkhf

Ufntoa

iz gff Kidf cs nfhzf rk

_iyl _iylf rk
178

toa

(i) brtf vgJ rk nfhz mss izfu MF.


F

(ii) rhrJu vgJ rkgf izfu MF.

(iii) rJu vgJ rkgf mss, rk nfhz mss izfu MF.


(iv) rJu vgJ xU brtf, rhrJu kW izfu MF.

7.4 izfu (Parallelogram)


vgff izahf cs ehfu izfu MF.

7.4.1 izfu gf
g 1 : xU izfu v gff rk.
ju

: ABCD vgJ xU izfu. vdnt, AB || DC kW AD || BC


C

%f : AB = CD kW AD = BC
mik : BD I izf
%gz :

T ABD kW T BCD Mat.

gl 7.3


(i) +ABD = +BDC

(AB || DC kW BD xU FWF bto.


vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)

(AD || BC kW BD xU FWF bto.

(ii) +BDA =+DBC

vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)

(iii) BD bghJ gf

` T ABD / T BCD

(nfh-g-nfh g go)

Mfnt, AB = DC kW AD = BC

(xj gff rk)

g 1- kWjiy : xU ehfu vgff rkbk, mj ehfu X


izfukhF.
g 2

: xU izfu v nfhzf rk.

ju : ABCD vgJ xU izfu.


m AB || DC, AD || BC
%f : +ABC = +ADC kW

+DAB = +BCD
mik : BD I izf
179

gl 7.4

maha 7

%gz :

(i) +ABD = +BDC

(ii) +DBC = +BDA

(AB || DC kW BD xU FWF bto


vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)
(AD || BC kW BD xU FWF bto.
vdnt, xWl cnfhzf rk.)

(iii) + ABD + + DBC = + BDC + + BDA

` +ABC = +ADC

njnghW,

g 2- kWjiy:

+BAD = +BCD

xU ehfu v nfhzf rkbk, mj ehfu


X izfukhF.

g 3 : izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL.


ju

: ABCD vgJ xU izfu. m AB || DC kW AD || BC


D

%f : M vgJ _iyl AC kW BD-


ika .

%gz :
A

T AMB kW T CMD MatW

(i)

(ii) +MAB = +MCD

xWl cnfhzf (a AB || DC)

+ABM = +CDM

xWl cnfhzf (a AB || DC)

(iii) T AMB / T CMD

AB = DC

gl 7.5

izfu vgff rk.

(nfh-g-nfh g go)

` AM = CM kW BM = DM
i.e., M vgJ AC kW BD- ika
` izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL

g 3- kWjiy: xU ehfu _iylf xiwbahW UrkTL


v, mehfu X izfukhF.
180

toa


(i) izfu _iylf mizfuij rk gugs
F
bfhl U Knfhzfshf F.
(ii) izfu _iylf xWbfhW brFJ v,
mJ rhrJu MF.
(iii) xnu mo J, U iz nfhLfSilna mik
izfuf rkguilait.
vLJfhL 7.1

xU ehfu _W nfhzf msf 100c 84c kW 76c v,
ehfhtJ nfhz msit fhf.
ehfhtJ nfhz ms x c vf.

ehfu ehF nfhzf TLj 360c MF. vdnt,

100c+84c+76c+ x c = 360c

260c+ x c = 360c

i.e.,
x c = 100c

vdnt, ehfhtJ nfhz ms 100c MF.
vLJfhL 7.2

izfu ABCD- +A = 65c v, +B, +C kW +D Matiw fhf.

ABCD xU izfu kW +A = 65c vd bfhLfgLsJ.


+A+ +B = 180c

65c+ B = 180c

>

>>

AD || BC, AB I FWFbto vf. vdnt,

>>

+B = 180c - 65c

+B = 115c

65o
A

>
gl 7.6

izfu v nfhzf rk vgjh, eh bgWtJ


+C =+A = 65c kW +D = +B = 115c

Mfnt, +B = 115c, + C = 65c kW +D = 115c


vLJfhL 7.3

ABCD vw brtf _iylf AC kW BD, Mait O-

btobfhwd. nkY +OAB = 62c v, +OBC I fhf.


brtf _iylf rk kW xiwbahW Urk TL.

vdnt, OA = OB kW +OBA = +OAB = 62c
181

maha 7

nkY brtf xbthU nfhzms 90c vgUJ

+ABC = 90c

+ABO + +OBC = 90c

62c + +OBC = 90c

+OBC = 90c - 62c

62c

= 28c

vLJfhL 7.4

ABCD vw rhrJu +A = 76c v, +CDB I fhf.

+A = +C = 76c

+CDB = xcvf.

3 CDB-, CD = CB

76c

+CDB = +CBD = xc

+CDB+ +CBD + +DCB = 180c (Knfhz nfhzf)

( rhrJu v nfhzf)

gl 7.7

gl 7.8

2xc + 76c =180c ( 2x = 104c

xc = 52c

` +CDB = 52c

g 7.2
1.

ABCD vw ehfu +A, +B, +C kW +D Mad 2:3:4:6 vw j


Ujh, mt msfis fhf.

2.

izfu ABCD- +A = 108c v, +B, +C kW +D I fzLf.

3.

bfhLfgLs gl ABCD xU izfu.


m +BAO = 30c , +DAO = 45c kW +COD= 105c
v, tU nfhzfis fhf.

105o
O

(i) +ABO (ii) +ODC (iii) +ACB (iv) +CBD


A

45o
30o

4.

izfu bga nfhz msthdJ a nfhz Ukl 30c


Fiw v, midJ nfhz msfis fhf.

5.

izfu ABCD- AB = 9 br. kW mj Rws


izfu gf msfis fhf.

6.

rhrJu _iylf 24 br., 18 br. v, mj gf msfis


fhf.
182

30 br. v,

toa

7.

tU glf ABCD vgJ xU rhrJu. m x kW y- kid


fhf.
D

yc
(i)

40c

xc
yc

(iii)

(ii)
62c

xc

xc

yc

120c
A

8.

rhrJu gfms 10 br. kW xU _iyl s 12 br.


v, kbwhU _iyl sij fhf.

9.

bfhLfgLs gl ABCD X izfu. m

D
P

+A kW +B- nfhz Urkbtof P vw


rwd v, + APB = 90c vd U.

7.5 tlf (Circles)

akghij (Locus)

akghij vgJ y toa gjidfSF
cgL efU ghijahF.
Q


cjhuzkhf, uL fUJ rk u P
efU akghij mfis izF
nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhlhF.
tlf (Circles)

iyahd xU UJ rk bjhiy
efU akghij xU tlkhF.

tl mj Rws vdgL.

eh (Chord)

eh
u

bjhLnfhL


iyahd mj ika vd khwhj
ilu Mu vd miHfgL.

gl 7.9

O
l


tlg jikj U fis
izF nfhLJL eh vdgL.

bt

Lnf

hL

l (Diameter)

tl ika tahf brY eh l vdgL.

tl fbga eh l MF.

btLnfhL (Secant)

xU tlij U btntW f btobrY nfhL tl
btLnfhL vdgL.
183

maha 7

bjhLnfhL (Tangent)

tlij xnubahU xU kL bjhLbrY nfhL tl

bjhLnfhL vdgL.

bjhLnfhlhdJ tlij bjhL , bjhL vdgL.

xU

tlgid

uL

rkkw

a
tlJL

tlg xU gFF tl vW bga.

bg

tl (Arc of a circle)

fshf

jh a a tl vd, bga bga

tl
nfhzgF

tl vd miHfL.
bghJika tlf (Concentric circles)

xnu ika Mdh btntW MufS cila

tlf bghJika tlf vdgL.


O r

bfhLfgLs gl cs uL tlf O-it

ikakhf btntW Muf r kW R cila bghJika


tlf MF.

gl 7.11
xUir f (Congruent arcs )
!
!

tlYs uL f AB kW CD Mait tl ika jhF
ij eh

nfhz msf rkbk, mit xUir f MF.


! !
AB / CD thW vGJnth. Mfnt,
! !
! !
AB / CD , mAB = mCD , +AOB = +COD

7.5.1 tl ehf gf

gl 7.12

rksKs ehf tl ika rk nfhzfis jhF.

mjhtJ, gl 7.13- eh AB = ehCD ( +AOB = +COD


kWjiy

ehfsh tl ika milgL nfhz

rkbk, ehf sf rkkhF.


mjhtJ, +AOB = +COD (eh AB = eh CD
184

gl 7.13

toa

njw 1

tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL brFJ ehiz U rk TL.

ju : O it ikakhf cila tl, lij ju


VnjD xU eh AB kW OC= AB
%f : AC = BC

mik : OA kW OB-I izf


%gz :
T OAC kW T OBC-

OA = OB

(i)

(ii) OC

(iii) + OCA = + OCB

(iv) T OAC / T OBC

gl 7.14

(tl Muf.)

bghJgf

(xbthW 90c, OC = AB-UJ.)


(br-f-g rtrkjik.)

` AC = BC
njw 1- kWjiy : xU tl ikaij, eh ikaia
izF nfhL ehF brFjhF.
njw 2


xU tlYs rk ehf tl ikaUJ
rku UF.
ju

: xU tl ika O, Mu r nkY eh AB = eh CD.

C
O

%f : OL = OM
mik : OL = AB kW OM = CD I tiuf.
OA kW OC I izf.

%gz :

L
B

gl 7.15

AL = 1 AB kW CM = 1 CD (tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL


2
2

brFJ ehiz UrkTL.)
1
1
AB = CD ( AB = CD ( AL = CM
2
2
(ii) OA = OC
(Muf)

(i)

(iii)

+ OMC= + OLA

(iv)

T OLA / T OMC

` OL = OM

Mfnt, eh AB kW CD Mait O-UJ rk bjhiy csd.

(xbthW 90c )
(br-f-g rtrkjik.)

njw 2- kWjiy : xU tl tl ikaUJ rku mik


ehf rksKsit MF.
185

maha 7

vLJfhL 7.5

10 br. MuKs tl 16 br. sKila eh tl ikaUJ
vts u csJ?

tl Mu OA- s 10 br.

AB = 16 br.
AC = 1 # 16 = 8 br.
2

b
r.

eh AB- ika C.
10

eh AB- s 16 br.

C
16br.

gl 7.16

OC = 10 br.

brnfhz Knfhz OAC-,


OC = OA - AC

= 102 - 82 = 100 - 64 = 36 br.

` OC = 6 br.

Mfnt, tl ikaUJ eh 6 br. bjhiy csJ.

vLJfhL 7.6

uL bghJika tlf bttl tiuagl eh AB ahdJ
ctlij C kW D- btLwJ v, AC = BD vd %.
ju : bttl eh AB ctlij C kW D- btLwJ.
%f

: AC = BD

mik

: OM = AB tiuf

%gz :

OM = AB

UJ OM = CD

bttl,

(mik go)

CM = DM

gl 7.17
(1) (a eh AB-ia OM Urk TL)
(2) (a eh CD-ia OM Urk TL)

(1) kW (2)-UJ, eh bgWtJ

(ACDB xU nenfhL)

ctl,

AM = BM

AM - CM = BM - DM

AC = BD
186

toa

7.5.2 tlD mikj nfhzf


njw 3
xU tl ika jhF nfhz mj iy jJ tl

g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U klfhF.
ju

: O-it ikakhf cila tl AXB vgJ xU ,!


AXB vw tl
!
ika jhF nfhz +AOB. +ACB vgJ AXB vw iy
jJ tl g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhz.

%f : +AOB = 2 +ACB
mik : CO it izJ D tiu of
C
C

B
A
X

gl 7.18

gl 7.19

%gz :

(i) OA = OC

(ii) + OCA = + OAC

(iii) TAOC-

gl 7.20

(Muf)
(rkgfF vnu cs nfhzf rk.)

+AOD = +OCA + +OAC


(Knfhz btnfhz
cbs nfhzf TLjYF rk.)

(iv) + AOD = + OCA + + OCA

(+ OAC = + OCA vd ul)

(v) + AOD = 2 + OCA

(TLj)

(vi) njnghW T BOC-,

+ BOD = 2 +

(vii) + AOD + + BOD = 2 + OCA + 2+ OCB

(viii) + AOB = 2 + ACB

= 2(+ OCA + + OCB)

(a +AOD + + BOD = +AOB,


+ OCA + + OCB = +ACB)
187

maha 7

(i)

miutl mik nfhz brnfhzkhF.

(ii)

xnu tlJo mik nfhzf rk.

7.5.3 tl ehfu (Cyclic Quadrilateral)


njw 4

tl ehfu v nfhzf TLj 180cMF (myJ) tl

ehfu vnfhzf ifu nfhzf.


ju

: O-it ikakhf cila tl ABCD xU ehfu.

%f : + BAD + + BCD = 180c, +ABC + +ADC = 180c


mik : OB kW OD-ia izf.

%gz :

(i)

+ BAD = 1 + BOD (tl ika jhF


2
nfhzkhdJ miy jJ tlg

VgLJ nfhzij ngh UklF.)



gl 7.21
(ii) + BCD = 1 (tis + BOD)
2
(iii) ` +BAD + +BCD = 1 +BOD + 1 (tis +BOD) ((i) kW (ii)-I Tl)
2
2
1

i.e., + BAD + + BCD = (+ BOD + (tis + BOD))
2
1
(tl ika bkhj nfhz 360c)

i.e., +BAD + +BCD = ( 360c)
2

i.e., + BAD + + BCD = 180c

(iv) njnghW,

+ABC + +ADC = 180c

njw 4- kWjiy : ehfu

vnfhzf

TLj

ifu

nfhzf v, mj ehfu tl ehfu MF.


D

njw 5

tl ehfu xU gfij ogjh VgL

btnfhz cbs nfhzF rk


ju

: tl ehfu ABCD-, gf AB MdJ E tiu


lgLsJ.
gl 7.22

%f : + CBE = +ADC
188

B
E

toa

%gz :
+ ABC + + CBE = 180c (nenfhL nrho)

(i)

(ii) + ABC + +ADC = 180c (tl ehfu v nfhzf)

(i) kW (ii)-UJ
(iii) + ABC + + CBE = +ABC + +ADC
(iv) ` + CBE = +ADC

vLJfhL 7.7
gl 7.27-, x vd Fl nfhz kig fhf.

(i)

(ii)

xc

xc
O
A

80c
B

100c

A
B

xc
O

56c

(iv)

xc

20c

(iii)

25

gl 7.23
gl 7.25
gl 7.26
gl 7.24
xU tl tl ika jhF nfhz, mj iy jJ tl
g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U klfhF vd
C

eh mnth.

(i)

+AOB = 2 +ACB

xc

+ACB = 1 +AOB
2
x = 1 # 80c = 40c
2

O
80c
B

(ii) tis +AOB = 2 +ACB


xc

x = 2 # 100c = 200c

(iii) +ABC + +BCA + +CAB = 180c

56c + 90c + +CAB = 180c


( a +BCA = miu tl mik nfhz = 90c)

+CAB =180c - 146c


x = 34c
189

100c

xc
O

56c

maha 7
C

OA = OB = OC (Muf)

(iv)

+OCA = +OAC = 25c

+OBC = +OCB = 20c

25

+ACB = +OCA + +OCB

= 25c + 20c = 45c

xc

20c

+AOB = 2 +ACB

x = 2 # 45c= 90c


vLJfhL 7.8

gl 7.27- , tlika O, + ADC = 120c v, x- kig fhf.

ABCD xU tl ehfu.

+ABC + +ADC = 180c

+ABC = 180c - 120c = 60c


nkY, +ACB = 90c ( miu tl mikj nfhz )
D

3ABC-,

+BAC + +ACB + +ABC = 180c

+BAC + 90c + 60c = 180c



120c

+BAC = 180c - 150c

xc
O

x = 30c

g 7.3

gl 7.27

1.

15 br. MuKs tl 18 br. sKs eh tl ikaUJ


vts bjhiy csJ vd fhf.

2.

17 br. MuKs tl 16 br. sKs eh tl ikaUJ


vts bjhiy csJ vd fhf.

3.

tl ikaJ 24 br. bjhiy cs eh s 20 br. v,


tl Mu fhf.

4.

17 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 8 br. bjhiy cs eh


sij fhf.

5.

25 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 15 br. bjhiy cs eh


sij fhf.
190

toa

6.

gl, O-it ikakhf cila tl izahf


cs ehf AB kW CD. tl Mu 5 br.

m AB = 6 br., CD = 8 br., OP = AB kW CD = OQ

7.

Q
P

v, PQ- sij fhf.

D
B

tl ika vbunu (UwK) mikj izahd ehf sf


AB = 10 br. kW CD = 24 br.. ehfSF ilna cs bjhiy 17 br.
v, tl Muij fhf.

8.

gl O-it ikakhf cila tl izahd ehf


AB = 8 br. kW CD = 6 br., tl Mu 5 br., OP=AB

kW OQ=CD v, PQ- sij fhf.


9.

fl glf x - kig fhf.

A
(i)

C
(ii)

C
A

(iii)

xc

O
xc

25

35c

(iv)

130c
A

(v)
xc

(vi)

48c
O

50c

xc

10.

30c

0
90c
12
O

xc

gl AB kW CD Mait tlika
O tna brY nenfhLf. +AOC = 98c
kW + CDE = 35c v (i) + DCE

E
A

98c

35c

(ii) + ABC Matiw fhf.


D

191

maha 7
S
R

11.

gl
PQ

O-it

ikakhf

vgJ

+ SPR = 25c

+ PQM =

(i) + QPR, (ii) + QPM

tl

+ PQR

l.
kW

cila

50c
(iii)

kW

25c

55c, P

55c
O

v,

50c

+ PRS

Matiw fhf.

M
C
D

`12. gl

ABCD

_iylf

vw
P

vw

tl

ehfu

bto

bfhwd. + DBC = 30c kW + BAC = 50c


v, (i) + BCD (ii) + CAD Matiw fhf.

30c

50c
A


13.

gl ABCD vw tl ehfu AB || DC.


+ BAD =100c v, (i) + BCD

(ii) + ADC

(iii) + ABC Matiw fhf.


100
c
B

14.

gl

ABCD

vw

tl

ehfu

+ BCD = 100c kW + ABD = 50c v, + ADB-

C
100c

kig fhf.
A

50c
B

15.

gl

O-it

ikakhf

cila

tl

+ AOC = 100c kW mj xUgf AB MdJ


D tiu lgLwJ v, (i) + CBD (ii) + ABC

Matiw fhf.

100c
C

A
B

192

toa

id bfhf

xU izfu v gff rk.

xU izfu v nfhzf rk.

izfu _iylf xiwbahW Urk TL.

brtf vgJ rk nfhz mss izfu MF.

rhrJu vgJ rkgf izfu MF.

rJu vgJ rkgf kW rknfhz mss izfu MF.

izfu _iylf mizfuij rk gugs bfhl U


Knfhzfshf F.

izfu _iylf xbthW izfuij uL rtrk


Knfhzfshf F.

izfu _iylf xWbfhW brFJ v, mJ

rhrJu MF.

nu mo J, U iz nfhLfSilna mik izfuf


x
rkguilait.

rksKs ehf tl ika rk nfhzfis jhF.

ehfsh tl ika milgL nfhz rkbk, ehf


sf rkkhF.

tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL brFJ ehiz Urk


TL.

xU tlYs rk ehf tl ikaUJ rk u UF.

xU tl ika jhF nfhz mj iy jJ tl


g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U
klfhF.

miutl mik nfhz brnfhzkhF.

xnu tlJoYs nfhzf rk.

tl ehfu v nfhzf TLj 180cMF (myJ) tl


ehfu vnfhzf ifu nfhzf.

tl ehfu xU gfij ogjh VgL btnfhz cbs


nfhzF rk

193

msa
The most beautiful plane gure is the circle and the most
beautiful solid gure the sphere
- PYTHAGORAS

Kjik Fnfhf

tl nfhzgF s, Rws kW
gugs Matiw fhQj

MO
.K. 287 - 212

fd rJu wgu kW fd ms fhQj

fd brtf wgu kW fd ms fhQj

f wj fj
mPf xUtuhd
MO (Archimedes)
vgt

8.1 mKf

Ys nuf efuhd

Knfhzf,
brtff,
rJuf,
tlf kW nfhsf nghw totfis e
mwhl th fhnwh. t yt
gfis g eh Kng mUnwh.
toa totf msfis g TW
fj gF msa vdgL. thif
gntW Jiwf toa xU Kakhd Jiwahf
fUjgLtjh msaY f KakhdjhF.
fola kW jRa Mat
Rws, gugs kW fdms Mait Ka
gF twd.
cy cik NHf
gu kW fdms Mad gagLjgLwd.
iwa NH Ugkhz cUtf Rws
kW gugs nkY Kgkhz cUtf wgu
kW fdms Matiw fla gagL
Nufis xbthUtU fgJ f mta.
j maha tlnfhz gFf
s kW gu nkY fdrJu,
fdbrtf Mat wgu kW fdms
Matiw g mnth.
194

uhTi[ rhjt.
mt .K. 287 wjh.
xU tl cns
mikj xGF gynfhz
kW btna mikj
xGF gynfhzij
gagL

r - kig

fhz bra Kiwia


MO bjhldh.
nfhs gu kW
fdms fhz rahd
Nufis flj
bgUik mtiuna rhU.
gutisa gF kW
MO RU
vW miHfgL.
RU tlnfhzgF
nghw gy gufis
fzlh. jDila
gilf _y fj
aaYF mojs
mikjh.

msa

8.2 tlnfhzgF (Sector)


O-it
ikakhf
bfhl
xU
tl nk cs P, Q vw
U f, tl (Arc) PQ, +
POQ kW tlnfhzgF POQ

Matiw cUthFwJ. tl
!
PQ MdJ PQ vd FfgLwJ.
!
!
tl QP
tl PQ
tlnfhzgF qop
j tl P- bjhl fofhu tlnfhzgF poq
gl 8.1
RW irF vir Q-it
!
neh brwJ. tl PQ ,
Muf OP kW OQ twh milgL gF, tlnfhzgF POQ MF. gl
!
!
8.1- UJ PQ kW QP vw tlf btntwhdit vgij fhnwh.
Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF
xU tl uL Muf kW j Mufsh btlgL
Matwh milgL gF tlnfhzgF (Sector)
vdgL.
8.2.1 ikanfhz myJ tlnfhz (Central Angle)
Ka fUJ ikanfhz

xU tlnfhzgF tl, mtlnfhzgF


mikJs tl ika VgLJ nfhz ikanfhz
myJ tlnfhz (Central angle) vdgL.
!
gl 8.2-, PQ vw tl tl ika VgLJ nfhz i vf.

vdnt, tlnfhzgF POQ- ikanfhz i MF.


vLJfhlhf,

1.

miutl vgJ ikanfhz 180c bfhl xU


tlnfhz gFahF.

2.

fhtl vgJ ikanfhz 90c bfhl xU


tlnfhz gFahF.

O


r
Q

gl 8.2

8.2.2 xU tlnfhzgF s

tlnfhzgF POQ- s vgJ tl

g nk OP kW OQ vw uL Mufsh btlgL
gF skhF. tlnfhzgF s l vd

P
l

gl 8.3

FfgL.
195

maha 8

vLJfhlhf,

1.

xU tl s vgJ mtl g skhF.


mjhtJ, l=2r r myFf. F r vgJ tl MukhF.

2.

xU miu tl s l = 2rr # 180 = rr myFf. F


360
tl Mu r, ikanfhz 180c .

3.

xU fh tl s l = 2rr # 90 = rr myFf. F
2
360
tl Mu r, ikanfhz 90c .

Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF s
xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v,
mj s l = i # 2rr myFfshF.
360
8.2.3 tlnfhzgF gugs (Area of a Sector)

tlnfhzgF gugs vgJ uL MufSF,
Mufsh tl g btlgL YF ilgl gFahF.
O

vLJfhlhf,

1. xU tl gugs rr2 rJu myFf MF.

2.

3.

2
xU miu tl gugs rr rJu myFf
2
2
xU fh tl gugs rr rJu myFf.
4

mj

Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF gugs


xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v,
tlnfhzgF gugs i # rr2 rJu myFfshF.
360

nghJ, xU tlnfhzgF gugsit mj s l kW
Mu r _ykhf vGJ Kiwia fhngh.

gugs = i # rr2
360

= i # 2r r # r
360
2

= 1 # c i # 2rr m # r
2
360
1
= # lr
2
tlnfhzgF gugs = lr rJu myFf.
2
196

msa

8.2.4 tlnfhzgF Rws (Perimeter of a Sector)



tlnfhzgF Rws vgJ tlnfhzgF viyf
sf TLj MF. mjhtJ tlnfhz gF Rws l + 2r myFf MF.
Ka fUJ tlnfhzgF Rws
s l, tlnfhzgF Mu r v, mj Rws
P = l + 2r myFf.
vLJfhlhf,

1. miutl Rws ^r + 2h r myFf

2. fhtl Rws ` r + 2j r myFf
2

1. s kW tlnfhzgF gu Mad
ikanfhz msF nej UF.
2. r vgJ xU jKwh v, mj njhuha k 22 (m) 3.14 vd
7
gagLJnwh.
F

vLJfhL 8.1

xU tlnfhzgF Mu 42 br. kW mj ikanfhz 60c v
mj s, gugs kW Rwsit fhf.
Mu r = 42 br., ikanfhz i = 60cvd bfhLfgLsJ.

s l = i # 2rr
360

= 60 # 2 # 22 # 42 = 44 br.
360
7

gugs = lr = 44 # 42 = 924 r.br.


2
2
Rws = l + 2r

O
60o

42br.

= 44 + 2(42) = 128 br..


vLJfhL 8.2

s 66 br.. kW ikanfhz 30c bfhl tlnfhzgF
Mu fhf.
ikanfhz i = 30c , s l = 66 br.. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,


i # 2rr
= l
360
30 # 2 # 22 # r = 66
360
7

` r = 66 # 360 # 1 # 7 = 126 br..


30
2 22
197

30o r

A
66br.

maha 8

vLJfhL 8.3

s 22 br. kW Mu 10.5 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
Mu r = 10.5 br., s l = 22 br.. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
i # 2rr = l
360
i. e., i # 2 # 22 # 10.5 = 22
360
7

` i = 22 # 360 # 1 # 7 # 1 =120c
2 22 10.5

10.5br.

22br.

vLJfhL 8.4


xU Cr ika nfhz 30c VgLj 11 br. bjhiy efwJ v,
Cr sij fhf.
Cr miy xU tlnfhzgF MF. Cr s vgJ
tlnfhzgF Mu MF.
O

ikanfhz i = 30c, l = 11 br.. vdnt,


i # 2rr = l


360
30 # 2 # 22 # r = 11

360
7

` r = 11 # 360 # 1 # 7 = 21 br.
30
2 22

r
A

B
11br.

vLJfhL 8.5

xU tlnfhzgF s 15 br. kW Mu 10 br. v,
mj Rwsit fhf.
O
r = 10 br., l = 15 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ, vdnt,

tlnfhzgF Rws= l + 2r = 15 + 2 (10)

= 15 + 20 = 35 br.

10br.

vLJfhL 8.6

Q
15br.


Mu 18 br. kW ikanfhz 210c vd bfhl tlnfhzgF
Rwsit fhf.
r = 18 br., i = 210c vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,

l = i # 2rr
360

O
210o

= 210 # 2 # 22 # 18 = 66 br.
360
7
` tlnfhzgF Rws = l + 2r = 66 + 2(18) = 66 + 36 = 102 br.
198

18br

msa

vLJfhL 8.7

Mu 14 br. kW gugs 77 r.br. bfhLs tlnfhzgF
ikanfhzij fhf.
r = 14 br., gu = 77 r.br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
tlnfhzgF gu = i # rr2
360

i # 22 # 14 # 14 = 77
360
7

` i = 77 # 360 # 7 = 45c
22 # 14 # 14

14br.
77r.br. B

vLJfhL 8.8
Mu 6 br., s 20 br. bfhLs tlnfhzgF guig

fhf.
r = 6 br., l = 20 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
P

gu = lr rJu myFf
2

6br. Q

= 20 # 6 = 60 r.br.
2
vLJfhL 8.9

20br.

Rws 38 br. kW Mu 9 br. vd bfhl tlnfhzgF guig

fhf.

Mu = 9 br., Rws = 38 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ, vdnt,

i.e.,

Rws = l + 2r = 38

20br.

l + 18 = 38

l = 38 18 = 20 br.

` gu = lr = 20 # 9 = 90 r.br.
2
2

9br.

vLJfhL 8.10
Mu 28 br. cila miutl Rws kW gugs Matiw

fhf.

28br.

Mu 28 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ.

miutl Rws = (r + 2 ) r = ( 22 + 2 ) 28 = 144 br.


7

2
gugs = rr = 22 # 28 # 28 = 1232 r.br.
7
2
2

199

maha 8

vLJfhL 8.11

s 27.5 br., gugs 618.75 r.br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
Mu, ikanfhz kW Rws Matiw fhf.
s l = 27.5 br., gugs = 618.75 r.br. vd bfhLfgLsJ.
vdnt,
gugs = lr = 618.75 r.br.
2
27.5 # r
= 618.75
2
= 45 br.
` r

vdnt, Rws l + 2r = 27.5 + 2(45) = 117.5 br.

i # 2rr
360
i

mjhtJ,
# 2 # 22 # 45 = 27.5
360
7

` i = 35c

s l =

vLJfhL 8.12

21 br. MuKs fhtl gF gugs kW Rws Matiw fhf.

21br.

r = 21 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. nkY i = 90c vdnt,


Rws = ` r + 2j r = ( 22 + 2 ) # 21= 75 br.
2
7#2
2
gugs = rr = 22 # 21 # 21 = 346.5 r.br.
4
7#4

21br.

vLJfhL 8.13

` 9,000 khj rgs bgW xUt bryf gl fhlgLsJ.

(i) czfhf bragl bry

Matiw fzLf.

(ii) mt nr

khj rgs ` 9,000I tl bkhj gu vf.



(i)

i.e., rr2 = 9000


tl AOB- gu = i # rr2
360
= 120 # 9000 = 3,000
360
czfhf bry bragl bjhif ` 3,000.


(ii) tl BOC - gu = i # rr2
360

= 30 # 9, 000 = 750
360

nr cs bjhif ` 750.
200

nr
C

cz

120o
O

kw bryf

msa

vLJfhL 8.14

3 br. MuKs _W tlf xiwbahW bjhLnghJ mtwh
NHgL gF guig fhf.
glUJ, ABC xU rkgf Knfhz kW tlnfhzgFf DAF,
DBE kW ECF Mat guf rk.
tlfsh NHgl gF gu = rkgf Knfhz ABC- gu


- 3 # (tlnfhzgF gu)
3 a 2 - 3 # i # rr 2
4
360

..

3 br

3 br

r.

3b

` tlfsh NHgl gF gu = 1.45 r.br.

r.

3b

3 # 6 # 6 - 3 # 60 # 22 # 3 # 3
4
360
7
= 9 3 - 99 = 15.59 - 14.14 = 1.45 r.br.
7

..

E
B 3br.. 3br.. C

vLJfhL 8.15

gl Hlgl gF gu fh [ r = 3.14 ]

tlnfhzgF COD kW AOB- Muf Kiwna R br.., r br.. vf.

= 58.875 16.747 = 42.128 r.br.

r.

15b
C

.
8br


Hlgl gF gu = tlnfhzgF COD- gu

- tlnfhzgF AOB- gu

= i # rR2 - i # rr2
360
360

= 30 # 3.14 # 15 # 15 - 30 # 3.14 # 8 # 8
360
360

g 8.1
1.



2.

nH bfhLfgLs mss tlnfhzgF s,


gugs kW Rws fhf.
(i) Mu 21 br., ikanfhz 60c (ii) Mu 4.9 br., ikanfhz 30c
(iii) Mu 14 br., ikanfhz 45c (iv) Mu 15 br., ikanfhz 63c
(v) Mu 21 bl., ikanfhz 240c
(i) s 88 br. kW Mu 42 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
(ii) s 22 br. kW Mu 14 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
(iii) s 44 br. ikanfhz 70c bfhl tlnfhzgF
Muij fhf.
201

maha 8

3.

nH bfhLfgLs msfSF tlnfhzgF gugs kW


Rws Matiw fhf.

(i)

(ii) Mu 55 br., s 80 br..

(iii) Mu 12 br., s 15.25 br..

(iv) Mu 20 br., s 25 br..

4.

(i)

Mu 10 br., s 33 br..

Mu 14 br. kW gugs 70 r.br. bfhl tlnfhzgF


s fhf.

(ii) gugs

225

r.br.

kW

15

br.

bfhl

tlnfhzgF Mu fhf.

(iii) ikanfhz

140c

kW

gugs

44

r.br.

bfhl

tlnfhzgF Mu fhf.
5.

(i)

xU tlnfhzgF Rws 58 br.. mj l 9 br. v,


mj gu vd?

(ii) Mu kW Rws Kiwna 20 br. kW 110 br.

bfhl

tlnfhzgF guig fhf.


6.

nH jugl msf UJ tlnfhzgF ikanfhz fhf.

(i)

(ii) gugs 462 r.br., Mu 21 br.

7.

(i)

(ii) 7 br. MuKs fhtl gugs kW Rwsit fhf.

8.

(i)

gugs 352 r.br., Mu 12 br.

Mu 14 br. mss miutl gugs kW Rwsit fhf.

tlnfhzgF Rws kW Mu Kiwna 35 br., 8 br.


v, mj sij fhf.

(ii) tlnfhzgF Rws kW s Kiwna 24 br.,


xU khzt xU eh brytj neu (kf)
gl jugLsJ. mt

(i) g (ii) isaho

(iii) w braf bryl neuij fzLf.

L
h
sa
i jhd
k
i

9.

7 br.. v, mj Muij fhf.

105o
225o

A
O

w braf

202

msa

10.

2 br. lKs _W ehzaf xiw xW bjhLkhW itfglh


mtW milgL gF guig fhf.

11.

21 sK 24 mfyK bfhl bt ehF _iyfY 7


sKs fwh ehF Fiuf flgLsd. v,

(i)

(ii) Fiuf nkahj gF gu Madtiw fhf.

12.

24 br. sKs rJu milUJ xU f bga tlnfhzgF

Fiuf nk mfgr gu

r.

gl Hlgl gF gu fhf.

21b

13.

42b
r.

btobaLfglh jKs mil gu fhf. [ r = 3.14 ]

14.

tlnfhzgF s kW gu Kiwna 4.4 , 9.24 r. v,


mj Mu, ikanfhz kW Rwsit fhf.

8.3 fdrJuf (Cubes)


MW rJu gf msfsh milgl gF fdrJu vd goJf

(cjhuz: gfil). F mj wgu (Lateral Surface Area) kW fdms


(Volume) Matiw fhQ Kiwia fngh.
8.3.1 fdrJu bkhj wgu (Surface Area of a Cube)

MW gff gusf TLj fdrJu
bkhj wgu (Total Surface Area) vdgL.

mU cs gl, fdrJu gf a myF vf.
gfgu a2 rJu myFf. vdnt, bkhj gu 6a2 r.m. MF.

fdrJu nkgu kW moguig fz
bfhshlh ekF gf gu ilF. vdnt, gfgu
4a2 r.m MF.

a
a

Ka fUJ wgu
a myFf bfhl fdrJu

(i) bkhj gu = 6a2 r.m

(ii) gfgu = 4a2 r.m.


203

maha 8

8.3.2 fdrJu fdms (Volume of a Cube)


Ka fUJ fdms
a myFf bfhl fdrJu fdms
V = a3 fdmyFf
F

fdms vgij fdrJu bfhss vW tiuaWfyh.

vLJfhL 8.16

5 br. gf ms bfhl fdrJu bkhj gu, gfgu kW fdms

Matiw fhf.

= 6a2 = 6 (52 ) = 150 r.br.

fdms

= a3 = 53 = 125 f.br.

bkhj wgu

br

5br.

gf gu

= 4a2 = 4 (52 ) = 100 br.

5br.

vLJfhL: 8.17

bkhj wgu 216 r.br. bfhl fdrJu gf msit fhf.

fdrJu gf ms a vf.

bkhj wgu = 216 r.br.

i. e., 6a2 = 216 ( a2 = 216 = 36


6

a=

36 = 6 br.

a
a

vLJfhL 8.18

xU fdrJu bkhj wgu 384 r.br. v, mj fdmsit

fhf.
fdrJu gf ms a vf.
bkhj wgu = 384 r.br.
6a2 = 384 ( a2 = 384 = 64
6

` a = 64 = 8 br.

a
a
a

fdms = a3 = 83 = 512 f.br.


204

msa

vLJfhL 8.19

xU fdrJu tot bjho bfhss 27,000 l v, mj gf

msit fhf.
fdrJu tot bjho gf ms a vf.

fdms = 27,000 .

V = a3 =

27, 000
f. = 27 f.
1, 000

` a=

27 = 3

g 8.2
1.

nH bfhLfgLs gf msit bfhl fdrJu bkhj gu,


gfgu kW fdms Matiw fhf.

(i) 5.6 br.

(ii) 6 bl. (iii) 2.5

(iv) 24 br. (v) 31 br.

2.

(i) xU fdrJu gfgu 900 r.br. v, gf msit fhf.

(ii) xU fdrJu bkhj gu 1014 r.br. v, gf msit fhf.

(iii) xU fdrJu fd ms 125 f.bl. v, gf msit fhf.

3.

xU fdrJu bfhfy gf ms 20 br. v, mjid KGtJ ug


njitahd rfiu ms ahJ?

4.

xU fdrJu tot njf bjho fdms 64,000 . v, mj


gf msit fhf.

5.

3 br., 4 br., 5 br. gf msila _W fdrJuf cUfgL xU


bga fdrJukhf khwglh mj bkhj wguig fhf.

6.

15 br. gf mss xU fdrJu cUthf 3 br. gf mss


fdrJuf vjid njit?

7.

40 br. gf mss xU wj fdrJu bgo mikf njitahd


mil gu fhf. nkY, mj fdmsit fhf.

8.

2 gf mss xU fdrJu bfhfy KGtJ vbz csJ.


10 br. gf mss xU fdrJu Ftis vbz iy ` 50 v,
vbz bkhj iyia fhf?

9.

3.5 gf mss xU fdrJu bfhfy cwK btwK tz


rgLwJ. tz r xU rJu lUF MF bry ` 75 v, tz r
glntoa guig mjF MF bkhj bryit fhf.
205

maha 8

8.4 fdbrtff (Cuboids)


xU fdbrtf vgJ MW brtf gFah csla Kgkhd

gFahF.

cjhuz : brff, jff, ...

8.4.1 fdbrtf wgu (Surface Area of a Cuboid)


xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b kW h vf.

mj bkhj wgu (Total Surface Area)


(i ) K gff gu lh + lh = 2lh r.m

(ii ) U gf Kff gu bh + bh =2bh r.m

(iii ) nk, gff gu

lb + lb =2lb r.m t TLj MF.

fdbrtf gfgu = 2( l + b)h r.m

fdbrtf bkhj wgu (T.S.A) = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m


Ka fUJ fdbrtf wgu
xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b, h
v,

(i) gf gu = 2( l + b)h r.m.

(ii) bkhj gu = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m.


gfgu vgJ mogf Rws kW cau bgUfgydhF.
F
8.4.2 fdbrtf fdms (Volume of a Cuboid)
Ka fUJ fdbrtf fdms
xU fdbrtf s, mfy, cau Kiwna l, b, h v,
mj fdms,

V = l # b # h f. myFf
vLJfhL 8.20

xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna 20 br., 12 br. kW
9 br. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.
206

msa

l = 20 br., b = 12 br., h = 9 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,


` bkhj wgu = 2 (lb + bh + lh)
T.S.A = 2[(20 # 12 ) + (12 # 9 ) + (20 # 9 )]

9br.

= 2(240 + 108 + 180)

= 2 # 528

= 1056 r.br.

r.

b
12

20br.

vLJfhL 8.21

3 # 5 # 4 mss fdbrtf gf guig fhf.

l = 3 , b = 5 , h = 4 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
= 2(l +b)h

= 2 # (3+5) # 4

= 2#8#4

gfgu

= 64 r.

vLJfhL 8.22

11 , 10 , 7 mss fdbrtf fdmsit fhf.

l = 11 , b = 10 , h = 7 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
fdms

= lbh

=11 # 10 # 7

=770 f.

10

11

vLJfhL 8.23
fdms 216 f.br. mss U fdrJuf gl fhosthW

izfgLnghJ ilF fdbrtf bkhj guig fhf.


fdrJu gf ms a vf. a3 = 216 f.br.

` a=

U fdrJuf izfgL fdbrtf bgwgLwJ. vdnt,

216 = 6 br.

` l = 6 + 6 = 12 br., b = 6 br., h = 6 br..

` T.S.A = 2 (lb + bh + lh)


207

maha 8

= 2 [(12 # 6 ) + (6 # 6 ) + (12 # 6 )]
= 2 [72 + 36 + 72]
= 2 # 180 = 360 r.br.
vLJfhL 8.24

s, mfy kW cau Kiwna 20 br., 45 br. kW 50 br. msila xU

C.P.U F ciw ijf #h Udh. ciw iy 1 rJu lUF ` 50 v,


ciw ijf MF bryit fhf.
l = 20 br. = 0.2 , b = 45 br. =0.45 , h = 50 br. = 0.5

` ciw gu = gf gu + nk gu
= 2 (l + b) h + lb

= 2 (0.2 +0.45) 0.5 + (0.2 # 0.45)

= 2 # 0.65 # 0.5 + 0.09

= 0.65 + 0.09

= 0.74 r.

45

br

50 br.

ciw xU gf wj fdbrtf to UF.

20 br.

1 rJu l J iy ` 50

` 0.74 rJu l J iy 50 # 0.74 = ` 37.

vLJfhL: 8.25

5 # 2 # 1 mss xU F kzyh uggLwJ. xU fdlUF kz

ug MF bry ` 270 v, bkhj bryit fhf.


xU F fdbrtf to csJ. mj msf l = 5, b = 2, h = 1
` F fdms = fdbrtf fd ms
= lbh
= 5 # 2 # 1
= 10 f.

1 fdl kz ug ` 270 brythwJ v, 10 fd l kz ug

MF bry = 270 # 10 = ` 2700


208

msa

g 8.3
1.

nH bfhLfgLs fdbrtf s, mfy, caufSF gfgu,


bkhjgu kW fdms fhf.

(i) 5 br., 2 br., 11br. (ii) 15 bl.,10 bl., 8 bl..

(iii) 2 , 3 , 7

2.

fdbrtf s, mfy kW fdms Kiwna 35 br., 15 br.,

(iv) 20 , 12 , 8

kW 14175 f.br. v, cauij fhf.


3.

64 f.br. fd mss U fdrJuf izfglh clhF


cUt gfgu kW bkhj gu fhf.

4.

s, mfy kW cau 35 br., 30 br.. kW 55 br. msila U


x bgUfSF uh#& ciw ijf llh. ciw ijf xU rJu
lUF MF bry ` 75 v, bkhj bryit fhf.

5.

xU Tl ms 20 # 15 # 6 vd csJ. mTlF nkhf tz


mof Udh. 1 rJu lUF tz r MF bry ` 78 v,
bkhj bryit fhf.

6.

s 60 , mfy 0.3 , cau 2 cila Rt vGg 30br. # 15br. # 20br.


ms bfhl brff vjid njit?

7.

10 # 45 # 6 mss xU miw js kW Rtiu Jf xU rJu


lUF MF bry ` 48 v, bkhj bryit fhf.

209

maha 8

id bfhf

xU tl uL Muf kW Mufsh btlgL


Matwh milgL gF tlnfhzgF vdgL.

xU tlnfhzgF tl, mtlnfhzgF mikJs


tl

ika

VgLJ

nfhz

ikanfhz

myJ

tlnfhz vdgL.

xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v, mj
i
s l= 360 # 2rr myFfshF.

xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v,
tlnfhzgF gugs i # rr2 rJu myFfshF.
360

l - s, r - tlnfhzgF Mu v, mj Rws
P = l + 2r myFf.

gfms a myFf bfhl fdrJu


(i) bkhj wgu (T.S.A) = 6a2 r.m.

(ii) gfgu = 4a2 r.m.

gfms a myFf bfhl fdrJu fdms,


V = a3 fd myFf

xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b, h v,

(i) gf gu = 2( l + b)h r.m


(ii) bkhj gu = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m

xU fdbrtf s, mfy, cau Kiwna l, b, h myFf v,


mj fdms V = l # b # h f.m.

210

brKiw toa
Kjik Fnfhf

RWtl tiuj

FJnfhL ika tiuj

ctl ika tiuj

eLnfhL ika tiuj

My
1707 - 1783

9.1 mKf

f, nenfhLf kW w cUtf
gfis g toa mogil bfhiff
twd.
toa fis gagL
toa cUtfis tiu Kiwna brKiw
toayhF. toa tiuj vgJ cUtf,
nfhzf myJ nenfhLfis Jakhf
tiujyhF. o Elements vw jf
toa
tiuglfis
g
bjthf
TwgLsJ.
vdnt tiuglf o
tiuglf vd magLwd. monfh kW
fhgi[ gagL tiuglf tiuagLwd.
fhg rrk uij, monfh x J xW
miktij cWgLJwd. midJ toa
tiuglfS U fUJf mogil
mikwd.

ulh
ghlgF
monfh
kW
fhgi[ gagL jKW vf kW jKwh
vfis Ff aY vgij fnwh. 1913-
a fjnkij uhkD# 355 113 = r -I Ff
xU toa Kiwia mjh. jnghJ Jakhd
msfis bfhL tiu wfis gagL
nenfhLfsh kiyFns brY Rufghijfis
tiuaKo vgJ fwghd mrkhF. xU
bra rJu xbthU KidUJ xU
Fl nfhz Wfzfhd mo cau
vG nenfhLf xU iyWjgLwJ.
thW ehF KidfUJ vG nenfhLf
_y xU u flgLwJ.
211

18M
who
RryhJ ehL fj
mP
My
(Euler)
thjh. mt fhyF
K

mtiu
nghW
ahU
ma
MfLiuf mfkhf
vGaiy.
cyif
J bfhs MyUF
fj
xU
fUahf
UjJ.
xbthU
fLo
_yK
aifia J bfht
xU mo beUFtjhf mt
czjh.
toa KWbgw
Jiw
vd
vanghJ
o toa xU
a
njwij
t
fLojh.
My
xgJ fsla tl
njwij nH fhngh.

xU Knfhz
_W FJauf H vw
Y
gff
brFJ Urk btof m
vw Y rwd
v, hm vw nenfho
eL E-I ikakhf
bfhl
tl
J
midJ
FJaufS,
brFJ Urk btofS
mikwd.

Hc
Mc
M

Ma

Mb
H Hb
Ha

maha 9


bfhLfgLs msfSF Knfhz tiutij g eh vlh
tF fWnsh.

ghl eh eLnfhL ika, FJnfhL ika, ctl ika
kW RWtl ika Matiw tiu Kiwg fngh.

Kj fltiw tiu Kiwg id Tnth.

9.2 Knfhz rhj w nfhL JLf


(i)

(ii) bfhLfgl nfhLJoF btna cs xU UJ


brFJnfhL tiuj

(iii) bfhLfgl nfhzF Urkbto tiuj

(iv) bfhLfgl nfhLJoF btnas


mnfhLJo ikaia izj

bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJnfhL tiuj

xU

ia

9.2.1 bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJnfhL (Perpendicular Bisector)


tiuj

go1 :

nfhLJL AB tiuf.

go 2 :

nfhLJo s ghasF nk

msbtLJ, nfhLJo Wf
A kW B
nkY

Matiw ikakhf bfhL

tlfis

xiwbahW A

btLgo tiuJ, btL fSF C, D

vd bgaLf.
C

go 3 :

C kW D-I izf AB- ikaFJnfhL A


ilF.

M
D

Ka fUJ ikaFJnfhL
xU nfhLJo ika tahf tiuagL
brFJnfhL mj ikaFJnfhL (Perpendicular Bisector)
vdgL.
212

brKiw toa

9.2.2 bfhLfgl nfhLJoF btna cs xU UJ mnfhL


C
JoF FJnfhL tiuj

go 1 :

go 2 :

nfhLJL AB tiuJ mjF btna


A
C vw ia F.

C I ikakhf bfhL VnjD xU ms


nfhLJL

AB-

btLkhW

tlf tiuJ mtF P kW Q

vd bgaL.

go 3 :

P kW Q Ma fSF ilna cs
u ghF nk msbtLJ C vw
P

vw P kW Q UJ A

Q B

tlfis tiuJ btL F E


vd bgaL.

E
C

go 4 :

C kW E I izf ilF nfhL

njitahd FJnfhL MF.


E

Ka fUJ FJnfhL
C

FJnfhL

Knfhz xU cUJ mjF


vnu cs gfF tiuagL

brFJnfhL FJnfhL (Altitude) vdgL.


E

213

maha 9

9.2.3 nfhz Urkbto tiuj (Angle Bisector)

go 1 :

bfhLfgl nfhz msF Vg + CAB I


tiuf.

go 2 :

A I ikakhf bfhL VnjD xU msF Mu

vLJ AC kW AB I D kW E btLkhW
A

fis tiuf.

go 3 :

D kW E I Kiwna ikakhf bfhL DE -

ms ghFnk Mukhf vLJ fis


tiuJ mit btL F F vd bgaLf.

go 4 :

A kW F I izf ilF AF MdJ


+ CAB - nfhz U rkbto MF.

Ka fUJ nfhz Urkbto


bfhLfgLs nfhzij U
rknfhzfshf F nfhL

214

mnfhz nfhz Urkbto


(Angle Bisector) vdgL.

nfhz
Urkbto

brKiw toa

9.2.4 bfhLfgLs nfhL Jo ikaia nfhLJoF btna


cs l izj
C

go 1 :

bfhLfgLs msF nfhLJL


AB tiuJ, mjF btna C vw ia
A

F.

go 2 :

bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJ


nfhL tiuJ mJ AB-ia btL F

M vd bgaLf.

go 3 :

C kW M I izf.
A

Ka fUJ eLnfhL
C

xU Knfhz xU cia mjF


vnu cs gf eLl
A

izF nfhLJL eLnfhL


(Median) vdgL.
215

eLnfhL

maha 9

9.3 xU t brY nfhLf (Points of Concurrency)



ikaFJnfhL, FJnfhL, nfhz Urkbto kW eLnfhL Matiw
tiutJ g J tiu fnwh. nghJ eh RWtl ika, FJnfhL ika,
ctl ika, eLnfhL ika nghwtiw fhQ Kiwia g mnth.
9.3.1 Knfhz RWtlika tiuj
RWtl (Circumcircle)

Knfhz _W cfis bjhL brYkhW (cf tna)

RWtlika

Wt

tiuagL tl RWtl vdgL.

RWtl Mu

Ka fUJ RWtlika
C

Knfhz gff ikaFJ


nfhLf rF Knfhz

RWtlika (Circumcentre) vdgL.


jid S vd Fngh.

RWtl Mu (Circumradius)

RWtl ika S-F Knfhz VnjD xU cF ilna

cs u RWtl Mu vdgL. mjhtJ, RWtl Muij RWtl


Mu vngh.
216

brKiw toa

vLJfhL 9.1

AB = 5 br, +A = 70c kW +B = 60c mss DABC tiuf. mj RW tl
C
tiuJ RWtl Mu fhf.

60c

70c
A

5br

cj gl

go 1 :

bfhLfgLs
msF DABC tiuf.

70

60o
5br

go 2 :

VnjD

uL

gffSF

(AC

kW BC) ikaFJ
nfhLf tiuf. mit
btobfhS

vgJ

RWtlika MF.

70

60

5br

go 3 :

S-I

ikakhf
3.2br

bfhL

SA = SB = SC I Mukhf
RWtl

tiujh mJ cf
S

A, B kW C tna
brY.

70
A

RW tl Mu = 3. 2br
217

60
5br

maha 9

1. FWnfhz Knfhz RWtl ika Knfhz


cns mik.
brnfhz Knfhz RWtl ika fz ika MF.
nfhz Knfhz RWtl ika Knfhz btna mik.

Fiu

2.
3.

g 9.1
1.

PQ = 5 br, +P = 100c kW PR = 5 br mss DPQR tiuJ mj


RWtl tiuf.

2.

RWtl tiuf:

(i) rkgf Knfhz gf ms 6 br.

(ii) Urkgf brnfhz Knfhz rk gff ms 5 br.

3.

AB = 7 br, BC = 8 br kW +B = 60c mss DABC tiuJ RWtl


ika fhf.

4.

brnfhz Knfhz gff 4.5br, 6br kW 7.5br MF.


mj RWtl ika fhf.

9.3.2 Knfhz FJnfhLika tiuj


Ka fUJ FJnfhL ika
A

KnfhzFJnfhLf rF
FJnfhLika myJ

brnfhL ika (Orthocentre)

vdgL. ij H vW Fngh.

vLJfhL 9.2

AB = 6 br, BC = 4 br kW AC = 5.5 br Ma msfSF DABC tiuJ


C

br
5.

4b

FJnfhL ika tiuf.

6br

cj gl

go 1 : bfhLfgLs

b
5.5

4b

msfSF DABC tiuf

218

6br

brKiw toa

go 2 :

VnjD

fUJ

(A kW C) vnu cs gffSF
( Kiwna BC kW AB) FJnfhLf

FJnfhLf btobfhS

H, DABC - FJnfhL ika MF.

H
r

tiuf.

4b

b
5.5

6br

1. xU KnfhzF _W FJnfhLf tiua Ko.


2. FWnfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika Knfhz
cns mik.
brnfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika brnfhz c .
nfhz Knfhz FJnfhL ika KnfhzF btna
mik.

Fiu

3.
4.

g 9.2
1.

AB = 8 br., BC = 7 br. kW AC = 5 br. vw mss DABC tiuJ,


mj FJnfhL ika fhf.

2.

LM = 7 br., +M = 130c kW MN = 6 br. vw mss DLMN tiuJ,


mj FJnfhL ika fhf.

3.

6 br. gf mss rkgf Knfhz tiuJ, mj FJnfhL ika fhf.

4.

PQ = 4.5 br., QR = 6 br. kW +Q = 90c vw mss DPQR tiuJ,


mj FJnfhL ikaij F.

5.

Urkgf Knfhz ABC- rkgff ms 6 br., AB = BC kW


+B = 80c tiuJ, mj FJnfhL ikaij F.

9.3.3 Knfhz ctl ika tiuj


Ka fUJ ctl ika
C

Knfhz nfhzf Urkbtof


rF ctl ika (Incentre) vdgL.
mjid I vW FLnth.

219

maha 9

ctl: ctl ikaij (I) ikakhf


itJ Knfhz midJ
cwkhf

gffis
tl

(Incircle)

ctl

vdgL.

I
cMu

bjhL brYkhW tiuagL

l
t

cMu: ctl ikaUJ


Knfhz gffSF
cs brFJu cMu (Inradius) vdgL.

vLJfhL 9.3

AB = 7 br., +B = 50c kW BC = 6 br. mss DABC tiuJ mj ctl


C

tiuf. nkY cMuij msJ vGJ.

6b
r

50c
A

7br

cj gl

6b

go 1 :

bfhLfgLs
msfSF DABC tiuf.

50o

7br

go 2 :

6b
r

VnjD
U
nfhzfSF
nfhz
Urkbtof
tiuf.
kW
(F
+A
+B -
Urkbtof tiuagLsd)
mit rF I vgJ
DABC - ctl ika MF.

50o

7br
220

brKiw toa

go 3 :

I- UJ VnjD xU gfF
(F AB) brFJnfhL tiuf.

mnfhL AB I rF D
6b
r

MF.
1.8br

50

D 7br

go 4 :

6b
r

I I ikakhf ID I Mukhf
bfhL
tl
tiuf.
tlkhdJ Knfhz
midJ
gffis
cwkhf bjhL brY.
Jnt njitahd ctl
MF.

1.8br

50o
D

7br

ctl Mu = 1.8 br.


Fiu

vyh tif KnfhzfSF ctl ika vnghJ


Knfhz cns mik.

g 9.3
1.

AB = 9 br., BC = 7 br., kW AC = 6 br. mss DABC -F ctl


tiuf.

2.

AB = 6 br., AC = 7 br. kW +A = 40cmss DABC -F ctl tiuJ


ctl Mu fhf.

3.

gf ms 6 br. cs rkgf KnfhzF ctl tiuf.

4.

AB = 6 br., AC = 5 br. kW +A = 110c mss DABC -F ctl


tiuJ ctl ikaij F.
221

maha 9

9.3.4 Knfhz eLnfhL ika tiuj


Ka fUJ eLnfhL ika
C

Knfhz eLnfhLf rF
Knfhz eLnfhL ika

Mb

(Centroid) vdgL.
jid G vW FLnth.

Ma

Mc

vLJfhL 9.4

AB = 6 br., BC = 7 br. kW AC = 5 br. Ma msfSF DABC tiuJ

mj eLnfhL ika tiuf.


C

5b r

r
7b

6br

cj gl

go 1 :

msfSF DABC tiuf.

7b

bfhLfgLs
5br

6br

(F AC kW BC-F
ikaFJnfhLf
tiuagLsd)

A
222

VnjD U gffSF
ikaFJnfhLf
tiuf.

7b

go 2 :

5br

6br

brKiw toa

go 3 :

DABC -

G
MdJ

eLnfhL ika MF.

7b

mgff ika
ia Kiwna v
cl
izF
nfhLf btL G
vf.

5br

Fiu

6br

(i) KnfhzF _W eLnfhLf tiuayh.


(ii) eLnfhLfis eLnfhL ika KidUJ 2:1 vw
j F.
(iii) midJ tif KnfhzfY
Knfhz cgF mik.

eLnfhL

ika

g 9.4
1.

AB = 6 br., BC = 5 br. kW AC = 4 br. msfSF DABC tiuJ


eLnfhL ikaij F.

2.

LM = 5.5 br., +M = 100 o MN = 6.5 br. mss Knfhz tiuJ


eLnfhL ikaij F.

3.

gfms 7.5 br.,


ikaij fhf.

4.

gfmsf 3 br., 4 br. kW 5 br. cs brnfhz Knfhz tiuJ


mj eLnfhL ikaij fhf.

5.

PQ = 6 br., +P = 110 o kW QR = 8 br. msfSF DPQR eLnfhL


ikaij F.

cs rkgf Knfhz tiuJ mj eLnfhL

223

tiuglf
A mathematical theory can be regarded as perfect only if you are prepared to
present its contents to the first man in the street
D.HILBERT

Ka Fnfhf

tiugl fUid j

nea rkgho tiugl tiuj

U khfis bfhl nea rkghLf fhz

10.1 mKf

tiugl mogil fUJfis ghlgF sFwJ. eh
xbthU ehS brjhf, giff kW jff nghwt
tiuglfis fhnwh. tiuglf gntW tukfis gl to
sFwJ.
j _y tukfis iuthf, vjhf kW
bjthf J bfhs KowJ. ghlgF uL khfSilna
cs bjhlid tiugl Fl, rkghLf id tiugl _y
bgWtij fngh.

10.2 nea tiugl (Linear Graph)

y
7

x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF


x 2y = 2 vw rkghL x, y
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
6
vw U khf mikj xU nea
5
rkghoF
X
vLJfhlhF.
4
x0 2 y0 = 2 vwthW cs x0 , y0 vw
(6, 4)
3
(4, 3)
vf nrho ( x0 , y0 ) MdJ x 2y = 2
2
(2,
2)
vw rkgho xU MF. thW
1 (0, 1)
nrho Kj v x0 kW ulhtJ
(2, 0)
v y0 -F Fl kf bfhLgj xl 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1
(4, 1)
_y rkgho vyh fis
2
(5, 1.5)
vjhf fhzKo. js cs U
3
mRfis bghWJ mik x 2y = 2
4
vw rkgho fshd ( x0 , y0 )
5
Ma f bjhF x 2y = 2
6
tiugl vdgL. gntW x0 kW y0
yl
kfis x 2y = 2 vw rkgho
fshf fL bgwgL gntW nrhof ( x0 , y0 )-I tiugl Fgj _y
tiuglid g eF mJ bfhsyh. cjhuzkhf, nkny bfhLfgLs
224

tiuglf

gl (5,1.5), (4,1), (2, 0), (0, 1), (2, 2), (4, 3) kW (6, 4) Ma fis FF
tiuglkhF.

f x 2y = 2 vw rkgho tiugl xU nenfhlhF vgij
czJwJ.

UJ, Ukhf mikj xUgo rkghL vnghJ xU
nenfhil FF vd mayh. ax + by + c = 0 vw rkghil nenfho
bghJtotkhf vLJbfhsntL. a myJ b VjhtJ xW
ayhk UfntL. tiugljh nenfho tiugl vjhf
tiua nenfho kbwhU va mikghd y = mx + c ia gagLJnwh.
x- xbthU kF y = mx + c vw rkghlhdJ
y- kig
bfhLgjh, eh (x, y) vw tirgLjgl nrhoia vjhf bgWnwh.
ax + by + c = 0 vgJ nenfho bghJ totkhF
(i) c = 0 v rkghL ax + by = 0 MF. nfhL M tna brY.
(ii) a = 0 v rkghL by + c = 0 MF. nfhL x mRF
izahf brY.
(iii) b = 0 v rkghL ax + c = 0 MF. nfhL y mRF
izahf brY.
F

10.2.1 nea tiugl tiu Kiw



xU rkgho tiuglij fhz x kW y- kfis mltizgLj
ntL. x- _W kfis bfhL tfhd y- kfis fhngh.
xU nfhL tiua uL fns nghJkhdJ, vD, _W fis
vLJbfhtj _y ekJ tiugl rahdJ vgij cW bra aY.

go1: rkghil bfhL x kW y- kfis mltizgLJf.

go2: tiugljh x mR kW y mid tiuf.

go3: mRf J njitahd mslid Ff.

go4: tiugljh fis Ff.

go5: fis izJ, o nfhoid bgw.
10.2.2 nenfhL tiuj
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

vLJfhL 10.1


(3, 5) kW (- 5, 1) vw fis
izF nenfhoid tiuf.

1. 1 br. = 1 myF vw msl
x mR kW y mid tiuf.

2. tiugljh (3, 5), (- 5, 1) vw


bfhLfgl uL fis Ff.

3. fis izJ nfhLJL


tiuJ mjid uL wK l.

4. eh njitahd
bgWnwh.

nea

tiuglij
225

xl

yl

maha 10

y = 6x
0
-1

-6

x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

y = 6x

vLJfhL 10.2

y = 6x - tiugl tiuf.
bfhLfgl nenfhL rkgho
kfis ul
x =- 1, 0,1 vw
fhQ y- kfis bgwyh.

xl

(- 1, - 6), (0, 0) kW (1, 6) vw fis


tiugljh FJ mf tbrY
nenfhoid tiua. Jnt njitahd
nenfhL tiuglkhF.

yl

vLJfhL 10.3
x = 5 - tiugl tiuf.

x = 5 vw nfhL y mRF izahdJ.


j nfho x xU kh. nkY, nfho
vj (5, y) vw to mik. vdnt
y =- 2, 0, 2 vd vLJbfhs eh (5, - 2),
(5, 0) kW (5, 2) vw fis bgWnwh.
x=5
x
5
5
5
y
2
0
2

tiugljh, fis FJ
mf tbrY nenfhoid
tiua. Mfnt eh ekF njitahd nea
tiuglij bgWnwh.

x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

yl
y
y=
5 x+
- 3

x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

-5 x
3
5
y =- x + 2
3

xl

vLJfhL 10.4
vw
nenfho

y =- 5 x + 2
3
tiugl tiuf.
nenfhL rkgho x = - 3, 0, 3
vd ul, flthW y- kfis
eh fhnwh.
y =- 5 x + 2
3
0
x
-3

y
x=5

xl
3

-5

-3

yl
226

tiuglf

y=4
x-1


(- 3, 7), (0, 2) kW (3, - 3) vw fis tiugljh FJ mf
tbrY nenfhoid tiua. Jnt y =- 5 x + 2 vw rkgho
3
nenfhL tiuglkhF.
y
vLJfhL 10.5
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

y = 4x - 1 - tiugl tiuf.

bfhLfgl nenfhL rkgho


x =- 1, 0,1 vd ul, flthW y-
kfis eh bgWnwh.
x

y = 4x - 1
0
-1

-1

4x

-4
-5

y = 4x- 1

xl


(- 1, - 5), (0, - 1) kW (1, 3)
vw fis tiugljh FJ
mf tbrY nenfhoid tiua.
nenfhL tiuglij bgWnwh.

yl
eh bghGJ njitahd

vLJfhL 10.6

2x + 3y = 12 - tiugl tiuf.
Kj eh 2x + 3y = 12 vw
rkghil y = mx + c vw to
vGJnth.

y
2x

2x + 3y = 12 vw rkghoUJ
2
y = - x + 4 vdilwJ.
3

nkfl rkgho x =- 3, 0, 3
vd ul, flthW y-
kfis eh bgWnwh.

y = -2 x+4
3
0
-3

-2 x
3
y=- 2 x + 4
3

3y

x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

12

xl

-2

yl

tiugljh (- 3, 6), (0, 4) kW (3, 2) vw fis FJ mf tbrY


nenfhoid tiua. eh bghGJ njitahd tiuglij bgWnwh.
227

maha 10

g 10.1
1.

tU fis izF nenfhL tiugl tiuf.

(i) (2, 3) kW (- 6, - 5)


2.

(iii) (5, - 7) kW (- 1, 5) (iv) (- 3, 9) kW (5, - 6) (v) (4, - 5) kW (6, 10)


tUtdtF tiugl tiuf.

(i) y = 5

(ii) y = - 6

(iii) x = 3

(iv) x = - 5

(v) 2x + 7 = 0

(vi) 6 + 3y = 0

3.

tUtdtF tiugl tiuf.

(i) y = 4x

(ii) 3x + y = 0

(iv) y - 3x = 0

(v) 9y - 3x = 0

4.

tU rkghLfSF nenfhL tiugl tiuf.

(i) y = 3x + 1

(ii) 4y = 8x + 2

(iii) y - 4x + 3 = 0

(iv) x = 3y + 3

(v) x + 2y - 6 = 0

(vi) x - 2y + 1 = 0

(vii) 3x + 2y = 12

5.

tUtdt m kW c- kfis bfhL y = mx + c vw

(ii) (- 2, - 4) kW (- 1, 6)

(iii) x =- 2y

rkghofhd tiugl tiuf.


(i) m = 2 kW c = 3

(iv) m = 3 kW c =- 4

(ii) m =- 2 kW c =- 2 (iii) m =- 4 kW c = 1
(v) m = 1 kW c = 3
(vi) m = - 2 kW c = 2
2
3

10.3 tiuglf gaghL (Application of Graphs)


U khf xU nea rkghL bjhF vgJ U khfshyhd
xWF nkgl xU go rkghLf bjhF MF. mbjhF cs vyh
rkghLfis iw br tirgLjgl nrhof fz mbjhF
MF. ghlgF U khfshyhd U nea rkghLf it
tiuglKiw fhgJ g gongh.
nf thdJ _W tiff fHyh. mit

(i)

(ii) U rkghLf tiuglfS xiwbahW vF rfhk


izahf Ufyh.
izahdit vgjh jF bghJthd
f ilahJ. Mfnt, rkghLfSF f ilahJ.

(iii) U rkghLf tiuglfS xnu xU kL bto

uL rkghLf tiuglK x J xW mikJ xnu


nenfhlhfyh. iy rkghLfSF vzw f cL.

bfhsyh. Mfnt, rkghLf xnu xU it kL bfhLsd.


228

tiuglf

vLJfhL 10.7

x + 2y = 4 ; 2x + 4y = 8 vw rkghLfis tiugl _y f.

xbthU rkghoF _W fis fhz, x-F _W kfis


uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnwh.

eh bgW kfis

mltizgLJnth.
x + 2y = 4
2 y = -x + 4 ( y = - x + 2
2

nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2 vd ul, eh mjFa y-
kfis bgWnwh.
nfhL 1:

y = -x +2
2
0
-2

y
2

x+

1
0
-x
-1
2
3
2
1
y= - x + 2
2
nfhL 2: 2x + 4y = 8

4 y = - 2x + 8 ( y = - x + 2
2
nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2 vd
ul, eh bgW y kf tUkhW

y = -x +2
2
0
-4

-x
2
y =- x + 2
2

2y

x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

=4

xl

-2

2x +

x
4y =
8

yl


eh fis tiugljh FJ nenfhLf tiunth. uL
nfhLfS xw J xW miktij fhzyh. xU nfho J cs vj xU
kbwhU nfho J mik. vdnt, U rkghLfSF vzw
bghJthd f cL. mjhtJ, nfho Js xbthU thF.
Mfnt, rkghLfSF vzw f cL.
vLJfhL 10.8

tiugl Kiw : x - 3y = 6 ; x - 3y + 9 = 0

xbthU rkghoF _W fis fhz, x-F _W kfis


uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnwh.
eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
229

maha 10

nfhL 1: x - 3y = 6
3y = x -6 ( y = x -2
3

nkfhQ rkgho x = - 3, 0, 3 vd ul, eh bgW y- kf
tUkhW

y= x -2
3
x

-3

x
3

-1

y = x -2
3

-3

-2

-1

x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

nfhL 2: x - 3y + 9 = 0

3 y = x + 9

y = x + 3
3

nkfhQ
rkgho
x = - 3, 0, 3 vd ul, eh bgW y-

+
- 3y

x
x-

y= x +3
3
-3

x
3

-1

y = x +3
3

0
9=

xl

kf tUkhW

6
3y =

yl

Kj (- 3, - 3) (0, - 2) kW (3, - 1) vw fis tiugljh FJ

mf tahf nenfhL tiuf. (- 3, 2) (0, 3) kW (3, 4) vw fis


mnj tiugljh FJ mf tahf nenfhL tiuf.

uL

nfhLfS izahf Ugij fhzyh. uL nfhLfSF bghJthd


f iy. Mfnt, rkghLfSF f VJ iy.
vLJfhL 10.9

2x - y = 1; x + 2y = 8 vw rkghLfis tiuglKiw f.

xbthU rkghoF _W fis fhz, x-F _W kfis


uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnth.
eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
230

tiuglf

nfhL 1: 2x - y = 1

y = 2x - 1

nkfhQ rkgho x =- 1, 0,1 vd ul, eh bgW y- kf


y = 2x - 1
x

-1

2x

-2

y = 2x - 1

-3

-1

y
x+

nfhL 2: x + 2y = 8
2 y = -x + 8 ( y = - x + 4
2

nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2
vd ul, eh bgW y- kf

2y

=8

xl

-x
2
y
x
- + 4
2

-1

-y

-2

2x

y = -x +4
2

x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF

yl

Kj (- 1, - 3), (0, - 1) kW (1, 1) vw fis tiugljh FJ


mf tahf nenfhL tiuf. (- 2, 5), (0, 4) kW (2, 3) vw fis

mnj tiugljh FJ mf tahf nenfhL tiuf.

uL

nfhLfS (2, 3) vw xnu xU kL btobfhtij fhzyh. Mfnt,


rkghLfSF xnu xU cL. m x=2, y=3. mjhtJ, (2, 3).

g 10.2
tU rkghLfis tiugl Kiw .
2.
1.
3x - y = 0 ; x - 2 = 0

2x + y = 4 ; 4x + 2y = 8

3.

2x = y + 1 ; x + 2y - 8 = 0

4.

x + y = 5; x - y = 1

5.

x - 2y = 6 ; x - 2y =- 6

6.

4x - y - 5 = 0 ; x + y - 5 = 0

7.

3x + 2y = 4 ; 9x + 6y - 12 = 0

8.

y = 2x + 1 ; y + 3x - 6 = 0

9.

y - 2x + 2 = 0 ; y = 4x - 4

10.

11.

2x - 4 = 0 ; 4x + y + 4 = 0

12.

x - y = 0; y + 3 = 0
x + y = 1; x + y = 2
2 4
2 4

231

a
Statistical thinking today is as necessary for efcient citizenship as the ability to read and write
Herbert. G. Wells

Kjik Fnfhf

fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz


tiuj

ikanghF msitfshd TLruhr, iliy


kW KfL Matiw fL oj

11.1 mKf
a vgJ tufis nrfJ, ghFgL goaL, M brJ
mtufSF sf fhgj _y uridfSF Ko fhgjF
cjwJ. Kjiy tuf kW ulhiy tuf vthW
nrffgLwd vgJ g eh Kija tFf goJnsh. mthW
bgwgl tuf mfkhd tufis bfhljhf U, mj
tufis M brJ sf fhgjF Kghf gFJ, goal ntL.
xU y Mf nghJ, ghFgL goaLtj _ykhfnt, mj
tuf ga bjthd sfK mj KaJtK bjatU. tif
mfgL tuf xU ruhr kjDF Mt CLtjhf, goahf
Uj ntL. vdnt, mtuf KGikahf VWbfhS tifY
nkY Mtij L tifY csjhf mika, mjid xU sf gl _
ykhfnth myJ xU tiugl _ykhfnth mgJ wjJ.

11.2 fbt gut tiugl tot

xU gl Mu thijfSF rk vgjzf a tYdf,


tufis bjthf tf tiuglfis mj EQffis
eF gagLdhf. Fghf fbt gutyhfnth myJ rjj gutyhfnth
bjhFfgl tufis tf fbt brtf kW fbt
gynfhz Mad gagLjgLwd.
fbt gut vgJ f kW fbtfis gagL,
tifgLjglhj tufis gFJ goaLj MF. xU fbt
gutiy tU ehF tf tiugl _y Flyh.
(i) fbt brtf (Histogram)
(ii) fbt gynfhz (Frequency Polygon)
(iii) fbt tisnfhL (Smoothened frequency curve)
(iv) F fbt nfhLf. (Ogive or Cumulative frequency curve)
232


j maha Kj uL tif tiuglfis g ghngh. kw
uL nk tFf mJ bfhnth.
11.2.1 fbt brtf (Histogram)

fbt gutiy tf gagL gyjkhd tiugl Kiwf mf
ngrgLtJ gyuhY gagLjgLtJ fbt brtf MF. fbt
brtf vgJ xU bjhlfbt gutiy U gkhz tiuglkhf kh
fhLtjhF. fbt brtf, fbt gut ilbtfis
mfykhf mf fbtfis skhf bfhL brtff
tiuagLwd. brtff gu mjj fbtfSF ne
j UF.
rkkhd ilbtfis bfhL fbtbrtf tiua bra ntoad:


fis x-mY, fbtfis y-mY Ff ntL.


U mRfY myFf xwhf Uf ntoa mta iy.
f yF fshf (Exclusive Intervals) Uj mta.
f cslF fshf (Inclusive Intervals) Ujh yF
fshf khwgl ntL.
4. ilbtfis mfykhf, mf fbtfis
skhf bfhL brtff tiuantL. thW xbthU
ilbt nkY xU brtf mikfntL.
fbt brtfkhdJ gil sfglfis nghW UF.
Fiu
vD,fbtbrtf,fbtgutilbtia
mj fbtfis gagL tiuagLwd. Mdh,
gil sfglf, tuf tiffis, mjj
tiffhd fbtfis gagL tiuagLwd.
bjhl tufSF kLnk fbt brtf tiua Ko.
1.
2.
3.

11.2.2 fbt gynfhz (Frequency Polygon)



fbt gynfhz xbthU eL, m cs
tufSF gyhf gagLj gLwd. f eLfis
x-mY fbtfis y-mY vLJbfhL, mj_y FfgL
fis izgj _y fbt gynfhz bgwgLwJ. fbt
gynfhz uL filnfhLf ilbt gh ms u,
filfSF (Extreme points) btw x-mid bjhLkhW mikfgl
ntL.

fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz uL tiuagl
ntLbk, Kj fbt brtf tiuJ bfhsntL.
brtff nkgFf eLfis izgj _y fbt
gynfhzij tiua Ko.

Fiu

fbt gynfhz tiua, fbt brtf xU tfhoahf


Kj tiuagLwJ.
233

maha 11

vLJfhL 11.1

tU tufSfhd fbt brtf kW fbt

gynfhz tiuf.
kbgf 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
khztf
vif

12

22

35

40

50-60

60-70

70-80

80-90

90-100

60

52

40

30

Kj fbt brtf tiuagL , mLjLj brtff


nkgff eLfis izgjh fbt gynfhz bgwgLwJ.

fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz


ms l
x mR : 1 br. = 10 myFf
y mR : 1 br. = 5 myFf


nkfl vLJfho, f yF fshf csd. jnghJ
cslF fis bfhl X vLJfhil vLJbfhnth.
234

vLJfhL 11.2

xU a bjhTl ntiy br 50 bjhyhsfl, mtf
xbthUtU ntiyfhf vjid nyh l bjhiy tJ brwhf vw
fzbfL eljgl fl tuf bgwgld. tufSF xU
fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz mikf.
u (.)
bjhyhsf
vif

50-59

40-49

30-39

20-29

10-19

18

14

bfhLfgoUF goa f cslF fshf,


bjhlahf mikahkY csd. mjdh, mf yF fshf
khwgL, VWtir mikfgLsd.
u (. )
bjhyhsf
vif

9.5-19.5

19.5-29.5

29.5-39.5

39.5-49.5

49.5-59.5

14

18

fbt brtf kW fbt gynfhz

ms l
x mR : 1 br. = 10 myFf
y mR : 1 br. = 2 myFf

235

maha 11

(i) f bjhl ilbtfshf khwgL fbt


brtf mikfntL.
(ii) x-m msf M UJ bjhlfho,
MF mU FWF nfhLfsh (Zig-zag Curve)
Flgl ntL.
F

11.2.3 khWgl ilbtfis bfhl fbt gut fbt brtf


fhQ fbt gutiy vLJ bfhnth:
neu (dhof)
fbt

40-60
100

60-70
60

70-80
90

80-85
70

85-90
60

90-120
90


F, bga fbtiz bgWsjh ilbt 40-60 mf
KaJt thjJ ngh njhWwJ. Mdh, fbt 100-fhd
ilbt ms 20 MF. mnj rka ilbt 80-85 fhd
fbt 70 Mf UjhY mj ms 5 dhof kLnk. vdnt, fbt
brtf tiu K xbthU ilbt msit (sij)
fz bfhs ntL. mthW iyba mfbt brtf,
bfhLfgl tufis rahd Kiw tgjhf mikahJ. jid
rbra, ilbtf kW mj fbtfis bghWJ, brtff
sf khaikfgl ntL.

brtf khaikfgl sf fbt mlia fhgj
_y fzlgLwJ.

fbt ml : fbtfis mj ilbt msit
bfhL tFF nghJ fbt ml ilwJ.
Ka fUJ
fbt ml = fbt ' ilbt ms
bfhLfgl
fbt
gut, C vgJ
fa
ilbt s vdbfhlh, brtf
khaikfgl s flthW fzlgL.
khaikfgl s =

fbt
#C
mj ilbtms

neu (dhof)

40-60

60-70

70-80

80-85

85-90

90-120

fbt

100

60

90

70

60

90

ilbt
ms

20

10

10

30

100 # 5 60 # 5 90 # 5 70 # 5 60 # 5
10
10
5
5
brtf s 20
= 30
= 45
= 70
= 60
= 25
236

90 # 5
30
= 15

ms l
x mR : 1 br. = 5 myFf
y mR : 1 br. = 5 myFf

vLJfhL 11.3

tU tufSfhd fbt brtfij tiua.


0-10 10-20 20-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-90 90-100
kbg
6
14
16
14
8
16
5
khztf vif 4

tu fa ilbt s 10. khWgl


ilbtfis bfhl tuF fbt brtf tiua
brtf sf khaikfgl ntL.

fbtml =

fbt
fbt ilbt s

brtf s = fbt ml # 10
kbgf
khztf
vif
ilbt s
brtf
s

0-10

10-20

20-40

40-50

50-60

60-70

70-90

90-100

14

16

14

16

10

10

20

10

10

10

20

10

4 # 10 6 # 10 14 # 10 16 # 1014 # 10 8 # 10 16 # 10 5 # 10
10
10
20
10
10
10
20
10
=4
=6
=7
= 16 = 14 = 8
=8
=5
237

maha 11

khWgl ilbtfis bfhl fbt brtf

ms l
x mR : 1 br. = 10 myFf
y mR : 1 br. = 2 myFf

g 11.1
1.

2.

tU gutYF fbt brtfij tiuf.


0-10
10-30
30-45
45-50
50-60
f
8
28
18
6
10
fbt
xU bjhrhiy g bjhyhsf khjrgs ga
fhQ tufSF xU fbt brtf tiuf.

khj rgs (`)

2000 2200

2200 2400

2400 2800

2800
- 3000

3000 3200

3200 3600

bjhyhsf
vif

25

30

50

60

15

10

3.

tU gut 48 bghUf ml uh bfhLfgLsJ.


tufis sFtjF xU fbt brtf tiua.
ml (uh)
bghUf vif

10-19

20-24

25-34

35-49

50-54

12

18

238

4.

tU tufSF xU fbt brtf tiuf.

ilbt
fbt

5.

10-14
5

25

52-80
21

xU Fl eh kUJtkid ir bgw 360 nehahf


taJ (tUlf) nH bfhLfgLsJ.
taJ (tUlf)
nehahf
vif

14-20 20-32 32-52

10-20

20-30

30-50

50-60

60-70

80

50

80

120

30

nkfl tufhd fbt brtf tiuf.

ikanghF msitf (Measures of Central Tendency)



a M Ka nehff xW bfhLfgl bkhj
tu jikf kW wafis xU Fl j vzh FgjhF.
mjifa v m tu ika k ms myJ ikanghF ms
vW miHfgLwJ. TL ruhr, iliyms, KfL Mad bghJthf
mfkhf gagL ikanghF msitf MF

11.3 ruhr (Mean)


11.3.1 TL ruhr - tifgLjglhj tu.

bfhLfgLs kf TL bjhifia bkhj kf
vifah tFf ilF v mj kf TL ruhr (Arithmetic
Mean) MF. TL ruhr x vd FfgL.
n
x = x1 + x2 + g + xn myJ x = 1 / xi myJ x =
n i=1
n

/x
n

/x

( nx = / x mjhtJ,
n
bkhj kf vif # ruhr = kf TL bjhif
Fiu

x=

ruhr 4 mo MH csMiw r bjahj 5 mo

idTJ
ila

cau cs kj flJ v fiuF bry Kokh?


vLJfhL 11.4

xU khzt KG ML nj 5 ghlf vLj kbgf 72, 73, 75, 82,

74 v, ruhr kbg fhf.


239

maha 11

IJ ghlf tha kbgf 72, 73, 75, 82, 74. F n = 5

/x

= 72 + 73 + 75 + 82 + 74 = 376 = 75.2
n
5
5
vdnt, ruhr = 75.2
vLJfhL 11.5
x =


5 vf ruhr 32. mbtf xiw FnghJ, ruhr 4 Fiwjh
fgl viz fhz.

5 vf ruhr
= 32.
5 vf TLbjhif = 32 # 5 = 160
4 vf ruhr
= 32 - 4 = 28
4 vf TLbjhif = 28 # 4 = 112

( a nx = / x )

jfgl v = (5 vf TL bjhif) - (4 vf TL bjhif)


= 160 - 112 = 48

11.3.2 ruhr - tifgLjglhj fbt gut


x1, x2, x3 ...xn Ma cWf fbtf Kiwna f1, f2, f3 ...fn v, ruhr
n

f x + f x + g + fn xn
=
x = 1 1 2 2
f1 + f2 + g + fn

/ fx
i

i=1
n

/f

vd tiuaWfgLwJ.

i=1

/ fx vW vGjgL.

nkfl Nu x =
/f
vLJfhL 11.6

tU tufhd ruhria fhf.


x
f

5
3

10
10

15
25

20
7

25
5

x
5

f
3

fx
15

10

10

100

15

25

375

20

140

25

125

/f

= 50

/ fx = 755
240

ruhr =

/ fx
/f

ruhr = 15.1

755
= 50 = 15.1

11.3.3 ruhr - tifgLjgl fbt gut


tU fbt goaiy vLJbfhnth.


ilbt
(kbgf)
fbt (khztf
vif)

0-10

10-20

20-30

30-40

40-50


goa Kj UJ 3 khztf 10 kbgfSF Fiwthf
bgUgjhf bjwJ. Mdh mJ m_tU jjahf tha
kbgfis g VJ Flgliy. jnghJ xbthU
ilbt uahf xU k njitgLwJ. 0-10 fhd mj
k 5 vd bfhnth. J mj ikaahF. mjhtJ, xbthU
ilbt cs cWfS m ikaF mU csjhf
vLJbfhnth. jgo xbthU ilbt ika, m
cs cWf uahf VW bfhsgLwJ.
ika = UCL + LCL . F UCL vgJ nk viy (Upper Class
2
Limit) LCL vgJ viy (Lower Class Limit)MF.

ikaia x vW FJ, nkTa Nu _y x

fzlgLwJ. jnghJ
/ fx I gagL bfhLfgl fbt gut ruhria fhzyh.

x=
/f

bjhFfgl fbt gut ruhria fhQ Kiwf VnjD
xU Kiwia gagL fzlyh:

(i) neuo Kiw

(ii) Cf ruhr Kiw

(iii) goyf Kiw

neuo Kiw (Direct method)


neuo Kiwia gagLJ nghJ, ruhr fhgjfhd Nu x =


F x vgJ ilbt ika kW
ilbt fbt MF.

/ fx ,
/f

f vgJ mj

neuo Kiw ruhr fhgjfhd gof :



(i) xbthU ilbt ikaia fLoJ mij x vd
Ff.

(ii) ikafis mjFa ilbt fbtnzhL
bgU, mbgUf gy TLj / fx I fhz.

(ii) vyh fbtf TLj / f I fhz. / fx I / f M tFf,
ruhr ilF.
241

maha 11

vLJfhL 11.7

fhQ tuF neuo Kiw _y ruhria fhf.


kbgf
khztf
vif

0-10

10-20

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

10

25

30

20

10

kbgf

ika
(x)

khztf
vif (f)

fx

0-10

25

10-20

15

10

150

20-30

25

25

625

30-40

35

30

1050

40-50

45

20

900

50-60

55

10

550

/f
x =

/ fx
/f

= 100

/ fx = 3300

= 3300 = 33
100

vdnt, ruhr = 33

Cf ruhr Kiw (Assumed mean method)


bfhLfgl tu Cf ruhr A v, yf d = x - A vgJ

Cf ruhr A- UJ ika x- yfkhF. Cf ruhr Kiw,


ruhr fhgjfhd Nu
x = A +

/ fd .
/f

Cf ruhr Kiw ruhr fhgjfhd gof :


Cf ruhria A vngh.

(i)

(ii) xbthU ika x-I fhf.

(iii) xbthU x-F yf d = x A I fhf.

(iv) yfid mjj ilbt fbtnzhL bgU,

fd- TLj / fd I fhf.


fd
(v) x = A + /
vw Nu thyh ruhria fhf.
/f
242

vLJfhL 11.8

vLJfhL 11.7- cs tuF, Cf ruhr Kiw, ruhria fhf.
Cf ruhr A = 35 vf.
kbgf

ika(x)

0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60

5
15
25
35
45
55

khztf
d = x 35
vif (f)
5
10
25
30
20
10

/f

x = A+

30
20
10
0
10
20

fd
150
200
250
0
200
200

/ fd = 200

= 100

/ fd
/f

= 35 + ` - 200 j = 35 - 2 = 33
100
goyf Kiw (Step deviation method)


tu ilbtf s rkkhf Ujh, goyf
Kiw ruhr fhgJ vJ. Kiw, fzLtij vik gLJtjfhf,
yf d = x - A I ilbt s c M tFfgLwJ. wF,

/ fd # c vw Nu _y ruhr fhzgLwJ.
/f

x = A+

vLJfhL 11.7- cs tuF, goyf Kiw ruhria

fhz.


Cf ruhr A = 35 vf. F ilbt s c = 10.
kbgf

ika (x)

0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60

5
15
25
35
45
55

khztf
vif( f )
5
10
25
30
20
10

/f

x = A+

= 100

d = x - 35
10
3
2
1
0
1
2

fd
15
20
25
0
20
20

/ fd = 20

/ fd # c = 35 - 20 # 10 = 35 - 2 = 33
` 100
j
/f
` ruhr = 33
243

maha 11

11.3.4 ruhr gf
g 1

ruhrUJ, midJ cWf yff TLbjhif
a MF.

mjhtJ,
tu
cWf
v,
x1, x2, x3 ...xn
^ x1 - x h + ^ x2 - x h + ... + ^ xn - x h = 0

cjhuzkhf, 6, 8, 9, 14, 13 vw tu ruhr 10. 10-UJ xbthU
tu yff TLbjhif
(6 - 10) + (8 - 10) + (9 - 10) + (14 - 10) + (13 - 10)


= - 4 + ( - 2) + ( - 1) + 4 + 3 = - 7 + 7 = 0

vdnt, ruhrUJ, midJ cWf yff TLbjhif
a vd magLwJ.
g 2

xU tu cs xbthU vQlD, xU Fl khwhj v
k I mfgjdh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj
kh k ms mfF.

mjhtJ, x1, x2, x3 ...xn vw vf ruhr x v, x1 + k, x2 + k, x3 + k, ..., xn + k
vw vf ruhr x + k MF.
cjhuzkhf, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 vw vf ruhr 20 vf.

vdnt, x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5

xbthU vnzhL 5 I Todh ilF a vf

x1 + 5, x2 + 5, x3 + 5, x4 + 5 kW x5 + 5 MF.

j ruhr
x1 + 5 + x2 + 5 + x3 + 5 + x4 + 5 + x5 + 5

5
= x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + 25
5
x
1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
+ 25 = 20 + 5
=
5
5

a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria l 5 mfJsij
fhnwh.
g 3

xU tu cs xbthU vUJ, xU Fl khwhj
v k I Fiwgjdh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj
kh k ms Fiw. mjhtJ,

x1, x2, x3, x4 , ..., xn vw vf ruhr x v,


x1 - k, x2 - k, x3 - k, x4 - k, ..., xn - k Ma vf ruhr x - k MF.
244

cjhuzkhf, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 Ma vf ruhr x v,


x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
5

xbthU vUJ 5-I fjh, ilF a vf

x1 - 5, x2 - 5, x3 - 5, x4 - 5, x5 - 5 .
a ruhr = x1 - 5 + x2 - 5 + x3 - 5 + x4 - 5 + x5 - 5
5
x
1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
=
- 25
5
5

= 20 - 5

a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria l 5 FiwJsij

fhnwh.
g 4

xU tu cs xbthU vQlD, xU Fl khwhj v

k I bgUdh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj kh


k M bgU ilwJ. mjhtJ,

x1, x2, x3 ...xn Ma vf ruhr x v, kx1, kx2, kx3, ..., kxn Ma vf

ruhr kx MF.
cjhuz, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 Ma vf ruhr 20 v,

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5

xbthU viz 5-M bgUdh, ilF vf 5x1, 5x2, 5x3, 5x4, 5x5 .
a ruhr = 5x1 + 5x2 + 5x3 + 5x4 + 5x5
5
5^ x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5h
=
= 5 (20)
5


a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria 5 M bgUf
ilwJ.
g 5

xU tu cs xbthU vQlD, xU Fl khwhj v

k, (k ! 0 ) M tFjh ilF a tu TL ruhr k mnj


kh k M tFf ilwJ. mjhtJ,
x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, ..., xn Ma vf ruhr x v, x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn Ma
k k k
k
vf ruhr x MF.
k

245

maha 11

cjhuzkhf, x1, x2, x3, x4 kW x5 Ma vf ruhr 20 v,

x = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 20
5

xbthU viz 5 M tFf ilF vfy1 = x1 , y2 = x2 , y3 = x3 ,
5
5
5
y4 = x4 kW y5 = x5 .
5
5
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
5
5
5
5
a ruhr y = 5
5
= 1 ` x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 j = 1 ^20h
5
5
5
= 1 ( x )
5

a tu ruhr giHa tu ruhria 5 M tFf ilJsJ.

vLJfhL 11.9

100 khztf kbgf ruhr 40 vW fzlglJ. , 53 vw
kbg 83 vW jtWjyhf vLfglJ bjatjJ. rahd kbgfis
bfhL rahd ruhria fhf.
bkhj khztf vif n = 100, ruhr kbg x = 40.
jtwhd / x = x # n = 40 # 100 = 4000

rahd

/ x = jtwhd / x - jtwhd kbg + rahd kbg.

= 4000 - 83 + 53 = 3970

rahd / x
n
3970
=
= 39.7
100

vdnt x - ruhr k 39.7 MF.

rahd ruhr x =

g 11.2
1.

xU filfhu bjhlJ 6 ehf w igf vif


fl mltiz bfhLfgLsJ. fgl igf ruhr
vifia fhf.
ehf
igf
vif

2.

brth

55

32

30

ahH bt
25

10

r
20

xU gF cs 10 FLgf cs FHijf vif 2, 4,


3, 4, 1, 6, 4, 5, x, 5 MF. FHijf vif ruhr 4 v, x-
kig fhf.
246

3.

20 vf ruhr 59 vf. xbthU vQlD 3 I Todh, ilF


vf ruhr vd?

4.

15 vf ruhr 44 vf. xbthU vUJ 7 I fjh, ilF


vf ruhr vd?

5.

12 vf ruhr 48 vf. xbthU viz 4 M bgUdh,


ilF vf ruhr vd?

6.

12 vf ruhr 54 vf. xbthU viz 9 M tFjh, ilF


vf ruhr vd?

7.

6 khztfis bfhl xU FG ruhr vil 48 nyh MF. mt


5 khztf vil 50 nyh, 45 nyh, 50 nyh, 42 nyh kW 40 nyh
v, MwhtJ khzt vilia fhf.

8.

nH bfhLfgLs 40 khztf vil ga tuF, Cf


ruhr tKiw, ruhr vilia fzl.
vil (nyhuh)

50

52

53

55

57

khztf vif

10

15

9.

75 vfis bfhl xU bjhF ruhr 27 vd fzlglJ.


, 53 vw v jtWjyhf 43 vW gofglJ fLofglJ.
mbjhF rahd ruhria fhz.

10.

100 vf ruhr 40 vW fhzglJ. fzL neu 3 kW


72 vw U tuf 30 kW 27 vd jtWjyhf vLJbfhsglJ
bjatjJ v, rahd ruhria fhf.

11.

xU khj kUJtkidF tJ brw nehahf vif ga


tu nH bfhLfgLsJ. xU eh kUJtkidF tj
nehahf ruhr vifia fhf.
0-10

nehahf vif

ehf vif
12.

50-60

goyf tKiwia gagL fhQ tufhd ruhria


fhf.
kbg
khztf vif

13.

10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

0-10

10-20

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

15

22

20

10

fl tu, nehahfis ga X fzbfL UJ


bgwglJ. j ruhria fhf.
taJ (MLf)
nehahf vif

10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

10

13

247

maha 11

14.

ML W nj 40 khztf tha bkhj kbgf ga


tu nH juglLsJ.

kbgf 150 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 300 300 - 350 350 - 400 400 - 450 450 - 500
khztf
vif

12

10

goyf tKiwia gagL nkfl tu ruhria


fhf.

15.

fhQ gut TL ruhria fzl.


ilbt

0 - 19

20 - 39

40 - 59

60 - 79

80 - 99

fbt

15

14

11.4 iliy ms (Median)



bfhLfgl tu cWfis VW myJ wF tir vGJ
nghJ, tir eLiyahf mikJ UF cW kig tu
iliy ms vngh.
11.4.1 iliy ms - tifgLjglhj tu
iliy ms fhgjfhd gof :
bfhLfgl n vfis VW myJ wF tir vGj.

(i)

(ii) n-xU xiwgil vzhf Ujh, ` n + 1 j MtJ cW iliy


2
msthF.

(iii) n-xU uilgil vzhf Ujh il cs uL


cWf ruhr iliy msthF. mjhtJ,

iliy ms = ` n j MtJ cW kW ` n + 1j MtJ cW Mat


2
2
ruhr MF.

vLJfhL 11.10

fhQ vf iliy ms fhf


(i) 24, 22, 23, 14, 15, 7, 21

(i)

(ii) 17, 15, 9, 13, 21, 32, 42, 7, 12, 10.

bfhLfgl vfis VW tir flthW vGJnth.

7, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24

cWf vif n = 7
248

iliy ms = ` n + 1 j MtJ cW (n xU xiwgil v)


2

= ` 7 + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= 4 MtJ cW = 21
(ii)

bfhLfgl vfis flthW VW tir mikngh.

7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 21, 32, 42.

cWf vif n = 10 (n xU uilgil v)

n
n
` 2 j MtJ cW kW ` 2 + 1j MtJ cW Mat ruhrna iliy
msthF.

n
10
` 2 j MtJ cW = ` 2 j MtJ cW

= 5 MtJ cW
= 13

n
10
` 2 + 1j MtJ cW = ` 2 + 1j MtJ cW

= 6 MtJ cW
= 15.

vdnt, iliy ms = 13 + 15 = 14
2
11.4.2 iliy ms - tifgLjglhj fbt gut
iliy ms fhgjfhd gof :
bfhLfgl n vfis VW myJ wF tir vGj.

(i)

(ii) F fbt gutiy fzl.

(iii) n xU xiwgil vzhf Ujh, n + 1 MtJ cWng iliy


2
msthF.

(iv) n xU uilgil vzhf Ujh iliy ms


n
n
` 2 j tJ cW + ` 2 + 1j tJ cW

=
2

vLJfhL 11.11

fhQ tufhd iliy ms fhf.


kbgf
khztf
vif

20

25

50

40

80

16

249

maha 11

Kj kbgfis VWtir vGJnth.

kbgf

fbt f

9
20
25
40
50
80

4
6
16
8
7
2
n = 43

F
fbt cf
4
10
26
34
41
43

fbtf bkhj n = 43(xU xiw gil v)

iliy ms = ` n + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= ` 43 + 1 j MtJ cW
2
= 22 MtJ cW.

goa fLsgo, 11- UJ 26 tiu cs cWf 25 MF .

vdnt, 22-tJ cW 25 MF.

` iliy ms = 25.

vLJfhL 11.12

fhQ gut iliy ms fhf.


k
fbt

1
1

2
3

3
2

4
4

5
8

6
2

k
1
2
3
4
5
6

fbt f
1
3
2
4
8
2
n = 20

F fbt cf
1
4
6
10
18
20

= 20 (uil gil v)

n xU uilgil vzhf Ujh iliy ms


n
n
` 2 j tJ cW + ` 2 + 1j tJ cW
=
2
250

10MtJ cW + 11MtJ cW
2

` iliy ms = 4 + 5 = 9 = 4.5
2
2
11.4.3 iliy ms - tifgLjgl fbt gut
=

tifgLjgl

fbt

gut

iliy

ms

fzL

fhQ gofis bfhlJ.


(i)

(ii) N vgJ fbtf TLj v, N - kig fhf


2
N
(iii) F fbt
I cWghf bfhoUF ilbt,
2
iliy ms vW miHfgL.
N -m
(iv) iliy ms = l + 2
# c vw Nuij gagL fhzyh.
f

F fbtfis fzl.

l = iliy ms viy f = iliy ms fbt

c = iliy ms s

m = iliy ms F fbtQF cldoahd Kija

N = fbtf TLj

F fbt
vLJfhL 11.13

fhQ gut iliy ms fh.
rgs (`100- )

0-10

bjhyhsf
vif

22

10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50


38

46

35


rgs

fbt f

0-10
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50

22
38
46
35
20

F
fbt cf
22
60
106
141
161

N = 161

N = 161 = 80.5 vdnt iliy ms 20-30.


2
2
iliy ms viy l = 20

iliy ms fbt f = 46

251

20

maha 11


iliy ms F fbtQF cldoahd Kija F
fbt m = 60. iliy ms s c = 10
N -m


iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f

= 20 + 80.5 - 60 # 10 = 20 + 10 # 20.5
46
46


= 20 + 205 = 20 + 4.46 = 24.46
46

` iliy ms = 24.46
vLJfhL 11.14

fhQ tu iliy msit fhf.


kbg
fbt

11-15
7

16-20 21-25
10
13

26-30
26

31-35
9

36-40
5


bfhLfgoUF goa, f cslF fshf csikah
mit yF fshf tUkhW kh vGJnth.
kbg

fbt f

10.5- 15.5
15.5-20.5
20.5-25.5
25.5-30.5
30.5-35.5
35.5-40.5

7
10
13
26
9
5
N = 70

N = 70, N = 70 = 35
2
2
iliy ms 25.5-30.5

iliy ms viy l

iliy ms fbt f = 26

F
fbt cf
7
17
30
56
65
70

= 25.5

iliy ms F fbtQF Kija F fbt m = 30



iliy ms s c = 30.5 - 25.5 = 5

N -m
iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f

= 25.5 + 35 - 30 # 5 = 25.5 + 25 = 26.46


26
26
252

g 11.3

1.

fhQ tu iliy msit fhf


(i) 18,12,51,32,106,92,58
(ii) 28,7,15,3,14,18,46,59,1,2,9,21

2.

fhQ fbt gut iliy msit fhf.

3.

12

13

15

19

22

23

fbt

fhQ tufhd iliy msit fhf.


cau (mo)

5-10

10-15

15-20

20-25

25-30

10

kuf vif
4.

fhQ fbt gut iliy msit fhf.


taJ
egf
vif

5.

10-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

10

11

12

fhQ tu iliy msit fzl.

ilbt
fbt

6.

0-9

1-5

6 - 10

11 - 15

16 - 20

21 - 25

26 - 30

31 - 35

18

25

26

fhQ goa xU bjhrhiy 800 bjhyhsf ruhr


thu rgs gut bfhLfgLsJ. tu iliy
msit fhf.

rgs
20 - 25
(100 %gh)
bjhyhsf
50
vif

25 - 30

30 - 35

35 - 40

40 - 45

45 - 50

70

100

180

150

120

50 - 55 55 - 60
70

60

11.5 KfL (Mode)


xU gut vj cW mU f mf cWf mikwnjh mj
cW k KfL vW miHfgL.
11.5.1 KfL - tifgLjglhj tu

brglglhj tu cWfis xU tir mikJ xbthU
cW vjid Kiw l bgWsJ vW fzLtj _y, m
tu Kfil vjhf mila Ko. mf Kiw l bgWs cW kng
KfL MF.

cjhuzF, 20,25,21,15,14,15 vw cWfis bfhl tuij

vLJ bfhlh 15 UKiw l bgWsJ. kw midJ xU Kiwna l


bgWsJ. vdnt, KfL = 15.
253

maha 11

KfL vzhyhd tuF kLkyhJ ju rhj


tuij msgjF gagL. xU mrf 5 mRf
btl, mit f bj, bj, bj kW bjtwJ
vW ju fglh, j tu KfL, bj vd magL.
Fiu

vLJfhL 11.15

fj wikia nrhF nj 10 khztf bgw kbgf
75,72,59,62, 72,75,71,70,70,70 MF. tu KfL fhf.
10 khztf kbgf Kiwna 75, 72, 59, 62, 72, 75, 71, 70, 70, 70
tu 70 _W Kiw l bgW, kwit uL myJ xUKiw l
bgUgjh, KfL 70 MF.
F

xnu xU KfL cs gutiy xiw KfL gut vW miHnwh.

vLJfhL 11.16

482,485,483,485,487,487,489 vw bjhF KfL fhf.
bfhLfgl bjhF, uL vf 485 kW 487 UKiw l bgW,
uL vfS bjhF KfLf Mwd. thW uL KfLf cs
gut uil KfL gut vW miHfgL .

(i) uL KfLf cs gut uil KfL gut vW miHfgL.


(ii) _W KfLf cs gut KKfL gut vW miHfgL.

(iii) _W KfLfSF nk cs gut gKfL gut vW


miHfgL.
11.5.2 KfL - tifgLjglhj fbt gut

tifgLjglhj fbt gut fbga fbtiz bgWs
cW k KfL vdgL.
vLJfhL 11.17

fhQ gut bridia rhj xU fhy fil xU Fl
eh 100 nrho fhyf gid brjjfhd tu jugL csJ.
tu KfL fhf.
fhy
ms (mFy)
nrhof
vif

10

23

39

27

fbga fbtiz bfhl cW KfL MF. bfhLfgl


tu, fbga fbt 39-I bgUF fhy ms 8. vdnt KfL
8 MF.
254

11.5.3 KfL - tifgLjgl fbt gut



tifgLjgl fbt gut, cWf rahd k bjahJ
vgjh Kfo rahd kig fhgJ f fodkhdJ. vD,
ilbtf s rkkhdjhf cs nghJ Kfo njhuha kig tU
Nu _y fhzyh.
f - f1
KfL = l + c
m # c,
2f - f1 - f2
, fbga fbtiz bgWs it KfL vW miHngh

l = KfL viy

f = KfL fbt

c = KfL ilbt s

f1 = KfL fbtQF Kija fbt.

f2 = KfL fbtQF ija fbt.

vLJfhL 11.18

fhQ tuF KfL fhf.


k
fbt

10-15

15-20

20-25

25-30

30-35

35-40

40-45

45-50

18

30

20

10

kbg

fbt f

10-15

15-20

20-25

18

25-30

30

30-35

20

35-40

10

40-45

45-50

fbga fbt 30-I 25-30 bgUgjh, J KfL MF.

KfL viy l = 25

KfL fbt f = 30


KfL fbtQF Kija fbt f1 = 18 kW ija
fbt f2 = 20

KfL ilbt s c = 5
255

maha 11

f - f1
h# c
2f - f1 - f2

KfL = l + ^

30 - 18
# 5 = 25 + 12 # 5
j
22
60 - 18 - 20
= 25 + 60 = 25 + 2.73 = 27.73
22

vdnt, KfL = 27.73
=25 + `

g 11.4
1.

xU tF 15 khztf tha kbgf nH bfhLfgLsJ.


42,45,47, 49,52,65,65,71,71,72,75,82,72,47,72. tu KfL fhf.

2.

tU tuF KfL fhf.

3.

fhyf msf

10

w nrhof
vif

15

17

13

21

18

16

11

xU khj, xU kUJtkidF irF tj 150 nehahf taJ


ga tu nH bfhLfgLsJ. tufhd KfL fhf.
taJ (tUlf) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
nehahf
12
14
36
50
20
18
vif

4.

fhQ tu KfL fhf.


vil (uh)
khztf
vif

21-25

26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60

18

20

14

5.

xU rhuz Kfh Uj FHijf taJ tu nH jugL csJ.


13, 13, 14, 15, 13, 15, 14, 15, 13, 15- tUlf. bfhLfgl tu
ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL fhf.

6.

xU g njhl cs kuf vif kW mkuf cs


isf vif ga tu fhQ goa jugLsJ.
isf vif

kuf vif

14

21

28

20

17

nkfl tuF ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL Matiw fhf..

7.

xU tUl fhy, xU efu xUj ahah ghfglJ g g


brjtf taJ ga tu nH jugL csJ.
taJ (tUlf)
ghfgnlh
vif

5 - 14

15 - 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

45 - 54

55 - 64

11

12

10

nkfl tu ruhr, iliy ms kW KfL fhf.


256

8.

xU nj 20 khztf bgw kbgfSF ruhr, KfL kW


iliy ms fhf.
kbg
khztf
vif

0 - 10

10 - 20

20 - 30

30 - 40

40 - 50

braKiw g
10,20,30,40 kW 50 Mat ruhr fhf.
1.

* xbthU vnzhL 10 I To, tU vf ruhr fhf.

* xbthU vUJ 10 I fJ tU vf ruhr fhf.

* xbthU viz10 M bgU, tU vf ruhr fhf.

* xbthU viz 10 M tFJ, tU vf ruhr fhf.

*
xbthU bra KiwF bghJthd vG mjid ruhr
jikfnshL xLf.
2.
f brhjkhf cjhuz bfhLf.

(i) ruhria l iliy ms VfjfJ.

(ii) iliy msit l KfL VfjfJ.

(iii) Kfil l iliy ms VfjfJ.

id bfhf

tifgLjgl tu ruhrfhd Nu :
netKiw x = / fx
/f
cnjr ruhr tKiw
/ fd

x = A+
/f
goyf tKiw x = A + / fd # C
/f
xU F fbt, mj fbtnzhL, mjF Kija
f fbtfis TLtjh ilf bgWtJ.

tifgLjgl tu iliy ms fhQ Nu


N -m
iliy ms = l + 2
#c
f

tifgLjgl tu KfL fhQ Nu


KfL = l + c

f - f1
m#c
2f - f1 - f2

257

fjf
All business proceeds on beliefs, or judgments of probabilities,
and not on certainty
- CHARLES ELIOT

Kjik Fnfhf

Ug Ug tU nrhjidf kW XL
fbt fjf Matiw J bfhSj

gl fjfid J bfhSj

12.1 mKf

rL ~gh ikr

xbthUtU mfhiy Kj mrh tiu


y brafyhtJ fH Toa rhaTWfSfhd
thfis itJ KobtLnwh. cjhuzkhf,
eh W ntiyF brY nghJ Fil bfhL
bry ntLkh? vdJ brlng fy
r W u tiu oUFkh? kW eh jhf
mKfgLjgl kof thf ntLkh?
fjf
vgJ
khWglToa
vyh
brafY xU KobtLf ekF xU tKiwia
mwJ.
fjf vw fUJ f
mogilyhd NjhlUJ njhUjhY
Tl, mjDila gaghLf aa, tfa,
ca, kUJt, MfhL, KjLJiw,
thiy Kd kW gntW tsU Jiwf
mfkhf gagLjgL tUwJ.
tU thafis ftngh:

vtU bghJnj FHir mnefkhf


Kj kbg bgWth.

xUntis jir W bjhltoia


ogh.

mahta bghUf iy khwyhk


UfTL.

iwa bl ngho yh bt bgw


th csJ.
258

(R. Von Mises)


(1883-1953)

fjfF mDgt
myJ a
mQFKiwia
M.v. ~ kW
M. ~ghikr Mnah
thd.
M. ~ghikr
vgtuh
TWbt fUJ
mKfgLjglJ.
ms bfhifia
mogilahf bfhL
fjf fj
fUaiy clhf
fUJ VJthf
mikjJ. brw
who ggy
gilghf
Ljyh j
mQFKiw J jhf
btglJ. j
ed thfid
FF monfh
tKiw nfhnkhnfhnuh
vgtuh mfglJ.

fjf

mnefkhf, xUntis, UfTL, th nghw brhf cWghlw


jikiana czJwd. cWjik myJ cWghlw jikia
msl rahd msnfh VJ iy. MdhY xU bra ftjfhd
rhaTWfis ff mogil cWghlw jikid fj
to mslyh. thW msL v kig fjf vnwh.
mDgtf kW khwf mogil KobtLgjF fjf xU wj
gaDs KiwahF. vdnt, fjf vgJ xnu xU v kghf yhj nghJ
mJ f gaDsjhF.

12.2 mogil fUJf kW tiuaiwf


fjf fUaiy bjhlFtjF K ekF njitahd y mogil
fUJfis tiuaiw brnth.
nrhjid(Experiment)
rkth nrhjid( Random Experiment)
Ka (Trial)
TWbt (Sample space)
TW (Sample point)
f (Event)
Ka fUJ

nrhjid

eF tiuaWfgl isfis cUthF


xU bra nrhjid vdgL.
nrhjidfis tU U guj Kiwf tifgLjyh.

nrhjid

th nrhjid

cWahd nrhjid

259

maha 12

1. cWahd nrhjid (m) khdkhd nrhjid (Deterministic experiment) :



xj gjidf mogil Kofis Kdnu
maToa nrhjid khdkhd nrhjid (m) cWahd
nrhjid vdgL.

vLJfhlhf, iu bfhf itF nghJ mJ
Mahf khWj, Frhjd bgo iu itF nghJ
mJ gfoahf ciwj kW UwK jiyiaila
xU khWgl ehzaij RL nghJ jiy ilgJ nghw
nrhjidf Kofis eh Kdnu ma Ko. vdnt
itaidJ cWahd (m) khdkhd nrhjidf MF.
2. rkth nrhjid (Random experiment) : xU nrhjid fHToa midJ
isfS Kdnu bjUjhY mt vj is fHnghwJ vgij
Kdnu rahf brhy KoahJ v, mnrhjid
rkth nrhjid vdgL.
vLJfhlhf, tU nrhjidfis fUJnth:

(i) xU ehzaij RLj


(ii) xU gfilia cULj.

nrhjidf rkth nrhjidf MF. Vbd, t fHnghF


isid Kdnu ma ayhJ.
Ka fUJ
cjhuzkhf,
xW myJ gy
ehzaij RLj gfilia
isfis cUthF
cULj
Mait
Kaf
(Trial)
xU bra Ka vdgL.
MF.
cjhuzkhf,
rk th nrhjid
TWbt
xU ehzaij RL nghJ
vyh isf fz
TWbt S = { jiy, }
(Sample
TWbt vdgL.
xU gfilia cUL nghJ TWbt
Space)
jid S vd Flyh.
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Ka

TW
(Sample
Point)

f
(Event)

nrhjid xbthU
is TW
vdgL.

xU ehzaij RL nghJ
jiy, Mait TWfshF .
xU gfilia cUL nghJ
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kW 6 Mait
TWfshF.

TWbt vj xU
cfzK f
vdgL.

cjhuzkhf,
xU gfilia cUL nghJ
ilF rhjfkhd ff y
{1, 2, 3}, {1, 3}, {2, 3, 5, 6}.
260

fjf

fjf

yF fjf

gl fjf

mfiy fjf

bjhik fjf

12.3 fjf
fjf gntW fUJfUJ, fjfid _W tiffshf fyh:
(1) mfiy fjf (Subjective probability)
(2) bjhik fjf (Classical probability)
(3) gl fjf (Empirical probability)
12.3.1 mfiy fjf

cWghlw jikia ga xUtUila eif tikia mfiy
fjf btgLJwJ. eh vghF isfSF neuoahd rhWf
f Fiwj msnt cs myJ KGikahf yhj jUzf kiwKfkhd
rhWfisnah, mghgl fnyh, cSz _ynkh kW mfiy
fhuf _ynkh fjfid fzlyh.
12.3.2 bjhik fjf

bjhik fjf vD fUJ th isahLfUJ bgwglJ.
nrhjid isf midJ rkthig bgUF nghJ J
bghUJwJ. xj rkths n ff xU f fH rhjfkhd s thf
U mf fjf s vd bfhLfgLwJ.
n
12.3.3 gl fjf

neuoahd mDgtf _y isf fjfid fhgJ gl
fjf MF

12.4 fjf - X mDgt Kiw (gl Kiw)



jiy eh gl fjfid g kLnk thfnghnwh.
kw U fjffis g nk tFf gongh. gl myJ
nrhjid myJ xL fbt fjf vgJ neuoahd mDgtf
261

maha 12

_y isf fjfid fhgJ MF. gl fjfid,


nrhjidfis gyKiw brJ mj Kofis flayh. gl fjf
vgJ xU is nrhjid Kof mogil ma tkhf
f rahf gJ MF.

cjhuzkhf, xU Fl Wtd ryitfoid kf U
Koit ma bjhik fjfid gagLj ayhJ. Vbd, nrhjid
Kof rkthig bgUfiy. khahd nrhjid fjfid
ma, eh xU fzbfL elj ntL. jid nrhjid tufis
nrfj vdyh. mfkhd tufis nrfF nghJ eh f wj
kLfis bgwyh.
Ka fUJ

gl fjf

m vgJ E vw f rhjfkhd Kaf vif vW


n vgJ bkhj Kaf vif vW bfhlh, E- gl
fjf vgij tUkhW tiuaWfyh. jid P(E) vd Flyh.
P(E) =

f Vgl Kaf vif


Kaf bkhj vif
(myJ)

P(E) =

flj rhjfkhd ff vif


flj bkhj ff vif
vdnt, P (E) = m
n

F 0 # m # n ( 0 # m # 1 , Mfnt 0 # P (E) # 1 .
n
0 # P (E) # 1
mjhtJ, xU f ftjfhd fjf vbghGJ 0 UJ 1 Koa
cs VnjD xU v MF.
xU f ftjfhd cWjikia ma fjf bgJ gagLwJ.

fjf 1 v, mf cWahf fG vd, fjf 0.9 v, f


bgUghY fG vd, fjf 0.5 v, f ftjF fHhk nghtjF
thL vd, fjf 0 v, f cWahf fHhJ vd mayh.

nkfhQ sfUJ eh mtJ
Fiu

(i) P(E) = 1 v, E vgJ cWahd f

(ii) P(E) = 0 v, E vgJ eilbgw ayhj f.


262

fjf

xU f fjf P (E) v, mf eilbgwhk Ugjfhd

fjfit P (El ) myJ P (E ) vd vGjyh.


P(E ) + P (El ) = 1 vd ekF bj. vdnt, P (El ) = 1 - P (E)


P (El ) = 1 - P (E)


eh y fjffis fzL nghJ fzLfis kL kd
bfhsTlhJ. eKila nehf fjf mogil nfhghLfis,
fis, bfhiffis mJ bfhtjhf Uf ntL.
cjhuz :

xU ehzaij gyKiw RLnghJ, vjid Kiw jiy kW Gwd
vgjF, bkhj RLjfSFkhd jf nH bfhLf gLsd.
RLj
vif
(n)

ilj
jiyf (H)
vif (m1)

50

29

60

34

70

41

80

44

90

48

100

52

P(H) = m1
n
29
50
34
60
41
70
44
80
48
90
52
100

ilj
f (T)
vif (m2)

P(T) = m2
n

21
26
29
36
42
48

21
50
26
60
29
70
36
80
42
90
48
100


nkfl mltizUJ eh RLj vifia mff
mff jiy ilgjfhd fjf, ilgjfhd fjf
xiwbahW beU tUtij fhzyh.
bra (1): xU ehzaij RLj

xbthU khztid xU ehzaij 10 Kiw RlbrJ, vjid Kiw
jiy ilwJ vgij, vjid Kiw ilwJ vgij ftJ
nH cs mltiz csthW Ff brhyyh.
is

10 RLj Gj jiyf/
f vif

nenfhL
Ff

jiy

263

maha 12


nj nghy xU ehzaij 20, 30, 40, 50 Kiw RlbrJ nkTa
Kiwnyna mltizgLj ntzL. tU df kfis
vGJf.
jiy ilj RLj vif
= d
RLj bkhj vif
d
ilj RLj vif
= d
RLj bkhj vif
d
bra (2): xU gfilia cULj
xU gfilia 20 Kiw cUo mj MW isfSF fjfit fzLf.

is

nenfhL
Ff

20 Kiw cUL
nghJ ilF
isf
vif

ilj bjhlila
isf vif
gfil cULj
bkhj vif

1
2
3
4
5
6

nrhjidia 50, 100 Kiw brJ mt Kofis Kiwnyna

mltizgLjyh.
bra (3): U ehzafis RLj
U ehzafis nrjhngh 10 Kiw Ro mj ffis ftJ
tUkhW mltizgLJf.

is

10 Kiw
ne
RL nghJ
nfhL
ilF
Ff
isf

uL jiyf
xU jiy kW
xU
jiy jJ
264

ilj bjhlila
isf vif
U ehzaf
RLj bkhj vif

fjf


bra (1)- xbthU Kiw xU ehzaij RLtij Ka vnwh.
ij nghynt bra (2)- xbthU Kiw gfilia cULjiy Ka vW,
bra (3)- U ehzafis xnu neu RLjiy Ka vW miHnwh.

bra (1)- xU Fl RLj f jiy ilgij is
vnwh, mij nghynt ilgij mf kbwhU is vnwh.

bra (2)- 5 vw Fl v ilgJ vgij xU is vnwh.
jiy ilj RLj vif
- kig gl fjf myJ nrhjid
RLj bkhj vif
fjf vnwh .
vLJfhL 12.1

xU cgahs cgahd brlngfUJ (Cellphone) 1000
brlngfis rkth Kiw njbjLJ
nrhJ ghj 25
brlngf FiwghLilad vW fLofglJ v, rkth Kiw
njbjLF xU brlng FiwghLilajhf Uf fjf vd.
nrhjid brj brlngf vif = 1000 mjhtJ, n = 1000

E vgJ FiwghLs brilngfis njbjLgjfhd f vf.

n(E) = 25

mjhtJ, m = 25

FiwghLfSila brlngf vif


nrhjid brj brlngf bkhj vif

= m = 25 = 1
n
1000
40
vLJfhL 12.2
P(E) =


T20 kilgJ ngho (cricket) uhR 50 gJfis vbfhL 10 Kiw
MW Xlfis vLjh. mt vbfhl gJf xU gij rkth Kiw
njbjLF nghJ m mt MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd fjf
vd?

uhR vbfhl bkhj gJf vif = 50. mjhtJ, n = 50

E vgJ uhR MW Xlf vLgjfhd f v,


El vgJ uhR MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd f MF.

n(E)

= 10

mjhtJ, m=10

uhR moj MW xlf vif


vbfhl gJf bkhj vif

= m = 10 = 1
n
50
5

P (uhR MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd) = P (El ) = 1 - P (E)

P(E)

=1- 1 = 4
5
5
265

maha 12

vLJfhL 12.3

kilgJ FGit njbjLF njFG, ufis nj bra uf

Kija nghof 40 XlfSF nk vjid nghof vLjd vgij


jFahf bfhL nj brjd. Fkh kW Ugh Ma U uf w
flj 30 nghof flthW bfhLfgLsJ.

Fkh

40-F nkgl Xlf vLj nghof


vif
20

Ugh

12

uf bga

uf njbjLfgLtjfhd fjffis fhf.


cWneha nghof vif = 30 mjhtJ, n = 30

E1 vgJ Fkh 40 XlfSF nk vLgjfhd f vf,


n( E1 ) = 20

mjhtJ, m1 = 20

E2 vgJ Ugh 40 XlfSF nk vLgjfhd f vf,


n( E2 ) = 12

m1
= 20
n
30
m2 12
P( E2 ) =
=
n
30
P( E1 ) =

mjhtJ, m2 = 12

Fkh njbjLfgLtjfhd fjf = 20 = 2


30
3
Ugh njbjLfgLtjfhd fjf = 12 = 2
30
5

vLJfhL 12.4

xU Ut rhiy Fl xU eh xU fhty thfdf ntfij

nrhjid brjh. mt nrhjid brj 160 thfdf ntff fbt


goa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
ntf(./k)
thfdf
vif

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70 mjF
nkY

14

23

28

35

52

xU thfdij rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mj ntf


(i) 69 ./k- I l mfkhf (ii) 20 ./kUJ 39 ./k tiu

(iii) 60 ./k-F Fiwthf (iv) 40 ./kUJ 69 ./k tiu

Uf fjf vd?
266

fjf

f E1 vgJ thfd ntf 69 ./k-I l mfkhf


Ugjfhd f vf.

n( E1 ) = 8

mjhtJ, m1 = 8

nrhjid brj bkhj thfdf = 160. mjhtJ, n = 160
m

P( E1 ) = 1 = 8 = 1
n
160
20

(ii) f E2 vgJ thfd ntf 20 ./kUJ 39 ./k
tiu Ugjfhd f vf

n( E2 ) = 14+23 = 37
mjhtJ, m2 = 37
m

P( E2 ) = 2 = 37
n
160

(iii) f E3 vgJ thfd ntf kF 60 . Il Fiwthf


Ugjfhd f vf.
n( E3 ) = 14+23+28+35 = 100 mjhtJ, m3 = 100


m


P( E3 ) = 3 = 100 = 5
n
160
8

(iv) f E4 vgJ thfd ntf 40 ./kUJ 69 ./k


tiu Ugjfhd f vf.


n( E4 ) = 28+35+52 = 115
mjhtJ, m4 = 115
m4 115
=
= 23


P( E4 ) =
n
160
32
vLJfhL 12.5

(i)


xU Muhahs khztf fj wikF, a MtF
ilna cs bjhlig fla Udh. nrhjidfhf 200 khztfis
rkth Kiw njbjLJ mtfl fj wik kW a Mt
Matiw Fiw, ruhr, mf vd FLkhW T nrffgl tu
goa nH bfhLfgLsJ.

a
Mt

Fiw
ruhr
mf

fj wik
Fiw
ruhr
mf
60
15
15
15
45
10
5
10
25

xU khztiu rkth Kiw njbjLFnghJ mt



(i) fj mf wik
(ii) a ruhr Mt

(iii) a mf Mt

(iv) fj mf wik kW a mf Mt kW

(v) fj ruhr wik kW a Fiwj Mt,
cilatuhf Uf fjf vd?
267

maha 12

mjhtJ, n = 200

bkhj khztf vif = 80+70+50=200


(i)

f E1 vgJ fj mf wik cilnah vf.


n( E1 ) = 15+10+25= 50

m1
= 50 = 1
n
200
4
(ii) f E2 vgJ a ruhr Mt cilnah vf.
P( E1 ) =

mjhtJ, m1 = 50

n( E2 ) = 15+45+10 = 70

P( E2 ) =

mjhtJ, m2 = 70

m2
= 70 = 7
n
200
20

(iii) f E3 vgJ a mf Mt cilnah vf.



n( E3 ) = 5+10+25 = 40
P( E3 ) =

mjhtJ, m3 = 40

m3
= 40 = 1
n
200
5

(iv) f E4 vgJ fj mf wik kW a mf


Mt cilnah vf.

n( E4 ) = 25
mjhtJ, m4 = 25
m4
= 25 = 1

P( E4 ) =
n
200
8
(v) f E5 vgJ fj ruhr wik kW a Fiwj
Mt cilnah vf.

n( E5 ) = 15
mjhtJ, m5 = 15
m5
= 15 = 3

P( E5 ) =
n
200
40

vLJfhL 12.6

xU kUJtkid gnto kfngfhf kf jUj ehf

tu nH bfhLfgLsJ.
jUj ehf
vif

6 ehfis
l mf

kf vif

15

32

56

19

vtnuD xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt

(i) rahf 5 ehf

(ii) 6 ehfSF Fiwthf

(iii) mf gr 4 ehf

(iv) Fiwjgr 5 ehf

jUf fjf vd?


268

fjf

kfngfhf kUJtkid jUjtf vif = 127




mjhtJ, n = 127
(i) E1 vgJ rahf 5 ehf jUgjfhd f vf.

n( E1 ) = 56

mjhtJ, m1 = 56
m

P( E1 ) = 1 = 56
n
127
(ii)

E2 vgJ 6 ehfSF Fiwthf jUgjfhd f vf.

n( E2 ) = 15 + 32 + 56 = 103 mjhtJ, m2 = 103


m
P( E2 ) = 2 = 103

n
127

(iii) E3 vgJ mf gr 4 ehf jUgjfhd f vf. (3 kW 4


ehf kL)
n( E3 ) = 15 + 32 = 47

mjhtJ, m3 = 47
m
P( E2 ) = 3 = 47
n
127

(iv) E4 vgJ Fiwjgr 5 ehf jUgjfhd f vf.( 5,6 kW 7


ehf kL)

n( E4 ) = 56 + 19 + 5 = 80 mjhtJ, m4 = 80
m

P( E4 ) = 4 = 80
n
127

g 12.1
1.

fltW vit fjf kghf Uf KoahJ.

i) 1/3
vi) 1.45

ii) - 1/5
vii) 1

2.
tiuaW: i) nrhjid

iv) TWbt

iii) 0.80
viii) 33%

iv) - 0.78
ix) 112%

ii) cWahd nrhjid


v) f

v) 0
iii) rkth nrhjid
vi) Ka

3.

tiuaW : gl fjf

4.

r vgt flj 20 TilgJ nghof yif neh jil


v thf 65 Kiw yif neh vjh kW 35 Kiw jtwlh
v, mt vj gJf xU gij rkth Kiw njbjLjh
mgJ yif miltjfhd nrhjid fjf vd?

5.

thiy Muh ika flj 300 ehf gbragL btlgl


thiy miff 195 Kiw rahf UjJ. bfhLfgl eh
btlgl thiy mif (i) rahf (ii) jtwhf Ugjfhd fjf
vd?
269

maha 12

6.

xU a ClrJ ghd Ritia g bfs, 25 khztfl


fUJfis nfljh. ilj gf tUkhW
gf

Unth

Ughnjh

KobtLfhnjh

15

bkhj egf

xU khztiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt Ritia

(i) Ugtuhf (ii) Ughjtuhf (iii) KobtLfhjtuhf

Uf fjf vd?
7.

njbjLfgl 50 egf 21 ng O tif ujK ,22 ng A tif


ujK, 5 ng B tif ujK, 2 ng AB tif ujK, cilatuhf
Ujd.

xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt

(i) O tif uj cilatuhf

(ii) B tif uj yhjtuhf

(iii) A tif uj cilatuhf

(iv) AB tif uj yhjtuhf.

Uf fjf vd?

8.

xU gfilia 500 Kiw cUoa nghJ ilj isf tU


mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
isf

fbtf

80

75

90

75

85

95

xU is

(i) 4 I l Fiwthf

(ii) 2 I l Fiwthf

(iv) 6 Mf

(v) 6 Mf yhk.

(iii) 2 I l mfkhf

Uf fjf vd?

9.

njbjLfgl 2000 FLgf U FHijf tiu cs FLgf


tu tUkhW
xU FLg cs bg
FHijf vif
FLgf vif

624

900

476

njbjLfgl xU FLg

(i) 2 bg FHijf (ii) xU bg FHij (iii) bg FHij yhk

Uf fjf vd?
270

fjf

10.

500 W FH sFf theh tu nH jugLsd.


9 10 11 12
theh( khjf)
sFf vif 26 71 82 102

13
89

14
77

14 I l mf
53

xU WFH sF njbjLF nghJ, fhQ theh gaghofhd


fjfid fhf.

(i) 12 khjfSF Fiwthf

(ii) 14 khjfSF mfkhf

(iii) mfgr 12 khjf

(iv) Fiwjgr 13 khjf

11.

gugughd xU eh xU Fl neu, k mkUnjh


vif g braglJ. 60 kJf brw egf
vif fl mltiz jugLsJ.
k mkUnjh
vif
kJf vif

22

16

12

Fl fhy ilbtF wF lij xU kjhdJ flJ


brwh, m mkUF egf vif.

(i)

(iii) 2-I l Fiwthf

Uf fjfid fhf.

12.

Rit vw khz fj eljgl myF njf bgw

(ii) 3-I l Fiwthf

2 kL

(iv) Fiwjgr 4 Mf

kbgf tUkhW
myF nj
bgw kbgf
(%)

II

III

IV

VI

VII VIII

IX

89

93

98

99

98

97

96

98

99

90

tufis bfhL myFnj

(i) 95% F mfkhf (ii) 95% F Fiwthf


kbg bgw fjfid fhf.

13.

fl mltizahdJ xU FoU jnsh iyia


fhLwJ
tif
ghd
M
bg

(iii) 98% F mfkhf

f khzt

gahs

5
4

3
8

FoUngh xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt


271

maha 12

(i) bgzhf Uf
(ii) f khztuhf Uf
(iii) f khzahf Uf (iv) M gahsuhf
Uf fjf vd?

14.

xU Fl a myJ gagLjgl kGJfis tha 1000


Efnth fsg tuf fhQ mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
U iy
tif
aJ
gagLaJ

Uailjt

Uailahjt

300
450

100
150

xU Efnth rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ, mt

(i) a kGJ thatuhf Uf

(ii) Uailjtuhf Uf

(iii) gagLjgl kGJ th Mdh Uailahjtuhf Uf


fjf vd?
15.

njbjLfgl 1,000

egfl mtf xU tUlF wF

brlngfis thf loUwhfsh vgij g tuf


nrffglJ. xU tUl brw wF mnj egfl L mtf
brlng

tha

tuf

nrffgL

mj

tu

nH

jugLsJ.
thf lnlh
thf llhnjh

thnah
200
100

thfhnjh
50
650

xU egiu njbjLF nghJ mt


(i) brlng thf lL Ujtuhf
(ii) brlng thf loUJ Mdh thfhjtuhf
(iii) thf llhk Mdh thatuhf

Uf fjf vd?

16.

kf FoUF lF thfd itUgjF ilna cs


bjhlig ma xU fzbfL eljglJ. m kGJ cikahsf
200 ng fbga efufUJ, 150 ng wefufUJ, 150 ng
uhkwfUJ rkth Kiw njbjLfgL flthW
mltizgLjglJ.
272

fjf

gF tif
bgUef

wef

uhk

cik cst

90

60

25

cik myhjt

110

90

125

btehL kGJ

njbjLfgL xUt

(i)

(ii) wef tF btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf

(iii) bgUefu tJ btehL kGJ cikahsuhf yhk

btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf

Uf

(iv) bgUefu cs btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf

(v) uhkw tgtuhf yhkY btehL kGJ cikahsuhf


yhkY Ugtuhf


17.

Uf fjf vd?

xU muR nkiy g g 100 Maf f jFf


mltizgLjgLsJ.
f iy Ma iwP KJfiy gl sfiy gl
taJ
30-F
30 - 40 tiu
40-F nk

(M.Phil)
5
15
5

tiu
10
20
5

kL
10
15
15

xU Maiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt


(i)

KJfiy gl tiu bgwtuhf Uf

(ii) 30 taF FiwthdtU KJfiy gl bgwtuhf Uf

(iii) 40 taF nkgltuhf sfiy gl bgwtuhf Uf

(iv) 30 taJ Kj 40 taFgltuhf KJfiy gl bgwtuhf


Uf

(v)

18.

njbjLfgl 1,000 egf taJ kW mtfSF f ojkhd


isahL ga tuf tUkhW

40 taF nkgltuhf Ma iwP (M.Phil) gl bgwtuhf


Uf fjf vd?

273

maha 12

isahL
taJ
20 F
20 - 29
30 - 39
40 - 49
50 kW mjF nk

ifJ
tisnfh
TilgJ
gJ
Ml
(Basket ball)
(Volleyball)
(Hockey)
26
47
41
38
84
80
72
68
38
96
48
30
134
44
18

fhgJ
(Football)
36
48
22
26
4

mtf xU eg rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt

(i)

(ii) 20 Kj 29 taF cgltuhf

(iii) TilgJ Ugtuhf 20 Kj 29 taFgltuhf

(iv) tisnfh gjhlij Ughjtuhf


ifJ gJ Ml Ugtuhf

(v) mfgr 49 taJilatuhf fhgjhl f ojkhf yhk

Uf fjf vd?

19.

K vgt xU Fl PhWHik, thfdfsh VgL fhW


khRghL ga mtUila ma bralfhf fhiy 7 k Kj
khiy 7 tiu nja beLrhiy v 45- cs Rfrhtoia flJ brY
thfdfis cWnehdh. mnghJ flJ brw thfdf tu nH
mltizgLjgLsJ.
fhy ilbt
thfdf
ngUJ
WJ
U rfu thfdf

fhiy 7 k
Kj 11 tiu

fhiy 11 k
Kj gf 3
tiu

gf 3 k
Kj khiy 7
tiu

300
200
500

120
130
250

400
250
350

thfd xiw rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mthfd

(i) Kgf 7 k Kj 11 k tiu brY ngUjhf Uf

(ii) Kgf 11 k Kj gf7 k tiu brY kGjhf Uf

(iii) Kgf 7 k Kj gf 3 k tiu brY ngUjhf Uf

(iv) Kgf 7 k Kj gf 7 k tiu brY kGjhf Uf

(v) Kgf 7 k Kj gf7 k tiu brY thfdf Urfu


thfdkhf yhk Uf,

fjf vd?
274

fjf

id bfhf

cWaw jik (m) fjfit v ms msf aY.

eF tiuaWfgl isfis cUthF xU bra nrhjid


vdgL.

xj gjidf mogil Kof Kdnu maToa


nrhjid khdkhd nrhjid (m) cWahd nrhjid vdgL.

rhjfkhd isf Kdnu bjjhY, ekF njitahd Koit


cWahf brhy ayhj nrhjid th nrhjid MF.

xW myJ gy isfis cUthF bra Ka vdgL.

th nrhjid vyh isfS nrJ cUthd fz TWbt


vdgL. jid S vd Flyh.

nrhjid xbthU is TW vdgL.

TWbt VnjD xU cfz f vdgL.

fjfid _W tiffshf fyh:


(1) mfiy fjf

(2) bjhik fjf

(3) gl fjf

E- gl fjf P(E)-I tUkhW ilfbgwyh.


f Vgl Kaf vif
P(E) =
Kaf bkhj vif
(myJ)
P(E) =

flj rhjfkhd ff vif


flj bkhj ff vif
(myJ)
P (E ) = m
n

0 # P^ E h # 1

P^ Elh = 1 - P^ Eh F El vgJ E - u f MF.

275

rahd ilia njbjL


1. fza
1.

A = "5, "5, 6 ,, 7 , v, tUtdt vJ rahdJ?

(A) "5, 6 , ! A

2.

X = " a, " b, c ,, d , v, tUtdt vJ X- cfzkhF?

(A) " a, b ,

3.

tU TWf vJ rahdJ?

(i) vj xU fz A-F, A vgJ A- jF cfz MF.

(ii) vj xU fz A-F, Q vgJ A- jF cfz MF.

(iii) vj xU fz A-F A vgJ A- cfz MF.

(A) (i) kW (ii)

4.

A vw KoW fz m cWfis bfhLsJ v, A- btww

jF cfzf vif.

(A) 2

5.

"10, 11, 12 , vw fz cfzf vif

(A) 3

6.

tUtdt vJ rahdJ?

2
(A) " x : x =- 1, x ! Z , = Q

(C) Q = "0 ,

7.

tUtdt vJ ray?

(A) KoW fz xbthU cfzK KotwJ.

(B) P = " x : x - 8 =- 8 , vgJ XUW fzkhF.

(C) xbthU fzK jF cfzij bgUF

(D) xbthU btww fzK Fiwjgr uL cfzf Q kW mnj

(B) "5 , ! A

(C) "7 , ! A

(B) " b, c ,

(C) "c, d ,

(B) (ii) kW (iii)

(C) (i) kW (iii)

(C) 2

(B) 2 - 1

(B) 8

m-1

(D) "6 , ! A

(D) " a, d ,

(D) (i)(ii) kW (iii)

(D) 2 (2

m-1

- 1)

(C) 6 (D) 7

(B) Q = 0

(D) Q = "Q ,

fzij bgUF.

8.

tUtdt vJ rahdJ?

(A) Q 3 " a, b ,

(B) Q d " a, b ,

276

(C) " a , ! " a, b ,

(D) a 3 " a, b ,

9.

tUtdt vJ KoW fzkhF?

(A) " x : x d Z, x < 5 ,

(B) " x : x d W, x $ 5 ,

(C) " x : x d N, x > 10 ,

(D) " x : x xU uil gfhv ,

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

A = "5, 6, 7, 8 , v, tUtdt vJ ray?


(A) Q 3 A

(B) A 3 A

(C) "7, 8, 9 , 3 A

A = "3, 4, 5, 6 , kW B = "1, 2, 5, 6 , v, A , B =
(A) "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,

(B) "1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ,

(C) "1, 2, 5, 6 ,

(D) "3, 4, 5, 6 ,

" x : x d Z, x2 = 1 , vw fz cs cWf vif

(A) 3

(B) 2

(C) 1

(D) 0

n^ X h = m, n^Y h = n kW n^ X + Y h = p v, n^ X , Y h =
(A) m + n + p

(B) m + n - p

(C) m - p

(D) m - n + p

U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , kW A = "2, 5, 6, 9, 10 , v, Al vgJ


(A) "2, 5, 6, 9, 10 ,

(B) Q

(C) "1, 3, 5, 10 ,

(D) "1, 3, 4, 7, 8 ,

A 3 B v, A B vgJ
(B) A

(C) Q

(D) B A

(C) Q

(D) A , B

(C) B

(D) A + B

(A) B

16.

A vgJ B- jF cfz v, A + B =

(A) A

17.

A vgJ B- jF cfz v, A , B

(A) A

18.

mU cs gl Hl gF FgJ

(A) A B

19.

(D) "5 , f A

(B) B

(B) Q

(B) Al

(C) Bl

(D) B A

A = " a, b, c , , B = "e, f, g , v, A + B =

(A) Q

20.

mU cs gl Hl gF FgJ

(A) A B

(B) A

(C) B

(B) B A

(D) A , B

(C) A 3 B
277

(D) Al

2. bkba bjhF
21.

Kowh kW RH jiks jrk id bgWs v

(A) xU KG

(B) xU jKW v

(C) xU jKwh v

(D) xU KG v

22.

Kowh kW RH jikaw jrk id bgWs v

(A) xU jKW v

(B) xU a v

(C) xU jKwh v

(D) xU KG.

23.

- 3 - jrk tot
4
(A) 0.75
(B) 0.50

24.

0.3 -

(A) 1
7

25.

tUtdtW vJ cikay?

(A) xbthU a vQ xU jKW vzhF

(B) xbthU bkbaQ xU jKW vzhF

(C) xbthU KG vQ xU jKW vzhF

(D) xbthU KG xU jKW vzhF .

26.

tUtdt vJ KoW jrk it bgWsJ?

(A) 5
32

27.

tUtdt vJ jKwh vzhF?

(A) r

28.

tUtdtW vit jKwh vf?

(i)

(A) (ii),(iii) kW (iv)

(B) (i),(ii) kW (iv)

(C) (i),(ii) kW (iii)

(D) (i),(iii) kW (iv)

29.

tUtdtW vJ jKwh _y my?

(A)

(D) 0.125

(C) 1
3

(D) 2
3

p
tot
q

2+ 3

(C) 0.25

(B) 2
7

(B) 7
9

(C) 1
4

(B)

4 + 25

(ii)

(B)

(C) 8
15

30

(iii)

(C)

278

5+ 7

(D) 1
12
(D) 1
5
8- 3 8

(iv)

(D)

50 - va tot

30.

(A) 5 10

31.

(A) 8 112

33.

(C) 10 5

(D) 25 2

(C) 8 118

(D) 8 116

11 vgjF rkkhdJ
(B) 8 114

2 vgjF rkkhdJ
2

32.

(B) 5 2

(A) 2 2

(B)

(C)

2
2

(D) 2

(D)

5 - gFia jgLJ fhu


3
3

(B)

(C)

(A)

34.

tUtdtW vJ cikay?

(A)

(B) 17 xU jKwh v

(C) 0.10110011100011110g xU jKwh v

(D) 4 16 xU jKwh v

27

2 xU jKwh v

35.

(A) 8,12

36.

mokhd 9 kW tir 3 bfhl jKwh _y

(A)

37.

5 3 3 FF KGikahd jKwh _y

(A) 3 15

38.

tUtdtW vJ cikay?

(A)

(B) a xU jKW v kW b xU jKwh v v, a b xU jKwh v.

(C) xbthU jKwh _yK xU jKwh vzhF.

(D) xU if KG tf_y vnghJ xU jKwh vzhF.

12 vw jKwh _y tir kW mokhd Kiwna

(B) 12,8

(B)

(B)

(C) 16,12

27

375

(D) 12,16

(C)

(D)

81

(C)

75

(D)

45

2 xU jKwh v.

279

39.

tUtdtW vJ cikay?

(A) x vgJ xU KG tf iyba,


m

x n - mLF F tot x

x vgJ xU jKwh vzhF

n
m

(B)

m
(C) ` x n j - _yFpL tot

(D) xbthU bkbaQ xU jKwh vzhF

40.

^ 5 - 2h^ 5 + 2h vgjF rkkhdJ

(A) 1

1 1

mn

(B) 3

(C) 23

(D) 21

3. bkbaf jhd ma FpLf kW kliff


41.

923.4 - ma FpL

(A) 9.234 # 10-

42.

0.00036 - ma FpL

(A) 3.6 # 10-

43.

2.57 # 10 - jrk tot

(A) 257

44.

3.506 # 10- - jrk tot

(A) 0.03506

45.

5 = 25 - klif tot

(A) log5 2 = 25

46.

log2 16 = 4 - mLF F tot

(A) 2 = 16
log 3 ` 4 j - k
3
4
(A) 2

48.

log49 7 - k

(A) 2

49.

log 1 4 - k

(A) 2

50.

log10 8 + log10 5 - log10 4 =

(A) log10 9

47.

(B) 9.234 # 10

(C) 9.234 # 10
4

(B) 3.6 # 10

(D) 9.234 # 104

(C) 3.6 # 10-

(D) 3.6 # 10

(C) 25700

(D) 257000

(C) 35.06

(D) 350.6

(C) log5 25 = 2

(D) log25 5 = 2

(B) 2570
2

(B) 0.003506

(B) log2 5 = 25
2

16

16

(B) 4 = 16

(C) 2 = 4

(D) 4 = 2

(B) 1

(C) 2

(D) 1

(B) 1
2

(C) 1
7

(D) 1

(B) 0

(C) 1
2

(D) 2

(C) 1

(D) 1

(B) log10 36
280

4. afj
3

51.

2x - 3x - 2x + 3 vw gYWnfhit x kW x - bfGf Kiwna

(A) 2,3

52.

4x - 7x + 6x + 1 vw gYWnfhit go

(A) 2

53.

3x - 2 vw gYWnfhit vgJ xU

(A) nea gYWnfhit

(B) Ugo gYWnfhit

(C) Kgo gYWnfhit

(D) kh gYWnfhit

54.

4x + 2x - 2 vw gYWnfhit vgJ xU

(A) nea gYWnfhit

(B) Ugo gYWnfhit

(C) Kgo gYW nfhit

(D) kh gYW nfhit

55.

2x - 5 vw gYWnfhit a

(A) 5
2

56.

3x - 1 = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho _y

(A) x =- 1
3

57.

(B) 3,2

(C) 2,3

(D) 2,3

(B) 1

(C) 3

(D) 0

(B)- 5
2

(C) 2
5

(B) x = 1
3

(C) x = 1

(D)- 2
5

(D) x = 3

x + 2x = 0 vw gYWnfhit rkgho _yf

(A) x = 0, 2

58.

p^ xh vw gYWnfhitia ^ax + bh M tFjh ilF

(A) p` b j
a

59.

x - ax + 2x - a vw gYWnfhitia ^ x - ah M tFjh ilF

(A) a

60.

^ax - bh vgJ p^ xh - xU fhu v,

(A) p^ bh = 0

61.

62.

(B) x = 1, 2

(C) x = 1, - 2

(B) p`- b j
a

(C) p` a j
b

(D) x = 0, - 2

(D) p`- a j
b

(B) a

(B) p`- b j = 0
a

(C) a

(D) a

(C) p^ah = 0

(D) p` b j = 0
a

(C) x 5

(D) x 3

(C) x - 2

(D) x + 2

x - 3x - 10 - fhuf xW
(A) x - 2
3

(B) x +5

x - 2x + 2x - 1 - fhuf xW
(A) x - 1

(B) x + 1
281

63.

^ x + 2h^ x - 1h -

(A) x - x - 2

64.

^ x + 1h^ x - 2h^ x + 3h -

(A) x + 2x - 5x - 6

(C) x + 2x + 5x - 6

65.

2
2
^ x - yh^ x + xy + y h vgjF rkkhdJ

(A) x + y

66.

x + 2x - 8 - fhuf

(A) ^ x + 4h^ x - 2h (B)^ x - 4h^ x + 2h

67.

x - 6x - 16 - fhuf xW ^ x + 2h v, kbwhU fhu

(A) x + 5

68.

ax - 5x + c - fhuf ^2x + 1h kW ^ x - 3h v, a kW c- kf
Kiwna

(A) 2,3

69.

(B) x + x + 2

(D) x - x + 2

(B) x - 2x + 5x - 6

(C) x + x - 2

(D) x + 2x + 5x + 6

(B) x + y

(C) x - y

(D) x - y

(C)^ x + 4h^ x + 2h (D)^ x - 4h^ x - 2h

(B) x - 5

(C) x + 8

(D) x 8

(B) 2,3

(C) 2,3

(D) 1,3

x + y = 10 kW x - y = 2 v, x- k

(A) 4

70.

2 - x < 5 -

(A) x > - 3

(B) 6

(C) 4

(D) 6

(B) x < - 3

(C) x > 3

(D) x < 3

5. Mabjhiy totfj
71.

(2,7) vw mik fhgF

(A) I

72.

(x,0), x < 0 vw vF mik

(A) OX

73.

A(a,b) vw vkF _whtJ fh gF mik


74.

(B) II

A) a > 0, b < 0

(C) III

(B) OY

(D) IV

(C) OX l

(B) a < 0, b < 0

(D) OY l

C) a > 0, b > 0

D) a < 0, b > 0

(1,0), (0,1), (1,0) kW (0,1) vw fsh mik rJu _iyl


A) 2

B) 4

C)
282

D) 8

75. A(5,0), B(5,0) kW C(0,6) vw fsh mik Knfhz.


A) U rkgf Knfhz

B) brnfhz Knfhz

C) mrkgf Knfhz

D) rkgf Knfhz

76.

(0,8) kW (0,2) Ma fSF ilgl bjhiy


A) 6

B) 100

C) 36

D) 10

77. (4,1), (2,1), (7,1) kW (10,1) vw f


(A) x m nk csJ (B) x mRF izahd nfho nk csJ

(C) y mRF izahd nfho nk csJ (D) y m nk csJ

78. (a, b) kW (a, b) Ma fSF ilgl bjhiy


(A) 2a

(B) 2b

(C) 2a + 2b

(D) 2 a2 + b2

79. (4, 0) kW (4,0) vw fSF rkbjhiy cs (p,q) v, p kW


q-F ilnas bjhl

(A) p = 0

(B) q = 0

(C) p + q = 0

(D) p + q = 8

80. y-m J mikJs y Mabjhiy 5 v, m


(A) (0, 5)

(B) (5, 0)

(C) (5, 0)

(D) (0, 5)

6. Knfhza
81.

sin2 60c + cos2 60c-F rkkhd k

(A) sin2 45c + cos2 45c

(C) sec2 90c

82.

83.

(B) tan2 45c + cot2 45c


(D) 0

2 tan 30c v, x- k
1 - tan2 30c
(A) tan 45c
(B) tan 30c
x=

(C) tan 60c (D) tan 90c

sec2 45c - tan2 45c -F rkkhdJ

(A) sin2 60c - cos2 60c

(B) sin2 45c + cos2 60c

(C) sec2 60c - tan2 60c

(D) 0

84.

2 sin 30c cos 30c -F rkkhdJ

(A) tan 30c

(B) cos 60c

(C) sin 60c


283

(D) cot 60c

85.

cosec2 60c - 1 -F rkkhdJ

(A) cos2 60c

86.

cos 60c cos 30c - sin 60c sin 30c -F rkkhdJ

(A) cos 90c

(B) cosec 90c

(C) sin 30c + cos 30c (D) tan 90c

sin 27c - k
cos 63c
(A) 0

(B) 1

(C) tan 27c

(D) cot 63c

88.

cos x = sin 43cv x- k

(A) 57c

(C) 47c

(D) 90c

89.

sec 29c - cosec 61c - k


(A) 1
(B) 0

(C) sec 60c

(D) cosec 29c

90.

3x cosec 36c = sec 54cv, x- k


(A) 0
(B) 1

(C) 1
3

(D) 3
4

91.

sin 60c cos 30c + cos 60c sin 30c-F rkkhdJ

(A) sec 90c

87.

92.

cos A cos 30c =

(B) cot2 60c

(B) 43c

(B) tan 90c

(A) 90c

93.

tan 26c cot 64c - k

(A) 1
2

94.

sin 60c - cos 30c - k


(A) 0
(B) 1
2

95.

(C) cos 60c

3 v, nfhz A- ms
4
(B) 60c
(C) 45c

(C) sec2 60c

(B)

3
2

(C) 0

(C)

(D) tan2 60c

(D) sin 90c

(D) 30c

(D) 1

3
2

(D) 1

cos2 30c - sin2 30c - k


(A) cos 60c

(B) sin 60c

(C) 0

284

(D) 1

7. toa
96.

xU nfhz mj if u nfhzij ngh _W klF v mj


nfhz ms

(A) 40c

(B) 50c

(C) 45c

97.

bfhLfgLs gl +BOC - U rkbto OP kW + Q


AOC- U rkbto OQ v, + POQ- k

(A) 90c
(C)60c

98.

xU nfhz u nfhzkhdJ mnfhzij l 60c mf v,

(B) 120c
(D) 100c

55c

(D)

C
P
O

mnfhz ms

(A ) 25c

(B) 30c

(C) 15c (D) 35c

99.

xU nfhzDila unfhz MWklfhdJ mj if u


nfhz U klif l 12c Fiw v, mnfhz ms

(A) 48c

(B) 96c

(C) 24c

(D) 58c
A

100. bfhLfgLs gl + B:+ C = 2:3 v, + B- k


(A) 120c

(B) 52c

(C) 78c

(D) 130c

130c

101. O it ikakhf cila tl, eh AB- ika D. CD- s 2 br.


kW eh s 12 br. v, tl Mu
C
A
B
D

(A) 10 br.
(B) 12br.

(C) 15 br.

(D) 18br.

102. tlehfu ABCD- +ADB + +DAB = 120c kW


+ABC + +BDA = 145c v, +CDB- k

(A) 75c

(B) 115c

( C) 35c

(D) 45c

B
A
C

103. bfhLfgLs gl AB vgJ tl l. OC vgJ


tl ika O- tna tiuagl brFJnfhL MF. AC = 7 2 br. v,
C
tl gu (r.br.-)

(A) 24.5

(B) 49

(C) 98

(D) 154

285

104. izfu ABCD- AB- ika E kW + BCD- nfhz U rkbto CE


v + DEC- ms

(A) 60c

(B) 90c

(C) 100c

(D) 120c

105. bfhLfgLs gl tl l AB kW + CAD = 30c, + CBA = 70c


vwthW tlg nk cs f C, D v, + ACD- ms
D
C

(A) 40c
(B) 50c

(C) 30c

(D) 90c

106. miutl mik nfhz


(A) nfhz

(B) brnfhz

(C) FWnfhz (D) unfhz

107. a tlJo mik nfhz


(A) FWnfhz

(B) nfhz

(C) brnfhz

(D) tisnfhz

108. tlehfu ABCD- +A = 5x, +C = 4x v, x- ms


(A) 12c

(B) 20c

(C) 48c

(D) 36c

109. bga tlJo mik nfhz


(A) FWnfhz

(B) nfhz

(C) brnfhz

(D) tisnfhz

110. tlehfu xU nfhz 70c v, mnfhz vnfhz


(A) 20c

(B) 110c

(C) 140c

(D) 160c

8. msa
111. tl ika jhF nfhz 90c mj Mu 7 br. v, tl s

(A) 22 br.

(B) 44 br.

(C) 11 br.

(D) 33 br.

112. tlnfhzgF Mu kW s Kiwna 17 br., 27 br. v,


mj Rws

(A) 16 br.

(B) 61 br.

(C) 32 br.

(D) 80 br.

113. tl ika jhF nfhz 90c v, tlnfhz gF gu


(A) 2rr2

2
(C) rr
4

(B) 4rr2

286

2
(D) rr
2

114. tlnfhz gF Mu 12 br. kW s 21 br. v, mj gu


(A) 126 r.br.

(B) 252 r.br.

(C) 33 r.br.

(D) 45 r.br.

115. tlnfhzgF Mu 4 br. ika jhF nfhz 60c v, mj


gu

(A) 2r r.br.
3

(B) 4r r.br.
3

(C) 8r r.br.
3

(D) 16r r.br.


3

116. tlnfhzgF gu 60 r.br. kW s 20 br. v, tl


l

(A) 6 br.

(B) 12 br.

(C) 24 br.

(D) 36 br.

117. tlnfhzgF Rws 37 br. mj Mu 7 br. v, s


(A) 23 br.

(B) 5.29 br.

(C) 32 br.

(D) 259 br.

118. MW rkrJufis Kffshf bfhl cUt


(A) fdrJu

(B) fd brtf

(C) rJu

(D) brtf

119. xU bghUsh wbt milgL gFahdJ mj


(A) gu

(B) s

(C) fdms

120.

1 bl. gf mss xU fdrJu wgu

(A) 16 r.bl.

(B) 4 r.bl.

(C) 2 r.bl.

(D) bkhjgu

(D) 1 r.bl.

11. a
121. Kj 10 a vf ruhr

(A) 25

(B) 55

(C) 5.5

122.

5 Kj 5 Koa cs KGf TLruhr

(A) 3

(B) 0

(C) 25

(D) 2.5

(D) 10

123. x, x + 2, x + 4, x + 6, x + 8 vgt TLruhr 20 v, x- k


(A) 32

(B) 16

(C) 8

(D) 4

124. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 vw tuf KfL


(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 5

125. 14, 12, 10, 9, 11 vw tuf iliy ms


(A) 11

(B) 10

(C) 9.5
287

(D) 10.5

126. 2, 7, 4, 8, 9, 1 vw tuf iliy ms


(A) 4

(B) 6

(C) 5.5

(D) 7

(C) 3

(D) 0

127. Kj 5 KG vf ruhr

(A) 2

(B) 2.5

128. 10 vf TLruhr 7. xbthU vQlD 5 I Todh ilF


a TLruhr

(A) 2

(B) 12

(C) 7

(D) 17

(C) 7

(D) 7.5

129. 24- fhuf TLruhr


(A) 8.5

(B) 5.67

130. 5 vf TLruhr 20. mtUJ xU viz dh mt


TLruhr 15 v, fgl v

(A) 5

(B) 40

(C) 20

(D) 10

12. fjf
131. cWahd f fjf

(A) 1

(B) 0

(C) 1
2

(D) 2

132. fltW vJ xU f fjfthF


(A) 7
4

(C) 2
3

(D) 2
3

(C) 1
2

(D) 1

(B)0 # x 1 1

(C)0 # x # 1

(D) 1 1 x 1 2

(B) P (E) - 1

(C) 1

(D) 0

(B) 1

133. ayh f fjf


(A) 1

(B) 0

134. xU f x- fjf vnghJ


(A) 0 1 x 1 1

135. P (El ) =

(A) 1 - P (E)

288

ilf
g 1.1
1. (i) fz my (ii) fz (iii) fz my
2. (i) 0 d A

(ii) 6 g A

(iv) fz (v) fz
(iv) 4 d A (v) 7 g A

(iii) 3 d A

3. (i) " x : x xU if uilgil v ,

(ii) " x : x xU KGv kW x < 20 ,

(iii) " x : x xU ifKG kW 3 klF ,

(iv) " x : x xU xiw av kW x < 15 ,

(v) " x : x vgJ 'TAMILNADU' vw brh cs xU vGJ ,

4.

(i) A = "3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,

(ii) B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,

(iv) X = "2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ,

(vi) P = "- 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,

(iii) C = "2, 3 ,

(v) M = "- 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ,

5.

(i) A = My cbuGJf fz

(ii) B = 11I l Fiwthfnth myJ rkkhfnth cs xiw a vf


fz

(iii) C = 26 I l Fiwthf cs KG tfvf fz.

(iv) P = SET THEORY vw brhYs vGJf fz

(v) Q = 10-F 20-F ilgl cs gfhvf fz

6.

(i) 4 (ii) 21 (iii) 1 (iv) 0 (v) 9 7. (i) Koyhfz (ii) KoWfz


8.

(iii) Koyhfz

(iv) Koyhfz

(i) rkhdfzf

(ii) rkhdfzf my (iii) rkhdfzf

9. (i) rkfzf (ii) rkfzf my


(v) KoWfz

(iii) rkfzf

(iv) rkfzf my 10. B = D kW E = G

11. iy, Q- cWf VJ iy. Mdh, "Q , xU cWig bfhLsJ.


12. xbthW kwtUJ khWglJ.
0 xU KG. J xU fzky
Q- cWf VJ iy
"0 , xU cWig bgWsJ, i.e., 0.
"Q , xU cWig bgWsJ, i.e., btWfz
13. (i) M (ii) 3 (iii) 3

(iv) M
289

14. (i) X vgJ Y- cfzky (ii) Y vgJ X- cfz


15. A vgJ B- cfzky
16. (i) P^ Ah = "Q, " x ,, " y ,, " x, y ,, (ii) P^ X h = "Q, " a ,, " b ,, " c ,, " a, b ,, " a, c ,, " b, c ,, " a, b, c ,,

(iii) P(A) = { Q, {5}, {6}, {7}, {8}, {5,6}, {5,7}, {5,8}, {6,7}, {6,8}, {7,8}, {5,6,7},

{5,6,8}, {5,7,8}, {6,7,8}, {5,6,7,8}} (iv) P^ Ah = "z ,

17. (i) 64, 63 (ii) 128, 127 (iii) 2, 1 18. (i) 1 (ii) 8 (iii) 9 (iv) 10 19. A vgJ btWfz
20. (i) A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , , B = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , ,
C = "15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ,

(ii) n^ Ah = 10 , n^ Bh = 10 ,

n^C h = 11

(iii) a) F

b) T

c) T

d) T

g 1.2
1.

(i) A , B = "- 3, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 ,, A + B = "0, 2, 4 , (ii) A , B = "2, 4, 6, 8 ,, A + B = z

(iii) A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} , A + B = {2, 3, 5}

(iv) A , B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , , A + B = "3, 4, 5, 6 ,

2.

(i) A , B = "1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30 , (ii) A + B = "10, 15, 25 ,

3.

(i) X , Y = "0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , , X + Y = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ,

4. "7 ,

5. (ii) X kW Y btlhfzf

6.

(i) Al = "0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 , (ii) AvgJ midJ gfh vf fz

7.

(i) A , B = " a, b, c, d, f, g ,

(ii) ^ A , Bhl = "e, h ,

(iv) ^ A + Bhl = " a, c, e, f, g, h ,

(iii) Al , Bl = "1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 ,

8. (i) Al = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10 , (ii) Bl = "1, 4, 6, 7, 8 ,


(iv) Al + Bl = "4, 6, 8 ,

(ii) N - M = "15, 17 , (iii) N l - M = "18 , (iv) M l - N = "18 ,

9.

(i) M N= "3, 9 ,

(v) M + ^ M - N h = "3, 9 ,

(vi) N , ^ N - M h = "7, 11, 15, 17 ,

10. (i) A - B = "3, 6, 9, 15, 18 ,


(iii) A + B = " b, d ,

(ii) B - C = "16, 20 ,

(iv) D - A = "5, 10, 20, 25 ,

(vii) n^ M - N h = 2

(iii) C - D = "2, 4, 6, 8, 12 ,

(v) n^ A - C h = 4

11. (i) U = "1, 2, 3g49 , , A = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 ,
B = "16, 30, 44 ,
A + B = "16, 44 , ,

(ii) A , B = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 ,
n^ A , Bh = 13 , n^ A + Bh = 2

12. (i) X 3 Y = " a, b, d, e, f, k , (ii) P 3 Q = "0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,


(iii) A 3 B = "- 4, - 2, - 1, 5 ,
290

13. (i) U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 , , E = "1, 2, 4, 7 , ,

F = "4, 7, 9, 11 ,

E , F = "1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11 , , E + F = "4, 7 ,

(ii) n^,h = 8 , n^ E , F h = 6 , n^ E + F h = 2

14. (i) U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 , ,


G = "1, 2, 4, 8 , , H = "2, 6, 8, 10 ,

(ii) G l = "3, 5, 6, 9, 1 0 ,,H l = "1, 3, 4, 5, 9 ,,G l + H l = "3, 5, 9 ,,n^G , H hl = 3,n^G + H hl = 7

g 1.3
U
M

6
7
9

2. n^ A + Bh = 15

3. 16, 29

4. n^ Bh = 27

5. n^ A + Bh = 6, n^,h = 43

6. n^ A , Bh = 22

7. 150

8. 1400

9. (i) 180 (ii) 150 (iii) 450

10. 35

12. 12 13. 47

15. (i) x = 8 (ii) n (A , B) = 88

16. (i) 35 (ii) 25 (iii) 20

5
10

1.
11
12

13

11. 12

14. M, r

17. 16%

g 2.1
1.
2.

(i) r

(ii) jtW (iii) r

(iv) jtW

(v) jtW (vi) jtW

M, Vbd 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = g
1
2
3
-1

3. - 4 , - 3
7
7

g 2.2
1.

(i) 0.42, KoW jrkd (ii) 8.285714 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ


(iii) 0.236 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ (iv) 0.918, KoW jrkd

(v) 0.09, Kowh kW RHjiksJ

(vi) - 0.230769 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ

(vii) 6.3 , Kowh kW RHjiksJ


2.

3.
5.

(i) KoW jrkd

(viii) - 0.21875 , KoW jrkd

(ii) Kowh jrkd

(iii) KoW jrkd

(iv) Kowh jrkd


(i) 2 (ii) 427
11
999
1 = 0.142857,
7
5 = 0.714285,
7

1 (iv) 16 (v) 22 (vi)


9999
11
3
2 = 0.285714 , 3 = 0.428571,
7
7
6 = 0.857142
7
(iii)

291

206
4. 0.076923 , 6
495
4 = 0.571428 ,
7

g 2.3
1.

D F H
5

1
A

O
-3

-2

-1

1 1 1
C E G I

2. 1.83205g , 1.93205g , 2.03205g


3. 3.10110011100011110g , 3.2022002220002222g
4. 0.1510100110001110g ,

0.1530300330003330g

5. 0.58088008880g ,

0.59099009990g

6. 1.83205g ,

1.93205g

7. xU jKW v: 1.102, xU jKwh v: 1.9199119991119g


[F: dh v 2 Kj 8 tiu cstF vzw f

8. 0.13, 0.20
cL]

g 2.5
1. (i) jKwh _y

(ii) jKwh _y

(iv) jKwh _y

(iii) jKwh _y my

(v) jKwh _y my

2. (i) 20 + 10 5 + 2 3 + 15 (ii) 8 + 2 15
3. (i) 71 3

180 (ii)

5. (i)

(iv)

(ii) 16 3 2 (iii)- 37 2 (iv) 3 3 5

500 (iii)

45 (v) 3 5
2

405

(vi)

8. (i) wF tir :

7. (i)

(iv) 61

4. (i) 3 3 4 (ii) 7 2 (iii) 8 3 (iv) 5 3 5


9
2

(iv)

32

(iii) 11

6. (i) 3 10 (ii) 2 3 7 (iii) 2 4 6

3 2 2 (ii)

3,

4,

5 , VW tir :

5,

3 2 4 4 (iii)

4,

10 2 3

(ii) wF tir :

4,

4,

2 , VW tir :

2,

4,

(iii) wF tir :

2,

3,

4 , VW tir :

4,

3,

g 2.6
1. (i)

2 (ii) 7 (iii)

(viii) 2 - 3

(iv)

25 (v) 5 + 4 3 (vi)

2. (i) 3 5 (ii) 2 3 (iii)


5
9
292

3
6

2 - 3 (vii)

(iv) 2 77
11

5+ 2

(v) 3 15

3. (i) 11 - 3
118

(ii) 3 - 5
12

(iii)

13 - 11
2

4. (i) 0.707

(ii) 3.464

(iii) 1.887

(iv) 3 + 5 (v) 17 3 - 21
71
2
(iv) 0.655 (v) 0.102 (vi) 4.441

5. a = 31 , b = 10
19
19
8. a = 0, b = 16
9. 14
11

(vii) 3.732

(viii) 0.185

7. a = 3, b = 0

6. a = 7, b = 4
10. 4

g 2.7
1. 3, 1

2. 0, 5

3. 9, 0

g 3.1
11

1. (i) 7.493 # 10

(v) 9.6 # 10-

2. (i) 0.00000325

(ii) 1.3 # 10

(iii) 1.05003 # 10

14

(iv) 5.436 # 10

(vi) 1.3307 # 10- (vii) 2.2 # 10- (viii) 9.0 # 10(ii) 0.0004134

(iii) 41340

13

(iv) 18600000

(v) 9870000000 (vi) 0.000000001432


13

28

3. (i) 6.4 # 10 (ii) 3.375 # 10 (iii) 2.56 # 10 (iv) 6.9984 # 10- (v) 3.993 # 10

g 3.2
1. (i) r (ii) jtW (iii) jtW (iv) jtW (v) r

(vi) jtW

(ii) log3 243 = 5 (iii) log10 0.1 =- 1 (iv) log8 ` 1 j =- 2


4
3
1
1
(v) log25 5 =
(vi) log12 `
=- 2
2
144 j
1
-1
4
3
0
3
3. (i) 6 = 216 (ii) 9 2 = 3 (iii) 5 = 1 (iv) ^ 3 h = 9 (v) (64) 2 = 1 (vi) (.5) - = 8
8
4. (i) - 4 (ii) 3 (iii) 5 (iv) - 3 (v) - 4 (vi) 5

2. (i) log2 16 = 4

5. (i) x = 2 (ii) x = 1 (iii) y = 1 (iv) x = 5 (v) x = 10


(vi) x =- 4
125
9
3
6. (i) log10 9 (ii) log25 ` 7 j (iii) 2 (iv) 2 (v) log10 ` 72 j (vi) 1
2
25
7. (i) x =- 2 (ii) x = 2 (iii) x = 2 (iv) x = 4 (v) x = 3 (vi) x = 5 (vii) x = 5

(viii) x = 7 8. (i) y + z (ii) 3x (iii) x + y + z (iv) 3^ y - zh (v) x - y + z (vi) y - x

g 3.3
1

1. (i) 9.243 # 10 (ii) 9.243 # 10- (iii) 9.243 # 10 (iv) 9.243 # 10 (v) 9.243 # 10-
2
(vi) 9.243 # 10- 2. (i) 3 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 2 (v) 1 (vi) 0
3. (i) 4.3576 (ii) 1.3576 (iii) 0.3576

(iv) 1.3576 (v) 7.3576 (vi) 5.3576

4. (i) 1.3649 (ii) 0.9694 (iii) 2.5179

(iv) 3.1348 (v) 1.9946 (vi) 3.8180

5. (i) 1180 (ii) 57.41

(iv) 0.004015 (v) 1.876

(iii) 0.2413

293

(vi) 0.01513

6. (i) 30550 (ii) 21.82 (iii) 0.05309


(vii) 2.122 (viii) 1.666 (ix) 0.08366

(iv) 3.497 (v) 328100000 (vi) 8.249


(x) 0.5948 (xi) 1.888 (xii) 1.772

g 4.1
1.

(i) xU kh gYWnfhit

(ii) xU kh gYWnfhit

(iii) xU kh gYWnfhit

(iv) x- mLF KGv my. vdnt, xU gYWnfhit my.

(v) t- mLF KGv my. vdnt, xU gYWnfhit my.

(vi) _W khf mikj gYWnfhit


(iii) 2 , 4 (iv) 1 , 1
3. (i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 0
2. (i) 4, 3 (ii) 0, 3
3
4. (i) Ugo gYWnfhit
(ii) Kgo gYWnfhit

(iii) xUgo gYWnfhit

(iv) Ugo gYWnfhit

(v) Kgo gYWnfhit

(vi) xUgo gYWnfhit

5. ax27 + b, cx49, lx36 + mx35 + nx2

g 4.2
1.
2.
3.

(i) x = 1
4
(i) x = 3

(ii) x =- 5 (iii) x = 0
(iv) x =- 9
3
(ii) x = 6 (iii) x =- 1 (iv) x = 0
5
11
(i) x = 2 , x = 3 _yf (ii) x =- 1 _y , x = 2 _y my

(iii) x = 1 , x =- 2 , x = 3 _yf

(iv) x =- 1 , x = 2 _yf , x = 3 _y my

g 4.3
1.

(i) 10

(ii) 8

2. a = 5

(iii) 20

3. m = 13

(iv) 145

4. m = 3

(v) 2 (vi) 26 (vii) 3a

5. m = 5 , 15.

g 4.4
1.

(i) fhu

2. fhu my

(ii) fhu

(iii) fhu my (iv) fhu my

4. fhu

5. p = 10

g 4.5
1.

2.

3.

(i) 25x + 4y + 9y + 20xy + 12yz + 30zx (ii) 4a + 9b + c + 12ab - 6bc - 4ca


2

(iii) x + 4y + 16z - 4xy + 16yz - 8zx


3

(i) x + 12x + 39x + 28

(ii) p + 4p - 20p - 48
3

(iv) p + 4q + r - 4pq - 4qr + 2rp


3

(iii) x + x - 17x + 15

(iv) x3 - 7ax2 + 14a2 x - 8a3 (v) 27x + 72x + 51x + 10 (vi) 8x - 36x - 2x + 105
(i) 19, 111, 189 (ii) 7, 2, 40 (iii) 60, 142, 105 (iv) 100, 5, 6
294

4. 10, 3, 10

5.

(ii) x - 27y - 125z - 45xyz

(i) 27a + 135a b + 225ab + 125b


(ii) 64x - 144x y + 108xy - 27y
3
(iii) 8y - 36y + 54 - 273
6. (i) 970299 (ii) 1030301 (iii) 941192 (iv) 1061208
y
y
(v) 1006012008
7. 793 8. 288 9. 52 10. 36
3

11. (i) 8x + y + 64z - 24xyz

12. (i) 486 (ii) 2880

g 4.6
1.

(i) a ^2a - 3b + 2ch (ii) 16x^1 + 4xyh


(iv) ^ y - zh^ x + ah
2

2. (i) (x + 1)

(v) ^ p + qh^ p + r h
2

(ii) (3x - 4y)

3. (i) ^ p + q + r h2
2

(iv) (2a - b + 3c)

(iii) ^b + 2h^b - 2h
2

(ii) (a - 2b - 6)

(iv) ^1 + 6xh^1 - 6xh

(iii) (3x - y + 1)

(v) (5x - 2y - 3z)

2
2
4. (i) ^3x + 4yh^9x - 12xy + 16y h
2
(iii) ^a + 5h^a - 5a + 25h

(iii) 5x ^2 - 5xyh

(ii) ^m + 2h^m - 2m + 4h
2
2
(iv) ^2x - 3yh^4x + 6xy + 9y h

2
2
(v) ^ x - 2yh^ x + 2xy + 4y h

g 4.7
1. (i) ^ x + 1h^ x + 14h

(ii) ^ x + 3h^ x + 10h

(iii) ^ y + 3h^ y + 4h

(iv) ^ x - 2h^ x - 12h

(v) ^ y - 6h^ y - 10h

(vi) ^t - 8h^t - 9h

(vii) ^ x - 1h^ x + 15h

(viii) ^ x - 2h^ x + 11h

(ix) ^ y - 4h^ y + 9h

(x) ^ x + 9h^ x - 11h

(xi) ^m + 8h^m - 18h

(xii) ^ y + 4h^ y - 5h

2.

(i) ^3x + 1h^ x + 6h

(ii) ^5x + 2h^ x + 4h

(iii) ^ x + 2h^2x + 5h

(iv) ^14x + 3h^ x + 2h

(v) ^5y - 4h^ y - 5h

(vi) ^9y - 7h^ y - 1h

(vii) ^3x - 1h^2x - 1h

(viii) ^3x - 4h^ x - 2h

(ix) ^3x - 1h^ x + 2h

(x) ^2a - 3h^a + 10h

(xi) ^ x + 1h^11 - 6xh

(xii) ^8x - 3h^ x + 4h

(xiv) ^9x + 4h^2x - 1h

(xv) ^1 - xh^3x + 10h

(xiii) ^ x + 2h^2x - 7h

3. (i) ^a + b + 2h^a + b + 7h
4.

(ii) ^ p - q + 2h^ p - q - 9h

(i) ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h^ x + 2h

(ii) ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h^ x - 3h

(iii) ^ x + 1h^ x + 2h^ x - 2h

(vi) ^ x + 1h^ x - 1h^ x + 5h

g 4.8
1.

(i) x = 1, y = 3 (ii) x = 2, y =- 3

(iii) x = 3, y = 2

(iv) x = 1 , y = 1
5
2
4. 50, 22

(v) x = 1 , y = 1
2. 16, 8
3. 27
2
(ii) x < 3.5 (iii) x # - 2.5
(iv) x $ - 2
5. (i) x > 4

295

g 5.1
1. (i) jtW (ii) r (iii) r

(iv) jtW (v) r (vi) jtW (vii) r

(ix) jtW (x) r 2. (i) I (ii) III

(iii) x m J

(vi) y m J (vii) IV (viii) M

(viii) r

(iv) III (v) y m J

(ix) I (x) II 3. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 8 (iv) 5

4. (i) 5 (ii) 9 (iii) 8 (iv) 4 5. y mRF iz


8. ABCD xU brtf 9. (0,4)

6. x mRF iz 7. y mR

11. (4,3)

g 5.2
1. (i)

202

(viii) 15

(ii) 4 5

(iii)

(ix) 18

(x)

29 (iv) 2 2

(v) 5 2

74 10. 7, 5 13. 10, 2

(vi) 1

(vii) 5

14. (i) 24 (ii) 10 + 4 10

15. (0,7)
16. 4 5
18. (4,3) 19. 30
20. tiua ayhJ, nenfho mik f
21. (8,15) (8,15) (8,15)(8, 15) 24.11, 7

25. 20

g 6.1
1. (i) sin i = 6 , cos i = 8 , tan i = 6 , cosec i = 10 , sec i = 10 , cot i = 8
10
10
8
6
8
6
(ii) sin i = 7 , cos i = 24 , tan i = 7 , cosec i = 25 , sec i = 25 ,cot i = 24
25
25
24
7
24
7
(iii) sin i = 35 , cos i = 12 , tan i = 35 , cosec i = 37 , sec i = 37 , cot i = 12
37
37
12
35
12
35
(iv) sin i = 9 , cos i = 40 , tan i = 9 , cosec i = 41 , sec i = 41 , cot i = 40
41
41
40
9
40
9
12
9
15
15
12
2. (i) cos A =
, tan A =
, cosec A =
, sec A =
, cot A =
15
12
9
12
9
8
8
17
17
15
(ii) sin A =
, tan A =
, cosec A =
, sec A =
, cot A =
17
15
8
15
8
(iii) sin P = 5 , cos P = 12 , cosec P = 13 , sec P = 13 , cot P = 12
13
13
5
12
5
(iv) sin i = 15 , cos i = 8 , tan i = 15 , cosec i = 17 , cot i = 8
17
17
8
15
15
(v) sin i = 60 , cos i = 11 , tan i = 60 , sec i = 61 , cot i = 11
61
61
11
11
60
(vi) cos i =

y2 - x2
, tan i =
y

y
x
, cosec i =
,
2
x
y -x
2

y
y2 - x2
,
cot
=
i
x
y2 - x2
3. (i) 45c (ii) 0c (iii) 60c (iv) 30c

sec i =

4. sin A = 24 , cos A = 10 , tan A = 24 , cosec A = 26 , sec A = 26 , cot A = 10


26
26
10
24
10
24
296

sin C = 10 , cos C = 24 , tan C = 10 , cosec C = 26 , sec C = 26 , cot C = 24


26
26
24
10
24
10
5. 17 6. 1 7. - 63 8. 1 9. 225
10. (i) 1 (ii) 0
19
4
64
13. (i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 25 (v) 7 (vi) 4 (vii) 9 (viii) 2
4
2
144
3

g 6.2
1. (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1 (v) 1 (vi) 1
2. (i) 0 (ii) 2 (iii) 0 (iv) 6 (v) 1 (vi) 9 (vii) 0 (viii) 3 (ix) 1
2
3
3. (i) 60c (ii)41c (iii) 55c (iv) 55c (v) 47c (vi) 60c

g 6.3
1. (i) 0.4384

(ii) 0.3090 (iii) 0.7002 (iv) 0.9670 (v) 0.2113

(vi) 0.9760

(vii) 0.7623 (viii) 0.1841 (ix) 2.7475 (x) 1.1778 2. (i) 44c30l (ii) 14c54l

(iii) 20c12l

(iv) 4.4996 (v) 4.8098

(iv) 76c30l (v) 89c6l

3. (i) 1.2698

4. 99.4134 r.br.

(ii) 1.3579

(iii) 1.0042

5. 14.6278 r.br.

6. 109.376 r.br.

7. 67.0389 r.br.

8. 13.8568

10. 8.09 br.

11. 3.1056 br.

12. 20.784 br.

9. 60c

g 7.1
1. (i) 27c (ii) 66c (iii) 42c (iv) 55c

(v) 70c 2. (i) 122c (ii) 32c (iii) 60c

(v) 80c 3. (i) 80c (ii) 35c 4. (i) 30c (ii) 36c

(vi) 54c ,36c 5. (i) 36c (ii) 40c (iii) 40c ,50c

6. (i) + A = + C = + E = + G =115c ,
8. 30c ,60c ,90c

9. 45c ,25c ,110c

(iv) 140

(iii) 60c (iv) 72c (v) 80c ,100c

+ B = + D = + H = 65c

7. (i) 30c (ii) 32c

10. 80c ,60c

g 7.2
1. 48c ,72c ,96c ,144c

2. 72c ,108c ,72c

3. (i) 45c (ii) 45c (iii) 45c (iv) 60c

4. 70c , 110c , 70c , 110c

5. l = 9 , b = 6

6. 15

7. (i) 50c , 50c (ii) 31c , 59c (iii) 30c , 30c

8. 12

g 7.3
1. 12 br. 2. 15 br. 3. 26 br. 4. 30 br.
5. 40 br. 6. 1 br. 7. 13 br.
8. 7 br. 9. (i) 75c (ii) 55c (iii) 110c
(iv) 115c (v) 40c
(vi) 42c
297

10. (i) 55c , (ii) 43c

11. (i) 35c

13. (i) 80c (ii) 80c

(iii) 100

(ii) 40c (iii) 30c

12. (i) 100c (ii) 30c

14. 50c 15. (i) 50c (ii) 130c

g 8.1
1. (i) 22 br., 231 r.br., 64 br. (ii) 2.57 br., 6.3 r.br., 12.37 br.

(iii) 11 br., 77 r.br., 39 br.

(iv) 16.5 br., 123.75 r.br., 46.5 br. (v) 88 bl., 924 r.bl.,130 bl.

2. (i) 120c (ii) 90c (iii) 36 br.


3. (i) 165 r.br., 53 br. (ii) 2200 r.br., 190 br. (iii) 91.5 r.br., 39.25 br.
(iv) 250 r.br., 65 br. 4. (i) 10 br. (ii) 30 br. (iii) 6 br.
5. (i) 110.25 r.br. (ii) 700 r.br. 6. (i) 280c (ii) 120c
7. (i) 72 br., 308 r.br. (ii) 25 , 38.5 r.

8. (i) 19 br. (ii) 8.5 br.

9. (i) 7 kneu (ii) 2 kneu (iii) 15 kneu 10. 0.16 r.br.


11. (i) 154 r. (ii) 350 r. 12. 123.84 r.br. 13. 346.5 r.br. 14. 4.2 , 60c ,12.8

g 8.2
1. (i) 125.44 r.br., 188.16 r.br., 175.62 f.br.

(ii) 144 r.bl., 216 r.bl., 216 f.bl.

(iii) 25 r., 37.5 r., 15.625 f.

(iv) 2304 r.br., 3456 r.br., 13824 f.br.

(v) 3844 r.br., 5766 r.br., 29791 f.br.

2. (i) 15 br. (ii) 13 br. (iii) 5 bl.


3. 8000 f.br.

4. 4 5. 216 r.br. 6. 125 fdrJuf

7. 8000 r.br., 64000 f.br.

8. ` 4,00,000 9. 147 r., ` 11,025

g 8.3
1. (i) 154 r.br., 174 r.br., 110 f.br.

(ii) 400 r.bl., 700 r.bl., 1200 f.bl.

(iii) 70 r., 82 r., 42 f. (iv) 512 r., 992 r., 1920 f.

2. 27 br.

3. 96 r.br., 160 r.br. 4. ` 123 5. 720 r. , ` 56,160

6. 4000 brff 7. ` 53,280


298

g 10.2
1. (2, 6) 2. vzw f 3. (2, 3) 4. (3, 2)

5. iy

6. (2, 3) 7. vzw f 8. (1, 3) 9. (1, 0)

11. (3, 3)

11. (2, 12) 12. iy

g 11.1
1. 4, 7, 6, 6, 5 2. 25, 30, 25, 60, 15, 5 3. 3, 4, 6, 6, 8

4. 5, 4, 3, 5, 3 5. 80, 50, 40, 120, 30

g 11.2
1. 28.67

2. 6

3. 62 4. 37 5. 192

6. 6 7. 61.

8. 52.58 9. 27.13

10. 40.18 11. 28.67 12. 28 13. 48.1 14. 326.25 15. 55.5

g 11.3
1. (i) 51 (ii) 14.5 2. 17

3. 19

4. 34.05

5. 14.7

6. 40

g 11.4
1. 72 2. 7 3. 43.18 4. 41.75
dh v
5.
6.
7.
8.

ruhr
14
4.05
32.1
28

iliy ms
14
4
31.2
30

KfL
13,15
4
27.8
33.3

g 12.1
1. (ii) - 1 (iv) -0.78 (vi) 1.45 (ix) 112%
5

4. 13
20

5. (i) 13 (ii) 7
20
20

6. (i) 3 (ii) 8
5
25

(iii) 2 7. (i) 21 (ii) 9


25
50
10

(iii) 11
25

8. (i) 49 (ii) 4
100
25

(iii) 69 (iv) 19 (v) 81


100
100
100

9. (i) 39 (ii) 9
125
20

10. (i) 179 (ii) 53 (iii) 201 (iv) 219 11. (i) 4 (ii) 19
500
500
500
500
15
30
12. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 1
10
10
5

13. (i) 3
5

14. (i) 2 (ii) 3


5
4

15. (i) 1 (ii) 1


4
20

(iii) 9
20

(ii) 9
20

299

(iii) 1
5
(iii) 1
10

(iv) 24
25

(iii) 11
30
(iv) 3
20

(iii) 119
500
(iv) 1
6

16. (i) 7 (ii) 3


20
25

(iii) 11
50

(iv) 9
50

(v) 3
4

17. (i) 7 (ii) 1


20
20

(iii) 3
20

(iv) 1
5

(v) 1
20

18. (i) 183 (ii) 1


500
4

(iii) 21 (iv) 793 (v) 33


250
100
250

19. (i) 3 (ii) 19 (iii) 21 (iv) 29 (v) 14


25
125
125
125
25

rahd ilia njbjL


1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

A
D
B
D
B
A
C
A
D
C
A
B
B
D
C
A
C
D
A
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
A

28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54

D
A
B
A
B
C
D
A
C
B
D
D
B
B
C
B
A
C
A
D
B
A
C
B
C
A
B

55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81

A
B
D
B
C
D
C
A
C
A
D
A
D
C
D
A
B
C
B
A
A
D
B
D
A
A
A
300

82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108

C
C
C
B
A
B
C
B
C
D
B
D
A
A
D
B
A
D
B
A
D
D
D
C
B
B
B

109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135

A
B
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
A
C
B
C
B
B
D
A
C
A
A
D
B
A
D
A
C
A

LOGARITHM TABLE
Mean Difference
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

0.0000

0.0043

0.0086

0.0128

0.0170

0.0212

0.0253

0.0294

0.0334

0.0374

12

17

21

25

29

33

37

0.0414

0.0453

0.0492

0.0531

0.0569

0.0607

0.0645

0.0682

0.0719

0.0755

11

15

19

23

26

30

34

0.0792

0.0828

0.0864

0.0899

0.0934

0.0969

0.1004

0.1038

0.1072

0.1106

10

14

17

21

24

28

31

0.1139

0.1173

0.1206

0.1239

0.1271

0.1303

0.1335

0.1367

0.1399

0.1430

10

13

16

19

23

26

29

0.1461

0.1492

0.1523

0.1553

0.1584

0.1614

0.1644

0.1673

0.1703

0.1732

12

15

18

21

24

27

0.1761

0.1790

0.1818

0.1847

0.1875

0.1903

0.1931

0.1959

0.1987

0.2014

11

14

17

20

22

25

0.2041

0.2068

0.2095

0.2122

0.2148

0.2175

0.2201

0.2227

0.2253

0.2279

11

13

16

18

21

24

0.2304

0.2330

0.2355

0.2380

0.2405

0.2430

0.2455

0.2480

0.2504

0.2529

10

12

15

17

20

22

0.2553

0.2577

0.2601

0.2625

0.2648

0.2672

0.2695

0.2718

0.2742

0.2765

12

14

16

19

21

0.2788

0.2810

0.2833

0.2856

0.2878

0.2900

0.2923

0.2945

0.2967

0.2989

11

13

16

18

20

0.3010

0.3032

0.3054

0.3075

0.3096

0.3118

0.3139

0.3160

0.3181

0.3201

11

13

15

17

19

0.3222

0.3243

0.3263

0.3284

0.3304

0.3324

0.3345

0.3365

0.3385

0.3404

10

12

14

16

18

0.3424

0.3444

0.3464

0.3483

0.3502

0.3522

0.3541

0.3560

0.3579

0.3598

10

12

14

15

17

0.3617

0.3636

0.3655

0.3674

0.3692

0.3711

0.3729

0.3747

0.3766

0.3784

11

13

15

17

0.3802

0.3820

0.3838

0.3856

0.3874

0.3892

0.3909

0.3927

0.3945

0.3962

11

12

14

16

0.3979

0.3997

0.4014

0.4031

0.4048

0.4065

0.4082

0.4099

0.4116

0.4133

10

12

14

15

0.4150

0.4166

0.4183

0.4200

0.4216

0.4232

0.4249

0.4265

0.4281

0.4298

10

11

13

15

0.4314

0.4330

0.4346

0.4362

0.4378

0.4393

0.4409

0.4425

0.4440

0.4456

11

13

14

0.4472

0.4487

0.4502

0.4518

0.4533

0.4548

0.4564

0.4579

0.4594

0.4609

11

12

14

0.4624

0.4639

0.4654

0.4669

0.4683

0.4698

0.4713

0.4728

0.4742

0.4757

10

12

13

0.4771

0.4786

0.4800

0.4814

0.4829

0.4843

0.4857

0.4871

0.4886

0.4900

10

11

13

0.4914

0.4928

0.4942

0.4955

0.4969

0.4983

0.4997

0.5011

0.5024

0.5038

10

11

12

0.5051

0.5065

0.5079

0.5092

0.5105

0.5119

0.5132

0.5145

0.5159

0.5172

11

12
12

0.5185

0.5198

0.5211

0.5224

0.5237

0.5250

0.5263

0.5276

0.5289

0.5302

10

0.5315

0.5328

0.5340

0.5353

0.5366

0.5378

0.5391

0.5403

0.5416

0.5428

10

11

0.5441

0.5453

0.5465

0.5478

0.5490

0.5502

0.5514

0.5527

0.5539

0.5551

10

11

0.5563

0.5575

0.5587

0.5599

0.5611

0.5623

0.5635

0.5647

0.5658

0.5670

10

11

0.5682

0.5694

0.5705

0.5717

0.5729

0.5740

0.5752

0.5763

0.5775

0.5786

10

0.5798

0.5809

0.5821

0.5832

0.5843

0.5855

0.5866

0.5877

0.5888

0.5899

10

0.5911

0.5922

0.5933

0.5944

0.5955

0.5966

0.5977

0.5988

0.5999

0.6010

10

4.0

0.6021

0.6031

0.6042

0.6053

0.6064

0.6075

0.6085

0.6096

0.6107

0.6117

10

4.1

0.6128

0.6138

0.6149

0.6160

0.6170

0.6180

0.6191

0.6201

0.6212

0.6222

3.8
3.9

4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

0.6232

0.6243

0.6253

0.6263

0.6274

0.6284

0.6294

0.6304

0.6314

0.6325

0.6335

0.6345

0.6355

0.6365

0.6375

0.6385

0.6395

0.6405

0.6415

0.6425

0.6435

0.6444

0.6454

0.6464

0.6474

0.6484

0.6493

0.6503

0.6513

0.6522

0.6532

0.6542

0.6551

0.6561

0.6571

0.6580

0.6590

0.6599

0.6609

0.6618

0.6628

0.6637

0.6646

0.6656

0.6665

0.6675

0.6684

0.6693

0.6702

0.6712

0.6721

0.6730

0.6739

0.6749

0.6758

0.6767

0.6776

0.6785

0.6794

0.6803

0.6812

0.6821

0.6830

0.6839

0.6848

0.6857

0.6866

0.6875

0.6884

0.6893

0.6902

0.6911

0.6920

0.6928

0.6937

0.6946

0.6955

0.6964

0.6972

0.6981

0.6990

0.6998

0.7007

0.7016

0.7024

0.7033

0.7042

0.7050

0.7059

0.7067

0.7076

0.7084

0.7093

0.7101

0.7110

0.7118

0.7126

0.7135

0.7143

0.7152

0.7160

0.7168

0.7177

0.7185

0.7193

0.7202

0.7210

0.7218

0.7226

0.7235

0.7243

0.7251

0.7259

0.7267

0.7275

0.7284

0.7292

0.7300

0.7308

0.7316

0.7324

0.7332

0.7340

0.7348

0.7356

0.7364

0.7372

0.7380

0.7388

0.7396

301

LOGARITHM TABLE
Mean Difference
1

5.5

0.7404 0.7412 0.7419 0.7427 0.7435 0.7443 0.7451 0.7459 0.7466 0.7474

5.6

0.7482 0.7490 0.7497 0.7505 0.7513 0.7520 0.7528 0.7536 0.7543 0.7551

5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0

0.7559
0.7634
0.7709
0.7782

0.7627
0.7701
0.7774
0.7846

1
1
1
1

2
1
1
1

2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4

5
4
4
4

5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6

7
7
7
6

6.1

0.7853 0.7860 0.7868 0.7875 0.7882 0.7889 0.7896 0.7903 0.7910 0.7917

6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5

0.7924
0.7993
0.8062
0.8129

0.7931
0.8000
0.8069
0.8136

0.7938
0.8007
0.8075
0.8142

0.7945
0.8014
0.8082
0.8149

0.7952
0.8021
0.8089
0.8156

0.7959
0.8028
0.8096
0.8162

0.7966
0.8035
0.8102
0.8169

0.7973 0.7980 0.7987


0.8041 0.8048 0.8055
0.8109 0.8116 0.8122
0.8176 0.8182 0.8189

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5

6
5
5
5

6
6
6
6

6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0

0.8195
0.8261
0.8325
0.8388
0.8451

0.8202
0.8267
0.8331
0.8395
0.8457

0.8209
0.8274
0.8338
0.8401
0.8463

0.8215
0.8280
0.8344
0.8407
0.8470

0.8222
0.8287
0.8351
0.8414
0.8476

0.8228
0.8293
0.8357
0.8420
0.8482

0.8235
0.8299
0.8363
0.8426
0.8488

0.8241
0.8306
0.8370
0.8432
0.8494

0.8248
0.8312
0.8376
0.8439
0.8500

0.8254
0.8319
0.8382
0.8445
0.8506

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

0.8513
0.8573
0.8633
0.8692
0.8751

0.8519
0.8579
0.8639
0.8698
0.8756

0.8525
0.8585
0.8645
0.8704
0.8762

0.8531
0.8591
0.8651
0.8710
0.8768

0.8537
0.8597
0.8657
0.8716
0.8774

0.8543
0.8603
0.8663
0.8722
0.8779

0.8549
0.8609
0.8669
0.8727
0.8785

0.8555
0.8615
0.8675
0.8733
0.8791

0.8561
0.8621
0.8681
0.8739
0.8797

0.8567
0.8627
0.8686
0.8745
0.8802

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

5
5
5
5
5

7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0

0.8808
0.8865
0.8921
0.8976
0.9031

0.8814
0.8871
0.8927
0.8982
0.9036

0.8820
0.8876
0.8932
0.8987
0.9042

0.8825
0.8882
0.8938
0.8993
0.9047

0.8831
0.8887
0.8943
0.8998
0.9053

0.8837
0.8893
0.8949
0.9004
0.9058

0.8842
0.8899
0.8954
0.9009
0.9063

0.8848
0.8904
0.8960
0.9015
0.9069

0.8854
0.8910
0.8965
0.9020
0.9074

0.8859
0.8915
0.8971
0.9025
0.9079

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

0.9085
0.9138
0.9191
0.9243
0.9294

0.9090
0.9143
0.9196
0.9248
0.9299

0.9096
0.9149
0.9201
0.9253
0.9304

0.9101
0.9154
0.9206
0.9258
0.9309

0.9106
0.9159
0.9212
0.9263
0.9315

0.9112
0.9165
0.9217
0.9269
0.9320

0.9117
0.9170
0.9222
0.9274
0.9325

0.9122
0.9175
0.9227
0.9279
0.9330

0.9128
0.9180
0.9232
0.9284
0.9335

0.9133
0.9186
0.9238
0.9289
0.9340

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0

0.9345
0.9395
0.9445
0.9494
0.9542

0.9350
0.9400
0.9450
0.9499
0.9547

0.9355
0.9405
0.9455
0.9504
0.9552

0.9360
0.9410
0.9460
0.9509
0.9557

0.9365
0.9415
0.9465
0.9513
0.9562

0.9370
0.9420
0.9469
0.9518
0.9566

0.9375
0.9425
0.9474
0.9523
0.9571

0.9380
0.9430
0.9479
0.9528
0.9576

0.9385
0.9435
0.9484
0.9533
0.9581

0.9390
0.9440
0.9489
0.9538
0.9586

1
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

2
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
4
4
4
4

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

0.9590
0.9638
0.9685
0.9731
0.9777

0.9595
0.9643
0.9689
0.9736
0.9782

0.9600
0.9647
0.9694
0.9741
0.9786

0.9605
0.9652
0.9699
0.9745
0.9791

0.9609
0.9657
0.9703
0.9750
0.9795

0.9614
0.9661
0.9708
0.9754
0.9800

0.9619
0.9666
0.9713
0.9759
0.9805

0.9624
0.9671
0.9717
0.9763
0.9809

0.9628
0.9675
0.9722
0.9768
0.9814

0.9633
0.9680
0.9727
0.9773
0.9818

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9

0.9823
0.9868
0.9912
0.9956

0.9827
0.9872
0.9917
0.9961

0.9832
0.9877
0.9921
0.9965

0.9836
0.9881
0.9926
0.9969

0.9841
0.9886
0.9930
0.9974

0.9845
0.9890
0.9934
0.9978

0.9850
0.9894
0.9939
0.9983

0.9854
0.9899
0.9943
0.9987

0.9859
0.9903
0.9948
0.9991

0.9863
0.9908
0.9952
0.9996

0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3

4
4
4
3

4
4
4
4

0.7566
0.7642
0.7716
0.7789

0.7574
0.7649
0.7723
0.7796

0.7582
0.7657
0.7731
0.7803

0.7589
0.7664
0.7738
0.7810

0.7597
0.7672
0.7745
0.7818

0.7604
0.7679
0.7752
0.7825

0.7612
0.7686
0.7760
0.7832

302

0.7619
0.7694
0.7767
0.7839

ANTI LOGARITHM TABLE


Mean Difference
0.00

0
1.000

1
1.002

2
1.005

3
1.007

4
1.009

5
1.012

6
1.014

7
1.016

8
1.019

9
1.021

1
0

2
0

3
1

4
1

5
1

6
1

7
2

8
2

9
2

0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05

1.023
1.047
1.072
1.096
1.122

1.026
1.050
1.074
1.099
1.125

1.028
1.052
1.076
1.102
1.127

1.030
1.054
1.079
1.104
1.130

1.033
1.057
1.081
1.107
1.132

1.035
1.059
1.084
1.109
1.135

1.038
1.062
1.086
1.112
1.138

1.040
1.064
1.089
1.114
1.140

1.042
1.067
1.091
1.117
1.143

1.045
1.069
1.094
1.119
1.146

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10

1.148
1.175
1.202
1.230
1.259

1.151
1.178
1.205
1.233
1.262

1.153
1.180
1.208
1.236
1.265

1.156
1.183
1.211
1.239
1.268

1.159
1.186
1.213
1.242
1.271

1.161
1.189
1.216
1.245
1.274

1.164
1.191
1.219
1.247
1.276

1.167
1.194
1.222
1.250
1.279

1.169
1.197
1.225
1.253
1.282

1.172
1.199
1.227
1.256
1.285

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
3
3
3

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

1.288
1.318
1.349
1.380
1.413

1.291
1.321
1.352
1.384
1.416

1.294
1.324
1.355
1.387
1.419

1.297
1.327
1.358
1.390
1.422

1.300
1.330
1.361
1.393
1.426

1.303
1.334
1.365
1.396
1.429

1.306
1.337
1.368
1.400
1.432

1.309
1.340
1.371
1.403
1.435

1.312
1.343
1.374
1.406
1.439

1.315
1.346
1.377
1.409
1.442

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20

1.445
1.479
1.514
1.549
1.585

1.449
1.483
1.517
1.552
1.589

1.452
1.486
1.521
1.556
1.592

1.455
1.489
1.524
1.560
1.596

1.459
1.493
1.528
1.563
1.600

1.462
1.496
1.531
1.567
1.603

1.466
1.500
1.535
1.570
1.607

1.469
1.503
1.538
1.574
1.611

1.472
1.507
1.542
1.578
1.614

1.476
1.510
1.545
1.581
1.618

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

1.622
1.660
1.698
1.738
1.778

1.626
1.663
1.702
1.742
1.782

1.629
1.667
1.706
1.746
1.786

1.633
1.671
1.710
1.750
1.791

1.637
1.675
1.714
1.754
1.795

1.641
1.679
1.718
1.758
1.799

1.644
1.683
1.722
1.762
1.803

1.648
1.687
1.726
1.766
1.807

1.652
1.690
1.730
1.770
1.811

1.656
1.694
1.734
1.774
1.816

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
4
4
4

0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30

1.820
1.862
1.905
1.950
1.995

1.824
1.866
1.910
1.954
2.000

1.828
1.871
1.914
1.959
2.004

1.832
1.875
1.919
1.963
2.009

1.837
1.879
1.923
1.968
2.014

1.841
1.884
1.928
1.972
2.018

1.845
1.888
1.932
1.977
2.023

1.849
1.892
1.936
1.982
2.028

1.854
1.897
1.941
1.986
2.032

1.858
1.901
1.945
1.991
2.037

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35

2.042
2.089
2.138
2.188
2.239

2.046
2.094
2.143
2.193
2.244

2.051
2.099
2.148
2.198
2.249

2.056
2.104
2.153
2.203
2.254

2.061
2.109
2.158
2.208
2.259

2.065
2.113
2.163
2.213
2.265

2.070
2.118
2.168
2.218
2.270

2.075
2.123
2.173
2.223
2.275

2.080
2.128
2.178
2.228
2.280

2.084
2.133
2.183
2.234
2.286

0
0
0
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
5
5

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40

2.291
2.344
2.399
2.455
2.512

2.296
2.350
2.404
2.460
2.518

2.301
2.355
2.410
2.466
2.523

2.307
2.360
2.415
2.472
2.529

2.312
2.366
2.421
2.477
2.535

2.317
2.371
2.427
2.483
2.541

2.323
2.377
2.432
2.489
2.547

2.328
2.382
2.438
2.495
2.553

2.333
2.388
2.443
2.500
2.559

2.339
2.393
2.449
2.506
2.564

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
4

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
5
5

5
5
5
5
5

0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45

2.570
2.630
2.692
2.754
2.818

2.576
2.636
2.698
2.761
2.825

2.582
2.642
2.704
2.767
2.831

2.588
2.649
2.710
2.773
2.838

2.594
2.655
2.716
2.780
2.844

2.600
2.661
2.723
2.786
2.851

2.606
2.667
2.729
2.793
2.858

2.612
2.673
2.735
2.799
2.864

2.618
2.679
2.742
2.805
2.871

2.624
2.685
2.748
2.812
2.877

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
5

5
5
5
5
5

5
6
6
6
6

0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49

2.884
2.951
3.020
3.090

2.891
2.958
3.027
3.097

2.897
2.965
3.034
3.105

2.904
2.972
3.041
3.112

2.911
2.979
3.048
3.119

2.917
2.985
3.055
3.126

2.924
2.992
3.062
3.133

2.931
2.999
3.069
3.141

2.938
3.006
3.076
3.148

2.944
3.013
3.083
3.155

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

3
3
4
4

4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5

5
5
6
6

6
6
6
6

303

ANTI LOGARITHM TABLE


Mean Difference
0.50

0
3.162

1
3.170

2
3.177

3
3.184

4
3.192

5
3.199

6
3.206

7
3.214

8
3.221

9
3.228

1
1

2
1

3
2

4
3

5
4

6
4

7
5

8
6

9
7

0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55

3.236
3.311
3.388
3.467
3.548

3.243
3.319
3.396
3.475
3.556

3.251
3.327
3.404
3.483
3.565

3.258
3.334
3.412
3.491
3.573

3.266
3.342
3.420
3.499
3.581

3.273
3.350
3.428
3.508
3.589

3.281
3.357
3.436
3.516
3.597

3.289
3.365
3.443
3.524
3.606

3.296
3.373
3.451
3.532
3.614

3.304
3.381
3.459
3.540
3.622

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

5
5
6
6
6

6
6
6
6
7

7
7
7
7
7

0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60

3.631
3.715
3.802
3.890
3.981

3.639
3.724
3.811
3.899
3.990

3.648
3.733
3.819
3.908
3.999

3.656
3.741
3.828
3.917
4.009

3.664
3.750
3.837
3.926
4.018

3.673
3.758
3.846
3.936
4.027

3.681
3.767
3.855
3.945
4.036

3.690
3.776
3.864
3.954
4.046

3.698
3.784
3.873
3.963
4.055

3.707
3.793
3.882
3.972
4.064

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

3
3
4
4
4

4
4
4
5
5

5
5
5
5
6

6
6
6
6
6

7
7
7
7
7

8
8
8
8
8

0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65

4.074
4.169
4.266
4.365
4.467

4.083
4.178
4.276
4.375
4.477

4.093
4.188
4.285
4.385
4.487

4.102
4.198
4.295
4.395
4.498

4.111
4.207
4.305
4.406
4.508

4.121
4.217
4.315
4.416
4.519

4.130
4.227
4.325
4.426
4.529

4.140
4.236
4.335
4.436
4.539

4.150
4.246
4.345
4.446
4.550

4.159
4.256
4.355
4.457
4.560

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6

7
7
7
7
7

8
8
8
8
8

9
9
9
9
9

0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70

4.571
4.677
4.786
4.898
5.012

4.581
4.688
4.797
4.909
5.023

4.592
4.699
4.808
4.920
5.035

4.603
4.710
4.819
4.932
5.047

4.613
4.721
4.831
4.943
5.058

4.624
4.732
4.842
4.955
5.070

4.634
4.742
4.853
4.966
5.082

4.645
4.753
4.864
4.977
5.093

4.656
4.764
4.875
4.989
5.105

4.667
4.775
4.887
5.000
5.117

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
4

4
4
4
5
5

5
5
6
6
6

6
7
7
7
7

7
8
8
8
8

9
9
9
9
9

10
10
10
10
11

0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75

5.129
5.248
5.370
5.495
5.623

5.140
5.260
5.383
5.508
5.636

5.152
5.272
5.395
5.521
5.649

5.164
5.284
5.408
5.534
5.662

5.176
5.297
5.420
5.546
5.675

5.188
5.309
5.433
5.559
5.689

5.200
5.321
5.445
5.572
5.702

5.212
5.333
5.458
5.585
5.715

5.224
5.346
5.470
5.598
5.728

5.236
5.358
5.483
5.610
5.741

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
7

7
7
8
8
8

8
9
9
9
9

10
10
10
10
10

11
11
11
12
12

0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80

5.754
5.888
6.026
6.166
6.310

5.768
5.902
6.039
6.180
6.324

5.781
5.916
6.053
6.194
6.339

5.794
5.929
6.067
6.209
6.353

5.808
5.943
6.081
6.223
6.368

5.821
5.957
6.095
6.237
6.383

5.834
5.970
6.109
6.252
6.397

5.848
5.984
6.124
6.266
6.412

5.861
5.998
6.138
6.281
6.427

5.875
6.012
6.152
6.295
6.442

1
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
6
6
6

7
7
7
7
7

8
8
8
9
9

9
10
10
10
10

11
11
11
11
12

12
12
13
13
13

0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85

6.457
6.607
6.761
6.918
7.079

6.471
6.622
6.776
6.934
7.096

6.486
6.637
6.792
6.950
7.112

6.501
6.653
6.808
6.966
7.129

6.516
6.668
6.823
6.982
7.145

6.531
6.683
6.839
6.998
7.161

6.546
6.699
6.855
7.015
7.178

6.561
6.714
6.871
7.031
7.194

6.577
6.730
6.887
7.047
7.211

6.592
6.745
6.902
7.063
7.228

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
7

8
8
8
8
8

9
9
9
10
10

11
11
11
11
12

12
12
13
13
13

14
14
14
15
15

0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90

7.244
7.413
7.586
7.762
7.943

7.261
7.430
7.603
7.780
7.962

7.278
7.447
7.621
7.798
7.980

7.295
7.464
7.638
7.816
7.998

7.311
7.482
7.656
7.834
8.017

7.328
7.499
7.674
7.852
8.035

7.345
7.516
7.691
7.870
8.054

7.362
7.534
7.709
7.889
8.072

7.379
7.551
7.727
7.907
8.091

7.396
7.568
7.745
7.925
8.110

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
6

7
7
7
7
7

8
9
9
9
9

10
10
11
11
11

12
12
12
13
13

13
14
14
14
15

15
16
16
16
17

0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95

8.128
8.318
8.511
8.710
8.913

8.147
8.337
8.531
8.730
8.933

8.166
8.356
8.551
8.750
8.954

8.185
8.375
8.570
8.770
8.974

8.204
8.395
8.590
8.790
8.995

8.222
8.414
8.610
8.810
9.016

8.241
8.433
8.630
8.831
9.036

8.260
8.453
8.650
8.851
9.057

8.279
8.472
8.670
8.872
9.078

8.299
8.492
8.690
8.892
9.099

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
6
6
6

8
8
8
8
8

9
10
10
10
10

11
12
12
12
12

13
14
14
14
15

15
15
16
16
17

17
17
18
18
19

0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99

9.120
9.333
9.550
9.772

9.141
9.354
9.572
9.795

9.162
9.376
9.594
9.817

9.183
9.397
9.616
9.840

9.204
9.419
9.638
9.863

9.226
9.441
9.661
9.886

9.247
9.462
9.683
9.908

9.268
9.484
9.705
9.931

9.290
9.506
9.727
9.954

9.311
9.528
9.750
9.977

2
2
2
2

4
4
4
5

6
7
7
7

8
9
9
9

11
11
11
11

13
13
13
14

15
15
16
16

17
17
18
18

19
20
20
20

304

Degree

Natural Sines
0

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
1
2
3
4

0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0523
0.0698

0.0017
0.0192
0.0366
0.0541
0.0715

0.0035
0.0209
0.0384
0.0558
0.0732

0.0052
0.0227
0.0401
0.0576
0.0750

0.0070
0.0244
0.0419
0.0593
0.0767

0.0087
0.0262
0.0436
0.0610
0.0785

0.0105
0.0279
0.0454
0.0628
0.0802

0.0122
0.0297
0.0471
0.0645
0.0819

0.0140
0.0314
0.0488
0.0663
0.0837

0.0157
0.0332
0.0506
0.0680
0.0854

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
12
12

15
15
15
15
15

5
6
7
8
9

0.0872
0.1045
0.1219
0.1392
0.1564

0.0889
0.1063
0.1236
0.1409
0.1582

0.0906
0.1080
0.1253
0.1426
0.1599

0.0924
0.1097
0.1271
0.1444
0.1616

0.0941
0.1115
0.1288
0.1461
0.1633

0.0958
0.1132
0.1305
0.1478
0.1650

0.0976
0.1149
0.1323
0.1495
0.1668

0.0993
0.1167
0.1340
0.1513
0.1685

0.1011
0.1184
0.1357
0.1530
0.1702

0.1028
0.1201
0.1374
0.1547
0.1719

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
12
12

14
14
14
14
14

10
11
12
13
14

0.1736
0.1908
0.2079
0.2250
0.2419

0.1754
0.1925
0.2096
0.2267
0.2436

0.1771
0.1942
0.2113
0.2284
0.2453

0.1788
0.1959
0.2130
0.2300
0.2470

0.1805
0.1977
0.2147
0.2317
0.2487

0.1822
0.1994
0.2164
0.2334
0.2504

0.1840
0.2011
0.2181
0.2351
0.2521

0.1857
0.2028
0.2198
0.2368
0.2538

0.1874
0.2045
0.2215
0.2385
0.2554

0.1891
0.2062
0.2233
0.2402
0.2571

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
8
8

12
11
11
11
11

14
14
14
14
14

15
16
17
18
19

0.2588
0.2756
0.2924
0.3090
0.3256

0.2605
0.2773
0.2940
0.3107
0.3272

0.2622
0.2790
0.2957
0.3123
0.3289

0.2639
0.2807
0.2974
0.3140
0.3305

0.2656
0.2823
0.2990
0.3156
0.3322

0.2672
0.2840
0.3007
0.3173
0.3338

0.2689
0.2857
0.3024
0.3190
0.3355

0.2706
0.2874
0.3040
0.3206
0.3371

0.2723
0.2890
0.3057
0.3223
0.3387

0.2740
0.2907
0.3074
0.3239
0.3404

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
5

8
8
8
8
8

11
11
11
11
11

14
14
14
14
14

20
21
22
23
24

0.3420
0.3584
0.3746
0.3907
0.4067

0.3437
0.3600
0.3762
0.3923
0.4083

0.3453
0.3616
0.3778
0.3939
0.4099

0.3469
0.3633
0.3795
0.3955
0.4115

0.3486
0.3649
0.3811
0.3971
0.4131

0.3502
0.3665
0.3827
0.3987
0.4147

0.3518
0.3681
0.3843
0.4003
0.4163

0.3535
0.3697
0.3859
0.4019
0.4179

0.3551
0.3714
0.3875
0.4035
0.4195

0.3567
0.3730
0.3891
0.4051
0.4210

3
3
3
3
3

5
5
5
5
5

8
8
8
8
8

11
11
11
11
11

14
14
14
14
13

25
26
27
28
29

0.4226
0.4384
0.4540
0.4695
0.4848

0.4242
0.4399
0.4555
0.4710
0.4863

0.4258
0.4415
0.4571
0.4726
0.4879

0.4274
0.4431
0.4586
0.4741
0.4894

0.4289
0.4446
0.4602
0.4756
0.4909

0.4305
0.4462
0.4617
0.4772
0.4924

0.4321
0.4478
0.4633
0.4787
0.4939

0.4337
0.4493
0.4648
0.4802
0.4955

0.4352
0.4509
0.4664
0.4818
0.4970

0.4368
0.4524
0.4679
0.4833
0.4985

3
3
3
3
3

5
5
5
5
5

8
8
8
8
8

11
10
10
10
10

13
13
13
13
13

30
31
32
33
34

0.5000
0.5150
0.5299
0.5446
0.5592

0.5015
0.5165
0.5314
0.5461
0.5606

0.5030
0.5180
0.5329
0.5476
0.5621

0.5045
0.5195
0.5344
0.5490
0.5635

0.5060
0.5210
0.5358
0.5505
0.5650

0.5075
0.5225
0.5373
0.5519
0.5664

0.5090
0.5240
0.5388
0.5534
0.5678

0.5105
0.5255
0.5402
0.5548
0.5693

0.5120
0.5270
0.5417
0.5563
0.5707

0.5135
0.5284
0.5432
0.5577
0.5721

3
2
2
2
2

5
5
5
5
5

8
7
7
7
7

10
10
10
10
10

13
12
12
12
12

35
36
37
38
39

0.5736
0.5878
0.6018
0.6157
0.6293

0.5750
0.5892
0.6032
0.6170
0.6307

0.5764
0.5906
0.6046
0.6184
0.6320

0.5779
0.5920
0.6060
0.6198
0.6334

0.5793
0.5934
0.6074
0.6211
0.6347

0.5807
0.5948
0.6088
0.6225
0.6361

0.5821
0.5962
0.6101
0.6239
0.6374

0.5835
0.5976
0.6115
0.6252
0.6388

0.5850
0.5990
0.6129
0.6266
0.6401

0.5864
0.6004
0.6143
0.6280
0.6414

2
2
2
2
2

5
5
5
5
4

7
7
7
7
7

10
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
11
11

40
41
42
43
44

0.6428
0.6561
0.6691
0.6820
0.6947

0.6441
0.6574
0.6704
0.6833
0.6959

0.6455
0.6587
0.6717
0.6845
0.6972

0.6468
0.6600
0.6730
0.6858
0.6984

0.6481
0.6613
0.6743
0.6871
0.6997

0.6494
0.6626
0.6756
0.6884
0.7009

0.6508
0.6639
0.6769
0.6896
0.7022

0.6521
0.6652
0.6782
0.6909
0.7034

0.6534
0.6665
0.6794
0.6921
0.7046

0.6547
0.6678
0.6807
0.6934
0.7059

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

7
7
6
6
6

9
9
9
8
8

11
11
11
11
10

305

Mean Difference

Natural Sines
6

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

Mean Difference

Degree

0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

45
46
47
48
49

0.7071
0.7193
0.7314
0.7431
0.7547

0.7083
0.7206
0.7325
0.7443
0.7559

0.7096
0.7218
0.7337
0.7455
0.7570

0.7108
0.7230
0.7349
0.7466
0.7581

0.7120
0.7242
0.7361
0.7478
0.7593

0.7133
0.7254
0.7373
0.7490
0.7604

0.7145
0.7266
0.7385
0.7501
0.7615

0.7157
0.7278
0.7396
0.7513
0.7627

0.7169
0.7290
0.7408
0.7524
0.7638

0.7181
0.7302
0.7420
0.7536
0.7649

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
6
6
6

8
8
8
8
8

10
10
10
10
9

50
51
52
53
54

0.7660
0.7771
0.7880
0.7986
0.8090

0.7672
0.7782
0.7891
0.7997
0.8100

0.7683
0.7793
0.7902
0.8007
0.8111

0.7694
0.7804
0.7912
0.8018
0.8121

0.7705
0.7815
0.7923
0.8028
0.8131

0.7716
0.7826
0.7934
0.8039
0.8141

0.7727
0.7837
0.7944
0.8049
0.8151

0.7738
0.7848
0.7955
0.8059
0.8161

0.7749
0.7859
0.7965
0.8070
0.8171

0.7760
0.7869
0.7976
0.8080
0.8181

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
3
3

6
5
5
5
5

7
7
7
7
7

9
9
9
9
8

55
56
57
58
59

0.8192
0.8290
0.8387
0.8480
0.8572

0.8202
0.8300
0.8396
0.8490
0.8581

0.8211
0.8310
0.8406
0.8499
0.8590

0.8221
0.8320
0.8415
0.8508
0.8599

0.8231
0.8329
0.8425
0.8517
0.8607

0.8241
0.8339
0.8434
0.8526
0.8616

0.8251
0.8348
0.8443
0.8536
0.8625

0.8261
0.8358
0.8453
0.8545
0.8634

0.8271
0.8368
0.8462
0.8554
0.8643

0.8281
0.8377
0.8471
0.8563
0.8652

2
2
2
2
1

3
3
3
3
3

5
5
5
5
4

7
6
6
6
6

8
8
8
8
7

60
61
62
63
64

0.8660
0.8746
0.8829
0.8910
0.8988

0.8669
0.8755
0.8838
0.8918
0.8996

0.8678
0.8763
0.8846
0.8926
0.9003

0.8686
0.8771
0.8854
0.8934
0.9011

0.8695
0.8780
0.8862
0.8942
0.9018

0.8704
0.8788
0.8870
0.8949
0.9026

0.8712
0.8796
0.8878
0.8957
0.9033

0.8721
0.8805
0.8886
0.8965
0.9041

0.8729
0.8813
0.8894
0.8973
0.9048

0.8738
0.8821
0.8902
0.8980
0.9056

1
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
5
5
5

7
7
7
6
6

65
66
67
68
69

0.9063
0.9135
0.9205
0.9272
0.9336

0.9070
0.9143
0.9212
0.9278
0.9342

0.9078
0.9150
0.9219
0.9285
0.9348

0.9085
0.9157
0.9225
0.9291
0.9354

0.9092
0.9164
0.9232
0.9298
0.9361

0.9100
0.9171
0.9239
0.9304
0.9367

0.9107
0.9178
0.9245
0.9311
0.9373

0.9114
0.9184
0.9252
0.9317
0.9379

0.9121
0.9191
0.9259
0.9323
0.9385

0.9128
0.9198
0.9265
0.9330
0.9391

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

4
3
3
3
3

5
5
4
4
4

6
6
6
5
5

70
71
72
73
74

0.9397
0.9455
0.9511
0.9563
0.9613

0.9403
0.9461
0.9516
0.9568
0.9617

0.9409
0.9466
0.9521
0.9573
0.9622

0.9415
0.9472
0.9527
0.9578
0.9627

0.9421
0.9478
0.9532
0.9583
0.9632

0.9426
0.9483
0.9537
0.9588
0.9636

0.9432
0.9489
0.9542
0.9593
0.9641

0.9438
0.9494
0.9548
0.9598
0.9646

0.9444
0.9500
0.9553
0.9603
0.9650

0.9449
0.9505
0.9558
0.9608
0.9655

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
2
2

4
4
3
3
3

5
5
4
4
4

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84

0.9659
0.9703
0.9744
0.9781
0.9816
0.9848
0.9877
0.9903
0.9925
0.9945

0.9664
0.9707
0.9748
0.9785
0.9820
0.9851
0.9880
0.9905
0.9928
0.9947

0.9668
0.9711
0.9751
0.9789
0.9823
0.9854
0.9882
0.9907
0.9930
0.9949

0.9673
0.9715
0.9755
0.9792
0.9826
0.9857
0.9885
0.9910
0.9932
0.9951

0.9677
0.9720
0.9759
0.9796
0.9829
0.9860
0.9888
0.9912
0.9934
0.9952

0.9681
0.9724
0.9763
0.9799
0.9833
0.9863
0.9890
0.9914
0.9936
0.9954

0.9686
0.9728
0.9767
0.9803
0.9836
0.9866
0.9893
0.9917
0.9938
0.9956

0.9690
0.9732
0.9770
0.9806
0.9839
0.9869
0.9895
0.9919
0.9940
0.9957

0.9694
0.9736
0.9774
0.9810
0.9842
0.9871
0.9898
0.9921
0.9942
0.9959

0.9699
0.9740
0.9778
0.9813
0.9845
0.9874
0.9900
0.9923
0.9943
0.9960

1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1

4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2

85
86
87
88
89

0.9962
0.9976
0.9986
0.9994
0.9998

0.9963
0.9977
0.9987
0.9995
0.9999

0.9965
0.9978
0.9988
0.9995
0.9999

0.9966
0.9979
0.9989
0.9996
0.9999

0.9968
0.9980
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999

0.9969
0.9981
0.9990
0.9997
1.0000

0.9971
0.9982
0.9991
0.9997
1.0000

0.9972
0.9983
0.9992
0.9997
1.0000

0.9973
0.9984
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000

0.9974
0.9985
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
0
0
0

1
1
1
0
0

1
1
1
0
0

306

Natural Cosines
(Numbers in mean difference columns to be subtracted, not added)
6

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

Mean Difference

Degree

0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
1
2
3
4

1.0000
0.9998
0.9994
0.9986
0.9976

1.0000
0.9998
0.9993
0.9985
0.9974

1.0000
0.9998
0.9993
0.9984
0.9973

1.0000
0.9997
0.9992
0.9983
0.9972

1.0000
0.9997
0.9991
0.9982
0.9971

1.0000
0.9997
0.9990
0.9981
0.9969

0.9999
0.9996
0.9990
0.9980
0.9968

0.9999
0.9996
0.9989
0.9979
0.9966

0.9999
0.9995
0.9988
0.9978
0.9965

0.9999
0.9995
0.9987
0.9977
0.9963

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
1

0
0
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
1

5
6
7
8
9

0.9962
0.9945
0.9925
0.9903
0.9877

0.9960
0.9943
0.9923
0.9900
0.9874

0.9959
0.9942
0.9921
0.9898
0.9871

0.9957
0.9940
0.9919
0.9895
0.9869

0.9956
0.9938
0.9917
0.9893
0.9866

0.9954
0.9936
0.9914
0.9890
0.9863

0.9952
0.9934
0.9912
0.9888
0.9860

0.9951
0.9932
0.9910
0.9885
0.9857

0.9949
0.9930
0.9907
0.9882
0.9854

0.9947
0.9928
0.9905
0.9880
0.9851

0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

10
11
12
13
14

0.9848
0.9816
0.9781
0.9744
0.9703

0.9845
0.9813
0.9778
0.9740
0.9699

0.9842
0.9810
0.9774
0.9736
0.9694

0.9839
0.9806
0.9770
0.9732
0.9690

0.9836
0.9803
0.9767
0.9728
0.9686

0.9833
0.9799
0.9763
0.9724
0.9681

0.9829
0.9796
0.9759
0.9720
0.9677

0.9826
0.9792
0.9755
0.9715
0.9673

0.9823
0.9789
0.9751
0.9711
0.9668

0.9820
0.9785
0.9748
0.9707
0.9664

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
4

15
16
17
18
19

0.9659
0.9613
0.9563
0.9511
0.9455

0.9655
0.9608
0.9558
0.9505
0.9449

0.9650
0.9603
0.9553
0.9500
0.9444

0.9646
0.9598
0.9548
0.9494
0.9438

0.9641
0.9593
0.9542
0.9489
0.9432

0.9636
0.9588
0.9537
0.9483
0.9426

0.9632
0.9583
0.9532
0.9478
0.9421

0.9627
0.9578
0.9527
0.9472
0.9415

0.9622
0.9573
0.9521
0.9466
0.9409

0.9617
0.9568
0.9516
0.9461
0.9403

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
3
3
3

3
3
3
4
4

4
4
4
5
5

20
21
22
23
24

0.9397
0.9336
0.9272
0.9205
0.9135

0.9391
0.9330
0.9265
0.9198
0.9128

0.9385
0.9323
0.9259
0.9191
0.9121

0.9379
0.9317
0.9252
0.9184
0.9114

0.9373 0.9367 0.9361 0.9354 0.9348 0.9342


0.9311 0.9304 0.9298 0.9291 0.9285 0.9278
0.9245 0.9239 0.9232 0.9225 0.9219 0.9212
0.9178 0.9171 0.9164 0.9157 0.9150 0.9143
0.9107 0.9100 0.9092 0.9085 0.9078 0.9070

1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
4

4
4
4
5
5

5
5
6
6
6

25
26
27
28
29

0.9063
0.8988
0.8910
0.8829
0.8746

0.9056
0.8980
0.8902
0.8821
0.8738

0.9048
0.8973
0.8894
0.8813
0.8729

0.9041
0.8965
0.8886
0.8805
0.8721

0.9033
0.8957
0.8878
0.8796
0.8712

0.9026
0.8949
0.8870
0.8788
0.8704

0.9018
0.8942
0.8862
0.8780
0.8695

0.9011
0.8934
0.8854
0.8771
0.8686

0.9003
0.8926
0.8846
0.8763
0.8678

0.8996
0.8918
0.8838
0.8755
0.8669

1
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4
4

5
5
5
6
6

6
6
7
7
7

30
31
32
33
34

0.8660
0.8572
0.8480
0.8387
0.8290

0.8652
0.8563
0.8471
0.8377
0.8281

0.8643
0.8554
0.8462
0.8368
0.8271

0.8634
0.8545
0.8453
0.8358
0.8261

0.8625
0.8536
0.8443
0.8348
0.8251

0.8616
0.8526
0.8434
0.8339
0.8241

0.8607
0.8517
0.8425
0.8329
0.8231

0.8599
0.8508
0.8415
0.8320
0.8221

0.8590
0.8499
0.8406
0.8310
0.8211

0.8581
0.8490
0.8396
0.8300
0.8202

1
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3

4
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
7

7
8
8
8
8

35
36
37
38
39

0.8192
0.8090
0.7986
0.7880
0.7771

0.8181
0.8080
0.7976
0.7869
0.7760

0.8171
0.8070
0.7965
0.7859
0.7749

0.8161
0.8059
0.7955
0.7848
0.7738

0.8151
0.8049
0.7944
0.7837
0.7727

0.8141
0.8039
0.7934
0.7826
0.7716

0.8131
0.8028
0.7923
0.7815
0.7705

0.8121
0.8018
0.7912
0.7804
0.7694

0.8111
0.8007
0.7902
0.7793
0.7683

0.8100
0.7997
0.7891
0.7782
0.7672

2
2
2
2
2

3
3
4
4
4

5
5
5
5
6

7
7
7
7
7

8
9
9
9
9

40
41
42
43
44

0.7660
0.7547
0.7431
0.7314
0.7193

0.7649
0.7536
0.7420
0.7302
0.7181

0.7638
0.7524
0.7408
0.7290
0.7169

0.7627
0.7513
0.7396
0.7278
0.7157

0.7615
0.7501
0.7385
0.7266
0.7145

0.7604
0.7490
0.7373
0.7254
0.7133

0.7593
0.7478
0.7361
0.7242
0.7120

0.7581
0.7466
0.7349
0.7230
0.7108

0.7570
0.7455
0.7337
0.7218
0.7096

0.7559
0.7443
0.7325
0.7206
0.7083

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
6
6
6

8
8
8
8
8

9
10
10
10
10

307

Natural Cosines
(Numbers in mean difference columns to be subtracted, not added)
6

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

Mean Difference

Degree

0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

45
46
47
48
49

0.7071
0.6947
0.6820
0.6691
0.6561

0.7059
0.6934
0.6807
0.6678
0.6547

0.7046
0.6921
0.6794
0.6665
0.6534

0.7034
0.6909
0.6782
0.6652
0.6521

0.7022
0.6896
0.6769
0.6639
0.6508

0.7009
0.6884
0.6756
0.6626
0.6494

0.6997
0.6871
0.6743
0.6613
0.6481

0.6984
0.6858
0.6730
0.6600
0.6468

0.6972
0.6845
0.6717
0.6587
0.6455

0.6959
0.6833
0.6704
0.6574
0.6441

2
2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4
4

6
6
6
7
7

8
8
9
9
9

10
11
11
11
11

50
51
52
53
54

0.6428
0.6293
0.6157
0.6018
0.5878

0.6414
0.6280
0.6143
0.6004
0.5864

0.6401
0.6266
0.6129
0.5990
0.5850

0.6388
0.6252
0.6115
0.5976
0.5835

0.6374
0.6239
0.6101
0.5962
0.5821

0.6361
0.6225
0.6088
0.5948
0.5807

0.6347
0.6211
0.6074
0.5934
0.5793

0.6334
0.6198
0.6060
0.5920
0.5779

0.6320
0.6184
0.6046
0.5906
0.5764

0.6307
0.6170
0.6032
0.5892
0.5750

2
2
2
2
2

4
5
5
5
5

7
7
7
7
7

9
9
9
9
9

11
11
12
12
12

55
56
57
58
59

0.5736
0.5592
0.5446
0.5299
0.5150

0.5721
0.5577
0.5432
0.5284
0.5135

0.5707
0.5563
0.5417
0.5270
0.5120

0.5693
0.5548
0.5402
0.5255
0.5105

0.5678
0.5534
0.5388
0.5240
0.5090

0.5664
0.5519
0.5373
0.5225
0.5075

0.5650
0.5505
0.5358
0.5210
0.5060

0.5635
0.5490
0.5344
0.5195
0.5045

0.5621
0.5476
0.5329
0.5180
0.5030

0.5606
0.5461
0.5314
0.5165
0.5015

2
2
2
2
3

5
5
5
5
5

7
7
7
7
8

10
10
10
10
10

12
12
12
12
13

60
61
62
63
64

0.5000
0.4848
0.4695
0.4540
0.4384

0.4985
0.4833
0.4679
0.4524
0.4368

0.4970
0.4818
0.4664
0.4509
0.4352

0.4955
0.4802
0.4648
0.4493
0.4337

0.4939
0.4787
0.4633
0.4478
0.4321

0.4924
0.4772
0.4617
0.4462
0.4305

0.4909
0.4756
0.4602
0.4446
0.4289

0.4894
0.4741
0.4586
0.4431
0.4274

0.4879
0.4726
0.4571
0.4415
0.4258

0.4863
0.4710
0.4555
0.4399
0.4242

3
3
3
3
3

5
5
5
5
5

8
8
8
8
8

10
10
10
10
11

13
13
13
13
13

65 0.4226
66 0.4067
67 0.3907
68 0.3746
69 0.3584

0.4210
0.4051
0.3891
0.3730
0.3567

0.4195
0.4035
0.3875
0.3714
0.3551

0.4179 0.4163 0.4147 0.4131 0.4115 0.4099 0.4083 3


0.4019 0.4003 0.3987 0.3971 0.3955 0.3939 0.3923 3
0.3859 0.3843 0.3827 0.3811 0.3795 0.3778 0.3762 3
0.3697 0.3681 0.3665 0.3649 0.3633 0.3616 0.3600 3
0.3535 0.3518 0.3502 0.3486 0.3469 0.3453 0.3437 3

5
5
5
5
5

8
8
8
8
8

11
11
11
11
11

13
14
14
14
14

70
71
72
73
74

0.3420
0.3256
0.3090
0.2924
0.2756

0.3404
0.3239
0.3074
0.2907
0.2740

0.3387
0.3223
0.3057
0.2890
0.2723

0.3371
0.3206
0.3040
0.2874
0.2706

0.3355
0.3190
0.3024
0.2857
0.2689

0.3338
0.3173
0.3007
0.2840
0.2672

0.3322
0.3156
0.2990
0.2823
0.2656

0.3305
0.3140
0.2974
0.2807
0.2639

0.3289
0.3123
0.2957
0.2790
0.2622

0.3272
0.3107
0.2940
0.2773
0.2605

3
3
3
3
3

5
6
6
6
6

8
8
8
8
8

11
11
11
11
11

14
14
14
14
14

75
76
77
78
79

0.2588
0.2419
0.2250
0.2079
0.1908

0.2571
0.2402
0.2233
0.2062
0.1891

0.2554
0.2385
0.2215
0.2045
0.1874

0.2538
0.2368
0.2198
0.2028
0.1857

0.2521
0.2351
0.2181
0.2011
0.1840

0.2504
0.2334
0.2164
0.1994
0.1822

0.2487
0.2317
0.2147
0.1977
0.1805

0.2470
0.2300
0.2130
0.1959
0.1788

0.2453
0.2284
0.2113
0.1942
0.1771

0.2436
0.2267
0.2096
0.1925
0.1754

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

8
8
9
9
9

11
11
11
11
11

14
14
14
14
14

80
81
82
83
84

0.1736
0.1564
0.1392
0.1219
0.1045

0.1719
0.1547
0.1374
0.1201
0.1028

0.1702
0.1530
0.1357
0.1184
0.1011

0.1685
0.1513
0.1340
0.1167
0.0993

0.1668
0.1495
0.1323
0.1149
0.0976

0.1650
0.1478
0.1305
0.1132
0.0958

0.1633
0.1461
0.1288
0.1115
0.0941

0.1616
0.1444
0.1271
0.1097
0.0924

0.1599
0.1426
0.1253
0.1080
0.0906

0.1582
0.1409
0.1236
0.1063
0.0889

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
12
12

14
14
14
14
14

85
86
87
88
89

0.0872
0.0698
0.0523
0.0349
0.0175

0.0854
0.0680
0.0506
0.0332
0.0157

0.0837
0.0663
0.0488
0.0314
0.0140

0.0819
0.0645
0.0471
0.0297
0.0122

0.0802
0.0628
0.0454
0.0279
0.0105

0.0785
0.0610
0.0436
0.0262
0.0087

0.0767
0.0593
0.0419
0.0244
0.0070

0.0750
0.0576
0.0401
0.0227
0.0052

0.0732
0.0558
0.0384
0.0209
0.0035

0.0715
0.0541
0.0366
0.0192
0.0017

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
12
12

15
15
15
15
15

308

Natural TANGENTS
6

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

Mean Difference

Degree

0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0
1
2
3
4

0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0524
0.0699

0.0017
0.0192
0.0367
0.0542
0.0717

0.0035
0.0209
0.0384
0.0559
0.0734

0.0052
0.0227
0.0402
0.0577
0.0752

0.0070
0.0244
0.0419
0.0594
0.0769

0.0087
0.0262
0.0437
0.0612
0.0787

0.0105
0.0279
0.0454
0.0629
0.0805

0.0122
0.0297
0.0472
0.0647
0.0822

0.0140
0.0314
0.0489
0.0664
0.0840

0.0157
0.0332
0.0507
0.0682
0.0857

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
12
12

15
15
15
15
15

5
6
7
8
9

0.0875
0.1051
0.1228
0.1405
0.1584

0.0892
0.1069
0.1246
0.1423
0.1602

0.0910
0.1086
0.1263
0.1441
0.1620

0.0928
0.1104
0.1281
0.1459
0.1638

0.0945
0.1122
0.1299
0.1477
0.1655

0.0963
0.1139
0.1317
0.1495
0.1673

0.0981
0.1157
0.1334
0.1512
0.1691

0.0998
0.1175
0.1352
0.1530
0.1709

0.1016
0.1192
0.1370
0.1548
0.1727

0.1033
0.1210
0.1388
0.1566
0.1745

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
12
12

15
15
15
15
15

10
11
12
13
14

0.1763
0.1944
0.2126
0.2309
0.2493

0.1781
0.1962
0.2144
0.2327
0.2512

0.1799
0.1980
0.2162
0.2345
0.2530

0.1817
0.1998
0.2180
0.2364
0.2549

0.1835
0.2016
0.2199
0.2382
0.2568

0.1853
0.2035
0.2217
0.2401
0.2586

0.1871
0.2053
0.2235
0.2419
0.2605

0.1890
0.2071
0.2254
0.2438
0.2623

0.1908
0.2089
0.2272
0.2456
0.2642

0.1926
0.2107
0.2290
0.2475
0.2661

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
6

9
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
12
12

15
15
15
15
16

15
16
17
18
19

0.2679
0.2867
0.3057
0.3249
0.3443

0.2698
0.2886
0.3076
0.3269
0.3463

0.2717
0.2905
0.3096
0.3288
0.3482

0.2736
0.2924
0.3115
0.3307
0.3502

0.2754
0.2943
0.3134
0.3327
0.3522

0.2773
0.2962
0.3153
0.3346
0.3541

0.2792
0.2981
0.3172
0.3365
0.3561

0.2811
0.3000
0.3191
0.3385
0.3581

0.2830
0.3019
0.3211
0.3404
0.3600

0.2849
0.3038
0.3230
0.3424
0.3620

3
3
3
3
3

6
6
6
6
7

9
9
10
10
10

13
13
13
13
13

16
16
16
16
16

20
21
22
23
24

0.3640
0.3839
0.4040
0.4245
0.4452

0.3659
0.3859
0.4061
0.4265
0.4473

0.3679
0.3879
0.4081
0.4286
0.4494

0.3699
0.3899
0.4101
0.4307
0.4515

0.3719
0.3919
0.4122
0.4327
0.4536

0.3739
0.3939
0.4142
0.4348
0.4557

0.3759
0.3959
0.4163
0.4369
0.4578

0.3779
0.3979
0.4183
0.4390
0.4599

0.3799
0.4000
0.4204
0.4411
0.4621

0.3819
0.4020
0.4224
0.4431
0.4642

3
3
3
3
4

7
7
7
7
7

10
10
10
10
11

13
13
14
14
14

17
17
17
17
18

25
26
27
28
29

0.4663
0.4877
0.5095
0.5317
0.5543

0.4684
0.4899
0.5117
0.5340
0.5566

0.4706
0.4921
0.5139
0.5362
0.5589

0.4727
0.4942
0.5161
0.5384
0.5612

0.4748
0.4964
0.5184
0.5407
0.5635

0.4770
0.4986
0.5206
0.5430
0.5658

0.4791
0.5008
0.5228
0.5452
0.5681

0.4813
0.5029
0.5250
0.5475
0.5704

0.4834
0.5051
0.5272
0.5498
0.5727

0.4856
0.5073
0.5295
0.5520
0.5750

4
4
4
4
4

7
7
7
8
8

11
11
11
11
12

14
15
15
15
15

18
18
18
19
19

30
31
32
33
34

0.5774
0.6009
0.6249
0.6494
0.6745

0.5797
0.6032
0.6273
0.6519
0.6771

0.5820
0.6056
0.6297
0.6544
0.6796

0.5844
0.6080
0.6322
0.6569
0.6822

0.5867
0.6104
0.6346
0.6594
0.6847

0.5890
0.6128
0.6371
0.6619
0.6873

0.5914
0.6152
0.6395
0.6644
0.6899

0.5938
0.6176
0.6420
0.6669
0.6924

0.5961
0.6200
0.6445
0.6694
0.6950

0.5985
0.6224
0.6469
0.6720
0.6976

4
4
4
4
4

8
8
8
8
9

12
12
12
13
13

16
16
16
17
17

20
20
20
21
21

35
36
37
38
39

0.7002
0.7265
0.7536
0.7813
0.8098

0.7028
0.7292
0.7563
0.7841
0.8127

0.7054
0.7319
0.7590
0.7869
0.8156

0.7080
0.7346
0.7618
0.7898
0.8185

0.7107
0.7373
0.7646
0.7926
0.8214

0.7133
0.7400
0.7673
0.7954
0.8243

0.7159
0.7427
0.7701
0.7983
0.8273

0.7186
0.7454
0.7729
0.8012
0.8302

0.7212
0.7481
0.7757
0.8040
0.8332

0.7239
0.7508
0.7785
0.8069
0.8361

4
5
5
5
5

9
9
9
9
10

13
14
14
14
15

18
18
18
19
20

22
23
23
24
24

40
41
42
43
44

0.8391
0.8693
0.9004
0.9325
0.9657

0.8421
0.8724
0.9036
0.9358
0.9691

0.8451
0.8754
0.9067
0.9391
0.9725

0.8481
0.8785
0.9099
0.9424
0.9759

0.8511
0.8816
0.9131
0.9457
0.9793

0.8541
0.8847
0.9163
0.9490
0.9827

0.8571
0.8878
0.9195
0.9523
0.9861

0.8601
0.8910
0.9228
0.9556
0.9896

0.8632
0.8941
0.9260
0.9590
0.9930

0.8662
0.8972
0.9293
0.9623
0.9965

5
5
5
6
6

10
10
11
11
11

15
16
16
17
17

20
21
21
22
23

25
26
27
28
29

309

Degree

Natural TANGENTS
0

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

45
46
47
48
49

1.0000
1.0355
1.0724
1.1106
1.1504

1.0035
1.0392
1.0761
1.1145
1.1544

1.0070
1.0428
1.0799
1.1184
1.1585

1.0105
1.0464
1.0837
1.1224
1.1626

1.0141
1.0501
1.0875
1.1263
1.1667

1.0176
1.0538
1.0913
1.1303
1.1708

1.0212
1.0575
1.0951
1.1343
1.1750

1.0247
1.0612
1.0990
1.1383
1.1792

1.0283
1.0649
1.1028
1.1423
1.1833

1.0319
1.0686
1.1067
1.1463
1.1875

6
6
6
7
7

12
12
13
13
14

18
18
19
20
21

24
25
25
27
28

30
31
32
33
34

50
51
52
53
54

1.1918
1.2349
1.2799
1.3270
1.3764

1.1960
1.2393
1.2846
1.3319
1.3814

1.2002
1.2437
1.2892
1.3367
1.3865

1.2045
1.2482
1.2938
1.3416
1.3916

1.2088
1.2527
1.2985
1.3465
1.3968

1.2131
1.2572
1.3032
1.3514
1.4019

1.2174
1.2617
1.3079
1.3564
1.4071

1.2218
1.2662
1.3127
1.3613
1.4124

1.2261
1.2708
1.3175
1.3663
1.4176

1.2305
1.2753
1.3222
1.3713
1.4229

7
8
8
8
9

14
15
16
16
17

22
23
24
25
26

29
30
31
33
34

36
38
39
41
43

55
56
57
58
59

1.4281
1.4826
1.5399
1.6003
1.6643

1.4335
1.4882
1.5458
1.6066
1.6709

1.4388
1.4938
1.5517
1.6128
1.6775

1.4442
1.4994
1.5577
1.6191
1.6842

1.4496
1.5051
1.5637
1.6255
1.6909

1.4550
1.5108
1.5697
1.6319
1.6977

1.4605
1.5166
1.5757
1.6383
1.7045

1.4659
1.5224
1.5818
1.6447
1.7113

1.4715
1.5282
1.5880
1.6512
1.7182

1.4770
1.5340
1.5941
1.6577
1.7251

9
10
10
11
11

18
19
20
21
23

27
29
30
32
34

36
38
40
43
45

45
48
50
53
56

60
61
62
63
64

1.7321
1.8040
1.8807
1.9626
2.0503

1.7391
1.8115
1.8887
1.9711
2.0594

1.7461
1.8190
1.8967
1.9797
2.0686

1.7532
1.8265
1.9047
1.9883
2.0778

1.7603
1.8341
1.9128
1.9970
2.0872

1.7675
1.8418
1.9210
2.0057
2.0965

1.7747
1.8495
1.9292
2.0145
2.1060

1.7820
1.8572
1.9375
2.0233
2.1155

1.7893
1.8650
1.9458
2.0323
2.1251

1.7966
1.8728
1.9542
2.0413
2.1348

12
13
14
15
16

24
26
27
29
31

36
38
41
44
47

48
51
55
58
63

60
64
68
73
78

65
66
67
68
69

2.1445
2.2460
2.3559
2.4751
2.6051

2.1543
2.2566
2.3673
2.4876
2.6187

2.1642
2.2673
2.3789
2.5002
2.6325

2.1742
2.2781
2.3906
2.5129
2.6464

2.1842
2.2889
2.4023
2.5257
2.6605

2.1943
2.2998
2.4142
2.5386
2.6746

2.2045
2.3109
2.4262
2.5517
2.6889

2.2148
2.3220
2.4383
2.5649
2.7034

2.2251
2.3332
2.4504
2.5782
2.7179

2.2355
2.3445
2.4627
2.5916
2.7326

17
18
20
22
24

34
37
40
43
47

51
55
60
65
71

68
73
79
87
95

85
92
99
108
119

70
71
72
73
74

2.7475
2.9042
3.0777
3.2709
3.4874

2.7625
2.9208
3.0961
3.2914
3.5105

2.7776
2.9375
3.1146
3.3122
3.5339

2.7929
2.9544
3.1334
3.3332
3.5576

2.8083
2.9714
3.1524
3.3544
3.5816

2.8239
2.9887
3.1716
3.3759
3.6059

2.8397
3.0061
3.1910
3.3977
3.6305

2.8556
3.0237
3.2106
3.4197
3.6554

2.8716
3.0415
3.2305
3.4420
3.6806

2.8878
3.0595
3.2506
3.4646
3.7062

26
29
32
36
41

52
58
64
72
81

78
87
96
108
122

104
116
129
144
163

131
145
161
180
204

75
76
77
78
79

3.7321
4.0108
4.3315
4.7046
5.1446

3.7583
4.0408
4.3662
4.7453
5.1929

3.7848
4.0713
4.4015
4.7867
5.2422

3.8118
4.1022
4.4373
4.8288
5.2924

3.8391
4.1335
4.4737
4.8716
5.3435

3.8667
4.1653
4.5107
4.9152
5.3955

3.8947
4.1976
4.5483
4.9594
5.4486

3.9232
4.2303
4.5864
5.0045
5.5026

3.9520
4.2635
4.6252
5.0504
5.5578

3.9812
4.2972
4.6646
5.0970
5.6140

46
53

93
107

139
160

186
213

232
267

80
81
82
83
84

5.6713
6.3138
7.1154
8.1443
9.5144

5.7297
6.3859
7.2066
8.2636
9.6768

5.7894
6.4596
7.3002
8.3863
9.8448

5.8502
6.5350
7.3962
8.5126
10.0187

5.9124
6.6122
7.4947
8.6427
10.1988

5.9758
6.6912
7.5958
8.7769
10.3854

6.0405
6.7720
7.6996
8.9152
10.5789

6.1066
6.8548
7.8062
9.0579
10.7797

6.1742
6.9395
7.9158
9.2052
10.9882

6.2432
7.0264
8.0285
9.3572
11.2048

85
86
87
88
89

11.4301
14.3007
19.0811
28.6363
57.2900

11.6645
14.6685
19.7403
30.1446
63.6567

11.9087
15.0557
20.4465
31.8205
71.6151

12.1632
15.4638
21.2049
33.6935
81.8470

12.4288 12.7062
15.8945 16.3499
22.0217 22.9038
35.8006 38.1885
95.4895 114.5887

12.9962
16.8319
23.8593
40.9174
143.2371

13.2996
17.3432
24.8978
44.0661
190.9842

13.6174
17.8863
26.0307
47.7395
286.4777

13.9507
18.4645
27.2715
52.0807
572.9572

310

Mean Difference

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