myF 11

H H

Cl

Cl

H H

O O
H H

Cl

Cl

O
O

ntrkghL

myF-11

nta
11. ntrkghL

jhtuf mtF njitahd czit (fhnghiAnuil) xnrif

_y jahwd. xnrifF i) Nax ii) fhg ilMi[L iii)
iv) gira Mait aikahjit MF. xnrif fit RUfkhf,
rkghL to tUkhW Flyh.
fhgilMi[L +

Nax

gira

fhnghiAnu+ M#

thW ntidf rhj gufis bjhFJ, RUfkhf bjgJ

ntrkghLf MF. xU ntidFa ntrkghil vGJtjF,
mid <LgL bghUf, id _y cUthF bghUf
Matiw eF mUj ntL.

11.1. m
 a kW ma
bjhFf tiff

Hgjh, nrhoa mQ +1 ndw

bgw nrhoa maahf khWwJ.

xU jkUJ
kbwhU
jkF
vyuhf
gkhwgLtjh, ndw bgw
maf
cUthwd.
nrhoa
nghw
mf idw
cila
cnyhf mQ, mnyhfjik bfhl
q mQl
iz nghJ,
xU mQUJ kbwhU mQF
ngha vyuhf l bgatjh,
mtQfSF
f mUfhik
cs kj thfis nghw iyahd
vyuh mikig bgWwd. X
mQ cs vyuhfsh VgL
bkhj v ndw, mtQ
cs cfU nendwF
rkkhf
Ugj isthf,
xU
vyuhid HF mQ xU ne
ndw bgw maahf khWwJ.

nrhoa mQ vyluhid Hj

nrhoa
mQUJ
ma cUthj.

nrhoa

nrhoa
mQ mQv 11
vdnt nrhoa mQ cfUit
11 vyuhf
R
tUwd.
nrhoaF f mUfhik cs
kj ththd ah mQv 10
MF. vdnt ah nghw vyuh
mikig bgw, nrhoa mQ xU
vyuhid HwJ. ndwkw
eLiy mQUJ xU vyuhid
178

braiy tUkhW Flyh.

Na
(nrhoa mQ)
11 nuhlhf &

(nrhoa ma)
11 nuhlhf &

11 vyuhf

10 vyuhf

Na

Na+

e-

Na+ + e-

ne ndw bgw Na+ nghw

maf
ne maf vdgL.
bghJthf, cnyhff nemafis
cUthFwd.

q mQUJ
ma cUthj.

qiuL

mnyhff,
vyuhfis
VFnghJ mafshf khWwd.
mnyhfkhd q mQv9, mj
beUa vyuh mik cila
kjththd ah mQv 10
j vyuh mikig bgw, q
mQ X vyuhid Vf ntL.
Rikaw, eLiyjik cs
q mQ, X vyuhid Vgj
_y - 1 ndw bfhl qiuL
maahf khWwJ.

ntrkghL
q vyuhid Vw
braiy tUkhW Flyh.
F +
eF
(qmQ)
(qiuL ma)
9 nuhlhf &
9 nuhlhf &

mabjhFf. it xnu myfhf

bragL jiks, btntW jk
mQf mla mQf bjhF
MF.

nrhoa
rng
nrkij
fUJnth.
nrk
nrhoa
9 vyuhf
10 vyuhf kW rng Ma uL bjhFf
csd. nrhoa rng nrk xU
gFahd nrhoa, mQ iy. khwhf
+eF
F
nrhoa maahF. Mdh rng xU
gymQ ma bjhFahF.
v ndw bgw F
nghw mabjhFf
maf v maf
vdgL.
nemyJvndwbgwXuQ
bghJthf mnyhff v mafis ma myJ gy mQ mabjhFf
cUthF ailad .
Mait
mabjhFf
vd

XuQ maf
xnu xU mQUJ cUthF
maf XuQ maf vwiHf
gLwd.
nrhoa ma( Na+ ) xU XuQ ne
ma mF.
qiuL ma (
ma MF.

F-)

xU XuQ v

gymQ ma bjhFf
it
xWF
nkgl
mQf mla ndw bgw

tiuaWfgLwd.
nrhoa iAuhi[L vw fhuK,
r myK idgL cUthd
nrknk nrhoa rng vdyh.
nrhoa iAuhi[L + r
my nrhoarng +
nrhoarng
nrkYs
nrhoa cW, fhukha nrhoa
iAuhi[oUJ
cUthtjh
fhu cW myJ fhubjhF vW,
r
myUJ
rng
bgwgLtjh,
rng
mycW
myJ
mybjhF
vW
miHfgLwd.

gy mQ ma bjhFf

bra 11.1
FLs XuQ
f thghil vGJf.

vma

1. nuhikL ma 5. mnahilL ma

xiw izw
ma bjhFf

2. FnshiuL ma 6. Mi[L ma
3. qiuL ma 7. ieiuL ma

uil izw
ma bjhFf

4. iAiuL ma 8. rigL ma
nkY mJ bfhnth
bgUghikahd XuQ v
maf bgaf-"IL" vw
bdhLl Kowd.

Kik izw
ma bjhFf

179

myF-11

nta
nkY mJ bfhnth

xU nrk bgaUJ, m nrk mls ne kW

maf viffis Tw ayhJ.

xiw izw cila gymQ

ma bjhFf
bga

thghL

uil izw cila gymQ

ma bjhFf
bga

thghL

igrng ma

HSO4

fhgnd ma

CO32-

igrig ma

HSO3 -

Fnuhnk ma

CrO42-

Fnshnu ma

ClO3 -

ilFnuhnk ma

Cr2O72-

Fnshiu ma

ClO2 -

khfnd ma

MnO42-

raidL ma

CN-

bguhi[L ma

O22-

iAuhi[L ma

OH-

rng ma

SO42-

iAngh Fnshiu
ma

ClO-

rig ma

SO3

ienu ma

NO3

jnahrng ma

S2O32-

ieiu ma

NO2 -

bgFnshnu ma

ClO4 -

bgkhfnd ma

MnO4-

2-

Kik izw cila gymQ

ma bjhFf
bga

bra 11.2

FLs
nrkf
mls
ne
kW
v
mafis jf.

thghL

nghnu ma

BO33-

ghng ma

PO43-

nkY mJ bfhnth

1. t ienu

gymQ ma bjhFf cs
nrkf majik bfhlit
MF.

2. bka rng
3. mYa Mi[L
4. by ienu

bra 11.3

5. bghlha fhgnd

FLs maf gymQ

ma bjhFfis flf.

6. nga FnshiuL
7. rng

1. FnshiuL ma

8. fhg ienu

2. Fnshiu ma

nkY mJ bfhnth

3. Mi[L ma
4. iAuhi[L ma

mnkha ma vgJ xU
gymQ
mabjhF
cila
ne ma MF. J NH4+ vd
FlgLwJ.

5. ghigL ma
6. ghng ma
180

ntrkghL
khWgl izw cila ne maf
thghL

bga

thghL

bga

Au+

nfhL (I) (or) Mu

Au3+

nfhL (III) (or)M

Ce3+

a (III) (or) u

Ce4+

a (IV) (or)

Co2+

nfhgh (II) (or)

nfhghl

Co3+

nfhgh (III) (or)

nfhgho

Cr2+

Fnuha (II) (or) Fnuhk

Cr3+

Fnuha (III) (or)

Fnuh

Cu+

fhg (I) (or) Fu

Cu2+

fhg (II) (or)F

Fe2+

U (II) (or)bgu

Fe3+

U (III) (or)bg

Mn2+

khfR (II) (or)khfd

Mn3+

khfR (III) (or)

khf

Pb2+

by (II) (or) sg

Pb4+

by (IV) (or)s

Sn2+

o (II) (or)nld

Sn4+

o (IV) (or)nl

bra 11.4

nkY mJ bfhnth

FLs ne maf
bgafis vGJf.
1. Fe2+

3. Fe3+

2. Hg+

4. Hg2+

xnu
tifahd
uL
_yTWf izJ _yTW
uilia cUthFwJ. bkFu
_yTW
ma Hg22+ vw
uilahf kLnk fhzgLwJ.

ntFpLfS izwfS
izw = 1

izw = 2

izw = 3

izw = 4

nuh (Br)

nga (Ba)

nghu (B)

fhg (C)

Fnsh (Cl)

fha (Ca)

mYa (Al)

f (Si)

q (F)

bka (Mg)

iAu# (H)

M# (O)

mnaho (I)

rg (S)

a (Li)
nrhoa (Na)
bghlha (K)

nkY mJ bfhnth
bgUghikahd gy mQ ma bjhFf bga bdhLf
- "I" myJ - "V" vd Kotilwd.
181

myF-11

nta
11.2. ntFpLf kW ntrkghLfis
FWFbgUf Kiw vGJj.
xU nrk iaig, FpLf
_y FLtnj ntthghL MF.
nt
thghil
FLtjF,
nrk
gF
bghUfsha
jkf FpLf kW mt
izwfis
bjUj
mta. xU jk mQ izw
kng mj mQ Kakhd
gFahF.

mtF ne gf Fl
ntL.
izw vkfis U
mafSilna FWF gkhw
brJ, mkfis v v ma
FpLf tyJ gf vGj
ntL.
ma bjhFfshf U,
mjid
milFF
vG,
milF btw tyJ Xu
gfkhf FWF gkhw brj
viz vGj ntL.

ntthghil
vGJ
nghJ
gwgl ntoa fUJf
nrk
gF
TWfsha
maf Fpil xWbfhW
mUfhik vGj ntL.

uL maf FpLf
tyJ Xu xnu kila
vf U mtiw Fl
njitiy (bghJ fhuid
lntL).

ne ma Fpil lJ
gfK, v ma myJ ma
bjhFf Fpil tyJ gfK
vGj ntL.
FpLFa

izw

k
1Mf
U,
mkig Fl ntoaiy.

izwfis

vLJfhLf
1. nrhoa FnshiuL

2. bghlha nuhikL

3. iAu# FnshiuL

Na

Cl

Br

Cl

1+

1-

1+

1-

1+

1-

NaCl

KBr

HCl

4. Mi[L

5. nga Mi[L

6. mYa Mi[L

Zn

Ba

Al

2+

2-

2+

2-

3+

2-

BaO

ZnO

7. nrhoa ghng
Na
1+

(PO4)

3-

Na3 PO4

Al2O3

8. mnkha fhgnd 9. fha iAuhi[L

NH4

CO3

Ca

OH

1+

2-

2+

1-

(NH4)2 CO3
182

Ca(OH)2

ntrkghL
vfSfhd KbdhL bgaf
KbdhL bga

nkhndh

il

oiu

bluh

bglh

bA[h

bAlh

Mlh

ehdh

blfh

10

vj id

bra 11.5
FlgLs nrk
fSFa nt thghil vGJf.
1. nrhoa iAuhi[L
2. nrhoa fhgnd
3. fha iAuhi[L
4. mnkha rng
5. ghgu oiu FnshiuL
6. rg bArh qiuL
7. fhg (II ) ienu
8. nfhgh (II) FnshiuL
nkY mJ bfhnth
JfhW fLofgLs 13
a nrkf 91% nrkf
fhg mla nrkf MF.
(xU a vgJ gJ yr).

11.3. ntidfis
vGJtjfhd mKf
kjdh nkbfhsgl
ntid vj id''

bjwJ. bghUf M#Dl

iuthf iz idna vj
id MF. vj id fG
nghJ, x MwY btg MwY
btgLjgLwd.

Kj
vd

xU ntid gnfF
idgL
bghUf,
is
bghUf
bgafSFa
FpLl, mid fit
bjF bjhlng ntrkghL
vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
xU id ftjF K vLJ
bfhsgL
bghUf
idgL
bghUf MF.
xU id fj , cUthF
bghUf id isbghUf
MF.
FlidgLbghUfUJ
cUthF isbghUfis m
FpL _y FlgLwJ.
xWF
nkgl
idgL
bghUf iztij, xWF
nkgl
id
isbghUf
cUthjiy (+) FpL_y Fl
gLwJ.
id ftjF rhjfkhd g
jidf mF nkghfnyh,
ghfnyh Flgl ntL.

thW xU ntkhw fit,

rkghL to RUfkhf bjgnj
ntrkghLf vdgL.
183

myF-11

nta
fk nrkfis bgaL Kiwf
fknrkf

mnyhf-mnyhf
izj nrkf

cnyhf-mnyhf
izj nrkf

xnu xU
ne ma
cilait

xWF
nkgl
ne ma
cilait

(i) jktir mltiz

lgf cs jkf
bgaf Kj lbgWj.
(ii) jktir mltiz
xnu bjhF jkf
gF jk bgaiu

cnyhf bga

v ma bga
rhWf
mYa MirL (Al2O3)
nga FnshiuL (BaCl2)
fha fhgnd (CaCO3)
bka rng (MgSO4)

nemaf iz wf
nuhk vfsh
milFl FLj
rhWf
fhg (I) MirL (Cu2O)
fhg (II) MirL (CuO)
U (II) FnshiuL (FeCl2)
U (III) FnshiuL (FeCl3)
o (II) MirL (SnO)
o (IV) MirL (SnO2)

Kj FLj.
(iii) jk mQf
vifia nuf
KbdhL bga
FLj.
rhWf
fhg nkhdhirL (CO)
fhg il MirL (CO2)
rg il MirL (SO2)
rgoiu MirL (SO3)

nrhoa ienu (NaNO3)

btik o (IV) MirL (SnO2)

fUik - o (II) MirL (SnO)

184

ntrkghL
11.4. xU ntrkghil
vGj njitgL Ka
gjidf
1. idgL
bghUfis,
is
bghUfis bjJbfhl
rkghil vGj ntL.
2. idF bjhlila jkf
FpL kW nrkf thghil,
mt bgafSF Fl
ntL.
3. FpL
kW
thghLfis
njitahd
vfsh
bgU,
UwK rk brf.
4. thghil vfhuz bfhL
khw TlhJ. a bghUfis
nrfnth, Uw bghUfis
fnth TlhJ.
5. mF
U
gffY
cs xbthU tif mQf
vif rkkhf csdth
vgij cW brJ bfhf.
6. rk brtjF gagLjgl
vf midij bghJ vzh
tFJ,
Fzff
kig
jhfyh. myJ RUfyh.
7. isbghUf gothf Ujh

neha mFia ( ) mj
thghoF tyJw FLf.
8. isbghUf ththf Ujh
nkneha mFia ( ) mj
thghoF tyJw FLf.

ntrkghLfis rk brj
2H2 + O2

2H2O

rkghoid rk brj
Kiw tU gofis cslaJ
1. idgL bghUf kW is
bghUf rahd FpL kW
thghLfis bjJ bfhl,
rk braglhj rkghil vGj
ntL.
2. mF U gffY cs
btntW tif jkfSFa
mQfis jf vfsh bgU
rk brf
3. <uQ iy _yTWf cs
idgL kW is bghUfis
rk
br
nghJ,
mt
mQiyfis fU bfhnl
rk bra ntL.

rhW 1
Ul Fnsh idj
rk braglhj iy

Fe + Cl2

Cl mQit rk brj

Fe + 3Cl2

2FeCl3

Fe mQit rk brj

2Fe + 3Cl2

2FeCl3

FeCl3

rhW 2
nrhoa fhgndLl iAnuhFnsh my idj
rk braglhj iy)

Na2CO3 + HCl

NaCl + H2O + CO2

Na mQit rk brj

Na2CO3 + HCl

2NaCl + H2O + CO2

H,Cl kW O mQfis rkbrj :

Na2CO3 + 2HCl
bra 11.6

2NaCl + H2O + CO2

xU nrhjid FHh 3 nrhoa iAuhi[il vLJ bfhf.

mjDl 5 j iAnuhFnsh myij nrF nghJ cUthF
cig ca rkghL _y flf.
185

myF-11

nta
sf 1

rg il Mi[Ll, M# idJ rgoiu Mi[L cUthj

id

+
rg il Mi[L M#
2SO2

rg oiu Mi[L

O2

2SO3

sf 2

bra 11.7

FLs
glij
Tjh brJ,
A kW B
Matilna cs id
rkghil vGJf.

iAu#Dl Fnsh idJ

iAu# FnshiuL cUthj id

H H

Cl

Cl

Cl

H2

Cl

H
Cl2

2HCl

sf 3
iAu#Dl
M#
izJ cUthj id

H H

O O
H H
2H2 + O2

O
O

bra 11.8
FlgLs rkghLfis rk brf.

1. N2 + O2
2. CaCO3 + HCl
3. Na + H2O
4. KClO3
5. N2 + H2
6. NH3 + O2

NO
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
NaOH + H2
KCl + O2
NH3
N2 + H2O

2H2 O

11.5. ntrkgho
magLgit

_y

11.6. n t r k g h o U J
maglhjit

 idgL
bghUf
isbghUf

kW

id bghUf aa iy
btg khw

_yTWf vif

idFa Niyf

nkhf vif

brf

xL iwf

idfhd fhy

xL fdmsf

Inrhnlhf rhj gu
186

ntrkghL
nkY mJ bfhnth

2 iAu#
mQf

bgUghikahd ntidf
k
iynyna
fwd.
rhwhf,
midJ
ca
idf,
a
khwf,
bjhrhiy gagL idf
kW
nta
Mtf
fjgL bgUghyhd idf.

M# mQ

cfU

vyuh

_yTW
2H2 + 02

2H20

nkFl ntrkghoUJ,
FLs gufis mayh.

rkgho _y FLs
guf magliy.

i) idgL kW is bghUf

i)
 idgL bghUf kW is
bghUf a

id, idgL bghUf

iAu#D, M#D MF.
id _y cUthF is
bghU.

ii) _yTWf vif

id uL iAu#
_yTWf,
xU
_yTW
M#Dl izJ uL
_yTWf
iu
jUwd.
vdnt uL _yTWfYkhf
bkhj
ehF
iAu#
mQfS, uL M#
mQfS csd.

iii) nkhf vif

iAu#, M# kW
Mat nkhf xL
vif j 2 : 1 : 2 MF.

iv) iwf xL k
iAu#, M# kW
Mat
xL
iwf
4 : 32 : 36 mjhtJ 1 : 8 : 9 vw
j mikwJ.

v) fdmsf xL ms
iAu#, M# kW
Ma id bghUf fd ms
2 : 1 : 2 vw jkhF.

iAu#, M#
Mat
aa
Flgliy.

kW
iyf

ii) btg khw

xU id btg khwJl fG
a bfhlJ. mJ rhj gu VJ
iy.

iii) idFa Niyf

id fH njitahd btgiy,
mGj nghw rhjfkhd Niyf
ga gu VJ iy.

iv) br
iAu#, M# kW
Mat brf bjhlghd gu
VJ bjfgliy.

v) idfhd neu
id ftjF MF fhy ga
gu Flgliy

VI) Inrhnlhf
iAu#,
M#
jkf Inrhnlhf
gu VJ maKoaiy.
187

Ma
rhj

myF-11

nta
aif fG nt idfis bjJ bfhf.

kiHfhyf d VgL nghJ y nt idf fwd. th

kly cs ieu#D, M#D idJ ieu# il Mi[L
cUthwJ.

N2

2O2

2NO2

th kly cs M# izJ Xnrhdhf khw milwJ.

3O2

2O3

thW cUthF ieu# il Mi[L xU myjik cila Mi[L

MF. it kiH JfSl nrJ my kiHia cUthFwd. my kiH
jhtufSF nfL isF ailaJ.

kL
- m
rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1) n
 rhoa mQ ne maahf khW jik cilaJ. j mQ v 11 (2, 8, 1 )
v nrhoa ne ma cs vyuhf vif __________
(9, 10, 1 2)
2) X
 mQ vyuhid HFnghJ ne maahf khWwJ. Fe2+ vw U
ma HJs vyuhf vif __________ (2, 3, 0).
3) x
 U nrk vgJ my kW fhu bjhFfis cilaJ. rng vw
nrk cs fhu bjhF __________ ( ma, rng ma, uL).
4) g
 y mQfis bfhl ma, gy mQ mabjhF
flt gy mQ ma bjhFia tlL fhLf.
Cl- , O2- ,

Na+ ,

NH4+
188

vdgL.

ntrkghL
5) X
 mQ vyuhid Vwh mJ v maahf khW. flt XuQ
v maia tlLf.
CN- ,

PO43- ,

I- ,

NO2-

6) X mQ vyuhid Hjhnyh myJ Vwhnyh mtQ maahf khWwJ.

Au3+ vw ma 3 vyuhfis __________ (VWsJ, HJsJ).
7) xU ntid <LgL bghUfSF idgL bghUf vW bga.
2Fe + 3Cl2

2FeCl3

id <LgL idgL bghUf bgafis FLf.

8) x
 U nrk iaig FpLf _y FLtJ ntthghL MF. nrhoa
fhgndo rahd ntthghil fLoJ vGJf.
Na2(CO3)2, 2NaCO3, Na2CO3
9) n
 rhoa izw 1. Fnsh izw 1. v nrhoa FnshiuL
nrk ntthghoid vGJf.
10) x
 U rkgho idgL bghUf mQf vif id
is bghUf mQf vif rk. fl rkghoid
rk brLf.
NH3

N2 + H2

-M
11) Na

Na+ + e-

Cl + e-

Cl-

m) nrhoa cnyhfkh? mnyhfkh?

M) CI- ma bgaiu vGJf.
12) x
 U nrk vgJ mybjhF kW fhu bjhF nrjJ. fl
nrkf cs my bjhFia kL FLf.
m) K2CO3

M) BaCl2

13) bghUJf :
Cl-

gymQ v ma

Cr2+

XuQ v ma

NH4+

XuQ ne ma

PO43-

gy mQ ne ma

14) fl nrkf cs v maf bgafis FLf.

m) NaCl

M) KNO3

189

myF-11

nta
15) bghUjhjtiw vLbjGJf.
m) NO3- , NO2- , MnO4- , ClM) BaCl2 , NaNO3 , MgSO4 , Cu2O

16) x
 U ntrkghoid vGJtjF njitahd Fiuf jtwhf nH
bfhLfgLsd. jid rahd Fiuahf kh vGJf.
m) rkghil rk bra thghil njitnfg khaikfyh.
M) isbghU gothf Ujh nkneha mF (

) l ntL.

17) bfhLfgLs maf gy mQ v mafis kL FLf.

FnshiuL ma, qiuL ma, ghng ma, rng ma.
18)
 S mQ v 9. J X vyuhid VW SiuL maahf khWwJ.
jfhd fhuz vdthf UF vgij J cf giy TWf.
19) Zn jk izw 2. M# izw 2.
v Mi[L nrk nt thghil jUf.
20) m
 Ya Mi[o nt thghL Al2O3.
mYa iz wfis vGJf.

M# kW

-
21.
 fD M#D izJ SiO2 vw nrkij jUwJ. fltF
nrkf thghoid vGJf.
i) fhg kW M#
ii) f kW Fnsh
iii) fhg kW rg
iv) fha kW ieu#
v) mYa kW S
22. jkf, nrkf vd tifgLJf.
(i) Br2

(ii) HF

(iii) P4

(iv) NH3

(v) S8

nkY ma
jf
General Chemistry - Jean B. Umland & Jon.M.Bellama

West publishing company

izajsf
http://www.visionlearning.com
http://www.chymist.com

190

myF 12

jkf
Mtjd tifghL

myF-12

nta
12. jkf Mtjd tifghL

xU gHfil, gy tifahd gHf Uwd. mit midJ,

xnu Fayhf itfgLsjh? mit Kiwahf 1) gHf tiff
2) mt cUts 3) w matiw bghWnj mL itfgLsd.
ijna tifghL vnwh. J nghW nta Wfzfhd jkf
fLofgLs iy mtiw Kiwahf gf mogil
tifgLJtJ mtakhwJ. j_y eh jkf gfis g
mtJ vjhwJ.

12.1. Mtjd mltiz tuyhW

WF mfkhd jkf flagLsd. mjkfis gaDs
tif tirgLJ bghUL, mt aa kW ntagf
mogil fhuzkhf mikwd vd mayhf fUd. xU bjhFia
rhj jkf xj aa kW nta gfis bgWsd.
rhwhf, nrhoa Ul mntfJl idwJ. Jnghnw bghlhaK
Ul f ntfkhf id w bfhlJ. U jkfS tiu
nghW btik wij bgWs bkikhd cnyhffshF. nj nghW
UoaK aK xj gf cilad vd mDkhfyh. fhyngh
gy mayhf, jkfis mt aa kW nta gf
mogil tifgLj Mf nkbfhld. j isthf Mtjd
bfhif cUthdJ.

jkf tifghL
yhtha jk tifghL
1789M ML yhtha Kj
Kj jkfis cnyhff kW
mnyhff vd uL fshf
tifgLdh. xbthU Y
gy yFf Ujjh, Kiw
Ufukhdjhf mikaiy.

nlhgd jk tifghL

mnj tir cs Kj kW
_whtJ jkf mQiwf
TLj ruhr kF njhuhakhd
izkig bgf ntL.

rhwhf,
a, nrhoa, bghlha Ma
jkf mQiwf Kiwna 7,23
kW 39 MF. Kik tir,

Li
(7)

Na
(23)

K
(39)

1817M ML n#hAh c~fh

nlhgd
mayh jkfis
Kik mLFfshf tirgLdh.
xbthU mLY ika l
bgWs
jk
mQiw,
UgffY cs jkf
mQiwf ruhr kF rkkhf
UFgo tirgLdh.

nlhgd FiwghL

ntgf
xWgl
jkfis
Kik
tirahf
tifgLjyh.
mjgo,
xU
Kik tir ika l
bgWs
jk
mQiw,

Fl vif mla
jkfis kLnk bfhifgo
tirgLj
aY.
midJ
jkfis
Kik
go
tirgLj ayiy.

192

ika cs nrhoa jk
mQiw, Kj
kW _wh
jkfshd a, bghlha
Mat mQiwf TLj
ruhrF rkkhf Ugij fhzyh.

jkf Mtjd tifghL

y jktifghL

bra 12.1

1863M ML, #h y
mayh
a
bfhif
mogil
jkfis
tir
gLdh. mQiwf VWtir
jkfis tirgLJ nghJ,
Kj jkK vlhtJ jkK xnu
khahd gfis bgUgij
fljh. VG jkf xnu
tir lbgW tif bkhj
49
jkfis
tirgLdh.
Kiw yo vk vd
miHfglJ.

fha

40

uha

88

nga

137

Fnsh

35.5

nuh

80.0

xU
Fl
Kiwik,
jkf tir gLjgLnghJ,
xj aa kW nta
gfis bfhl jkfS
xnu tir miktnj Mtjd
khw vdgL.

rhwhf,

jk

mQiw

mnaho
127.0
mltiz
bfhLfgLs
jkfis mQiwF Vg Kik
go tirgLJf.

jkfis
mt
mQiwf
VWtir
tirgLJnghJ, ir fU
xwhtJ irFpLl vlhtJ
FpL xUgij nghW, vlhtJ
jk Kj jk gfSl
xJsJ.

FpL

jk

1
[

3
f

4
k

5
g

6
j

Li

Be

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ca

Cr

Ti

Mn

Fe

y tifgho FiwghLf

bghlha gf
nrhoaJl xJsJ.
bka
gf
bgaJl xJsJ.

bra 12.2

y fhy kj thf
flagliy.
fhy,
ah kj thit, q kW
nrhoa
jkfSF
il
itFnghJ, xgjhtJ jk Kj
jkJl xJsjhf mikjJ.
Jnghnw Mfh kjth, Fnsh
kW
bghlha
jkfSF
il lbgWif xgjhtJ
jknk Kj jk gfSl
xjikwJ.

xj
gila
jkf
bgafis FLf.
jk
mYa
f
ghgu
rg
Fnsh
193

xj gila
jk

myF-12

nta
nyhj nka jk tifghL

1864M ML nyhj nka mayh, btntW jkf mQ iwf

kfis mt mQgUkfSl bjhlgL tiugl tiujh. xj
gfis, izwfis bfhLs jkf tiugl x
kbwhW Ugij fljh. vD mtuh gaDs guf vJ mf
ayiy.
bkl, Ua ehL ntayh Mth. mtuJ fhy tiu fLofgl
jkf midij mt Fl xir gf
mogil KjKiwahf tirgL xU mltizia
cUthdh. Jnt, jk tir mltiz vd bga bgwJ.
mtuJ mltiz, nta jw thj bfhifahf
fUjglJ. j mltiz, a jkf fLofSF
CWnfhyhf mikjJ.
bkl (1834-1907)

12.2 bkl jk tir mltiz

Groups

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

Oxide :
Hydride:

R2O
RH

RO
RH2

R2O3
RH3

RO2
RH4

R2O5
RH3

RO3
RH2

R2O7
RH

RO4

Periods

H
1.008

Li
6.941

Be
9.012

B
10.81

C
12.011

N
14.007

O
15.999

F
18.998

Na
22.99

Mg
24.31

Al
26.98

Si
28.09

P
30.97

S
32.06

Cl
35.453

4 First
Series

K
39.10

Ca
40.08

--

Ti
47.90

V
50.94

Second
Series

Cu
63.55

5 First
Series

Rb
85.47

Second
series

Ag
107.87

6. First
series
Second
series

Zn
65.39

--

--

Y
88.91

Zr
91.22

In
114.82

Sn
118.71

Cs
Ba
132.90 137.34

La
138.91

Hf
178.49

Au
196.97

TI
204.38

Pb
207.2

Sr
87.62
Cd
112.41

Hg
200.59

As
74.92
Nb
92.91
Sb
121.76
Ta
180.95

Cr
52.20

Mn
54.94

Se
78.96

Transition

Series

Fe
55.85

Co
58.93

Ni
58.69

Ru
101.07

Rh
102.9

Pd
106.4

Os
190.2

Ir
192.2

Pt
195.2

Br
79.90

Mo
95.94

Tc
98

Te
127.90

I
126.90

W
-183.84

Bi
208.98

bkl jk tir mltiz

R - vgJ bjhFYs jk

12.3 bkl jktifghL

UZahit rhj o thndh bkl ntayh 1869M ML
Xus KGikahf midJ jkfis KjKiwahf tir gLdh.
mtuJ fUJ mogil, jk tir mltizia cUthdh.
194

jkf Mtjd tifghL

y
jkf
gfis
mt mQiwfis KTona
bkl
mDkhJ
za
brjh. fhyf mjkf
fLofgL, mt gf,
bkl
zj
gfSl
xUjd.

jkf aa gfS,
nta
gfS
mt
mQiwf
mogil
Mtjd khw milwd.
bra 12.3
bkl mltiz l
bgwhj jkf mQ iwf
44,68 kW 72 MF. jkf
bgaf ahit? it vbjj
bjhFfis
rhjit?
j
mltiz kjthfSbfW
j bjhF xJfgLsjh?

rhwhf,
IV A bjhF f jk
fhl oUjh. l
bgw ntoa jkF <fh f
vdbgalh. mtuJ fhynyna
d fLofgl b#kha
vw jk <fh fh gf
xUjJ.
J nghnw, <fh nghuh, <fh
mYa Ma jkfSfhf
lgl
fhlf,
mtuJ
fhynyna d fLofgl
jkfshd nfoa kW nfa
Matwh iw bragld.
bkl mltiz fhahf
lgoUj gJ lf, vL
fhlf
a
jkf
fLofsh uggld.

bkl jk tir mltiz

gf
ntWgl sKs ilklkhd
tirf gy jkf mikjhY
xj gfis cila jkf
xnu bjhF
l bgUgij
bkl mUjh.
bkl mltiz vL
bjhFf brFjhf mikJsd.
xj gfis bfhl jkf
fhy
fLofglh,
mtiw mltiz l bgwjf
tif bghUjkhd fhlf
lgoUjd.
D fLofgl ntoa
jkf gy Ugjhf bkl
fUdh.

tir gLjgl jkf

yt
mQiwf
jtwhf
fzlgoUjd.
mj
iwkf rbragld. rhwhf,
13 vd jtwhf fzlgoUj
bga mQ iw 9 vd
rbraglJ.

1871 bkl za
brj k

1886 b#kha
flagl
mslgl k

1. mQiw

njhuakhf 72

72.59

2. xgl

5.5 br-3

5.47br-3

mlahd rhg w

mlahd rhg w

4. MirL thghL

EsO2

GeO2

5. FnshiuL thghL

EsCl4

GeCl4

gf

3. w

195

myF-12

nta

bkl
jk
tir
mltizia
gagL
FLs jk Mi[Lf
thghil vGJf.

4. I Kj VIII tiu cs xbthU

bjhF
A kW B vd
cbjhFfshf fgLsd.
5.
 ilklkhf bkhj VG bjhlf
l bgWsd.
6. K
 j _W bjhlfS Kiwna 2,8,8
jkf j uggLsd.
it
FWbjhlf
vW
miHfgLwd.
7. e
 hF,
IJ
kW
MwhtJ
bjhlf
Kiwna
18,18,32
jkf j uggLsd.
8. V
 HhtJ bjhl, KGikahf ugglhj
bjhl MF.
9.
 d
fLofgL
jkfSfhf ca fhlf
lgoUjd.
10. y
 hjidL jkij bjhlJ
tU
gdhF
jkfis
bfhLs bjhl yhjidL
tir vwiHfgLwJ.
11. M
 oa jkij bjhlJ
cs
gdhF
jkf
csla
bjhl
MoidL
tir vwiHfgLwJ.
12. y
 hjidLfS, MoidLfS
uL
tirfshf
bkl
mltiz
moghf
jahf itfgLsd.

1. a 2. nghu 3. nrhoa
4. bga 5. fha

Uaikfgl
bkl
mltiz FiwghLf

Uaikfgl
bkl
Mtjd
mltiz
waf

1. mQiw
mfKs
y
jkf,
mQiw
Fiwthd
jkfSF Kdh mltiz
l bgWsd.

bra 12.4
bkl
jktir
mltiz bjhFf I kW
II rhj jkf bgafis
FLf.
bjhF

IA

IB

II A

II B

jkf
nkY mJ bfhnth
bkljktirmltiz
cs Fiwf rbragL a
jktir mltiz cUthfglJ.
jF tot jk tir mltiz
vW bga. J vyuhf
vifia ugFtif
mikfgLsJ.
jkf
aa
gfS,
nta
gfS mt mQvf
mogil
Mtjd
khw
milwd.

bra 12.5

1. j
 kf
mt
mQ
iwf VWtir tir
gLjgLsd.
2. b
 rFjhd tirf bjhFf
vd,
ilklkhd
tirf
bjhlf vd miHfgLwd.
3. b
 khjkhf
xgJ
brFjhd
bjhFf csd. mit I Kj VIII
tiu kW {a bjhF vd
vlgLsd.
196

rhwhf,
Mfh (39.9), bghlhaF (39.1)
KdhY,
nfhgh
KdhY

(58.9),

fYF

(58.6)

bla (127.9), mnahoDF

(126.9) KdhY lbgWsd.

197

I
A
B

Zn

20

90

227 Ac**

81

204.38 Tl

57

138.9 La*

49

114.82 In

39

88.91 Y

31

69.72 Ga

21

44.96 Sc

13

26.98 Al

10.81 B

III
A
B

90

91

232.04Th 231

58

Pa
92

238.02U

60

140.12Ce 140.91Pr 144.2Nd

59

88

87

*
Lanthanides

80

226Ra

79

200.59Hg

56

137.34Ba

48

112.41 Cd

38

87.62 Sr

30

65.39

40.08Ca

12

24.31Mg

9.012Be

II
A
B

223Fr

196.97Au

55

132.9Cs

47

107.87Ag

37

85.47Rb

29

63.55Cu

19

39.10K

11

22.99Na

6.941Li

1.008 H

7 **
Actinides

Groups
Periods

84

209 Po

74

183.84 W

52

127.90 Te

42

95.94 Mo

34

78.96 Se

24

52.20 Cr

16

32.06 S

15.999 O

VI
A
B

85

210 At

75

186.2 Re

53

126.90 I

43

98 Tc

35

79.90 Br

25

54.94 Mn

17

35.45 Cl

18.998 F

VII
A
B

76

190.2 Os

44

101.07 Ru

26

55.85 Fe

77

192.2 Ir

45

102.91 Rh

27

58.93 Co

VIII

69

78

195.2 Pt

46

106.4 Pd

28

58.69 Ni

86

222 Rn

54

131.30 Xe

36

83.90 Kr

18

39.95 Ar

10

20.18 Ne

4.003 He

0
(ZERO)

94

244 Pu

62

95

243 Am

63

96

247 Cm

64

97

247 Bk

65

98

251 Cf

66

99

252 Es

67

100

101

257 Fm 258 Md

68

102

259 No

70

150.4Sm 152.0Eu 157.3Gd 158.9Tb 162.5Dy 164.9Ho 167.3Er 168.9Tm 173.0Yb

83

208.98 Bi

73

180.97 Ta

51

121.76 Sb

41

92.91 Nb

33

74.92 As

23

50.94 V

15

30.97 P

14.007 N

V
A
B

Uaikfgl bkl jk tir mltiz

93

237Np

61

145Pm

82

207.20 Pb

72

178.49 Hf

50

118.71 Sn

40

91.22 Zr

32

72.61 Ge

22

47.90 Ti

14

28.09 Si

12.011 C

IV
A
B

103

260 Lr

71

174.9Lu

jkf Mtjd tifghL

Uaikfgl bkl jk tir mltiz

myF-12

nta
2. I n r h n l h f S F
mltiz
ca
l
xJfgliy.
3.
IA kW VIIA bjhF
jkf gfSl iAu#
xUgjh, iAu#DF xJfgl
l cWahfgliy.
4. ntgf
khWgL
aila
y
jkf
xnu
bjhF l bgWsd.

rhwhf,
fhu
cnyhffsha
nrhoa,
bghlha, ehza cnyhffsha
fhg, t. MatWl nrJ xnu
bjhF l bgWsd.

midJ cnyhffS rhjhuz btg,

mGj iy kf MF.
btg kW rhuij flJ
aig
cnyhff
bgWsd.
cnyhffis jflhf, fahf
khwyh. ntgf cnyhff
xWbfhW ntWgLwd.
nfhL,
shod
nghw
cnyhff, UlD M#DlD
idtiy. j fhuzkhf,
nyhff Mguzf bra
gagLwd.
Uoa
cnyhf
Ul iu id wid,
fhWgLgo wJ itjh g
v gig bgWsJ.
wiy

cl itfgLsd
fhu
cnyhff
nrhoa
bghlha

ehza
cnyhff

shod

fhg
t
nfhL

nfhL

mnyhff
cnyhff gfis bguhj
jkf mnyhff MF.

nkY mJ bfhnth
kr
btik
t
fUik

fha X cnyhf. j
cUFiy 29.8C. Mfnt, kj cl
btgiy cUF ailaJ.

- rg
- ghgu
- nuh
- fhg

12.3.1. cnyhff kW mnyhff

jk tir mltiz l
bgWs jkfis,
cnyhff

cnyhf nghf

mnyhff
c
 nyhf nghf
vd tifgLjyh.

cnyhff
a
cnyhff,
gsgsghd
wgu cilait. bkFia ju
198

cnyhff y gfis,
mnyhff
y
gfis
bgWs jkf cnyhf nghf
vdgL. w cnyhffis nghnw
it kf MF.
rhW f, b#kha.

jkf Mtjd tifghL

12.3.2. cnyhff kW
mnyhff agf
1. aa iy
bkFia
ju
Vida
w
cnyhff midJ kf.
mnyhff k, k kW th
Ma _W iyf fhzgLwd.

2. ml
cnyhff
bghJthf
mf
mlia, mnyhff Fiwj
mlia bgWsd.

4. cnyhf gsgs
a
iy,
cnyhff
gsgsghd wguig bgWsd.
gu J gLw xfiw
yf miltj isthf U
jikia
bgWwd.
g
cnyhf gsgs jik vdgL.
mnyhff jifa gsgsghd
wguig bgUgiy. vD
js gsgs jik bfhl
mnyhf uhig MF.
bra 12.7

3. flJ w

 U,
fhg,
mYa,
bka Ma cnyhff
a gFia vLJbfhf.

cnyhff eF btgij,
rhuij flJ ailait.
mnyhff
btgij
rhuij jsnt flJwd
myJ flJtiy.

 t
njhwfis
ftJbfhf.

eF

k
 z fhjjh xbth
wguig
eF
njJ
ikahFf.

 nghJ
ftf.

wguig

m
 t
gsgs
jik
nfg, mt bgafis wF
tir FLf.
bra 12.6
x
 U fhg cnyhf
jh WJf.

jil
fhgjL

m
 j xU Kid, bkG
cjah xU F^ia WJf.
g
 l fhosgo, r
sdh
cnyhfjil
btggLJf.

 J neu, F^
Gtij fhzyh.

bkGF
r
vFHh

nH

mjFa fhuzij FLf.

199

F^

myF-12

nta
7. Xir cUthF a

nkY mJ bfhnth

cnyhf gu J mfis
VgLJnghJ
Fljf
Xiria cUthFwJ. g Xir
cUthF a vdgL. cnyhff
aif gig bgWsd.
mnyhff jifa Xir cUthF
aig bgUgiy.

c
 nyhff mf flJ
w gilaJ t MF.
m
 nyhff uhig
flJ ailaJ.

kL

m
 iw btgiy kkhf,
f Fiwj cUFiy cila
cnyhf bkF MF.

bra 12.9

5. jflhf khW a
ca mGj ir isthf,
cnyhffis bka jflhf khw
aY. mjifa gig mnyhff
bgUgiy.

 U,
fhg,
cnyhffis
vLJbfhf.

mYa
jjahf

X
 cnyhfij U fah
moJ mtila brf.

6. fahf khW a

vGggL xia ftf.

cUa iy cs cnyhffis
njitnfw
totf
bka
ffshf khw aY. gid
mnyhff bgUgiy.

x
 bthU cnyhf Xir
jikia FJbfhf.

bra 12.8

x
 bthU cnyhfkhf braiy
L L brf.

8. fodjik

c
 nyhff
gugsit
FiwJ sij mfkhFtj
_y,
mtiw
ffshf
khwyh.

mf
mlia
bgWs
jkf
fodjikilajhf
UF.
cnyhff
bghJthf
fodkhdit.
vdnt,
mf
cUFiyia bgWsd. (bkF
ju) mnyhff Fiwj ml
cilajh, mt fodjik
Fiw.
vdnt
mnyhff
bkikahditahf UF.

 U, bka, by, fhg,
mYa
kW
fha
Ma cnyhff gf
mogil
vnyhfij
bka ffshf khw aY?
nkY mJ bfhnth

12.3.3.cnyhff kW

3
 300C I l mf cUFiyia
bgWs cnyhf ll MF.

mnyhff nta
gf

 f vilFiwj cnyhf
a. iw rgh
iwia nyhf bgWsJ.

1. M#Dl id (vj id)

(i) cnyhff

 f mf vil cs cnyhf
Ma. nyhf,
iwia ngh 22 klF mf
iw bfhlJ. nkY, Uig
ngh 3 klF mf iw cilaJ.

cnyhff fh vJ, mt
Mi[Lfis jUwd.
bka, fh vJ bka
Mi[il jUwJ.
200

jkf Mtjd tifghL

2Mg + O2

2MgO

(ii) mnyhff
250C btgiy, rg fh
bta yw Rthiyl vJ,
rgil Mi[il jUwJ.
S + O2

SO2

ghgu fh vJ, ghgu

bglhi[lhf khWwJ.
4P + 5O2
bka fh vj

fhg fh vJ, fhg

nkhdhi[lhf,
fhgil
Mi[lhf khWwJ.

mYa fh vJ mYa
Mi[L glyij cUthFwJ.
4Al + 3O2

2P2O5

2C + O2
C +O2

2Al2O3

2CO
CO2

bra 12.10

FlgLs Mi[L
fis, my, fhu Mi[L vd
tifgLJf.
1. nrhoa Mi[L
2. Mi[L

mYa cnyhf gu J
mYa Mi[L gly cUthj
f bka iHtot U,
fh vJ U Miril
jUwJ. id btg MwY,
x MwY cUthwd.
4Fe + 3O2

2Fe2O3

3. mYa Mi[L
4. fhgil Mi[L
5. rgil Mi[L

2. Ul id
(i) cnyhff
nrhoa,
bghlha
nghw
cnyhff
Fj
Ul
maJl idJ iAu#
thit btLwJ.
2Na + 2H2O
2K + 2H2O

bka iH tot U fh vJ
btgMw, x Mw,
Ma uil jUj

2NaOH + H2
2KOH + H2

bka,
U
Ma
cnyhff uhl idJ
bka
Mi[il,
U
Mi[il jUwd. iAu#
th btnaWwJ.
201

myF-12

nta
Mg + H2O

4. FnshDl id

MgO + H2

i) cnyhff

uh
3Fe + 4 H2O

nrhoa, fha Ma cnyhff

FnshDl idJ, mt
FnshiuLfis jUwd.

Fe3O4 + 4 H2

uh
m Y a
uhl
bkJthf
idJ
mYa
iAuhfi[il, iAu#id
jUwJ.
2Al + 6 H2O

2Al (OH)3 + 3 H2

uh

Ca + Cl2

ii) mnyhff
uhl fhg idJ, fhg
nkhdhi[il
iAu#id
jUwJ.
CO

uh

CaCl2

rg FnshDl idJ,
rg nkhndhFnshiuil jUwJ.
S2Cl2

5.iAu#Dl id
(i) cnyhff
nrhoa,
bghlha,
fha
nghw
Fl
cnyhff
iAu#Dl idJ mt
iAiuLfis jUwd.
2Na + H2

+ H2

2NaCl

ii) mnyhff

2S + Cl2

fhg, f, t, nfhL nghw

cnyhff Ul idtiy.

C + H 2O

2Na + Cl2

Ca + H2

2NaH
CaH2

3. myfSl id

(ii) mnyhff

nrhoa, bka, mYa

Ma
cnyhff
j
iAnuhFnsh
myJl
idJ,
iAu#
thit
btLwd.

rg, iAu#Dl idJ

iAu#rigL thit jUwJ.
J mGa Kil beoila th
MF.

Mg + 2HCl

MgCl2 + H2

2Al + 6HCl

2AlCl3 + 3H2

H 2S

fhg,
iAu#Dl

Kiy idJ, mbro

thit jUwJ.
2C + H2

bra 12.11

C2H2

12.3.4 braw tirf

x
 U MFHh 10 j
iAnuhFnshmyij
vLJbfhf.
m
 jDl
xU
a
JUtiy nrf.

S + H2

va lbga idf xU
jk kbwhU nrk cs bjhU
jkij lbga brwJ. mf
idw cila cnyhff, Ul
miw btgiynyna idJ,
UJ iAu#id lbga
brwJ.

fG ntkhwij ftf.

202

jkf Mtjd tifghL

miw
btgiy,
nrhoa
akhf Ul idwJ.
2Na + 2H2O
fha,
idwJ.
Ca + 2H2O

2NaOH + H2
Ul

bkJthf

Ca(OH)2 + H2

bka, Ul idtiy.
Mg + H2O

id iy

nkFl idf mogil,

Ul
id
cnyhff
braw tiria Na >Ca> Mg vd
Flyh.
bra 12.2

cnyhff braw tir

bghlha ( K)
nrhoa ( Na)
fha ( Ca)

nyhff
Ul id
wd.

bka ( Mg)
mYa ( Al)
khfR ( Mn)
( Zn)
Fnuha ( Cr)
U ( Fe)
f ( Ni)

nyhff
j
myfSl
id wd.

o ( Sn)
by ( Pb)
fhg ( Cu)
t ( Ag)
nfhL ( Au)

nyhff
j
myfSl
idtiy.

12.3.5. braw tir gaf

1. Ul id jik cila
cnyhff,
tir
Kj
lbgWsd.
2. tir
nkgF
cs
cnyhff, j myfSl
idwd.
3. tir gF
cnyhff
Ul idtiy.
4. tir gF cnyhff j
myfSl idtiy.
5. tir
ikagF
cs
cnyhff, j myfSl
idwd.
6. nkgF
cs
cnyhff
mt
gF
cs
cnyhffis lbga br
w cilait.

12.3.6. cnyhf fyitf

cnyhf fyitia cUthFtJ
xW ed bjh Eg my.
gHfhyUnj
cnyhffyit
gagLjgLsJ.
Mukhu
MLfSF Kng, jfSF
njitgL
Mjf
kW
fUfis cUthf, ffSF g
fhgiu
gagLjKo
vgij
kf mUjhf. .K. 3500,
bkikahd cnyhfkhd o, fhgUl
nrJ fodkhd cnyhffyitia
jahJsd. Jnt, btfy vd
miHfglJ. J fhg kW o
Ma cnyhffisl nkikahdJ.
cnyhf fyit vgJ uL
myJ mjF nkgl cnyhff
cUa iy, Fl j
fyJ cUthfgl xUgojhd
fyit MF.

nkY mJ bfhnth
jk
tir
mltiz,
xU
bjhl
lUJ
tykhf
cnyhff braw FiwwJ.
nkY, jk tir mltiz
xU bjhF, nkUJ Hhf
cnyhff braw mfwJ.

cnyhf fyitf ia
uL tifahd cnyhffyitf
csd.
203

myF-12

nta
(i) lbga cnyhffyit

(ii) ilbt uggl cnyhffyit

lbga cnyhf fyit

tif cnyhffyitf, X mQ Uj l y neuf kbwhU
mQth MufgLwd.

10% Ni - 90% Cu

90% Ni - 10% Cu
= Ni

= Cu

ilbt uggl cnyhffyit

tif cnyhffyitf, a cUts bfhl mnyhffshd
H (iAu#), B (nghu), C (fhg) kW N (ieu#) nghw jk mQf
cnyhf gof mik X tirF mLj tirF ilgl ilbtfis
Muwd.
- nk tir Fe
- ulhtJ tir Fe
- fhg

cnyhffyitf tiff
cnyhffyitfis uL fshf tifgLjyh.
b
 gu cnyhffyit t Ka
gfhf U cnyhf lbgWsJ.
b
 gu myhj cnyhffyit t
U cnyhf fjsnth myJ
yhknyh Ufyh.

cnyhffyit waf
1. cnyhf
mfwJ.

fod

jik

2. cnyhf fyit cs Mjhu

cnyhf tikia mfwJ.
3. mkhdij
nkgLJwJ.

jLF

gig

4. wij khW ailaJ.

5. mRf
thF
nkgLJwJ.

jikia
204

nkY mJ bfhnth
U,
mYa,
f
kW nfhgh Ma cnyhff
mla cnyhffyit mnfh
MF. it fhjf jahf
gagLwd. rhjhuz fhjij
l mnfh 25 klF mf
fhj jik cilaJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth
urfyit
vgJ
X
cnyhffyit MF. l
bgWs cnyhff bkF xU
cnyhf MF.

jkf Mtjd tifghL

12.3.7. cnyhffyitf gaf
bga

gFbghUf

gaf

jis

fhg

Mf, #d kW fj rlf
jahf .

btfy

fhg
o

iyf
jahf.

gwhR

o
by

rhjdf kW Fo FHh cg
bjh
cnyhffis
cUfhk
izf.

JUofhj
v~F

U
fhg
Fnuha
f
ll

ghyf, fllf, L rhjdf kW

rika ghuf cUthf.

ouhY

mYa
fhg
khfR
bka

Mfha
khd
rhjdf,
nkhlh
thfdf, fg fL bjh kW
Mf jahf.

kW

au

ghff

12.3.8. nendh ma
1 Kj 100 nm mss mQf, _yTWf kW bghUf rhj many
nendh ma MF.
1 nendh l = 10 -9 l

nendh bjhEg

 fa cUtss, mjhtJ 1 nendh l msyhd bghU mikfis
cslaJ
x
 U nendh l vgJ xU l s xU a ( 10-12 ) xU myF cs
sF rk MF.
s njhuhakhf gJ mQf bjhlahf cs sF rk MF.

nendh bjhEg nehf

xU bghU cUts xU y nendh l msF jhfgLnghJ,
mbghU wgugs mfwJ. wgu mf, mbghU id
Cfwid nkgLJwJ.

nendh bjhEgjh VgL gaf

r
 hjhuz ffis l iuthf bragL, wthj cUts a
ffis totikfyh.

 ffa gfis (FHh bghf) jahgj _y kUJt Jiw
gagLjyh.
205

myF-12

nta

 cg fyf brawid nendh cUts bghUf _y gklF
mffyh.
Fiwflf jahY, c bjhEgJiwY Ka gF twJ.
x
 U Fl miys bfhl x fiu nendh bjh Eg Kiw btg
Mwyhf khwyh.
Wnehia FzgLJt gagLwJ.
M
 ilf jah bjh, iHf fiw v wid nkgLj
gagLwJ.
czbghUfS, fhffS bflhk ghJfhf gagLwJ.

kL
- m
rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1) j
 kfis Kj Kj cnyhff kW mnyhff vd tifgLat
__________ (nlhgd, ytha, bkl).
2) y vk mogil vj U jkf gf xJ fhzgL
vd mltizUJ fLof.
1

Na

Mg

Al

Si

5
P

6
S

7
Cl

8
K

3) bkl jk tir mltiz jkf __________

mogil VWtir tifgLjgLsd (mQ iw, mQ v).
4) ehza cnyhffS xW __________ (fhg, nrhoa, f).
5) miw btg iy kkhf cs cnyhf __________ (bkF, nuh, o)
6) f

mf vil bfhl cnyhf Ma. J U iwia ngh
__________ klF mf iw cilaJ ( 22 , 3, rgh ).
7) cnyhff
kW
mnyhff
y
gfis
bgWsit
cnyhf nghf vdgL. ________ vgJ xU cnyhf ngh MF
(f, Mfh, mnaho).
8) uf. Mg +

O2

9) c
 nyhf nrhoa Ul idJ nrhoa iAuhi[il jUwJ. cl
btgL th __________ (O2, H2, Cl2)
10) iAu#Dl rg id J iAu# rigL vD thit jUwJ.
th __________ cilaJ ( mGa Kil beo, a kz).
11)
 fl cnyhffis mt bra w tir VW tir tifgLJ.
Na, Ca, Mg.
206

jkf Mtjd tifghL

12) btfy vgJ __________ nrj cnyhf fyit MF.
(fhg kW o, t kW o, fhg kW t)
13) M
 fha khd rhjdf bra cj cnyhf fyit __________
(gwhR, jis, ouhY)
14) c
 z bghUfis fhffis bflhk ghJfhf gagL ed
bjh Eg __________(nendh bjhEg, c bjhEga,
ku bgha)

- M
15) b
 kl jk tir mltiz, brFJ tirfshf, ilkl
tirfshf fgLsd.
m) brFJ tir bga ahJ?
M) ilkl tir bga ahJ?
16) bkl mltiz iAu#DF xJfgl l cWahfgliy.
jfhd fhuzij TWf.
17) bghUjhjtiw tlL fhLf.
m) ehza, jis, fhg, Mguzf
M) nuh, fhg, iAu#, mYa.
18) cnyhf fyit vwh vd? cjhuz jUf.
19) 2
 Na + Cl2

2NaCl.

m) idgL bghU ntbgaiu TWf.

M) Cl2 - th w vd?
20) 
 iwa ed ma xU gFna nendh ma. j nendh ma
nehf g FLf.

-
21) bkl jdJ jk tir mltiz jkfis ilkl tirfshf,
brFJ tirfshf mikjh.
m) ilkl tir bjhlf vifia FLf.
M) brFJ tir bjhFf vif ahJ?
) Kj bjhl cs jkf vifia TWf.
<) KGikahf ugglhj bjhl vJ?
c) yhjidLfS MoidLfS mltiz vF itfgLsJ vd TWf.

207

myF-12

nta
22) fltF ila.
m) cnyhff Xir vG ailaJ.
vGtiy. fhuz TWf.

Mdh mnyhff Xir

M) vj cnyhfij f bka jflhf fahf cfsh khw aY

vd TWf.
) bghJthf cnyhff flJ w cilaJ. mf flJ w
cila cnyhf bgaiu FLf.
<) cnyhff bghJthf fodkhdit.
bkikahdjhf csd. fhuz TWf.

Mdh mnyhff bghJthf

23) fltF ila.

m) mYa, fhWl idtjh cUthF gly ahJ? jfhd
rkghil vGJf.
M) nrhoa Fj Ul idJ nrhoa iAuhi[il jUwJ.
Mdh bka Ul id tiy. jfhd fhuz TWf.
) P
 2O5 vgJ myjik cilajh? fhujik cilajh? vd TWf.
24) fltF ila.
m) iyf bra gagL cnyhffyit vJ?
M) nendh bjh Egid gagLJtj nehf vd vgij TWf.
) gwh fhzgL iaid vGJf.

nkY ma
jf

Text Book of Inorganic chemistr - P.L.Soni

Sultan Chand & Sons.

izajs
http://www.chymist.com

208

myF 13

ntizf

myF-13

nta
13. ntizf

xU khiy cs kyf dh izfgLsd. mthW

iyba midJ fis xUizgJ ayhj xwhF. F
gF f midij izgnj MF. J VwFiwa xU ntizF
rkkhdJ.
nt nrkf lbgWs _yTWf cs mQf, mtilna
y ft irah xUizJ csd. iyahd _yTW cUthtjF
mQfSilna cUthF irna ntiz vd miHfgLwJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth

uL myJ nkgl mQf

izJ iyjik bfhl
_yTW
cUthtjF,
mQ
filna y ft irna
ntiz vdgL.

13.1 vk
g l mayh,
mQf
izJ
_yTWf
cUthtij jkf vyuh
mik
mogil
sdh.
mtuJ
fUJgo,
kjthf
kLnk iyahd vyuh mikig
bgWsd. Vida w mQf
midJ iyaw myJ gF
msnt ua vyuh mikig
bgWsd.
1916, .v. iz w
vyuh bfhifid btl.
jF vk vW bga.
mQfilna
vyuh
gkhw fhuzkhfnth, vyuh
gL
_ykhfnth
xbthU
mQ j btTo vL
vyuhfis bgWwd. thW
mQf, j btvyuh To,
vL vyuhfis bgW is
vk vwiHfgLwJ.

iyahd
vyuh
mik
bfhl
jkf,
mt
btTo vL vyuhfis
bgWsd. mit kj thf MF.
Ne ( mQ v 10 ) = 2,8
Ar ( mQ v 18 ) = 2,8,8
bra 13.2
FLs jkf iy
ahd vyuh mikig bgwhjit.
mt vyuh gkhdfis
FLf.
jk

mQ v

vyuh
g

nrhoa
fhg
q
Fnsh
nkY mJ bfhnth
xbthU mQ cUthF
izig sf mt
izw
vyuhf
thghil gagLdh.

bra 13.1
tUtdtW, vjkf
vyuhfis gL myJ
gkhw brtj _y vkF
cgLwJ?
1. a,
2. Mfh
3. a,
4. Fnsh
210

thghL

vyuh
g

izw
vyuhf

(1)

Be

(2,2)

(2,3)

(2,4)

(2,5)

ntizf
13. 2 ntiz tiff

nkY mJ bfhnth

mayhsf fUJgo, _W
tifahd ntizf csd.
mit,
maiz

v-v
mafSilna
njhW ft irna iy
a ft ir MF. J
T ft ir vW
miHfgLwJ.

rfiz
<j rfiz

13.3. maiz kW rfiz nrk cUthj

1. maiz cUthj
A kW B Ma uL mQfis fUJnth. A-mQ xnu xU izw
vyuhid bgWsJ vd, B-mQ 7 izw vyuhfis bgWsjhf
bfhnth. mjhtJ A-mQ btTo xU vyuh mfkhf,
B-mQ btTo xU vyuh Fiwthf csd. A-mQ, BF xU
vyuhid tHFtj _yK, B-mQ, A-lUJ xU vyuhid VW
bfhtj _ykhf, U mQfS iyahd vk vyuh mikig
bgWwd. nghJ A ne maahf B v maahf khWwd. U
mafS iya ftah izJ, ma nrkij cUthFwJ.
jid tUkhW Flyh.

+
+

A +

B
B-

A+ +
+

(OR)

(OR)

+
A + B-

A B+

vyuh gkhw isthf cUthF ne ma(+) v ma

(-) xWbfhW iy a ft irah iztj _y cUthF
iz ma iz vdgL. ma izig bgWs nrkf,
ma nrkf vdgL.
bra 13.3
vyuhid tHF mQ ne maahf, vyuhid VF mQ v
maahf khW ailad. tU jkf vit ne maia
v maia cUthF?
1. a, 2. nrhoa, 3. S, 4. Fnsh
maiz cUthf njitahd gjidf

i) izw vyuhf vif

A -mQ 1,2 myJ 3 izw vyuhfis, B-mQ 5,6 myJ 7 izw
vyuhfis bgUf ntL.

ii) fu Mw Fiw
iyahd ma nrk cUthF nghJ mj fu Mw k Fiwa
211

myF-13

nta
ntL. mjhtJ xU mQUJ
kbwhU
mQF
vyuh
gkhw
fGnghJ,
Mw
btlglntL.

iii) vyuh Js ftir

iz A kW B Ma U
mQfS,
vyuhid
ftU
ir ntWglntL.
A-mQ, vyuh J Fiwj
msnt ft iria bgWsjh,
vyuhid
HwJ.
B-mQ,
vyuh J mf ft iria
bgWsjh vyuhid VwJ.

nkY mJ bfhnth
izYs izvyuhf
Js ft irna v
jik cUthf fhuzkhwJ.
iz izvyuhf J
mf ft ir bfhl mQf
mf vjik bfhlit
MF. iz izvyuhf
J Fiwj ftir bfhl
mQf Fiwj vjik
bfhlit MF.

rhW 1
nrhoa FnshiuL cUthj
xU nrhoa mQ, xU Fnsh mQ izJ nrhoa FnshiuL
_yTiw cUthFwJ. nrhoa mQ vyuh mik = 2,8,1 (mQ v=11)
Fnsh mQ vyuh mik = 2,8,7 (mQ v=17) nrhoa mQ, mj xU
izw vyuhid Fnsh mQF tHFtj _y, U mQfS
iyahd vk vyuh mikig bgWwd. vdnt, nrhoa mQ (Na),
nrhoa ne maahf (Na+) Fnsh mQ (Cl), FnshiuL v maahf
(Cl-) khWwd. U mafS iya ft irah izJ,
xU manrkij jUwd. kiy, xbthU Na+ maia R
6Cl- mafS xbthU Cl- maia R 6Na+ mafS csd.

2,8,1
nrhoamQ

2,8,7
Fnsh mQ

2,8
nrhoa neua

nrhoa FnshiuL gof mik

212

2,8,8
FnshiuL vua

ntizf
rhW 2
bka FnshiuL cUthj

mQf

mQ v

vyuh g

bka

12

2,8,2

Fnsh

17

2,8,7

bka 2 izw vyuhfis, Fnsh 7 izw vyuhfis

bgWsd. bka mQ, mj uL izw vyuhfis xU vyuh
j uL Fnsh mQfSF tHFtj _y _W mQfS j
btTo iyahd vk vyuh mikig bgWwd.
vdnt, bka mQ, Mg2+maahf, uL Fnsh mQfS
uL Cl-mafshf khWwd. it iy a ft irah,
bka FnshiuL MgCl2 vD ma nrkij cUthFwd.

2,8,2
bka mQ

2,8,7
Fnsh mQ

2,8
bka neua

2. rfizf cUthj
G.N

bfhifgo,
uL mQf mtilna
vyuhfis gL brtj _y,
mt btTo, iyahd 2
myJ 8 vyuhf cs mikig
bgWwd. A, B Ma U mQf
xbthW xU izw vyuh
j bgUgjhf fUJnth. U
mQfS xWbfhW mUnf
tUnghJ, xbthU mQ xU
vyuh j gL brJtjh
cUthd U vyuhfS uL

AX

2,8,8
FnshiuL vua

y fhg rng
btik nrhoa FnshiuL
t nfhgh FnshiuL

mQf
bgWwd.

ma
nrkf

bttl

(OR)

gLF cshd U vyuhfsh VgL iz rfiz vdgL.

iz, vyuh iz iz vW miHfgL. rfgizig
bgWs nrkf rfiz nrkf vdgL.
213

myF-13

nta
rfiz cUthf njitahd gjidf
izw vyuf vif

iz U mQf A kW B Mait j btTo 5,6 myJ 7

izw vyuhfis bgUfntL. jdh U mQfS 3,2
myJ 1 vyuh izia gLbrJ iyahd vk vyuh mikig
bgWwd.

rkms vyuh ft ir
iz mQf A- B- vyuhfis VwjhH rkms ftGj
ntL. mjhtJ uL mQf vjik VwjhH rk.

rkms vyuhfis gLj

izFshd vyuh izf Js U mQf A kW B-
ftir VwjhH rkms Uj ntL.
nkY mJ bfhnth
mQfilna mf vif izf cUthF nghJ mf
vifyhd mQf iyahd vk vyuh mikig bgWwd.

rhW 1
iAu# _yTW cUthj
iAu# _yT uL iAu# mQf csd. xbthU iAu#
mQ xU izw vyuh j bgWsJ. iAu# mQf xbthW
xU vyuh j gL brtj _y uL iAu# mQfS iyahd
vyuh mikig bgWwd.

+
iAu# mQ

iAu# mQ

iAu# _yTW

rhW 2
Fnsh _yTW cUthj
xbthU Fnsh mQ(2,8,7) VG izw vyuhf j bgWsd.
xbthW xU vyuhid gL brtj _y, uL Fnsh mQfS
iyahd vyuh mikig bgWwd.

+
Fnsh mQ

Fnsh _yTW

Fnsh mQ
214

ntizf
rhW 3
_yTW cUthj
M# mQ (2,6) MW izw vyuhfis bgWsJ. xbthU
iAu# mQ xU izw vyuh j bgWsd. M# mQ
uL vyuhfis, xbthU iAu# mQF xW j gL
brwJ.

+
_yTW

M# mQ
iAu#
mQf
H

nkY mJ bfhnth

jj
vuhf
vgJ
iz gFbgwhj vyuhf
MF

_yTW

rhW 4
mnkhah _yTW cUthj
ieu# mQ (2,5) IJ izw vyuhfis bgWsJ. xbthU
iAu# mQ xU izw vyuh j bgWsd. ieu# mQ _W
vyuhfis, xbthU iAu# mQF xW j gL brwJ.
jj vyuh
uil

ieu# mQ

iAu# mQf
215

iz vyuh
uil
mnkhah _yTW

myF-13

nta
mf cUFiy

rfiz

ne (+) kW v (-) mafS

ilna Wfkhd ft ir
csJ. ca btgiy kL
iria Kf njitahd btg
ilgjh, btgiy caUnghJ
kLnk, maf af bgWtjF
nghJkhd Mwiy bgWwd. vdnt,
t cUFiy mf.

jj uil vyuh

iAu#
mQ glgl
vyuh

fodjik behWFjik

ieu#
mQ

ieu#
cfU

tikahd
ft
ir
fhuzkhf, it mf fodjikia
bgWwd.
mfkhd
btir
brYjgLnghJ kLnk maf
efJ, xnu Rikila maf
xWbfhW mUfhik tUwd.
jdh yFir VgL sw
rhakhwJ.
vdnt,
behWF
jikia bgWwJ.

iAu#
cfU

N
H

ir

H
mnkhah _yTW
sWj

bra 13.4
thghil gagL,
tU
nrkf
cs
rfizf vifia
fzLf.
1. Fnsh, 2. mnkhah
3. q

13.3.1 m
 a nrkf bghJthd
gf
miw btgiy kf
manrkf cs vv mafSilna tikahd
iya ftir Ugj
isthf, maf jirahf efu
ayhJ. vdnt, nrkf miwbtg
iy k iynyna csd.
216

nkY mJ bfhnth
btg jhfty bghUf ca
btgiyia vbfhS jik
cilad. t cUFiy ff
mf.
cnyhffis,
mt
jhJfUJ
bjLg
bghUf gagLwd. y
btg
jhfty
bghUf
manrkfns MF.

ntizf
fiu jik

ma
h
fiug
Vw

ma
gofij
Ul
nrFnghJ, Kid jik
bfhl _yTWf, gof
mik cs + kW mafis gj _y,
fiua VJthFwJ.
bra 13.5
uL ffis vLJbfhf.
xU f iu, kbwh
kbzbz vLJbfhf.
uL
ffY
nrhoa
FnshiuL cig js nrf.
uoY VgL fiuwfis
xLf.

m
fiu a

Vwgh

Fiwj cUFiy
kiy,
_yTWfSF
ilna tik Fiwj ft irna
csJ. btggLJ nghJ k
_yTWf
aFtJ
nghnw,
_yTWfS
jirahf
aFwd.

rhuij flJ a

fodjikaw kf

k iy, maf l
bgaUtiy. vdnt, k iy
it rhuij flJtiy.
cUa iynyh fiufgL
iynyh
maf
af
fhzgLwJ. vdnt, it cUa
iyY fiufgL nghJ
kLnk rhuij flJwd.

goff xU _yTW tir,

mLJs tir iyUJ
v efU ailaJ. vdnt,
rfiz nrkf bkikahd
kfshf
Ugjh,
v
cil jikia bgUwd.

ma idf ntf mf
manrkf
idf
<LgL nghJ ne kW v
mafSilna id fwJ.
vdnt, it ntfkhf idf
<LgLwd.

13.3.2 rfiz
nrkf
bghJthd gf

fiughf fiu a
fkfiugh
_yTWf,
nrk
_yTWfSilna
tik Fiwj ft iria
v
Kaowd.
vdnt,
nrkf Kidjikaw fk
fiughfshd bg, blhY
Mat fiuwd.
nkY mJ bfhnth
xU
iz,
vyuh
izf rkkhf glgoU,
miz Kid jikaw
iz MF. khwhf, vyuh
izf rkkhf glglhj
iy Kid jikl Toa
izf cUthF.

miwbtgiy
thf,
kf myJ kf
_yTWfSilna tYtw ir
Ugjh, rfiz nrkf
thiynyh kiynyh myJ
bkikahd
kfshfnth
Uwd.
217

myF-13

nta
bra 13.6

bra 13.7

FLs fiughfis
Kidjik cilait, Kid
jik mwit vd tifgLJf.
1 . bg,
2.
4. Fnshnuhgh

3. <j,

fljh a
rfiz nrkf ne(+)
manah v() manah iy.
vdnt, cUa iyY fiur
iyY Tl it rhuij
flJtiy.

_yTW idf ntf Fiw

rfiz nrkf <LgL
idf
nrk
_yTWf
KYkhf
khw
milwd.
ndw bgw maf VJ

n
 rhoa
Fnshiuil
bkGif vLJbfhf.
uL ff , lg
vbz Ma fiughfis,
jjahf vLJbfhf.
nrhoaFnshiuL
cig
U
ffY
cs
fiughfSl
nrJ,
fiuwfis FJbfhf.
mLJ
Jngh
bkGif,
jahf vLfgl U
fiughfSl
nrJ
fiuwfis FJbfhf.
uL
bghUf
fiu
wfis xLf.
yhjjh, nrkf
Fiwj
ntf id <LgLwd.

13.4. maiz kW rfiz nrkf ntWghLf

maiz

rfiz

X
cnyhf
mQUJ,
mnyhf
mQF vyuhf lbgaUtjh
maiz cUthwJ.

mnyhf mQfilna vyuhf

glgLtjh rfiz cUthwJ.

ne (+) kW v (-) mafSilna

iya ftir fhzgLwJ.

_yTWfSilna tik
ftirna fhzgLwJ.

mir
jik
irggwJ.

mir jikawJ. Mdh irg

cilaJ

cilaJ.

Mdh

Fiwj

nrk gf
miw btgiy kf.

miw btgiy thf myJ

kf myJ bkikahd kf.

cUFiy, bfhiy mf.

cUFiy bfhiy Fiw.

fodkhdJ, behWF jik bfhlJ.

fodjikawJ.
jik bfhlJ.

Kids
fiughf
fiu.
Kidtw fiughf fiutiy.

Kidtw
fiughf
fiu.
Kids fiughf fiutiy.

cUa iyY, fiur

rhuij flJ.

cUa iyY, fiur

rhuij flJtiy.

maf
idf
id ntf mf.

iyY
gnfgjh,

218

iuthf

_yTWf idf
id ntf Fiw.

cil

iyY
gnfgjh,

ntizf
13.5. <j rfiz

nkY mJ bfhnth

xU
rhjhuz
rfiz,
izFshd uL mQfS
vyluhfis
rkkhf
gL
brwd. y nrkf, xU
mQth kLnk rfizF
njitahd uL vyuhfS
tHfgLwd. iz <j
rfiz vdgL.
xU rfiz, izF
njitahd uL
vyluhfS
uL mQf VnjD xU
mQth kLnk tHfgoU,
miz <j rfiz vdgL.
nrkf
<j
rfiz
nrkf vdgL.
A kW B Ma uL mQfis
fUJnth.
A-mQ
gLF
cshfhj uL vyuhfis
B-mQ
uL
vyuhf
Fiwthf bgWsjhf bfhnth.
A-mQ
uL
vyuhfis,

uL vyuh izf
glh,
uiliz
cUthwJ.
_W vyuh
izf glh, Kiz
cUthwJ. it gizf
vdgL.
1. f
 hgilMi[L
O=C=O
(uL uilizf)
2. M
 # O=O (xU uil
iz )
3. ieu# NN ( xU Kiz)
B-mQF
tHFwJ.
B-mQ
uL
vyuhfis,
A-mQ
lUJ bgWwJ. A-mQ uL
vyuhfis
tHFtjh,
mJ
< mQ vW B-mQ uL
vyuhfis Vgjh, V mQ
vW miHfgLwJ.

rhW
mnkha ma ( NH4+ )
mnkhahl (NH3) iAu# ma (H+) izJ mnkha ma
cUthwJ. mnkhah _yT cs ieu# mQ, _W iAu#
mQfSl izUj iyY, ieu# mQ izF cglhj
uL vyuhf csd. j vyuhfis ieu# mQ, iAu#
maF tH, mnkha ma cUthFwJ.

iAu# mQ

mnkha ma

mnkhah mQ
219

myF-13

nta
nkY mJ bfhnth

rhjhuz btg mGjiy fhgilMi[L thiy UgjF

mt Kid jikaw gng fhuzkhF. uhdJ k iy
UgjF mt Kid jikna fhuzkhF.
bra 13.8

rg oiu Mi[o(SO3) mik,

nrk cs <j rfizf vif vd?
< mQit, V mQit FLf.
bra 13.9
fhgnkhdhi[L xU th MF. nrk xU <j rfiz nrk.
fhgnkhdhiro mik
< mQit, V mQit FLf.

13.5.1 <j rfiz nrkf gf

rhuij flJ w
nrkf maWtiy. vdnt, it m flf MF.

fk fiughf fiu jik

nrkf jsnt fiu. Mdh Kidtw fk fiughf
fiu ailait.

cUFiy kW bfhiy
it gF msnt Kid jikia bgUwd. vdnt, rfiz
nrkfisl mf cUFiy, bfhiyia ma nrkfisl Fiwj
cUFiyia bfhiyia bgWsd.

vk UJ ntWgL nrkf
xU y nrkf vk vyuh mikig bgUgiy. nrkf
cs mQf vk vyuh mikig l Fiwthd vifnyh,
mfkhd vifnyh vyuhfis bgUwd.

i) ika mQit R ehF vyuhf cs nrk.

bga il FnshiuL (BeCl2 )
bga

Fnsh

17

2,2

2,8,7

mQ v
vyuh g
izw vyuhf
220

ntizf

Fnsh mQf xbthW vk vyuh mikig bgWsd. Mdh,

bga mQ ehF vyuhf bfhl bttl Milna bgWsJ.

ii) ika mQit R MW vyuhf cs nrk.

nghu oiu qiuL (BF3 )
nghu

2,3

2,7

mQ v
vyuh g
izw vyuhf

_W q mQfS vk vyuh mikig bgWsd. Mdh

nghuh bttl M MW vyuhfisna bgWsJ.

bra 13.10
ghgu mQv 15. mj vyuh git FJbfhf.
Fnsh mQv 17. mj vyuh git FJbfhf.
xU
ghgu
mQ,
IJ
Fnsh
mQfSl
izJ
ghgu bglhFnshiuil cUthFwJ.
vk vyuh mikig bgWs mQit FLf.

kL

- m
rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.

1. v
 k go, kj thf aif iy jik cilait. jF
fhuzkhf miktJ, bttlghij cs _________ vyuhf
(vL, VG, MW).
2. ntid, vyuhid HJ ne maia cUthFtJ _________
(Fnsh, a, S).
3. bka mQ v 12 v mj vyuh gkhd, _________
(2, 2, 8 / 2, 8, 2 / 8, 2,2).
4. jk X, mj bttl ghij 6 vyuhfis bgWsJ v,
rfizig cUthf X gL vyuhf vif _________ (3,2,6).
5. mf bfhiy cila nrk _________ (NH3, NaF).
221

nta

myF-13

6. v
 yuhf rkkhf glgLtjh VgL iz
( Kidw iz, Kidyh iz, ma iz ).

_________

7. rfiz nrkf gf mogil, jtwhd Tiw njbjLf.

m) fodjik, behWF jik mwit.
M) _yTWf gnfF idf ntf mf.

- M
8. NaCl xU ma nrk. xU ma iz vthW cUthwJ?
9. midJ jkfS vyuhfis gL brnjh, gkhw brnjh j
btTo vL vyuhfis bgWwd. vyuh mikUJ,
vyuhid HF kW gL br jkfis flf.

X = 2, 7

Y = 2, 8, 1

10. M
 gCl2 xU k iy nrk. gof iy J rhuij flJtiy.
cUa iy kLnk rhuij flJtjF fhuz ahJ?

-
11.

Na

(2,8,1)

Cl
(2,8,7)

Na+
(2,8)

Na+Cl-

Cl-

(2,8,8)

nkFl id, nrhoa FnshiuL cUthjiy FwJ. id

mogil ilaf.
m) Na UJ ClF lbgaU vyuhf vif vd?
M) Na+
)

Cl-

kW

Cl-

mafSilna cs ft ir ahJ?

F mUfhik cs kj th ahJ?

<) Na+ , Clc) Na+

mafSilna cs iz tif ahJ?

maYs vyuhf vif ahJ?

12. i
 eu#, iAu# mQfSilna
mnkhah _yTW cUthwJ.

vyuhf

glgLtjh

m) mnkhah xU rfiz _yTwh? ma _yTwh?

M) N, H mQfSilna cs rfizf vif ahJ?
) mnkhah _yTW rhuij flJkh?
<) mnkhah _yT mikig tiuf.

nkY ma
jf
Essentials of Physical Chemistry - B.S.Bahl,G.D.Tuli,Arun Bahl.

izajsf

S. Chand & Company Ltd

http://www.beyondbooks.com
http://www. visionlearning.com
222

myF 14

msL fUf

myF-14

aa

msL fUf

fzD, mtdJ jij oF njitahd ieyh

fiw thFtjfhf filF brwd. mtf khiy 5.05.00
kF il L wgL, 5.23.39 kF filia miljd.
mjhtJ mtfSila oUJ filF bry 18 l
39 dhof njitglJ. fhy ilbtid fz
jdJ vyf(ol) fofhu _y mjh. wF mtf
filfhuiu ghJ UgJ l sKs fiw jUkhW
nfld. filfhu, vyf (ol) juh cjl
375 uh fiw msJ bfhLjh.
UJ msLj vgJ ekJ mwhl th xU gF vgJ
bjthwJ. eh ghl xbthU aa ms vthW
msjagLwJ vgij ghngh.

224

msL fUf

14.1. a msLf ga fUJ

aa vgJ Kiwahd msLf mogil
mikjJ MF. bghUfis Jakhf msgJ
mta.
V msLf Jakhf Uj ntL?
eh ekJ tofSF bgnuh unghJ
Fl xnu bjhifF y lf msLf
U yffY (vLJfhlhf 1.9 l) ntWy
lf _W yffY (vLJfhlhf 1.92
l) mikJsJ. jifa Ja msoid
dQ fUf _ynk msl Ko.

14.2. sij msLj

bta wsit

Mtff vj xU bghU
sij
msl
a
l
msnfh
gagLwJ.
l
msnfhiy bfhL msl Toa
fFiwj s 1 .. MF. J l
msnfh wsit vdgL.

bta Kjik msnfh

xU (K.nfh.) kF
bta msnfh xU
(bt.nfh.) kF cs ntWghL
wsit (LC) vdgL.

vLJfhlhf
1
mFy
(2.54 br.) sKs bghUbshiw l
msnfhiy bfhL msLnghJ
2.5 br.. vnwh myJ 2.6 br.. vnwh
mslyh. Mdh J JakwJ.
jnghJ uhR ehL mP a
bta mtf totikj bta
msnfh vw Jiz msnfhiy
gagL nkfl f a
msfis Jakhf msf aY.
bta msnfhiy, msnfhYl
nrJ gagL 0.1 .. myJ 0.01
br.. msF rahf msfKo.

wsit
xU fUia bfhL msl
Toa f Fiwj ms mj
wsit vdgL.
bra 14.1
cfSila g aa
Mtf gagL btntW
mlf kW nthlf
wsitia fLof.

wsit (LC)

= 1 K.nfh. 1 bt.nfh.

= 1 mm 9/10 mm

= 0.1mm = 0.01cm
bra 14.2
cfSila ef xUthu
tsU msit fLof. xU
eh kW xU kneu mj
tsia fzl.

14.2.1. bta ms
fU
bta
jJtij
mogilahf bfhlJ.
bta
vgJ caukh, mGjkh myJ
msf Ffgl fUfSl
izfgl efU xU W msnfh
MF.
b
 ta ms br.. kW .
msLf Ffgl xU bka,
skhd cnyhfgil csJ. J
Kjik msnfh vdgL.
c
 nyhfgil
lJgf
Kid nkneha kW
225

myF-14

aa
neha jhilf msnfhYF
brFjhf
bghUjgLsd.
it iyahd jhilf vdgL
b
 ta msnfh iyahd
jhilfSF tyJ w, Kjik
msnfh J eG brY
tif
bta
msnfh
mikfgLsJ. j lJ
Kid nk kW neha
jhilf
bghUjgLsd.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

nehF jhilf
nk nehF jhilf
MH fgh.
Kjik msnfh
bta msnfh
iy W

it aF jhilf MF.
b
 ta msnfh cs UF
xid
gagL
jid
efj,
iyahf
Xl
bghUj Ko.

 neha jhilf bghU
btw msfis msl, nk
neha jhilf cw msfis
msf gagLwd.
b
 ta msnfhYl iz
fgl bka gil clw
bghUf MHij msl
gagLwJ.
braKiw 14.3

bta ms

bta ms wsit
fzLj
Kjik msnfh xU br,
xbthW 1 .. sKs 10 rk
ghffshf fgLsJ vf.
bta cs 10 rk f
(bt.nfh.) Kjik msnfh cs
9 fSF (K.nfh.) rk.
10 bt. nfh. = 9 K. nfh.
~ 1 bt. nfh. = 9/10 K. nfh.
1 K. nfh.

= 1 ..

wsit = 1 K.nfh. - 1 bt. nfh.

= 1 .. - 9/10 ..
= 1/10 .. = 0.1 ..

mslgL ms, rahd msitl

mf v neiH vd, rahd
msitl Fiw v viH
vd TwgL.

bta ms RiH fhz

jhilf xiw xW bjhLgo
itf ntL. bta msnfh
R
Kjik
msnfh
Rl bghUUjh fU
iH iy vdyh.

neiH

~ 1 bt. nfh. = 9/10 ..

cfSila ef khjF
2 tstjhfbfhL, xU
eh, xU k neu kW xU
lF mj tsia
fzLf.

= 0.01 br..

iH
mslgL
msL
rahd
kUJ vts khWgLsJ
vgnj
iH
vdgL.
226

bta msnfh R,
Kjik msnfh RF
tygfkhf
mikjh,
fU
neiH csJ vdyh. RUj
(ZC) vF cilaJ.
vLJfhlhf bta ms
nfh
n-MtJ

Kjik
msnfh VnjD xU l
xUgjhf
bfhlh,
RiH = + (n x wsit)

msL fUf

iH iy

neiH

viH

viH
bta msnfh R, Kjik nfh RF lgfkhf
mikjh, fU viH csJ vdyh. R Uj (ZC) neF cilaJ.
vLJfhlhf bta msnfh n-MtJ Kjik msnfh VnjD
xU l xUgjhf bfhlh, RiH = - ( 10 - n ) x wsit

Kjik nfh xU l
xUF bta msnfh
it bta x VC fhf.

cUis sij msLj

Kj
wsit
fzLf.

bta
kW

ms
RiHia

s fhz ntoa cUisia

jhilfSF ilna cWahf
oFgo itf.

t.
v.

cUis
rahd
s
= MSR + ( VC x LC ) ZC

cUisia btntW iyf

oFgo itJ msLfis vLJ
mltizgLJf.

bta RF K cs
Kjik nfh msit (MSR)
FJ bfhf.

Kjik nfh
ms (MSR)
br..

g bragl cUis s
= MSR + ( VC x LC )

bta
x
(VC)

fzlgl
ms
OR = MSR +
(VC x LC) br..

Ujgl
rahd ms
OR ZC
br..

1
2
3
mltiz fil g ruhr, cUis rahd s MF.

vyf (ol) bta ms

jnghJ, vyf (ol) bta ms cs, vfhoia bfhL
v msLfis flayh.
bra 14.4

vyf bta ms
227

cfSila toa myJ

ka cz lgh fdmsit
bta msia bfhL
fzLf.

myF-14

aa

14.3. iw kW vilfis msLj.

kUJf mil m mls btntW kUJ bghUf
iafis ghF nghJ jkf ms uh Ugij fhzyh.
jifa msLfis dQ (vyf) juhRfis bfhnl ma Ko.
eif filf 0.001 uh Ja jik bfhl vyf juhRfis
fhzyh.

iw

vil

bghU cs gUbghUf
ms, bghU iw vdgL.
iwahdJ lF l khWglhjJ.
iw
S.I.
myF
nyhuh.
iwahdJ
btntW
tifahd
juhRfis gagL mslgLwJ.
mtW y tUkhW

bghU J bragL <a

ir
k
bghU
vil
vdgL. vilahdJ lF l
khWglToaJ. vilahdJ RU
juhR _y mslgLwJ,.

rhjhud juhR
i l j s
gilia gagL
bghUf iwahdJ,
l F iwfSl
xL msl rhjhuz
juhR gagLwJ.

RU juhR
bghU vil RU
juhR _y mslgLwJ.
RU bjhflgL
bghUdh, RU VgL
id
bfhL
vilahdJ msfgLwJ.

kUJt vil ms

U jL juhR
tif
juhRf
filf
bghUf iwia msf ga
gLjgLwd.

aa juhR
Mtff bghUf iwia
uh msF Jakhf msf
J gagLwJ.

228

J kjf vilfis msL

tjF gagLjgLwJ. tif
ms cs RUyhdJ, kj
f vilF Vg mKfgLwJ.

vyf ( ol) juhR

bghUf vilfis
ntfkhf, Jakhf
msl
jnghJ
vyf
(ol)
juhR gagLjgLwJ.
tif juhRf
ms
(strain
gauge)
(sF Vg jil
cz)
jJt
mogil
bragLwd.

msL fUf
vilnkil

f mf vils yh kW
ouFf
vilfis
kh
jJtid gagL msl
vilnkilf gagLwd.

ka vilms

gHfhyf,
neukhdJ
Na fofhu, fofhu, kz
fofhu kW msf Ffgl
bkGFtid
gagL
mslglJ.
u
neuf
thd
UF
f
iyid
bfhL
neukhdJ
ffglJ. nkfl midJ
KiwfS Jakwit.

Na fofhu
Na
cFnghJ
kW
kiwnghJ bghUdh cUthF

gS dh (crane) cajgL
f mf gSthd bghUf
vilfis,
ka
irfis
gagL msl ka vilms
gagLwJ.

14.4. neuij msLj

H s khWgLtj mogil
Na fofhu bragLwJ.

fofhu

1984M
ML
x
ngho P.T.ch 400 l jil
Xlfhd btfy gjfij
xU dho xU gF fhy
ms ( 1 / 100 dho) jtw lJ
mtUF xU ngH myth?
jifa 0.01 dho fhyid
vj msl Ko?
jfhy
vyf
fofhuf
(ol),
mQ
fofhuf kW Fth fofhu
f bfhL a fhy ilbtf
Jakhf msfgLwd.

tif
fofhuf
uhd
ms xU fyUJ btgL
iu bfhL kbwhU fy bkJthf
uggL msit bfhL neukhdJ
mslgLwJ. fy cw
FfgL
msf,
neuij
Fwd.
229

myF-14

aa
kz fofhu

cq neu kW l neu

J
fofhu
nghnw bragLwJ.
UF gyhf kz
gagLjgLwJ.

cq
neukhdJ,
Na
iyia bfhL fzlgLtjh
lF l khWgLwJ. xU
Fl
l,
thd
Na cr iyia milnghJ,
ml neukhdJ egf 12 vd
mslgLwJ. J cq neu
vdgL.

vua fofhu
fnah
Cr
fLoghdJ,
Cr
fofhufis totikf
cjaJ.
iffofhu
kW
a
tif
fofhuf cs kiH
nghw RU J
bghUjgLs rkbr
rfu
cjah
rahd neu mslgLwJ.

Fth fofhu

bjhiyit
rhuhk,
ehL
KGtjF xnu uhd neuij za
bra xbthU ehL xU Fl
f nuifia nj brwJ.
ah l neu Hnf 82.50
nfhz rhyikj fnuifia
bfhL
fzlgLwJ.
j
neu ah l neu (IST) vd
miHfgLwJ.

Fth gof fofhuf wj

brawD,
Ja
jik
bfhlit. Fth goff ca
mbt mw Toait.
tfis bfhL neukhdJ
gof fh mik (LCD) _y
fhfgLwJ.

yh
l
neukhdJ,
ruhr neu (GMT) vd
miHfgLwJ. IST k GMT
kig l 5
kneu K
mikwJ. mjhtJ yh neu
egf 12 k vwnghJ, ah
neu khiy 5.30 vd UF.

mQ fofhu

cyfgl
tl
kW
bj
JUtfSF
ilna
tiuagL
fgid
nfhLf
fnuiff vdgL. xU eh
xbthU
k
neuF
xW
vw tif, xWbfhW 150
nfhz
ilbtyikj
24
neu klyfshf
nfhs
fgLsJ.

f mf Jajik bfhl
fofhufshf
jnghJ
mQ
fofhuf
gagLjgLwd.
a
mQ
VgL
uhd
m f
m o g i l
fofhuf
bragLwd.

yhJ eho cs
vDl mikJs uha M
iya tahf brY f nuif,
M tnaahd 00 Kjik
fnuifahf
fUjgLwJ.
ah ef fhiy 7.00 k vwh
mnj ntis yl egf 12.00
vd, #gh jiyefukhd nlh
nah u 9.00 kahf UF.

230

msL fUf
msL fhuf FpLf
a msf
fhu

bga msf

FpL

fhu

FpL

10

bl (deci)

10

blfh (deca)

da

10

bro (centi)

10

bAnlh (hecto)

10

(milli)

10

nyh (kilo)

10-6

iknuh (micro)

106

bkfh (mega)

10-9

nendh (nano)

109

fh (giga)

bra 14.5
cdJ egf vilfis, 100 gja uij flf mtf
vLJbfhl neufis tU mltiz brf.
t.v.

bga

vil ()

neu ()

kL
- m
1 ) 5 x 107 s F rkkhdJ k
m) 0.5 s

M) 5 s

) 50 s

<) 500 s

2)b
 ta msia bfhL, cUistot FHh x cw lid
msLtjF gagL bta ms ghfid fltUJ
bj brf.
(MH fgh, iyW, cw jhilf, btw jhilf)

-M
3 ) fltiw bghUJf.
t. v.
1.
2.
3.
4.

fU
rhjhuz juhR
kUJt vil ms
aa juhR
vyf juhR

gagL l
eif fil
Mtf
kUJtkidf
mfho

4 ) xU bta ms, 1 Kjik nfh F, 1 bta F cs

ntWghL 0.1 ... J vjid FLwJ.
231

myF-14

aa

5 ) bta msia bfhL 250 gff bfhl x ma jf

cs xU jh jokid fla fjh iHwh. mt jid vthW
jf Kiw brUgh vgjid sFf.
6 ) bfhLfgl mltiz
msil fzLf.

bta

ws = 0.01 br..

t.v.

MSR

VC

1
2

3
3

20
25

msLfis

bfhL

rahd

RUj = iy

fzlgl ms (or)
MSR + (VC x LC) br

rahd ms
OR ZC br..

7 ) milFF jugLs goaUJ rahdtiw njbjLJ

mltizia brf. (109, d, iknuh, 10-9, , m, M)
fhu
10-1
10-6

K
bl

fh

106

FpL

bkfh

8 ) khzt xUt, vyf bta msia bfhL FL x

lid msLif, ms msL 4.27 br.. vd fhLwJ.
Koid, R iHaw rhjhuz bta msiabfhL rghf
KgLwh v,
(i) bta R, Kjik ms nfh vF mik?
(ii) bta nfh ms v, Kjik msnfh VnjD xU l
xUF?

9 ) (i) fU wsit - tiuaWf
(ii) bta ms RiH tiffis sFf.
(iii) bta msid bfhL , bghU vj xU gkhzij msL
tKiwfis sFf.

nkY ma
f
1. Fundamentals of Physics - David Halliday & Robert Resnick, JohnWiley
2. Complete Physics for IGCSE Oxford publications
izajsf
http://www.nist.gov/pml/
http://www.teach-nology.com
http://www.splung.com
232

myF 15

afK
utfS

myF-15

aa

afK utfS

bghf goifia bfhlhLtjfhf fhF mtdJ

bgnwhU, mtfsJ brhj CUF, bjhlto _y gaz
nkbfhld. fh #d tna aif fhfis
uJ bfhoUjh. kuf kW brof ndh
eftJ ngh njhaJ mtDF Mraij mjJ.
mt jdJ mkhl, kuf cikahfnt ndh
brwdth? vdnflh. mjF mtdJ mkh, kuf
iyahf csbjd, bjhlto afUgdhjh
kuf ndh eftijnghy
njhWwJ vd
sdh. fhF kwtfSF X kW af
g ghl _y sFnth.

234

afK utfS

15. af

bra 15.2

gl
fllij
Rs
kuf iy fllij bghWJ
khwhk csJ.
vdnt kuf
fllij bghWJ X iy
csjhf Twyh.

cfsJ tFgiw X iy,

af iyYs bghUfis
g fyJiuahl.

aF j msLj
trh xUt dK jdJ
oUJ rijF fhffis
vLJ brwh. mt rijF
U tf bry Ko.
Market

f to brYnghnjh
myJ XobfhoUFnghnjh R
s kuf, kW fllfis bghWJ
cfsJ iy bjhlJ khWgLwJ.
nghJ f af cf
myJ
a
bfhoUf
vdyh.

..

1.5

2.

glij
ftJ
tUtdtF ilaf.

mj :
xU bghU fhyij
bghWJ bjhlJ xnu iy
UFnkahdh mJ X iy
csJ vdgL. fhyij bghWJ
bghUbsh iy bjhlJ kh
bfhoUjh mJ af iy
csJ vdgL.
bra 15.1
cfis rhJ, X kW
af iyYs bghUfis
goaLf.
t. v

af

1
2
3
4

Na

1. bjhiy vwh vd? xbthU

ehS trh vts bjhiy
gaz brwh? bjhiy vgJ
mt brY ghij s MF.
Kj ghij tna brYnghJ
1.5 .. bjhiy, ulhtJ ghij
tna brYnghJ 2.5 .. bjhiy
brth.
mj : U lfSF ilgl
bjhiy rkkhf UfhJ. mJ brY
ghijia bghWJ khWgL.
2. mtuJ oF, rijF
ilgl f Fiwj bjhiy
ahJ? oUJ nenfhLghij
rijia mil u 1 . mF.
jid lbga vnwh.

mj
U lfSF ilgl f
Fiwj bjhiy myJ nenfhL
bjhiy lbga vdgL.
235

myF-15

aa
bra 15.3
O
0

C
1

A
6

10

nenfhLghij vW x afij fUJf. vW mj

afij O vw bjhlFwJ. A kW C vgd btntW
neuf vW iyf vf. vW Kj CI milJ d Ait
milwJ. d mJ brw ghijnyna U C vw ia milwJ
v vW flj bjhiy kW lbgaia fzLf.
bra 15.4

bra 15.5
B

A
10 br..

tFgiw xU _iy UJ
v _iyF
mj gff
tahf bry.
f flj
bjhiyid fzLf. nghJ
miw _iyl tahf v
_iyF bry. f flj
lbgaia
fzL
ntWghoid ma.

C
10 br..

10 br MuKila miutlij
tiua. ghij ABC (bjhiy) kW
ghij AOC (lbga) sfis
msLf.
UJ
bjhiy
31.4 br.. vd lbga
20 br.. vd mayh.

15.1. uhd af kW uw af
KaYF MikF ilgl gja mt af bjhlghd
tuf mltiz jugLsd.

236

afK utfS
fhy
(l)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

Ka flj
bjhiy
(l)
10
30
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
48

Mik flj
bjhiy
(l)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

j
msLf
UJ
MikahdJ xbthU 5 lF
5 bjhiyit flgij fhzyh.
mJ Fl fhy xnu ms
bjhiyit flwJ.
jifa
af uhd af vdgL.
bghU xW rk fhy ilbtf
rk bjhiyfis fljh mj
af uhd af vdgL

15.2. af jij msLj

ntf : kGJ xW nryUJ
bridia mila 6 k neu vLJ
bfhwJ, mnj bjhiyit ngUJ
xW 8 k neu flwJ.
vJ iuthf brwJ? V?
kGjhdJ
Fiwj
fhy
uij flJsjh ngUijl
kGJ iuthf brwJ vdyh.
mj : bghU xW Fl
bjhiyit Fiwj fhy fljh
mJ iuthf brwJ vdyh.
bghU xW Fl bjhiyit
flf mf neu vLJ bfhlh
mJ bkJthf brwJ vdyh.
bghU vts iuthf myJ
bkJthf brwJ vgij msl
ntf vw ms gagLjgLwJ.
ntf vgJ bjhiy fhy khWghL
j myJ xU dho flF
bjhiy MF.
flj bjhiy
ntf =
vLJ bfhl fhy

KayhdJ
xU
Fl
fhy
ilbt
btntW
bjhiyfis flJsJ. jifa
af uw af vdgL.

ntf / (m/s) ms-1 vw myfh

FlgLwJ.

bghU xW rkfhy ilbtf

btntW bjhiyfis fljh
mj af uw af vdgL.

vLJfhL

bra 15.6

ntfij / k (km / h) vw
myfhY Flyh.
bjhlto ntf 100 .. / k,
v mJ xU kneu 100 .,
bjhiyit flF.

uhd af kW uw af goaLf
uhd af
Rtfofhu Cr miyf

uw af
ber Fj rhiy k
af

237

myF-15

aa

irntf
bjhlJ
fhyij
bghWJ
khWgLbfhoUF.
bghU
irntf
VgL
khWghil vthW Flyh?

Ka brf
1) kGJ xW 6 k neu
300 .. bjhiyit flwJ,
mj ntf vd?

jfhf eh KLf vw kbwhU

aa msit mKfgLjyh.

2) mnj kGJ 60 .. / k ntf

brwh mnj bjhiyit flf
MF fhy vd?

xU dho neu bghU

irntf VgL khw myJ
irntf
khWghLj
KLf
vdgL.

3) 5 k neu mj bjhiyit
flf ntLbk mJ vts
ntf bry ntL?

KLf =

ir ntf
ntfij g ngRnghJ mj
af iria fU bfhsiy.
afirl ntfij fUJnghJ
afij bjthf J bfhs
Ko. irl nrJ ntfij
Flh mJ irntf vdgL.
irntfij
fzl
bjhiyF g lbgaia
fU vLJbfhs ntL.
xU dho
bghU mil
lbga myJ lbga
khWghLj
bghU irntf
vdgL.
( khWghL j vgJ xU dho
VgL khw ) lbga khWghL
irntf =

irntf
FlgLwJ.

fhy
/ vw myfh

uhd irntf
bghU xW rkfhy msf
rkkhd lbgafis miljh
mJ uhd irntf vdgL.

15.3. irntf fhy

khWghL j
nenfho uhd af cs
bghU irntf khWghL R MF.
Mdh uw af cs bghU
238

irntf khWghL
fhy

KLf / ( ms-2) vw myfh

FlgLwJ.
fhyij bghWJ bghU ir
ntf mfjh, KLf neF
cilaJ. jifa af KLfgl
af vdgL. fhyij bghWJ
bghU irntf Fiwjh mJ
v KLf vdgL. jifa
af vKLfkilj
af
vdgL.

uhd KLf
nenfhL
ghij
aF
bghU
irntf
rkfhy
ilbtf, rk ms mffnth
myJ Fiwanth brjh, bghU
KLf uhd KLf vdgL.

vLJfhL
kGJ xW 8 -2 vw uhd
KLfJl aFwJ v mj
irntfkhdJ xbthU dhoF
8 -1 mfwJ vd bghUgL.

vLJfhL
xU bjhlto 10 -2 vw uhd
KLfJl (vKLf) aFwJ
vwh, mj irntf xbthU
dhoF 10 -2 vw msF
FiwwJ vdbghUgL.

afK utfS
10 / ir ntf aF
kGJ x ir ntf 10 dho
50 / Mf khWglh mj KLf
vd?
irntf khWghL
KLf =
fhy
a=
a=

W
irntf

nkY mJ bfhnth
t.
v

bjhlf
irntf

fhy
50 - 10
10

40
10

= 4 / 2

nkTa vLJfhil bfhL,

KLffhd bghJthd thghil
fhzyh.
a vgJ KLfij, u vgJ
bjhlf irntfij v vgJ
Ko irntfij, t
vgJ
fhyij Fgjhf bfhlh,
v-u
a=
t

ntf
af
-1

k-1

1.

0.5

1.8

2.

kj

1.0

3.6

3.

tL

5.0

18

4.

P.T
ch

32.4

5.

Wij

24

90

6.

x
ntf

340

1224

7.

x
ntf

3 x 108

10.8 x 108

bra 15.7
btntW ngUJf af ga tU msLf UJ mj
KLf vthW mik vd fhf.
( a) uhd neF KLf
b) uw neF KLf c) R KLf
d) uhd vF KLf e) uw vF KLf
ntf ( k-1 )

fhy
( dho )

ngUJ A

ngUJ B

ngUJ C

ngUJ D

ngUJ E

2
4
6
8
10
12

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
8
6
4
2
0

0
4
6
9
12
14

3
6
9
12
15
18

20
18
14
8
3
0

15.4. afij tiugl _y FLj

bjhiy - fhy tiugl
fhy kW bjhiyF ilgl bjhlig tiugl _y vjhf mayh.
jFj ms lJl, fhyij X-mY, bjhiyit Y-mY bfhL
tiuagL tiugl bjhiy fhy tiugl vdgL.
239

myF-15

aa
uhd af

bra 15.8

KUf
btntW
elj
bjhiyf
FfgLsJ.

fhyf
tUkhW

fhy
(l)

bjhiy (l)

500

10

1000

15

1500

K.g. 5.00

20

2000

kJiu

120

K.g. 8.00

25

2500

beiy

270

K.g. 11.45

ehfnfh

350

.g. 1.45

Y
3000

yh
affhd
bjhiy-fhy tiuglij tiuJ,
yh ntfij fzLf.

2000

nfhL tiuagLwd.
it C
vw bto bfhtjh
ABC vw Knfhz cUthwJ.
tiugl BC vgJ bjhiyF
(S2 S1) rk. AC vgJ fhy (t2 t1)
F rk.
bjhiy
bghU ntf v =
fhy

1500

s2

1000

s1

500
0

10

15 t

20 t 25
2

bjhiy tJ nrU
(.)
neu

msl
X-m 1 br = 5 l
Y-m 1 br = 500

2500

bjhiy (l)

ruFJ (yh) xW U
UJ kJiu, Ubent kW
ehfnfhYF tJ nrU neuf
kW UUJ kJiu, beiy
kW ehfnfh Ma Cf
bjhiyf mltiz ju
gLsd.

30

v=

fhy ( l )
gl 15.1
F KUf rkfhy msf rk
ms uij flJsh. vdnt,
mt uhd ntfJl elJsh.
uhd
affhd
tiugl
nenfhlhf mik.
bjhiy - fhy tiuglUJ
bghU
ntfij
fhzyh.
tiugl AB vw WgFia
fUJf. A UJ XmF xU
brFJ nfhL, B UJ
Y-mF
kbwhU
brFJ
240

(S2 - S1)
(t2 - t1)

BC
AC

KLfgl af
(uw irntf )
kGJ xW uL dho fhy
ilbtf flj ufhd
mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.
gl 15.2 kG affhd
bjhiy - fhy tiuglij FwJ.
fhy
( l )
bjhiy
( l )

10

12

16

25 36

afK utfS
tiugl jikUJ kG bjhiyf khWghL nenfho
mikahjij fhzyh.. vdnt j tiugl uw afij FF.
Y
40

msl
X-m 1 myF = 2 dho
Y-m 1 myF = 5

bjhiy (l)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

X
2

10

12

14

16

fhy (dho)
gl 15.2

irntf - fhy tiugl

nenfho aF bghUbsh fhyij bghWJ irntf VgL
khWghil irntf - fhy tiugl _y Flyh.

uhd irntf (m) KLfkw af

kF 40 ./ k vw uhd ntf brY kG irntf - fhy
tiugl tUkhW mik.
F fhy X mY, irntf Y mY vLJ bfhsgLwJ.
Y

irntf ( k-1 )

40

C t1
1

t2 D

30
20
10
0

fhy (k)
gl 15.3
241

myF-15

aa

kG
lbgaahdJ,
irntf fhy tiugl ABCD-
milgL guF rk.

tiugl (gl 15.3) AC myJ BD

irntfij FF. CD myJ AB
fhy (t2 t1) I FF.

AC = 40 .. / k

gu

ABCDE

= ABCD vw brtf gu +
ADE vw Knfhz gu
s = AB x BC + 1 x ( AD x DE )
2

CD = (t2 t1) = 3 1 = 2 k
lbga = irntf x fhy
~ s = AC x CD myJ AB x BD

uw KLfkilj af

= 40 x 2 = 80 ..

uw KLf bgw affhd

irntf - fhy tiugl btntW
totf mik. gl 15.5 fhyij
bghWJ uw Kiw irntf khw
bgW kGJ x irntf-fhy
tiuglij FwJ.

uhd KLfkilj af
nrhjid Xl nghJ, uhd
fhy ilbtf kGJ x
irntff tU mltiz
bfhLfgLsd.

iintf
( k-1)
0
25
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5

0
5
10
15
20
25

50

irntf ( k-1 )

neu ()

kG affhd irntf
- fhy tiugl 15.4 jugLsJ.
Y

30

20

10

12.5
10

irntf ( k-1 )

40

bra 15.9

7.5
A

5
2.5
X

0
5

10

15

20

25

30

fhy (dho)
gl 15.4.

rkfhy ilbt irntf

khw
rkkhf
miktij
tiuglUJ mayh.
242

10

12

fhy (k)
gl 15.5

xbthU FGY 5 khztfis

bfhl A, B vw U FGfis
mikf.
U
FGfS
jjna 500 ilbt bfhl
xU rhiy U rf W
bfhL
mlij
flF
thfdf v, tif kW flF
neu Matiw 15 lfSF
FJbfhs bra. ilf
bgW k fUJ xbthU
thfd ntfij, mt
vjid thfdf ntf fLghL
viyia Wwd vd fzLf.

afK utfS
bra 15.10
uhFY mtdJ rnfhj uah
jfsJ tof gF
brwd. mtf xnu neu
oUJ
s xnu ghij
brwhY
btntW
neuf
gia milwd.

uhF flj uah flj

bjhiy
bjhiy
(..)
(.. )

fhy

mtf
flj
uf
mltiz bfhLfgLsd.
tf
bjhiy-fhy
tiuglij, xnu tiugl tiuJ
sf jUf.

K.g. 8.00

K.g. 8.05

1.0

1.0

K.g. 8.10

2.0

1.9

K.g. 8.15

3.0

2.7

K.g. 8.20

4.0

3.5

K.g. 8.25

--

4.0

15.5. af rkghLf (tiugl Kiw)

nenfhL ghij a vw uhd
KLfJl aF bghU xiw
fUJf. bghU irntf t fhy
u- UJ v-F khWwJ.
t
fhy bghU milj lbga
s MF.

A kW B vgit tiugl
Js U f.
A
bghU irntf mj bjhlf
irntf (u) MF.
B
irntf mj W irntf (v)
MF.

gl 15.6 bghUSfhd irntf

fhy tiuglij FwJ.

A
UJ
x-mF
xU
brFJ
nfhL
(AC),
y-mF
kbwhU
brFJ

irntf

nfhL (AD) tiuagLwd.

ijnghynt B-UJ BE
kW BF brFJnfhLf
tiuagLwd.
AG vgJ A UJ BEF
tiuagL brFJ nfhL MF.

Fl neu irntf
fhd rkghL

tiugl,
AC
vgJ bjhlf ir
ntf (u) it
BC vgJ W irntf
(v) it

fhy

CE vgJ vLJbfhl
fhy (t) ia
i r n t f
DF vgJ
khWghoid FwJ.

gl 15.6
243

myF-15

aa
KLf =
~ a=

irntf khWghL

DF

rkghLf (1), (2) kW (3) Mait

bghU af rkghLf vdgL.

fhy

< KLf

OF-OD

=
OE-OC
CE
Mdh OE - OC = t
v-u
~ a=
t
v - u = at

bghU xW brFjhf nkneh

vagLwJ. eh fhgJ vd?

~ v = u + at . (I)

lbgafhd rkghL
t fhy bghU lbga
s vf. tiugl,
lbga = CABE gu
s = brtf CAGE- gu +
Knfhz ABG gu
s = AC x CE + 1 (AG + GB)
2
F AC = u, CE = t, AG = t
GB = v - u = at (rkghL (1) UJ)
1
x t x at
s = ut +
2
1
s = ut +
a t 2 . (II)
2

Fl iy irntf
rkghL
tiugl,
lbga = rtf CABE gu
1
(AC+EB) x CE
2
F AC = u, EB = v, CE = t
~ s=

u+v
x t (II)
2
v-u
rkghL (1) UJ (i), t =
a
t kig ul
u+v
v-u
s=
x
2
a
2
2
v -u
s=
2a
2
2
v - u = 2as
~ v2 = u2 + 2as .(III)

~ s=

bghU irntf gogoahf

FiwJ bfhnl tJ bgUk cau
R MF. mjhtJ bghU v
KLfij bgWwJ. bghUshdJ
nH GnghJ mj irntf
gogoahf mfF. mjhtJ bghU
KLf bgUwJ?.
bghU
bgW
v
KLf
myJ
KLfkhdJ
p
irah VgLtjh mjid <
KLf vnwh. J g vd
FlgLwJ.
g - ruhr k = 9.8 /2 MF.
brFjhf
nkneh
vagL
bghU
irntf
xbthU
dho 9.8 Fiw. nH GnghJ
xbthU dho irntf 9.8
mfF.
nkneh vagL myJ nH
G bghUSfhd rkghLfis,
v = u + at2
s = ut + 1 at2
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
vw af rkghLf UJ
bgwyh.
nkneh vagL bghUfSF
a = -g kW s = h vd uL
rkghLfis bgwyh.
~ v = u - gt
h = ut - 1 gt2
2
v2 =
u 2 - 2gh
bghU neh jhnd jil
GnghJ u = o , a = g kW s = h
vdnt v = gt
h = 1 gt2 , v 2 = 2gh
2

244

afK utfS

15.6. uhd tl af

nfhz lbga

Xlgja u xUt tlghij

g tahf Xodh mtUila
af tl af vdgL.

tlghij aF bghUis,
tl ikaij izF
Mubtl flF nfhz, nfhz
lbga (q) vdgL. J nuoa
vw myfh mslgLwJ.

mjhtJ tlghij aF
bghU af tl af vdgL.
bghU xW khwhj irntf
tlghij adh mJ uhd
tl af vdgL.
uhd tl af irntf
vk
vyh
fY
khahf UF. Mdh, ir kL
bjhlJ khWgL. tlghij
aF bghU irntf vthW
FlgLwJ?
Kija
ghlgF
eh
bghU lbgaia bfhL
irntf
fzL
Kiwia
ghnjh. J nenfhL irntf
vdgL.
nghJ bghU flF
nfhz msit bfhL mj
irntfij Flyh. J nfhz
irntf vdgL.
nfhzij
vj
myfh
msLf? nfhzij o vw
myfh FLnwh. nuoa vw
kbwhU myif gagLjyh.

nfhz irntf
tlghij aF bghUis,
tl ikaij izF
MunfhL xU dho flF
nfhz ms myJ nfhz
lbga fhykhWghL j
nfhz irntf vdgL.
nfhz lbga
nfhz
=
irntf vLJ bfhS fhy
~ w = q/t
nfhz
irntf
vdbtW Tw Kokh?
nuoa
myfhF.

1 nuoa

dho

vgJ mj

nenfhL irntfF - nfhz

irntfF
ilnaahd
bjhl
B
r

tl MuF rkkhd
s bfhl tl tl
ika
VgLJ
nfhz
1 nuoa vdgL.

myF

r Mu bfhl tlghij tna

v vw nenfhL irntfJl
bghU xW aFtjhf fUJnth.
bghU nfhz irntf . bghU
t fhy A UJ BF eftjhf
bfhf. q vgJ nfhz lbga
vf. AB = s bghU lbga
nenfhL
=
irntf

r
245

lbga
fhy

myF-15

aa

AB
v= t

s
v = t (1)
S sK r Mu bfhl tl
ika VgLJ nfhz q v

S = r q

------------------ (2)

r
2- kig 1 ul v = t

Mdh t = w = nfhz irntf

~ v = rw
nenfhL
tlghij Mu x
=
irntf
nfhz irntf

15.6.1. ikanehF ir kW ika

yF ir
x xU Kid f
xiw fl. kWKidia if
oJ bfhL fiy gl csJ
nghy uhd ntf tlghij
RHYgo bra.

nghJ iy L l.
f af vthW mik?
ijnghynt
fiy
btntW
lf L mj af iria
fhz.
xbthU
Kiw
fyhdJ
tlghijF
tiuagl
bjhL
nfho
tna
nenfho
aFtij fhzyh.
Vbd
fyhdJ LgL , jdJ
nenfhonyna
bjhlJ
bry
KgLwJ. vdnt, fiy bjhlJ
246

mjhtJ tlghij af bra

xbthU Y f aF ir
khwgl ntL.
UJ bghUis tlghij
af, tna tlikaij
neh xU ir brYjgLwJ
vd mayh. j ir ika nehF
ir vdgL.
tlghij aF bghU
irntfF brFjhd ir,
Mu tna, ikaij
neh
bghU J bragL khwh ir,
ikanehF ir vdgL.
m iw bfhl bghU xW r Mu
bfhl tlghij tna, vw
nfhzirntfJl aFtjhf
fUJnth.
bghU
nenfhL
irntf v vf.
mv2
F=
r
F = mr2 (

v = r)

vLJfhLf
1)
 dh
flgLs
f
tlghij
aFnghJ,
ikanehF
irahdJ

Girah bgwgLwJ.
2) kGJ xW tis UnghJ
laUF,
jiuF
ilgl
cuh ir njitahd ikanehF
iria jUwJ.
3) nfhfNaidRaFnghJ
nfhfSF,
NaDF
ilgl <a ir ikanehF
irahf bragLwJ.

afK utfS
4) c
 fUit RtU vyuhDF
njitahd
ikanehF
ir,
vyuhDF
cfUF
ilgl iy a <
irah bgwgLwJ.

cliy cneh rhwh. F

bragL cuh ir (ikanehF
ir) ikayF ir (mv 2/ r) ah
rk bragLwJ.

nkY mJ bfhnth

Kj vLJfho f J
irahdJ tna ikaij
neh
bragLtij
ju
(ikanehF ir), fyhdJ if
J mjF rkkhd iria
tna ikaUJ btneh
brYJwJ.

miu
FwR

ikanehF ir vkF
rkkhf, ir vuhf mik
ir ika yF ir vdgL.

ahdJ
JUtgFf
rW
jilahf,
yeL
nfhL gF rW gUJ
fhzgLwJ.
yeLnfhL
gF

lkhdJ,
JUtgF lijl 48
mfkhf UF. yeLnfhL
gF cs Jff irntf
JUt gFf cs Jff
irntfijl mf.
vdnt
yeLnfhL
gF
cs
Jff
jhd
ikayF
ir mfkhf mik.
vdnt,
yeLnfhLgF rW gUJ
fhzgLwJ.

vLJfhL
1. j

filnghJ
ikayF
ir fhuzkhf btbz
ghu XuF brwJ.

2.
 to
ghij

eLtiunfhL

miu
belR

tlJUt

XLgt
tisthd
brYnghJ
jdJ

15.7. utf
utf XlUJ kbwhU
lF gutToait. utf
tiuaWfgl
fd
msit
bfhoUF. it bfhfy
totij bgUF. utfis
f mf
mKf irfSF
cgLnghJ f Fiwj msnf
gUk khw VgLwJ. vdnt,
utf
mKf
ayhjitahf
fUjgLwd.
247

myF-15

aa
15.7.1. nknehF cJ ir kW
j ir
bra 15.11
Kfit cs D a
jif JL xid mGJf.
f vd czf? mf
MH brYgo nkY mGJf.
btntW MHf f vd
ntWghoid czf?

bghUshdJ UF _UF
tiu us KfitahdJ
nyrhf csij nghy njhW.
Mdh
Kfitia iu L
btna vLFnghJ vil mfkhf
csij czuyh. UJ
ua Kfit vil UF
_UFnghJ, UF nkgu
csij l Fiwthf UgJ ngh
njhW.

15.7.2 Mo

MH mfF nghJ jif

JoF
mf ms
mGj
juntosij
mayh.
UJ
uhdJ
nkneha
ir jif Jo J iria
VgLJwJ vgij mayh.
jif Jo MH mff
mff uh jugL nknehF
irahdJ mfwJ.

Mo

utD VnjD xU
mGj p = hdg vgJ ehkjnj.
UJ
MH
mfFnghJ
mGj
mfwJ
vgij
mayh.
xU
bghUshdJ
ut
jFnghJ
myJ
_FnghJ,
mbghU mogu bragL
mGjkhdJ nkgu bragL
mGjij l mfkhF. tGj
khWgho fhuzkhf xU nknehF
ir bghU J bragLwJ.
ir nknehFcJ ir myJ
j ir vdgL. j irahdJ
btnawgL ut vilF
rkkhF.
j irahdJ btnawgL
ut
<ika
tahf
bragLwJ. ika j ika
vdgL.
utdh
bghU
J
bragL j ir fhuzkhf
248

M o
nuf ehil nrj
ma mP(287212 B.C). iya
kW k iya
t fLoj gy
Ka
jJtf
eilKiwgLjgLsd.
t jij xU thayhs.
iruhf ehL kd bAnuh
tuJ egD cwdU Mth.
t
jDila
f
kW
gfis, mfhy fgjF
wbgw
mby[hoah
fWbfhlh.

benfh
Mo vJ eho cs
tafSF
ghrdfhd

Uid fLojh. benfh

jJtij fLojtU tnu.

afK utfS
benfhiy
fLoj
kdid ghJ, "kdh vdF
F btna gjF X lij
jhUf, eh ia efJnw"
vW Tdh. nuh ehL, nuf eho
J ngh bjhLj ntis nuhk
fgf J gSthd vilfis
jhFtjfhd gy vua
fUfis totikJ jjh.

nufh
kiya f Kakhd
Mo jJt fLofgl
j aghdjhF. nuf ehL
kd mehL bghbfhyl
jfij
mJ
flSF
mgjfhf jf l brgo
flislh.
bghbfhyD
l brJ kdl rkjh.
lij
nrhj
kdDF
l
bghbfhy
bt
myJ jhu fyUgh vw
rnjf vGjJ. lij ijfhk
nrhFgo Mol Tdh.
Mo xUeh jdJ Fayiw
bjho
Ff
brwnghJ,
Fayiw
bjhoF
_F
ntis, mtuJ cl jgij
fll, cil mtij kwJ
nufh, nufh (fLoJnl!,
fLoJnl!)
vd
T
bfhL f Xodh.

bra 15.12
Mo
thif
kW
mtuJ thif elj ffis
ehlfkhf eof.

Mo jJt
xU bghU ghk ( ut
myJ
th )
jF
jil
_UFnghJ, mJ Hgjhf
njhW
vil,
btnawgL
ghk vilF rkkhf UF.

Mo jJtij rghF
nrhjid
RU
juhR
x
bfhUJ a f xid
fo bjhf Lf. fh f
vilid W1 vd FJ bfhs.
gl fhosthW KGtJ
us #ho x fiy bkJthf
UF _FkhW bra. f
vilia fLof. jid W2
vd FJbfhs.
Kfit vilia
FJbfhs.

W3

vd

nghJ f UF _Ftjh
t iu Kfit nrfJ mj
vilia
fLof. Ul
nrJ Kfit vil W4 vf.
juhR

nufh

tnjhL
#ho

btnawgl
Ul Toa Kfit
249

myF-15

aa
btnawgL vil (W4 - W3)
fLof.
UF _F f HF vil
(W1 -W2).
UJ (W1 -W2) = (W4 - W3)
vd Ugij fhzyh. UJ
Mo jJt rghfglJ.

15.7.3. xgl
ml
bghU ml vgJ XuyF
gUkDfhd bghU iw vd
tiuaWfgLwJ.
ml =

iw

aa juh
lJ gf
jo bfhUJ bfhLfgl
bghUis bjhfLf.
fh mj iw (m1 )ia
fLo. lJ jo J ka
nkilid itJ ua Kfit
xid itf.
bghU J vjj
fhW
Ff
xoUfhjthW,
bghUshdJ
Kfit
gf
Rtfis bjhlhjthW D _f
bra.
UF lbghU iw
fLof.

= m1

fzL

gUk

fh lbghU iw = m1 uh

ml myF Kg m-3

D lbghU iw = m2 uh

xgl
xgl
vgJ
bghU
mlF mlF cs
jf MF. xglF myF iy.

xgl fzLj
1. M
 o
jJtij
gagL, iu l fdkhd,
fiuahj l bghU
xglia fzl.

D lbghU HF iw

= ( m1-m2 ) uh
~btnawgL

iw

= ( m1- m2 ) uh
btnawgL

fdms
= ( m1 -m2 ) cc

(Vbd 1 uh fdms 1 cc
MF)
lbghU fdms = ( m1 -m2 ) cc
lbghU
iw
lbghU
=
ml
lbghU
fdms

lJ jL

Kfit

m1
m1 m2

g cm-3

m1
lbghU
myF
=
~
ml
m1 m2 iy

FL

ka
nkil
250

ml 1 br-3 )

afK utfS
2. iu l nyrhd lbghU
xglia fhz (jif)

3. ut xglia
fzLj
kW xgl fhzntoa
ut uoY fiuahj jhu
CrFoid
aa
juh
lgf jL cs lUJ
bjhfLf Cr Fo iwia
(m1) fzLf.
Cr Foid,
ka
nkil
J
itfgl
ua Kfit
xD
_f
brJ D Cr
Fo iw m2ia
fzLf.

jifia UF _f bra
jhu CrFL gagLjgLwJ.
jhu CrFoid aa
juh
lgf
jo
bfhUJ bjhfl.
ka nkilJ itfgLs,
ua KfitD Cr Foid
_f brJ mj iw(m1)ia
fLof.
jifia FL cs mnj
fo jifahdJ UF btY,
FL
UF
_UFgo
brantL. nghJ iw (m2)ia
fLof ntL.
nghJ jifia Cr FLl
nrJ foLf. uil UF
_UFgo brJ iw (m3)ia
fLof.
fh

jif
= (m2-m1) uh

L
Cr
Foid xgl fhzntoa
ut ua KfitD _f
brJ utD Cr Fo iw
m3 fLof.

fzL
fh Cr Fo iw = m1 uh
UF Cr Fo iw = m2 uh
utD Cr Fo iw = m3 uh
UF Cr FL HF iw

= (m1-m2) uh

iw

utD Cr FL HF iw

= (m1-m3) uh

jif iw = (m3 -m1) uh

Cr
FL
_Ftjh
btnawgL kW ut
fdmsf rk.

UF jif HF iw

= (m2 -m1) - (m3 -m1) uh

= (m2 -m3) uh

jif
xgl

ut
xgl

fh
jif iw
UF jif
HF iw

m2 m1
m2 m3

=
myF iy.

251

utD
HfgL iw
UF
HfgL iw

m1 m3
m1 m2

myF iy.

myF-15

aa
15.7.4. KGtJ myJ gFas
ut
_UF
bghUSfhd sf
bra 15.13
ua Kfit xid
vLJbfhs. rk iw bfhl
jif xid, U M
xid

gu
J
itf. vd fwJ vgij
ftf?.

uggLsJ. j isthf
fg jF nghJ btnaW
fdms, fg fLkhd
gfSF
gagLjgl
U
fdmsitl
mfkhf
UF. vdnt, fg jgdh
btnawgL

vilahdJ
fg vilial mf.
xU bghU ut rkiy
jgjF
mj
J
bragL
Uirf (1) brFjhf neh
bragL
bghU
vil
(2)
btnawgL utdh bghU
J bragL fu nknehF ir
rk bragl ntL. mjhtJ
nkTa Uirf vk
rkkhf,
vbu
irY
braglntL.
bghU
J
bragL, bghUdh btnawgl
ut fu nknehF irahdJ,
bghU
vilF
rkkhfnth
myJ mfkhfnth Ufyh. J
btnawgL ut <ika
tahf braglntL.

jif jwJ, M
UF _FwJ. jif kW
U
ml
ntWgho
fhuzkhf J fwJ. jif
ml, mlia l
Fiwthf Ugdh, jif
J bragLJ nknehFir
(jir), jif vilia
l mfkhf Ugdh jif
jwJ.
U
mlahdJ

mlia l mfkhf Ugjdh,

M J bragL nknehF
ir, M vilia l
Fiwthf Ugdh M
_FwJ.

jit f
1.
 jF
bghU
vilahdJ,
mjdh btnawgL ut
vilF rk.

xU
UJL
ghjur
jF.
Mdh

_F.
jF fhuz ghjur ml
(13600
-3),

mlia
-3
(1000 ) l mf. U
JL
_Ftjh btnawgL
ghjur kW fdmsf
UJo fdmsF rkkhf
UjnghY,
UJodh
btnawgl,
ghjur
vil
UJo vilial mfkhf
UF. Mdh, btnawgL
vil UJo vilia l
Fiwthf UF.
Udh bragl fg
jwJ. fhuz fg totik
mfms fhlkhdJ fhwh
252

2.
 jF bghU <ikaK,
btnawgL ut <
ikaK
(jit
ika)
xnu
brFJnfho mikantL.

nkY mJ bfhnth
fh
mlahdJ,
iAu# th mlia
l Rkh 14
klF mf.
iAu# th uggl g
vil, mjdh btnawgL
fh vilia il Fiwthf
UF.
uoF
ilgl vilntWghL gid
caJtjF cjwJ. vdnt,
iAu# uggl g fh
canu gwwJ.

afK utfS
utkh
Ugdh
ntWgLwJ.

bra 15.14
beah
bragl
a
clw
bghik
xiw
vLJbfh. mj fhF mU
a Jisl. Us mfw fy
xid vLJ mjD bghikia
jf l. fy thgFia
xU ug
jhid bfhL
Wfkhf fl. nkwUJ
ug jhis mGJnghJ, bghik
UF KFwJ.

ug jh mGjgLnghJ,
fyF mGj mfgjh,
bghik cs Jis tna
cFwJ. j isthf
bghik vil btnawgL
vilial mfkhf Ugjh
bghik UF _FwJ.

vil xnu
_F

msthf
ms

bghJ utkh
bghJ utkh xU khW _Fiy
utkh
tifia
nrjJ. utkh
0.80
ut xglid
neuoahf
msL
0.85
tif
msf
0.90
FfgoUF.
utkh fzhoah
0.95
bragl FWfyhd, uhd
1.00
jL csJ. jo
nkKid milfgL,
1.05
mj
gF
xU
1.10
fzho
FGlD
1
izfgLsJ.
1.15
fzho
FD
ghjur myJ a <a
1.20
FLf uggoUF.
j
vil
fhuzkhf
2
u t k h a h d J
utf
brFjhf
jF.
ut
xgl
fhz,
3
gl 15.7 bghJ utkh
1. jL 2. FHh
3. ghjurJl Toa F

utkhf
lbghUf
kW
utf
xglia
fhz
gagL
utkhf,
j
fis
mogilahf
bfhL,
totikfgLwd.

utkhia ut jf bra
ntL. utkh _F msit
jLgF cs msLf
_y fhzyh. tsthdJ ut
xglid FF.

utkhf uL
tifgLjgLsd.

bghJthf

mlial
mfkhd mlbfhl utfSF
xW, mlia l Fiwthd
ml bfhl utfSF xW
vd
Utifahd
utkhf
gagLjgLtUwd.

tiffshf

1. khwh

_F iy utkhf,
jifa
utkhf,
mj
vilahdJ, midJ utfY
xnu ms _FkhW khaikF
tif csJ.
2. k
 hW _F
jifa

iy

gh mlia, mj xgl
_y
msl
gagLjgL
ghkh, bghJ utkh tifia
nrjJ.

utkhf,
utkhf,
253

myF-15

aa
MFHh jit
MFHh
jit
vgJ
mogf jilahd uhd FWF
btL gu bfhl X MFHh
MF. MFHh jit ut _
F msit fla MFHh
mogFUJ, nkgf tiu
brol
msf
Ff
goUF.
jitia
ut
brFjhf
jF
tif
mj vilia MFHh <a
FLfisnah myJ kziynah
nrgj _y mffyh.
MFHh jitid, khW _F
iy utkhahf bfhL ut
xgl fl nrhjid
2

xgl

UFgo
ftdJl
jf
l. nrhjidFHh _F
MHij lkhW njhwiH yhk
ftdKl h 1 vd FJbfhf.
nrhjid FHhia bt vLJ,
J xdh mj J xoUF
Jfis Jilf. nghJ
jitid xgl fhzntoa
ut
jf
l
ntL.
(<aFLfis nrfnth, vLfnth
TlhJ). ut _F MH h2 vd
FJ bfhsntL.
jit UF
_F MH
ut
=
xgl
jit utD
_F MH
h1
ut

h2

njitahd ms <aFLfis
J, jhf nrJ myJ
nrhjidia L brJ h1, h2
msfis FJ mltizgLj
ntL.

jit _F MH

1. Ul #ho 2. 3. <aFLfSl
Toa msf Ffgl M
FHh 4.utJl #ho
rkms
bfhss
bfhl
caukhd U #hof x iu,
kbwh xgl fhzntoa
ut xid uLf. msf
Ffgl,
jilahd
mogu
bfhl
nrhjidFHh
xW,
utf
brFjhf
jf
njitahd ms <aFLfisnah
myJ kziynah uLf.
#hoF, nrhjidFHhia jf
itgjF VJthf nrhjid FHh
thgFia skhd dh fo
Lf. vil uggl nrhjid
FHhia Us #ho jf l.
nrhjid FHh fhWFf
xlhjthW,
FHhahdJ
#ho
gfRtfis
bjhlhjthW
254

ut
t.
xgl =
v UF ut
h1/ h2
(h1) br ( h2) br myF iy
1.
2.
3.
4.

mltizUJ
bgwgL
h1
=
ruhr k, ut
h2
xglahF.

sf
jitdh btnawgL
vil = a h1d1g
jitdh
btnawgL
ut vil = a h2d2g
F a-jit FWF btLgu
d1 - ml, d2 - ut ml

afK utfS
bt vLJ, cyu brJ mj
vil(w2) fhzntL. nrhjidia
btntW MHfSF jf brJ
kfis mltizgLjntL.

g - < KLf
uL KiwfY jit vil
xwhf Ugdh,
btnawgl ut vil =
btnawgl vil

jit vil
xgl =
t.
w1/ w2
v UF ut
myF
iy
(w1) . ( w2) .

a h 2d 2g = a h 1d 1g
d2
h1
d1

h2

ut xgl =

1.

h1

2.

h2

3.
4.

M FHh jitid, khwh _F

iy utkhahf bfhL ut
xgl fl nrhjid

uL
#hofY
jit
_F MHf rkkhf Ugdh,
jitdh btnawgL kW
ut gUk rk. j fgo
jF
bghU
vil
mjdh
btnawgL ut vilF rk.

MFHh jitid Us
#ho brFjhf _f bra
ij h
MH vd bfhf. M
FHh #ho moghfijnah myJ
gf
Rtfisnah
bjhlhjthW
ghJbfhsntL.
M
FHhid bt vLJ, xos
Jfis Jiljd mj
vilia fla ntL. jid w1
vd FJ bfhf. L M
FHhia xgl fhzntoa ut
uggLs #ho brFjhf
jfl ntL.

btnawgl vil
w1 = a hd1g ----------------------- (1)

btnawgl ut vil
w2 = a h hd1g g ----------------- (2)
rkghL (2) / (1)

w1

d2
d1

ut
jit vil

ut
=
xgl
UF jit
vil
bra 15.15

utDS mnj
h MH
jFgo,
njitahd
ms
<aFLfis nrfnth myJ
vLfnth
ntL.
jitid
2
3
1

w2

1.Ul #ho 2. 3. <aFLfSl

Toa msf Ffgl M
FHh 4.utJl #ho
255

j
gho
x
_oia vLJ bfhf. mj J
tiugljh WgFia xl.
xU fzho ls iu,
kbwhU fzho ls c
iu vLJ bfhf. _oid
kW c brFjhf jf
bra. (njitgo _oD
js kz nrf) jF
MHfis FJ bfhf. c
xglia fzLf. c
brid khaikJ, btntW
brfSF xgl fhf.

myF-15

aa

kL
- m
1. tU ntffis VWtir vGj.
( 7 /, 15 /k, 2 ./, 0.1 /dho )
2. t
 lghij RW bghU xW XuyF nenfhLirntfij
bgWsJ v, mj nfhzirntf, tlghij _________ rkkhF.
(MuF, Mu UkoF, Mu jiyF, Mu tf _yF)
3. b
 ghU xW X iyUJ af MuwJ. uL dhofSF
d, bghU mil KLfkhdJ mj lbgaia nghy _________
klF MF. (miu, uL, ehF, fhgF)
4. b
 jhiy - fhy tiugl vY r myJ rhUJ bgwgLtJ
_________ ( KLf, lbga, irntf, fhy )
5.
 irntf-fhy tiugl tistiuah milgL gu FgJ, aF
bghU _________ ( irntf, flj lbga, KLf, ntf )
6. x
 U 100 Xlggja uij btahs 10dho flwh v mtuJ
ruhr ntf _________. ( 5 /dho, 10 /dho, 20 /dho, 40 /dho )
7. ut gf mogil fltW bghUjhj xiw njbjLf.
m) utf xU Fl gUkid bgWsd.
M) utf mKf ayhjit. ) utf jdbfW xU totij bgWsd.

- M
8. jugLs goaUJ,
mltizia bra.

t.v.
aa ms
1
irntf
2.
KLf

(/, nuoa/2, nuoa,

/ 2, nuoa / )

myF

3.

nfhz lbga

4.

nfhz irntf

9. i) jugLs tiuglfis, mitf FL afJl bghUJf.

m) KLfkw
af

M) uw Kiw
KLfgl
af
irntf

irntf

(C)

(B)

(A)

tiugl

M) uhd Kiw
KLfgl
af
irntf

af

fhy

fhy

ii) tiugl B- bghU KLf vd?

256

fhy

afK utfS
10. 2
 0 m/s irntf aF Urfu nkhlh to 4m/s-2 KLfkilwJ.
UJ nkhlh to irntfijg mtJ ahJ?
11. n
 gUJ xW brid bruUJ 20 . bjhiyYs dghf
khd iyaij 45 lf brwilwJ. v,
i) ngU ruhr ntf vd?
ii) ngU rhuhr ntf V mj cikahd ntfUJ khWgLwJ?
12.
 tU glij
ilaf.

MuhJ

dhfSF

1.5 kg
3 kg

i)
 k bghU UF Hgjhf njhW
njhw vil vd?
ii) glUj f mJ bfhtJ ahJ?

13. TW : uhd tl af , irntf vk , ir btntW

irf khwhUF.
nkfl TW rah? jtwh? fhuz TWf.

-
14. ehza xW 3m/s irntfJl vw UJ RlgLwJ.
a) AB, CD kW C- mj irntf vd?
b) A
 C kW CE ir ehza KLf
vd?
c) A kW E fSF il ehza flj
bjhiy kW brFJ lbga ahJ?

15. r
 hjs J cUL brY g iyfis tiugl FwJ. gJ xU
iyUJ kbwhU iyF bry 0.5 vLJbfhwJ.

C
D
E
F

a) g
 af uhdjh? myJ uw afkh?
vd TWf.
b) 2.5 dho neu gJ flj bjhiy ahJ?
c) A

UJ F iytiu
irntfij fzLf.

257

ruhr

myF-15

aa
16. tU nef affis fUJf.
i) aF kGJ

iii) x
 U KGRid nkbfhS
gJ

ii) n
 kjsF V, nH wa
kj

a) nkfl vj nef, bghU lbga Rahf mik?

b) ckJ ilfhd fhuz jUf.
x

 iugl OA kW AB gFfUJ
i) t
mtJ ahJ?
 A kW AB gFf kG ntf
ii) C
ahJ?

ntf

17.
 tU
tiugl
kGJ
afid FwJ vf.

18. tiugl Kiw _W af rkghLfis jUf.

fhy

nkY ma
jff
1. General Physics - Morton M. Sternhein - Joseph W. Kane
- JohnWiley
2. Fundamentals of Physics David Halliday & Robert Resnick
JohnWiley
izajsf
http://www.futuresouth.com
http://www.splung.com
258

myF 16

ntiy, w, Mw
kW btg

myF-16

aa

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg

xU eh Fkh j jijia fhgjfhf mtf

betaYF brwh. mF ntiyahf, be_ilfis
yh VbfhoUjhf. Fkh mF ftij
fhQif, uhK vw ntiyah 1 k neu 32 _ilfis,
nrhK vw ntiyah mnj fhy ms 26 _ilfis yh
Vd. uhK jdJ jijl brW jh fltiw bjJ
V j ntWghL? vd ddh. mjF Fkh jij,
uhK, nrhKit l mf Mw bgwt vgjh ntWghL
fhzgLwJ vW gyjh. ntiy, w, Mw g thf
mJ bfhs FkhUF kwtfSF cjnth.

260

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg

16.1. ntiy

n# nfh #&

mwhl th eh "ntiy"
vW brhtj bghU, aa
gagLjgL
ntiy
UJ
ntWglJ MF. eik fisgila
br vj braY ntiy vdgL.
vLJfhlhf
gogJ,
vGJtJ,
tz LtJ, elgJ nghwit.

n# nfh #& , lid

nrj fwj ma mP
Mth. btg afa kW
a t brj
Mf
tiug
gyU ma brjd.
n d h l
btgis
rhj
fis jUjt.
nkY, Mw mik ia
nrhjid
_y
rghjt.
btg aua izkh
kid fljt. ntiy
kW Mw myFf tUila
bgauhd
#& vw myfh
miHfgL tUwJ.

aago bghU xJ
ir (F) bragL, ir bragL
ahdJ
ir
ir
lbga (S) miljh ntiy (W)
bragljhf TwgL.
bragL ntiy =

ir x lbga
W=Fs
i) b
 ghU lbga ir
ir mikjh gl 16. 1
fhoathW
irah
ntiy
bragLwJ.

16.2. Mw
Mw
thif
vgJ
rhaiy. Mw njit bjhlJ
mfJ bfhnljh csJ.
cUsitfS,
aufS
ntiy brtjF Mw njitgLwJ.

Na
fR

gl 16.1 ntiy br kj
ii) lbga irbahF vuhf
mikjh, irF vuhf ntiy
bragLwJ.

Tlf
(module)
fy
ndw
fLgL

iii) lbga irF brFjhf

mikjh
bragl
ntiy
RahF.

ntiy myF
ntiy myF #& ( J ) MF.

fy

bghUbsh J xU l
ir bragL, bghUshdJ ir
ir 1 lbga miljh
irah bragl ntiy 1 #&
MF.
ntiy bga myFf
(i) nyh #& (1000#&)
(ii) bkfh #& (10 yr #&)

ne Rik
Na Mw
bghU
xW
ntiyia
brtjfhd w mj Mw vd
tiuaWfgLwJ.
261

myF-16

aa
a

y Mw _yfis TWfns.
1. Na
3. ____________

2. ____________
4. ____________

Mw myF
Mw
ntiyia
bfhL
mslgLtjh Mw myF
#& MF.
xU #& Mw brylglh
bragL ntiy ms xU #&
MF.

Mw gntW tiff
eh thG cy Mw btntW
tiff fhzgLwJ. vu Mw
nt Mw, x Mw, btg Mw,
dhw kW x Mw nghwit
Mw y Ka tiffshF.

vu Mw
bghU xiw efj
myJ
lbga bra gagL Mw
vu Mw vdgL. vu Mwiy
Utiffshf fyh.
m) iy Mw M) af Mw

16.2.1. iy Mw
bghU
xW
mj iyia
bghWJ myJ mj ig bghWJ
bgWs Mw iy Mw vdgL.

vLJfhLf
1. j
 iuUJ bghUis caj
bragL ntiy mj iy
Mw MF. v.fh gSFj
2. miz
nrfgL
iyahw f mf.
mizUJ
uhdJ
cauUJ btnaW nghJ
mJ RH rfufis af
brJ,
dhw
cg
bragLwJ. Jnt,
cg jJtkhF.

262

njf

bra 16.1
m

kh

ca
dGj
f

RH rfu
cg iya
bra 16.2
_ u xid bfhL,
xid brf. bka
Fdh bragl
m x xU Kidia
GJflgl
m
J bghUJf.
id
GJ
mid brYJf.
tot VgL
kW khwfis
TJ
m
ftf.

tot
VgL
khwfdh
nrfgL
iyahw af Mwyhf kh
mid af brwJ.
guUJ cajgl bghU
iy MwYfhd nfhit.
guF nkny bghU xiw
Fl cau caj,
caiy
p
irF
vuhf
bragL
m
ntiyahdJ,
m
bghU
iy
Mwyhf
nrf
gL.
h
F
m iws bghU
xiw guUJ
m
h cauF bfhL
moiy
brtjhf fUJnth.
gl 16.2
jid bra ir
njitgLwJ.
bghU jhd
neha p ir = mg

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
gl 16.2 fhoathW bghU h cau
bfhL bry iria vJ
ntiy braglntL. bghU
J bragl ntiy, mbghUSF
MwiyjUwJ.

bra 16.3
btntW
iyf
iy
Mwiy fhf. m=10 kg kW
g =10 ms-2 vd bfhf.
1. Ep(X) = ____________

~ bragL ntiy

2. Ep(Y) = ____________

= ir x lbga

w = F x h

F=ma

w = mgh

a=g

j ntiyna
MwyhF.

3. Ep(z) = ____________
wsitia fLof.

F = mg

bghU

iy

~ Ep= mgh

ulh js

X
3m

Kj js

2m

4m
5m

P
jiujs

8m

braKiw 16.4
P, Q, R iyf g iy
Mwiy fhf. m = 5 kg kW
g =10 ms-2 vd bfhf.

1. Ep(P) = ____________
2. Ep(Q) = ____________
3. Ep(R) = ____________
UJ iy Mw btntW
cauf btntwhf mik
vgij mf.

R
263

myF-16

aa
16.2.2 af Mw

af MwYfhd nfhit

bghU xW mj afdh
bgWs
Mw,
af
Mw
vdgL. bghU af Mw
mj ntfij bghWJ mfwJ.
Fl
irntf brY
bghU
af
MwyhdJ,
bghUshdJ
mirntfij
bgWtjfhf bragl ntiy
msF rkkhF.

m iw bfhl bghU xW v vw
bjhlf irntfJl aFtjhf
fUJnth. bghUis X iyF
bfhLtu mj J F vw vir
jugLwJ vf. iy bghU
X iyia mil Kd flj
lbga S vf.

vLJfhL 1
Ra
af
Mw,
Mid RtD CLU
bry cjwJ.

bghU af Mw Ek vf .
bghU af Mw Ek vgJ
bghUis x iyF bfhLtu,
irF vuhf bragl ntiy.
Ek= F S ---------------1
vir F= m a -------------- 2
bjhlf irntf u = v
W irntf v = 0
_whtJ af rkghogo,
v2 = u 2+ 2aS

V
aFj
vir
V

0 = v2 - 2aS

vLJfhL 2

(F a vgJ vKLf)

JghUJ
btgL
Fo af Mw fhuzkhf,
FlhdJ
yFbghUis
CLU brwJ.

2aS = v2

lbga, S =

v2
2a

-------- 3

rkghLf (2), (3) I (1) ul

Ek= ma x

v2
2a

Ek = 1 mv 2
2
264

mv2
2

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg

16.3. Mw mik
bra 16.5
5 iw bfhl v~F gJ xW 5 cauUJ neh Ggo
bragLwJ. g = 10 ms-2 vd bfhL mltiz cs kfis
flJ brf.
jiuUJ
v~FgJ cs
cau (m)

afMw

iy Mw
Ep=mgh

Ek =

#&

1
2

mv2

bkhj Mw
E = Ep + Ek
#&

#&

5
4
3
2
Mwiy Mfnth, mfnth ayhJ. xUtif Mw kiwjh mJ kbwhU
tif Mwyhf khwkil. myJ bghU Mw khwf VglhY
bghU bkhj Mw khwhUF.

jhnd jil G bghUSF Mw mik ia %j:bghU J btw irf (cuh irf) braglh iy bghU
bkhj vu Mw khwhUF vgij fhzyh.
m iw bfhl bghU xW, jiuUJ h
A cauYs A vw UJ nH Gtjhf
fUJnth.
A vw
af Mw Ek= 0

iyMw Ep= mgh

B
h

bkhj Mw E = Ep +Ek

= mgh + 0
E = mgh

bghUshdJ neh
GnghJ B vw
Ugjhf
fUJnth.
iy
bghUshdJ
A vw UJ x
bjhiyit
flJsJ
vf

B vw
bghU irntf v2 = u2 + 2as

h-x

v2 = 2ax
1
bghU af Mw Ek =
mv2
2

= 1 m (2gx)
2

= mgx

C
mo iy

= 0 + 2ax

265

myF-16

aa
bghU iy Mw Ep = mg (h-x)
bkhj Mw E= Ep +Ek

= mg (h - x) + mgx

ntiy bragL j myJ

xuyF neu bragL ntiy w
vW tiuaWfgLwJ.

= mgh mgx + mgx

w =

E= mgh

bghUshdJ
milwJ vf.

vw iyia

bghU irntf v2 = u2 + 2as

(u=0, a=g, s=h)
v2 = 0 + 2gh

v2 = 2gh

bghU af Mw Ek =

1
mv2
2

bghU bkhj Mw E = Ep + Ek

E = mgh + 0
E = mgh

nkfltUJ
_W
iyfY jhnd jil G
bghU iyahw kW af
Mw TLj khwhk csJ
vgij mnwh.
<a ir bragLtdh
bghU
vu
Mw
khwkiltiy.

16.4. ntiy bragL

( myJ ) w

w myF #& / dho. J

th vdgL. j FpL W
1 th =

= 1 m (2gh)
2
Ek = mgh

16.5. w myF

bghU iy Mw Ep= 0

vLJbfhl fhy
P=

C vw ,

bragl ntiy

bra 16.6
fltW vjF w mf
vgij
MuhJ
njbjLJ
fhuz mf.
U rfu nkhlh thfd,
kJ, ngUJ, th}
266

#&
1 dho
1 W = 1 J s-1

n# th (1736-1819)
cy bjhJiw
fhuzkhd
uh
vuij nkgL
totikj vua
bghahs
kW
fhyhij nrj
fLoghs vw
bgUikFat
n# th.

uF

n#
th
mtf
uh
vu bjh Eg Fj
Mt bfhlt.
mnghija
vu totikf cUisahdJ
bjhlJ FfgL L
NnlwgLtjF f mf Mw
zhwJ vd fljh. n#
th uh vu totik
a khwfis brJ jahf
Fghid bfhL Mw
zhtij Fiwjh. j _y
vukhdJ mf wid mf
gaDW wid bfhL iy
kthdjhf
mika
bgwJ.
Fiuw vw a fUid
n#
th
mKfgLdh.
w S.I myfha th t
bgauhnyna tHfgLwJ.

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
tf Kiwyhd w myF nyh
th kahF.

Mw khwf

eh gagLJ dhwYfhd
flz myJ nyhthk
vw myfh fzlgLwJ.
thk = w tho x fhy k

vLJfhL
xU 100 W w bfhl sF
10 kneu gagLj gLnghJ
brythF Mw vts?
Mw = 100 th x 10 k
= 1000 th k = 1 nyh th k
Jnt xU vdgL.
~ 1 = 1 nyhth k = 1000 th k
xU nyhth k vgJ xU
k neu
1000 th w
gagLjglij FF.
1 nyhth k = 1 nyhth x 1 k
= 1000 th x 60 l
= 1000 #&/dho x 60 x 60 eho
= 1000 #&/dho x 3600 s
= 3.6 x 106 #&
~ 1 = 1 nyhth k

= 3.6 x 106 #&

bra 16.7
cf Lf gagLjgL
tU rhjdf wfis
(tho) flJ vGJf.
FH sF

mizUJ
btnaW

iyahw, af
Mwyhf khWj

xth

x Mw ,
dhwyhf khWj

bjhiyfh
Hgl fU

x Mw,
dhwyhf khWj

x fy

x Mw,
dhwyhf khWj

ryit
bgo

dhw, btg
Mwyhf khWj

xgh

dhw,
x Mwyhf khWj

dhw, af
Mwyhf khWj

sF

dhw,
x Mwyhf khWj

16.6. btg
btg vgJ xUtif MwyhF.
bghU xW vj ms Nlhf csJ
myJ Fahf csJ vgij
btgiy vw ms FLnwh.
btgiy vgJ bghU mls
btg Mw msit jUkh?
juhJ. btgiyia kL bfhL
btg Mw msit ma KoahJ.
wF, vthW btgij msLtJ?
bghU vilia cztJ nghy
vnyhU vjhf btgij czu
Ko. Mdh btgij msLtJ
vilia msLtJ nghy mts
vjhdJ my. btgdh VgL
isit bfhnl mjid msl
aY.

khtiuF vu

Ka brf

Nnl

xU Mwiy vLJbfhs
40th sif vts neu
gaLjntL?

Frhjd

500 th nkhlh 4 k neu

bragLnghJ brylgL Mw
ahJ?
267

myF-16

aa
mj

bra 16.8

btgiy ca bghU jikia

rhjJ. nkfl brafUJ
bgwgL Ko ahJ? btgiy ca
iw kW bghU jikia
rhjJ. U msf bkhj
isit sf btg Vw vw
msid gagLjyh.

xnu khahd _W jokdhd

fzho
Kfitfis
vLJ
bfhs. x 50 iu,
ulh
Kfit
75

iu, _wht 100 iu

vLJbfhs. mt Mug
btgiyia FJbfhs.
jjahf (rhuha) sF xiw
bfhL Fl neuF (Rkh
5 lf) btggLj ntL.
xbthY btgiy cait
fzl. (F vyhtF
rkkhf btg jugLsJ)

16.6.1. btg Vw (Thermal Capacity)

bghUbsh btgiyia 1 K
caj njitahd btg Mw
ms mj btg Vw vdgL.

nkfl
braUJ
vyh
tY btgiy ca rkkhf
csjh? iy. btgiy ca
_Y btntwhf mikwJ.

mj
btntW iws xnu bghUSF
rkkhd btg jugL nghJ btgiy
ca rkkhf mikahJ. Mdh iw
kW btgiyia bgUtU
ms rkkhf miktij fhzyh.
vdnt iw kW btgiy
ca bgUf kig btgij
msL msthf vLJ bfhsyh.
bra 16.9
xnu mss _W fzho
Kfitfis vLJ bfhs.
rkiws , kvbz kW
njfh
vbz
Matiw
vLJ
bfhs.
_iw
jjahf 5 l neuF
sif bfhL btggLj
ntL. nghJ vyhtF
btgiy
ca
btntwhf
miktij fhzyh.
1

jid #] / bf (JK-1) vw
myfh Flyh.
bra 16.10
xnu iwila f
kW iu bt

Rkh xU k neu f
itf. wF fiy
xU ifahY iu
kbwhU ifahY bjhL ghf.
nghJ f, iul mfkhf Nlh
Ugij mayh.
nkfl braUJ btntW
bghUf
btg
Vwf
btntwhf
mik
vgij
cznwh.

jbtg Vw (s) (Specific heat capacity)

nkTa
braUJ
btg
Vw
bghU
jikia
rhJsJ vd, xnu iw bfhl
btntW bghUf btntW btg
Vwid bfhLsd vd
mayh. jid fU bfhL
jbtg Vw vw kbwhU
msid tiuaWfyh.

1. njfh vbz
2. kbzbz
3.

1 nyhuh iws bghU

btgiyia 1 K caj njitgL
btg Mw ms mbghU
jbtg V w vdgL.
j myF #]/./bf (J Kg-1k-1).

268

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg

16.7. iykhw (Change of state)

th

l
bghU

ah

kW ghjur jbtg
Vwfis xLf. magLtJ
ahJ? nghJ, bghU xW bgWs
btg
Mwiy
fzLnthkh?
tU vLJfhil ftd
bfhs.
5 .uh iws ghjur
btgiyia 10 K caj njitgL
btg msit fzLf.
ghjur jbtg Vw
= 140 JKg-1K-1
btgVw = btgiyia 1 k
caj njitgL btg
btg Vw = iw x jbtg
Vw = mS = 5 x 140 = 700 J K-1
jugL bkhj btg =
btg Vw x btgiy ca
= 700 x 10 = 7000 J
vdnt bghUSF jugL bkhj
btgfhd rkghL tUkhW.
jugL bkhj btg (m) bghU
=
VW bfhl btg (Q)
iw (m) x jbtgVw (S) x
btgiy ca (q)
Q = mS q

ghjur jbtg Vw
140 JKg-1K-1.

jbtg
Vw
ghjur
jbtg
V
widl Rkh 30 klF mf.
mjhtJ 1 .. iu 1 K btgiy
caj njitgL btgij
bfhL 30 .uh ghjur
btgiyia 1 K cajKo.

kh

nkY mJbfhnth

mjhtJ 1 .. btgiyia
1 K caj njitgL btg Mw
ms 4180 #] vd mayh.

bghUf l, ut kW th (M)
nghw _W iyf csd vgJ
eh midtU mjnj. t
liy vgJ ekF mf gHfkhdJ
MF.
eik R vyh lfY
th iy cs bghUshd fhW
NJ UjhY ekF th iy
eF mUfToajhf iy.
l kW utiy bghUfns ekJ
nfh mfkhf csit MF.
bghU xiw btggLJnghnjh
myJ
mUJ
btgij
Fnghnjh
VgL
Kakhd
isfis gfUJnth.
btggLJ
nghnjh
myJ
btgij
Fnghnjh
bghU
xUiy UJ kbwhU iyF
khWgLwJ vgij eh mDgt
czJnsh.
bghU xU iy UJ kbwhU
iyF khWgL f iykhw
vdgL.

1)  jbtg Vw 4180
MF.

JKg-1K-1

gj

vLJfhL:

cUFj / ciwj

ut
ciwj

cUFj
btggLJ nghJ btgij
vLJ bfhL l bghU utkhf
khW f cUFj vdgL.

cUFiy
vj
xU
khwh
btgiy
lbghU xW utkhf khWwnjh
mbtgiy mbghU cUF iy
vdgL.
269

myF-16

aa
bra 16.11
fzho Kfit x gfo JLfis
vLJ bfhL m xU btgiykhia
bghUJf. vd fwJ vgij ftJ
Koit TWf.
gfo
KGtJ
uhf
khWtiu
0
btgiykhahdJ 0 C msonyna UF.
gfoahdJ RWw fhYs btgij
vLJbfhL uhf khWwJ (cUFwJ)
J xU khwhj btgiy (00C) eilbgWwJ.
j btgiyna gfo cUFiy
vdgL. vdnt. gfo cUFiy 00 C.

bkG cUFiy

btgiykh

nrhjid FHh x nghJkhd

ms bkGif vLJbfhf. nrhjid
FHh thia ug milghdh
_oa wF mj tna btgiykh
xiw bkGD _ UFkhW
brYj. nrhjid FHhia Us
KfitD itf. nrhjid
FHhYs bkGF KGtJkhf cU
utkhF tiu iu btggLj.

bkGF

r Rl
sF

wF btggLJtij WL,
bkGif
Ful.
bkG
0
btgiy
30 CF
tUtiu
xbthU lF xUKiw mj
btgiyia FJ bfhf.

tiugl
cs
ilkl
nfhofhd
btgiy
bkG
cUF iyia jU. j khwhj
btgiy
ut
bkGfhdJ
lbghUshf
khwgLwJ.
bkG cUF iy 570C. utiy
cs bkGF l iyF khWnghJ
mj fd ms Fiw.
270

A
btgiy

fhyij x-mY, btgiyia

y mY bfhL tiugl tiua.
tiugl AB gF bkGF ut
iy csij CF l
iy csij fhL.

Y
utiy
khwh btgiy
57o C B

C
l iy
X
fhy

bfhj (Boiling)
ut
iy
cs
bghU
btgij vLJbfhL mj th
iyF khwkil f bfhj
vdgL.

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
bfhiy

bf u

vj
xU
khwh
btgiy
utbghUshdJ, mj th iyF
khWwnjh mbtgiy mut
bfhiy vdgL.

t xU aayhs kW
bghahs. btg afaiy g
vnyhUF bjaitjJ tuJ
Kakhd
gf
kW
rhjidahF.
b t g i y i a
msgjfhd msit
f L o j t .
btgiy
ga
msga rhjidfhf tuJ bganu
btgiy myfhf
bf
vW bgalglJ.

bfhiy
btgiykh

r Rl
sF

nrhjid FHh js iu
vLJbfhf.
btgiykh
F klF
rW nkny
UFgo
btgiykhia
bghUj.
nrhjid
FHhia
btggLj.
btgiykh
cs ghjur nkny brW 1000C
iyahf F. j iyahd
btgiyna bfhiy MF.

fFiwj btgiy vdyh. J

0 K (m) -2730 C vd FlgL.
midJ bghUfS jR
btgiyia l mfkhd vyh
btgiyfY btg fir
cG.
bf ms(K ) = bra ms + 273
bra ms(0C) = bf ms (K ) - 273
btgiyia bf ms
FLnghJ ghif (degree) FpL
nghlntoa mtaiy.

16.8. bf btgiy msL

bghUbshiw
bjhlJ Fu
itjh mj btgiy bjhlJ
Fiw.
Mdh
xU
Fl
btgiyF

bghUis
Fuitf ayhJ.
xU bghUis Ff Toa
f Fiwj btgiyiana bf
0 vd Flh. j btgiy
jR btgiy vdgL. jid 0
K vd Flyh.
jR
btgiy
_yTWf af KGtJkhf
WL. vdnt bghU btg
Mw R MF. vdnt jR
btgiy vgij eh milaToa

Tk = Tc + 273
bra kW bf msL
271

myF-16

aa

Mait khWgLwd. vdnt t

xiw khwhk itJ bfhL
kw U msfSF ilna cs
bjhlig mtJ vjhf mik.

thf
bra 16.12
fhahd,
cyj
FLit
x
th
gF
g
xiw bghUj. FLitia
NLgLj.
g
VgL
khwid ftf. bjhlJ
btggLJnghJ g ms
bjhlJ mfF. J
V VgLwJ?

bra 16.12UJ btgiyia

bghWJ fd ms kLnk khWgL
csJ.
Vbd
g
khwhj
btw
mGjF
vuhf
jil tilwJ. btgdh
mGj kL VgL khwij
vthW sfyh?
fhW fhjthW Wfkhf _lgl
cnyhf ghu xW btggLj
glh vd fG?
F fdms khwhJ. Mdh
mGj
mfF.
ghuij
mfkhf btggLjgLnghJ, mj
_o mf mGjij jhf Koahk
btna jsgL.

uhg gh

FLit kW g cs fh
mGj btgdh mfwJ.
(mjhtJ
btgdh
mGj
mfwJ.)
btggLJtij
Wlh vd fG?

uhg gh vgt aa
kW nta brj
MfSfhf w
bgwt. gh ia
jUjt. t Kj
ed ntayh vW
fHglh.

g RUf MuF. mjhtJ

mGj
Fiwtij
fhL.
wsitia fLof.
bra-16.12
btggLJnghJ
fh mGj mfgjhnyna
g tilwJ. F FLit
kW g cs fh fd
ms btgdh mfJsij
mayh.
btg
jugLnghJ
th
mGj kW fdms uL
khWgL.
l,
utbghUf
fdms khwij kL fz
bfhsgLwJ.
btgiyia
bghWJ thf fdms myJ
mGj myJ uoY VgL
khwf VgLwJ.
thf tilnghJ mj
fd ms, mGj kW btgiy
272

tuJ fUgo 1661 M ML

Kj
gUbghU
JffSF
jk vw w bga juglJ.

16.9. th f kW th
rkghL
th f
thf tilnghJ mj
fd ms, mGj kW btgiy
Mait
khWgLwd.
vdnt
t xiw khwhk itJ
bfhL kw U msfSF ilna
cs bjhlig mtJ thf
vdgL.
khwhj btgiy th x
fd ms kW mGj VgL

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
khWghofhd bjhlig jUtJ gh
ahF.

bra 16.13
gl fhoathW x CLUt
Toa kU (Syringe) x
KidgFia
milJ
Lf.
lid bkJthf mG
bkJthf
bt
1 Gf.
vd
fwJ
vgij
TJ ftf.

gh
btgiy
khwhk
csnghJ
Fl iws th mGj
mj fdmsF vjf mik.
khwh btgiy P vgJ th
mGj kW V vgJ fdms v

1
v

10

pv = kh

gl
l
msf
Ffgl
kU
milgl
fh gUk _lgl
KF FHh

rhy

mGj
khwhk
csnghJ,
btgiy
kW
fdmsfhd
bjhlig jUtJ rhy myJ
fdms vdgL.

5
4
3
2

fdms
khwhk
csnghJ,
btgiyia bghWJ mGj
VgL khWghil TWtJ rhy
(myJ) mGjfhd
vdgL.
mjhtJ V T (m) V / T = kh
mGj : fdms khwhk
csnghJ, Fl iws th
mGj mj bf btgiyF
nejf mik.
(m)

1. l

1
0

fdms : mGj khwhk

csnghJ,
Fl
iws
th fdms mj bf
btgiyF nejf mik.

mjhtJ P T

3
4

2. msfSl kUJ C
3. milfgl fh gUk
4. _lgl _F FHh

th rkghL
gh kW rhy fSF
cgL ea th xmGj,
fd
ms
kW
btgiy
tilgl
bjhlig
fhQ rkghilna thrkghL
vnwh.
P-mGj,
Vfdms,

P / T = kh

T- btgiy v

#hF rhy (1746-1823)

t xU buR ehil nrj fLoghs. ma
mP. fj mP balloonist vw w bgwt. gh
aa nguhauhf gahat. btgiy kW
fdmsF ilgl bjhlig jUjt. tuJ M
_y, rk btgiy ntWghoF btggLjgLnghJ,
midJ thfS xnu ms RU, til vd
maglJ. Kj iAu# gid totikjj _y
bgU fid, nguhjuit bgwh. ut khia
fLojtU tnu.
273

myF-16

aa
gh go, T khwhk csnghJ P 1/V
rhy go, V khwhk csnghJ

PT

uil nrf
t
p
~ PV T myJ PV = RT
v
F R vgJ j kh nkY, J th kh vdgL. R = 8.31 Jmol-1K-1.
n vgJ th cs nkhf vif v PV = nRT. J ea th
rkghL vdgL.

kL
- m
1. b
 ghUbsh J irah bragL ntiy vF v, bghU
lbgaahdJ _________ UF
(ir ir/ ir irF vir).
2. x
 U bghU No ms (m) F ms vgJ mbghU _________
(btg, btgiy).
3.
 fhQ bghUf bgWs Mw jik mogil khWgl
xiw J vLJ vGJf.
(afYs fh, bjho nrfgL , nkir Js jf,
afhj iy cs )
4. dhw tfKiw myF _______ (#&, #&/dho, th, nyhth k)
5.
 tUtdtW 4180Jkg-1K-1 jbtg Vw k bfhl utid
njbjLf (ghjur, kbziz, , njfh vbz)

- M
6. g
 lfis
MuhJ,
xbthU
fY ntiy bragLwjh?
iyah? vgij T sFf.
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
7.
 ia R tU Jiznfh
J <a irah bragL ntiy ms vd? cfsJ ilfhd
fhuz vGJf.
8. j
 nghJ Lf, kw cnyhffis l jhujhyhd mogF bfhl
rika fyf gagLjgLtnj?
9. g
 lfis
ghf.
xbthU
rhjd
fG Mw khwfis
FLf.
(ii)

(i)
274

(iii)

(iv)

ntiy, w, Mw kW btg
10. tUtdtiw bghUJf
iykhw
1) Mahj
2) Fj
3) ciwj
4) gjfkhj

cjhuz
m) fu vj
M) ,gfoahf khWj
) uh
<) kiH

11. 4
 0 vils uh#h, xbthW 16 br cau cs 20 gofLfis
20 dho VWwh v mtDila w vd?
12.
 fhQ glfis ghf. mKfgL RU nrfgL
iyahw ms vd?
13.  bfhiy 100K T cs jtW/jtWfis fLoJ, bf
10 br.

F = 10 N

6 br.

(ii)

(i)
ms Kiw rahf vGJf.

14.
 nH jugLstUJ, rahd ilia
bfhL fhQ
mltizia brf. ( vu Mw, x th, xgh )
t.v

Mw khw

1.

dhw

2.

xMw

fU
nkhlh

dhw

-
15. f
 yh, jDila g ma Mtf bkG cUFiyia
fl Mid brwh. M nghJ mt Fj, cUa bkG
btgiyf tUkhW.
fhy (l)

btgiy C

0
1
2
3
4
5

85
80
70
60
57
57

57

bkG
ii)tiuglUJ
cUFiyia fLo

7
8

54
48

iii) t
 iugl jilahd gF
bkG iy vd?

i) n
 euij X-mY btgiyia
Y-mY
bfhL
F
tiugl tiuf.

275

myF-16

aa
16. j
 hnd jil nH G bghU x
iyf gl jugLsd.

A vw

af Mw = 0,

iy Mw = mgh

B vw

af Mw = mgx

C vw

af Mw = mgh ,

iy Mw = 0.

jiu
m) B
 vw bghU iy Mwiy fhf.
M) A,B kW C vw iyf bghU bkhj Mw fzLf.
) b
 khj Mw VnjD khWghL csjh? KoUJ mtd ahJ?
17. bkG cUFiy fl nrhjidia tf.

nkY ma
jff
1. Physics Foundation and Frontiers

- G.Gamov and J.M.Clereland Tata Mc Graw Hill

2. Complete Physics for IGCSE Oxford publications

izajsf
http://www.edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/n_renew/energy.htm
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com
http://www.physics.about.com

276

myF 17

xa

myF-17

aa

xa
ir FG

dh, mtsJ bgnwhU Ukz tunt f xF

brUjd. mUj irFGYs xbthUtU ir
f bjhlF K jKila irfUid, o ,
jo, moJ rbrJ bfhoUjij dh flh. dh
mtSila jijl "mtf V mthW brjd?" vd
ddh. mjF mt , rahd mfis , iria
clhf mthW brjd vd sdh. dh , kwtfS
xidg J bfhs eh ghl _y cjnth

278

xa
17.1. x clhFj
e mwhl th xahdJ KagF twJ. x_ykhf jh ekF
brfis gkhbfhs KowJ.
irbah ekF kia jUwJ.
t
 hbdh kW bjhiyfh xf ekF njitahd jftf kW
bghGJ nghFfis jUwd.
thfdf xgh rj eik vrif brwJ.
bra 17.1
iz,
ffis
fia
nfSf.

bra 17.3
jh kW ta
Lf,
mW
ghUf,
Xiria

(i) Cjiy CJf.

mGJf,
(ii) xghid
xia nfSf.

xgh

Cj

iz

thW
RuLj,
njj,
CJj, Lj, moj, FYFj
nghw nkTa braf _ykhf
bghUfUJ xia clhfyh.
itaidJ bghUfis mw
brwd. jdh fh cs Jff
mWwd. xF Ka fhuz
mf vdyh. mf vgJ
bghUf a, K, afkhF.

ta

jh
bra 17.2
(i) k mof / fofhu myhu
xia nfSf.
(ii) Fah ou ir fUia
mogjh clhF xia
nfSf.

bra 17.4

ou

myhu

f nfF xia tU mltiz tifgLj.

t. v

njj

CJj

Lj

moj

1.
2.
3.
4.

ta

Cj

jh

ou

279

myF-17

aa

17.2. x guj

uhg gh vw ma mP
x btl tna guthJ vd
%jh. mt gl 17.1 fhoathW
fzho
FLitD
rhu
kia mikjh. btlkhF
fUbfhL
J
jhf
fhiw FLitUJ btna
x ms Fiwtij fhodh.
KGtJkhf
fhiw
btnaa
wF x nffiy vd %jh.
FLitD L fhiw brY
xia nff brjh.

bra 17.5

gu J f xiw vf.
f Gj UJ gl
fhgJ ngh tl tot miyf
midJ irfY Knd
gutij fhzyh.
xahdJ
x_yUJ
nfFeUF
Clf
tna
guwJ. mW bghUf
K, af fhuzkhf x
miy guwJ.

Clf
vj bghU tna xaiyf
guwdnth mjF Clf vW
bgauhF. ClfkhdJ l, ut myJ
th bghUshf Ufyh.

Clf
Jff
miy
afF
cgLtjh,
miy
afkhdJ bjhlJ xU JfUJ
mLjLj JffSF khwgL.
xbthU JfS mjF K cs
Jfis l J neu fJ
mtila bjhlF. Clf
Jff l bgauhk xU JfUJ
kbwhU JfSF khWghL kLnk
Knd brwJ. J nghynt x
miyf guwJ.
izF

ug milgh

krho

rhu k

btlkhF
fUF

gl 17.1 .fzho FLitD rhu k

280

xa
17.3. beliyfS FWfiyfS.
miyf

fhj miyf
(FWfiyf)

vu miyf

v.fh. x miyf
mff kW w
Cjh ff

FWfiyf
( nkgu
cUthF
miyf)

beliyf
(x miyf)

beliyf
bra 17.6
RU xiw vLJbfhSf. gl fhosthW xU Kidia
f oJ bfhL, kWKidia cf egid oJbfhSkhW
TWf. gl fhoathW RUid Lf.

jnghJ RU iy cfsJ eg gf jSf. RU iy cf

ifah kh kh js Gf brf. RU gl fhoathW
miktij fhzyh.

C
C - beUf

R - be

ClfYs Jff miy gu irF izahfnth myJ mt

irnynah mWtjh clhF miyf beliyf vdgL.
v.fh. x miyf
Jff mW ir
miy gu
ir
x miyf fhnyh myJ thnyh beliyfshf guwd.
281

myF-17

aa

Clf tna beliyf gunghJ gl 17.2 fhoathW beUfK

be cUthwd. beUf vgJ mf mGj cs gF , be vgJ
Fiwj mGj cs gF.
beUf

be

irfit

gl 17.2 beliyf

FWfiyf

KfL : eLiy UJ nk
nehF ir ClfJf
bgUk
lbga
KfL
vdgL.

bra 17.7
skhd f xU Kidia
#d fo kbwhU Kidia
Wf oJ bfhSf. nghJ
gl fhoathW ifia nkY
Gkhf Ro Lf.

 LiyUJ

mfL : e
nehF ir ClfJf
bgUk
lbga
mfL
vdgL.

gl fhoathW nk
afij,
FWfiyf
clhtij fhzyh.

Jff mW ir
miy gu
ir

v.fh uiyf,
f mf

GJflgl

fhy

ClfJff, miygu irF,

brFjhd ir mWtjh
cUthF
miyf
FWfiyf
vdgL.

lbga

KfL

mfL

FWfiyf Clf tna

KfL, mfLfshf gl 17.3 fhoathW
guwd.
282

gl 17.3 FWfiyf

xa
FWfiyf kW beliyfSF ilnaahd ntWghL.
FWfiyf

beliyf

ClfJff, miygu irF ClfJff miygu irF

brFjhf mWwd.
izahd ir mWwd.
KfLf, mfLf cUthwd.

beUfK befS cUthwd.

l kW ut nkgu tna
guwd.

l, ut kW thf tna
guwd.

v.fh. uiyf

v.fh. x miyf

FWfiyf fhW myJ thf tna gutiy. V?

tiuaiwf:

mbt
(n):
ClfJf
xU dho nkbfhS KG
mf vif mbt
vdgL. j myF bA (hertz).
1
n=
T

bjhiy

irntf =

xahdJ
fh
brY
ntfijl, IJ klF
ntfkhf, U UgJ klF
ntfkhf brwJ.

nkY mJ bfhnth

Mdh n =

fhy

x irntf ( 3 x 108 / )
MdJ x irntfijl
(340 / ) f, f mf.
xahdJ
xial
a klF ntf
khf brwJ. j
fhuzkhfjh
o
d nghJ, d
W Kj ygLwJ.
d
onahir
nfwJ.

miygu

2T
fhy

nkY mJ bfhnth

miy irntf, mbt,

kW
miys tfhd
bjhl.
neu

miy s ()

miys (): mW Jf, xU

mF vLJ bfhS neu,
Clf
miygu
bjhiy
miys vdgL. j myF l.

T dho
bjhiy =

O
R

miy fhy (T ): xU KG mid

nkbfhs ClfJff vLJ
bfhS fhy. j myF dho.

miy s ()
lbga

R (a ): eLiy UJ
Jf mil bgUk lbga R
vdgL. j myF l.

, v=n
T
irntf = mbt x miys

283

myF-17

aa

17.4. x vbuh
bra 17.8
jokdhd mil (myJ) tiugl milf _ykhf bragl xnu
khahd uL FHhfis vLJ bfhf.
FHhfis nkir J itJ,
Rt mUnf nkiria mikf. xU
FHh wj KidfU fofhu
xid itJ mj vrif
kia mG xid gl
fhoathW, kbwhU FHh tna
nff.
FHhfSF
ilgl
nfhzkid r brJ bgUk x
nfFkhW bra.
nrhjid
KofUJ
fofhu
xahdJ,
xia
nghnw
vbuh miltij czuyh.

mil

iu
brFJ

br

xahdJ kiyfshY, caukhd fllfdhY vbuh mil.

17.4.1. vbuh (ECHO )

eh VgLJ xahdJ fhLf myJ kiyf myJ fllfdh
vbuhJ myJ blGJ e brfis vbuhahf tJ milwJ.
vLJfhlhf, xUt VgLJ xahdJ, bghUfdh vbuh milj
d uL myJ _W Kiw nffgLwJ. jifa xf vbuh
vdgL.
bra 17.9
xU Fif myJ Ruf ghijD W mf
rjJl x vGf. f x vGa a
fhy ilbtF L x rjij
nff KowJ.

gL
miyf

vbuh
miyf

f vGa xrjkhdJ, Rtiu milJ

L eik tjila rW fhy jhkj miltdh
vbuh nfwJ.
nfl o fhuzkhf ekJ _is xahdJ xU dho 1/10 gF
x bjhlJ czugLwJ. vbuh _ykhf eik tjil. vj xU x 1/10
dho 34 bjhiy gaz brUF. vdnt vbuh nffglntLbk
xia vbuh mila br jilbghUshdJ FiwjJ 17 bjhiy mika
ntL. V? Muhf.
284

xa
irntf =

bjhiy
fhy

bjhiy

= irntf x fhy

= 340 x 1 / 10

= 34 .

gKf
vbuh
fhuzkhf
vbuhghdJ xWF nk gyjlit
nfwJ.
xahdJ
vbuh
gufsha
nkfTl
kW
ygFfsh L L vbuh
miltjh o KHf nfwJ.

17.4.2. v KHf (Reverberation)

xU bga miw VgLjgL
xahdJ, miw Rtf gL
L L vbuh milJ
mj nfF jik RahFtiu
oUF.
gKf vbuh fhuzkhf, x
nfl oUF jik vKHf
vdgL.

bfhl bghUfshyhd mKfgl

eh mil, iuiyf kW
shl nghw bghUfsh nkR
bragoUF.
ghitahsf
mkU Uiff xia cftU
g mogil bj bra
gLwd.

17.5. brz beLf

xahdJ mW bghUfsh
cUthwJ. 20 Hz Kj 20,000 Hz tiu
mbt
beLf
bfhl
xia ekh nff KowJ. ekJ
brdh
czuToa
beLf
bfhl xiriffis kjf
brz
beLf
vnwh.
(1 Hz = 1 RW / dho )
20,000 Hz F mfkhd mbt
bfhl x bah vdgL.
btsthf
yneuf
bahfshF.

kW
lhf
vG
xf

20 Hz F Fiwthd mbt
bfhl x Fbwh vdgL.
ekh
bahid,
Fbwhid nff Kotiy.
Mdh y Fl Uff bah
kW
Fbwhfis
cUthf,
czu brwd.
bA %lh bA (1857 - 94)
b#k ehil
nrj
ma
mP
bA,
Kj
Kjyhf
nuonah
miyf
Ugij M
_y
%jh.
u t f
Mahj g M brJsh.
t thiy M Fj
ehlKilat.
mbt
myfha RWf / eho tuJ
bgauhnyna bA vw myfhf
khwglJ.

xg Tl
fiy muf, bga miw, iu
muf kW xg Tlf
nghwt
VgL
mfkhd
vKHf UgjfhjJ MF.
vKHf
neu
xU
Fl
cfj(optimum) kigl mfkhf
Uj TlhJ. v KHf neukhdJ
ngF
0.5
eho,
irF
1 Kj 1.5 eho Uj ntL.
v KHf neuij FiwgjF,
fiymuf nkTiu, Rtf
nghwit x cftU jik
285

myF-17

aa
kj kW btntW Uff brz beLf (Hz)

1000 - 1,50,000

20 - 20,000

kj

btsth

16 - 12,000

70 -1,50,000
lhf

ahid

900 2,00,000
16- 40,000
fleh
gR

bra 17.10
fhiy
Kj,
u
tiu
f
nffToa
cfsh
VgLjgL btntW xfis
vQfns.

100 - 32,000

17.6. bah gaghL

id

bah tfnzhl vgJ

jnghJ eilKiw cs fU cs
Rid M br ghJfhghd,
F isfhj
Jakhd,
kW
kthd KiwahF.
KiwahdJ
b j h l J
gagLjgL,
jnghJ
xbthU
fUw bgfl
fUts g mJbfhsToa
jf ayhj eilKiw fUahf
kh csJ.

40 - 46,000
eh

1000 - 1,00,000
Ka
286

xa
17.6.1. nrhdh

irntf v kW bah flj bkhj

bjhiy 2d v

nrhdh
vgJ
bahfis
gagL, fl MH, Ufo
cs bghUf bjhiy, ir,
kW ntf Matiw msf Toa
fUahF.

vxt
2
thW jilbghU bjhiy
fl Kiw vbuh beLf
vdgL. j _y fl MH,
flYF
cs
gkiyf
l, _ fg bjhiy,
gghiwf kW _a fg
iy nghwtiw ma Ko.

(Sound Navigation and Ranging)

2d=vxt,

d=

bra 17.11

fg

bjhlto iya cs
eilnkil
W
bfhL
cfis neh tU kW flJ
brY
bjhlto
Cj
xia nfSf.

gu

cz

bah
Jo

vbuhfgl
Jo
fl mojs

gl 17.4 bahia mD gu
VF cz
fg bghUjgoUF nrhdh
fU, bahfis gugToa
gu, bahfis czuToa
cz csJ.
guahdJ
bahfis
cUthf,
gug
brwJ.
tiyf UF gaJ fl
mojs
cs
bghUf
J nkhjYw vbuh bgW
czdh czugLwd.

17.6.2. xa lhs is
bjhltoahdJ eik neh
tUnghJ
Cj
x
RU
mfkhtJ nghW, bjhltoahdJ
eik flJ brYnghJ RU
FiwtJ nghW njhW.
x _yUJ xU iyahd
bjhiy nfFe Ughnuahdh,
mt nffToa x RU,
x_y cUthF x RU
xwhfnt UF. Mdh x _ynkh
myJ nfFenuh (myJ) uL
af csnghnjh nfFeUF
x mbt xU khw
UgJ nghy njhW.

czugL bahf czdh

iriffshf
khwgL
jFj
jftfshf bgwgLwd.

vbuh beLf
bahf
guggLtjF,
VfgLtjF
ilyhd
fhy
ilbt t vf. UF x
287

myF-17

aa

x _yF, nfFeUF il xU rhaf csnghJ x

mbt njhw khw VgL f lhs is vdgL.

oa n#hA lhs (1803 - 53)

t Ma ehil nrj fj kW aa
mP Mth. 1842M ML uil fUJ
tU tz xiaga M _y lhs
isit fljh. x_y af csnghJ,
mJ cUthF x RU njhw khw VgL
vw fUid btlh. tuJ fUJ irntf
kW bghUf bjhiy fl KiwfSF
f gaDsjh mikJsJ.

xa lhs is gaf
n
 ulh (Radio Detection and Ranging) - lhs is jJt mogil
bragL nulh fUia bfhL _fg kW th}f
af kW irntf flagLwJ.
n
 ghFtuJ fLghL thfdUJ, ntfkhf brY thfdij neh
iknuh miyf mDggLwd. aF thfdUJ vbuh bgW
miyf, fLghL thfdYs gFgh cjdh czugLwJ.
mbt VgL lhs lbga _y thfd ntf
fzlgLwJ.
t
 h} iya cs nulh _y bgwgL lhs lbga
cjl th} cs cau, ntf, beUF th} bjhiy
nghwit fzlgLwd.
b
 tsthf bahfis cUthF kW czU gfbfhlit. iu
kW jil bghUf gL vbuh mil bahf VgL lhs
lbga _y btsthf iu bjhiy kW afij mJ
bfhwd.

dh
is vbuh

bah
miyf

btsth

288

xa
kL
- m
1. e
 h iria nfFnghJ, xahdJ
( lbghU, utbghU, th )

guggL

Clf

________

2. xia clhF Kiw mogil khWgl xid njbjLf.

th ir
fU

iz

yhFH

ehjtu

3.
 fl glfUJ, vj gl xahdJ fh guggL fid
FwJ?
miyguj
mW irfit
(i)

(ii)

4. bfhLfgl
mbt
goaUJ
njbjLf.
(2000 Hz, 20,000 Hz, 30,000 Hz, 10,000 Hz)

bah

mbtiz

5. jaJo kh bragL jJt ________ (vbuh , gKf vbuh)

6. brz beLf mogil khWgl xid njbjLf.

ahid

btsth

lh

Ka

- M
7. tUtdtiw bghUJf.
m)
M)

nkgu njhW
tl tot miyf
x miyf

(ii) fhj FWfiyf

x miyf

(iii) vua FWfiyf

(i) beliyf

289

myF-17

aa

8. A
 kW B vw U muff mUfUnf flgLsd. xbghahs
mtuffis M brJ flthW mif mJsh.
nkfl
muffUJ,
xU
muf v KHf neu
mufij
A
1.5 s
(i) f
 Ujuf
(myJ)
brhbgh
B
0.5 s
fF kbwhiw
(ii) fiyffSfhf njbjLf.

9.
 Kfg bghUjgLs nrhdh fUahdJ 5 dho fhy
ilbt guggl xiriffis bgWwJ. KfgUJ
bghU bjhiy 3625 v , x irntfij fzLf.
10. e
 h tF miwf vbuh nfgiy, bga Tlf vbuh
nfwJ. V?
11.
200
(i) gl A , B kW C vd Flgl iyf
350
500
viy vrif x vG fofhuid
350
itjh, nfFeUF bgUk x nfF?
(ii) cfsJ ilfhd fhuz jUf.
12. f
 iyauf myJ iu muFf nkTiu kW Rtf iuiyfshY,
mKfgl eh milfshY _lgoUgnj? sFf.

-
13. fhQ gl miy xid FwJ.
(a) glid tiuJ x,y,kW z vw
khf bgafis FLf.

lbga

x
O

z
fhy

khfisbfhL
(b) nkfl
miy
irntffhd
rkghoid jU.
(c) F
 WfiyfSF, beliyfSF
ilna
cs
VnjD
U
ntWghLfis vGJf.

nkY ma
jff
1. Know about Science - sound - Dreamland
2. V.K.Science, Physics, Class IX - S
 atya Prakash, V.K. (India)
Enterprises, New Delhi - 2
izajsf
http://www.alcyone.com/max/physics/index.html
http://www.dmoz.org/science/physics
290

brKiwf

brKiwf

brKiwf goa
t.
v
1.

2.

3.

4.

nrhjid
nrhjid nehf
bga
jhtubr
btfha njh
jfhf bghU
(jfhf eGt)
xiw jahJ, jhtu
brfis mj

rLgut

kfuj

rhnww

njitahd bghUf

fhy

btfha FH,
fzho wf,
fzho iy,
fzho eGt,
bk y myJ
rh~u, r,
cRjh kW
Enzh

40
l

cUisHF
Mkhnfh
_y rL gut
fia mj.

cUisHF, f,
rfiu fiur,
f, rhanka ,
F^f Kjad.

40
l

kfuj fis
fzho eGt
, va
Enzh
ghj kW gl
tiuJ ghff
Fj.

kyf, va
Enzh, fzho
eGt kW C

rhnww
iryFHhf
tahf jh
eilbgWwJ
vgij fhJig
jhtuij gagL
%j.

rh myJ f,
, nah rha
myJ t ik kW
fhJig jhtu.

jahfgl ghua
fzhoiy
dfhz

TL Enzh,
ghua fzho

40
l

40
l

5.

ghua

6.

gh ik ghkhia
gagL gh
ikia fhz

gh, ghkh

7.

EQf FsJ fhzgL

3 EQfis
dfhz

FsJ, TL
Enzh, fzho

40
l

8.

v
MfAh

v MfAh,
my fyj
bghlha il
Fnuhnk, nrhjid
FHh

40
l

Clf cs
v MfAhiy
fhLoj

292

40
l
40
l

brKiwf
t.
v

nrhjid
bga

nrhjid nehf

njitahd bghUf

9.

ut
fdmsit
msl

fiurf
fdmsit bgil
gagL msl

bg (20 )
Kfit (250 )

10.

jkw,
jkW j
f fiurf
jahj

jkw, jkW
j f
brs btntW
fiurfis
jahj

Kfit (100 )
a
nrhoa FnshiuL

fhy
40
l

40
l

11.

cnyhff x
cnyhff
bra wfis brawfis
mj
msl

nrhjid FHh,
40
fha, Jjehf kW
l
jhu Pb(NO3)2, Zn
SO4, CuSO4

12.

my
cWfis
flj

bfhLfgl
cYs my
cWig flj

nrhjid FHh,
fhgnd c, rng
c, FnshiuL c,
j HCl, AgNO3,
BaCl2

40
l

nfhs tot
bghU
x l
flj.

bta msia
bta ms, nfhs
bfhL nfhs
tot bghU (j
totbghU l Cr FL)
flj.

40
l

j Cr
x
sF
mj miy
fhyF
ilgl
bjhlig
flj.

j Cr
miyfhy
flJ, l/T2xU
kh vd %j.

lbghU
ml
flj.

mlia l
RU juhR.
jis FL,
mfkhd ml
bfhl lbghU Ul Toa Kfit
mlia
Mo
jJtij bfhL
flj

40
l

btgiy fhy ilgl

bjhlig
flj.

bfhiyia
flj nkY
F tiugl
tiuj

Ul Toa Kfit,
btg_o,
Kfh, jh, f
tiy

40
l

13.

14.

15.

16.

293

j Cr fU (
jh, Cr FL,
, sgl jif,
WJ fofhu)

40
l

brKiwf

1. jhtu briy mj
nehf
btfhanjh jfhf eGt (jfhf bghU) xiw jahJ, jhtu
brfis mJ bfhSj.

njitahd bghUf
btfha FH, fzho wf, fzho iy, fzho eGt,
bk y myJ rh~u, r, cRjh kW Enzh.

brKiw
1. btfha xU JL gFia bto, mj cw mLFfUJ
njhiy bjLf.
2. fzho eGt x xU J btfha njhid itf.
3. xU J bk y myJ rh~u rhaij btfha njh nk
itf.
4. mf rhaij F bghUL ij fGt.
5. xU J rid itJ fzho iy bfhL _l.
6. fzho iy Xuf cs mfgoahd rid cRjh
cjbfhL f.
7. fzho eGtij Enzh _y Kj Fiwj cUbgUf MwY
d mf cUbgUf MwY ghf.

fhgJ
l, brtf tot brf brffis mL itfglJ nghw mik
fhzgLwd. xbthU brY shkhrid R fhzgL brRt
kW Jffsh Md irnlhshrjh NHgl, mlj tzKila
cfU(a) tiw bgWsJ. br ikagFia thFnth
usJ.
(4) fzho
eGt xU J
iu itj

(1) btfhaFH JL

(5)
(2) briy ndh Gj

(3) bka btfha njhiy

GJ bjLj

(6) fzho eGt

bghUJtjfhd goiyf

Enzh bj brf gl tiuJ, a, thFnth kW

brRt tiw Ff.

294

brKiwf

2. rL gut (Mkh) fid mj

nehf
cUisHF Mkhnfh _y rL gut fid mj.

fUJ
myJ fiugh _yTWf mj br mfkhd lUJ mj
br Fiwthd lF xU miuflJ r _y lbga miltJ
rLgut (Mkh) vdgL.

njitahd bghUf
cUisHF, f, rfiu fiur, f,
Kjad.

rhanka , F^f

brKiw
1. cUisHid vLJ, mj njhiy f.
2. H mogFia bto, jilahf.
3. mj ikagF clw Fia VgL, mF rfiu
fiuriy vLJbfhs.
4. rfiu fiur Mug klij F^ah Ff.
5. j cUisHid rhanka bfhl f itf.
6. j cgfuzij J neu mgona itUf.
7. rfiu fiur Wklij msf.
F^

rfiu fiur
rhanka

cUisHF

fhgdtiw fl mltiz g brf.

rfiu fiur
Mug kl ()

rfiu fiur
W kl ()

Mug klF W
klF ilna cs
ntWghL ()

mtJ
_________ fhuzkhf rfiu fiur kl _________ kW _________.

295

brKiwf

3. kfujfis Enzh ghj

nehf
kfuj fis fzho eGt , va Enzh ghj
kW gl tiuJ ghffis Fj.

njitahd bghUf
kyf, va Enzh, fzho eGt kW C

brKiw
m) bfhLfgLs kyUJ kfuj fis nrff.
M) kfuj fis, C cjbfhL fzho eGt itf.
) fzho eGtij Enzh _y ghf.

fhgJ
1. kfuj xU xiw bryhyhd mikig bfhLsJ.
2. J uL mLFfis bgWsJ. bt ciwahd vir Kf
cilajhf c ciwahd il UJthf fhzgLwJ.
3. J xiw ai[ irnlhshrij bfhLsJ.
Enzh _y fl kfuj mikig gl tiuf. bt ciw, c
ciw, irnlhshr kW a tiw Ff.

296

brKiwf

4. rhnww eilbgWtij %j
nehf
jhtuf rhnww iryFHhf tahf jh eilbgWwJ vgij
fhJig jhtuij gagL %j.

fUJ
ntdh crgl kW fk cf iryFHhf tahf nkneh
jL _y fljgL f rhnww vdgL.

njitahd bghUf
rh myJ f, , nah rha myJ t ik kW fhJig
jhtu.

brKiw
m) Us rh xid vLJ m WJf nah rha myJ
tikid nrf.
M) rh thgFia xU Jis ug milghdh _l.
) Jis tahf fhJig jhtuij EiHf.
<) j cgfuzij
itUf.

vj

jkhd

ilW

mgona

Jneu

jhtu

ug milgh
rh
nah
fiur
xbthU 10 l fhy ilbt fgtiw fL mltiz
gbrf.
t.v

fhy ilbt

1.

10 lF wF

2.

20 lF wF

3.

30 lF wF

fhgd

mtJ
joY iy eufY t w nfhLf fhzgLtJ _________ I
%wJ.
297

brKiwf

5. ghuaij flj
nehf
ghua fzho xW jah brJ mjid TL Enzhdh
cW nehFj. mjid gl tiuJ ghffis Fj.

ghua fzho jahj

x
 U y itnfh JQFfis f nghL 3 ehf
ewhf Cw itfntL.
i
 tnfh JQFf
cUthwd.

mGFnghJ

mt

ghua

 f cs j xU brhil fzho itJ
TLEnahdh cW nehfntL.

dfhz
fzho fhzgLtJ xu br yfhd ghua MF.

cWnehf
1. ghua mik 2. ghua af.

6. gh ikia flj
nehf
ghkhia gagL gh ik jikia flj.

njitahd cgfuzf
gh kW ghkh

jJt
100 . ghiy f vLJ m ghkhia jf lntL. ghkh
gh J _, L jf MuF. mbghGJ ghkh c ms
gh ik jikia czJ.
t.v

gh

1.

100 .

iy

2.

100 .

10.

3.

100 .

20.

4.

100 .

30.

ghkh ms

Ko
thW ghkhia gagL gh ikjikia fhzyh.

298

brKiwf

7. FsJ iu gagL y EQfis fhz

nehf
_W EQfis FsJ fhz. mt gl tiuj.

njitahd cgfuzf
xU f ms FsJ , fzho, TLEnzh.

brKiw
 U brhL FsJ iu fzho itJ mij TL Enzhdh
x
cW nehFj.

cWnehf
fhzgl EQ _iw milahs fL, mt gl tiuj.

Ko
fhzgl EQf.
bga
gl 1

bga
gl 2

bga
gl 3

299

brKiwf

8. bfhLfgLs Clf v MfAh csij

flj.
nehf
Clf v MfAh csij flj.

njitahd cgfuzf
v MfAh, my fyj bghlha ilFnuhnk fiur.

brKiw
xU nrhjid FHh 5 .. my fyj bghlha ilFnuhnk
fiuriy vLJ bfhsntL. mjD xU brhL v MfAhiy L
FYfntL. mjfiur bkJthf gir wkhf njhW. J Clf
MfAh csJ vgij fhLwJ.

fhgd
t wkhf njhw Toa Fnuha ma gir wkhf khWwJ.
nrhjid
my fyj
bghlhail
FnuhnkLl
xU brhL
v MfAh
nrfgLwJ.

fhgd
mtd
__________ wkhf Uj __________
fiur __________ wkhf csJ vgJ
khWwJ.
%fgLwJ.

Ko
Clf __________ csJ %fgLwJ / %fgliy.

nrhjid KaJt
 J mUatfis fla j nrhjid gagLwJ. J xU
k
Rthrfhiw gFgh brKiw.

300

brKiwf

9. bgil gagL fiur fd msit msl

nehf
bfhLfgLs wkw kWk wKila fiurf fd msit bgil
gagL msl.

brKiw
Fl fd mss bgil vLJ bfhs ntL. bgil dh
fGa , vLfgl ntoa fiurdh fGt ntL. bgo mogFia
fiur gF itJ, bgo ms FpLFnk, fiur tUtiu
c Mfho uyh eF mGj ntL. f ghitF vuhf, ilkl
nenfho bgo msFpL UFkhW itf ntL. bgoYs
Mfhou E mGjij FiwJ fiur bkJthf btnaWkhW
brJ, fiur iwjs ms Fia bjhLkhW bra ntL. (wKila
fiurYF nk iwjsij fU bfhs ntL) bgo gFia
nrffy itJ, u Eia bgoUJ vLJ l ntL.
bghGJ bgoUJ fiur btna fy nrffgLwJ. mslgl
fd msit mltizgLj ntL.

mltiz
tir
v

fiur
bga

fiur w

iwjs

fiur
fdms

Ko
bgil gagL mslgl fiur fd ms = __________ .

Kbdrif
tikf myfis myJ fhufis bgo _y cRjiy
jf.

301

brKiwf

10. jkw, j kW jf fiurf jahj

nehf
jkw, j kW jf brs btntW fiurfis jahj.

jJt
xU Fl btgiy, mf ms fiubghU fiuJs fiur jkw
fiuryhF.
Fl msFnk fiubghUis fiuf ayhj fiur j fiuryhF.
brf fiuriy l mf ms fiubghUis bfhl fiur jf
fiuryhF.

brKiw
100 fzho f 25 ms Jhaiu vLJbfhs ntL. 2
ms nrhoa FnshiuL cig nrJ eF fyf ntL. c KGtJ
fiuJL. bghGJ fiur jikia ftf ntL.
fiurYl nkY mf ms cid nrJ fyf ntL. fzho
f mo c fiuahk UF tiu nrf ntL. bghGJ fiur
jikia ftf ntL.
fiurYl nkY cid nrf ntL. y lf tiu fiuriy
btggL cid fiuf ntL. btggLJtij WL,
fiuriy Fuitf ntL. goff cUthtij, fiur jikia
ftf ntL.

mltiz
tir
v

nrfgl
c bga

nrfgl
c ms

Ko
ilfbgw fiur tiff

1.

2.

3.

302

fdms

fiur
brjik

brKiwf

11. cnyhff bra wfis mj

nehf
bfhLfgl cnyhff x brawfis (ne jik) msl.

jJt
cnyhff x brawfis, xU cnyhf kbwhU cnyhfij
gothFtj _y flgLwJ.

njitahd ntbghUf
fhg, by kW cnyhfJff, byienu, fhg rng kW
rng fiurf

brKiw
bra 1
5 msyhd byienu kW fhg rng fiurfis uL
nrhjid FHhf jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms fhg
cnyhfij uL nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwij flJ
FJ bfhs ntL. (uL FHhfY ntkhw vJ ftiy).

mltiz
tir v

vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf

nrfgl
cnyhf

bra 2
5 msyhd fhg rng kW rng fiurfis uL nrhjid
FHhfY jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms by cnyhfij
uL nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwij flJ, FJ
bfhs ntL (by cnyhf fhg rng fiurYl id Mdh
rng fiurYl idtiy).

mltiz
tir v

vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf

nrfgl
cnyhf

bra 3
5 msyhd fhg rng kW byienu fiurfis uL
nrhjid FHhfY jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms
cnyhfij uL nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwid flJ,
FJ bfhs ntL. ( cnyhfkhdJ fhg rng kW byienu
fiurfSl idwJ.)

mltiz
tir v

vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf

nrfgl
cnyhf

Ko:
cnyhff x braw tir = ________>________>________.
303

brKiwf
12. my cWfis flj
(i) fhgnd my cWig flj
nehf
bfhLfgLs cYs my cWig flj.
v.

nrhjid

fhgit

1.

xU MFHh 1 . cig
vLJbfhL, mjDl 2-3
j iAnuhFnsh myij
nrf.

CO2 th btnaWtjh
EiuJ bghFj
VgLwJ.

2.

js c fiurYl,
y Jf bka rng
fiuriy nrf.

bka fhgnd,
btik w gothf
njhWwJ.

Ko : c cs my cW ___________ MF.

(ii) FnshiuL my cWig flj.

v.

nrhjid

fhgit

1.

xU MFHh 3 cig
vLJ bfhf. mjDl fa
ms khfR il Mi[il
nrj ml r
myij nrJ, fyitia y
lf eF NnlWf.

gRik fyj kr
w Fnsh (Cl2) th
btnaWwJ.

2.

c fiur xU gFl
y Jf t ienu
fiuriy nrf.

j nghw
btikahd gothf
t FnshiuL
cUthwJ.

Ko : c cs my cW ___________ MF.

(iii) rng my cWig flj

v.

nrhjid

fhgit

1.

js cl iu nrf. c
fiuaiy v mjDl
js j iAnuhFnsh
myij nrf. mjDl
nga FnshiuL fiuriy
nrf.

btik w gothf
nga rng
cUthwJ.

2.

js c fiurYl, y
Jf by mbrnl fiuriy
nrf.

btik w gothf
by rng cUthwJ.

Ko : c cs my cW ___________ MF.
304

brKiwf

13. nfhs tot bghU x l flj

nehf
bta msia bfhL nfhs totbghU l flj.

cgfuzf/ njitahd fUf

bta ms, nfhs tot bghU (j Cr FL).

Nu
nfhs totbghU l = OR ZC x 10-2 m
OR = MSR + (VC x LC ) x 10 -2
F, OR = fl ms, MSR = Kjiknfhy ms x 10 -2m
LC = wsit x 10 -2 m, VC = bta x, ZC = RUj x 10 -2 m

brKiw
bta ms wsitia flf.
nkY bta ms Ria flf.

bfhLfgl bghUid
U jhilfSF ilna cWahf
gUFgo of.
Kjiknfh msid, bta xid FJbfhf.
bghUid btntW iyf itJ, nrhjidia L bra ntL.
nfhstot bghU l OR ZC x 10-2 m
OR = MSR + (VC x LC ) x 10 -2
thghoid gagL, nfhs l fzLf.

fhgf
bta nfhf vis N =
1 Kjiknfh g 1 MSD
=
1
x 1MSD
wsit =
N
RiH ZE =
t.
v

Kjiknfh
ms
(MSR) cm

bta
x
VC

RUj ZC =
flagL ms
= MSR+(VC x LC)
cm

Ujgl
rahd ms
OR ZC cm

1.
2.
3.
4.

nfhs l

ruhr

Ko

bfhLfgl nfhs l = ___________

305

x 10 -2 m.

brKiwf

14. j Cr x sF, mj miyfhyF

ilgl bjhlig flj.
nehf
j Cr

miyfhy flJ, l / T2 xU kh vd %j.

cgfuzf / njitahd fUf

j Cr fU (jh,
sgl jif, WJ fofhu).

Cr

FL,

Nu
l / T 2 xU kh
F, l = j Cr s ( l),
T = j Cr miy fhy (dho)

brKiw
j
 Cr s 70 br UFkhW jCrid
bjhfL.
xU miy fhy
a RfSl miyw brf.
CryhdJ eLiyid tyJ gfkhf jhLnghJ WJ
fofhuij a, 0 vd vz bjhlFf.
j CryhdJ L eLiyid tyJ gfkhf flFnghJ 1 vd
vQf.
thnw UgJ vd vQtiu, WJ fofhuij a, UgJ vd
vQnghJ WJ fofhuij WJf.
20 miyfSfhd neuij flJ, mltiz msfis
FJbfhsntL.
jCr sij 80 br., 90 br., 100 br., 110 br. vd khaikJ
nrhjidia L brantL.
kfis mltiz FJ T, T2 & l / T2 fzlntL.
mltiz Wu k, khahf miktijfhzyh.
UJ l / T2 xU kh vd UfgLwJ.

fhgf
t.
v

j Cr
s
(m)

1.

0.7

2.

0.8

3.

0.9

4.

1.0

5.

1.1

20 miy fSfhd
miyfhy
neu
T(s)
(s)

Ko
mltizUJ l / T2 xU kh vd UfgLwJ.

306

T2
s2

l / T2
(ms-2)

brKiwf

15. lbghU ml flj.

nehf
mlia l mfkhd ml bfhl lbghU mlia
Mo jJtij bfhL flj.

cgfuzf/ njitahd fUf

RU juhR,

jis FL, Ul Toa Kfit.

Nu
d=

w1
w1-w2

kg m-3

d = lbghU ml (kgm-3)
w 1 = fh lbghU vil ( kg), w 2 = UF lbghU vil (kg)

brKiw

RU juh bfhUJ bfhLfgl lbghUis bjhfLf.

fh lbghU vil w 1 flf.
U KfitD lbghUis _fbrf.
UF lbghU vil w 2 flf.
thnw jKs U lbghUf vilfis fhY, Y fhf.
kfis mltizgLJf.
mltiz fil u ruhr k flf. J bfhLfgl
lbghU mlahF.

fhgf

t. v

fh lbghU
vil w 1 x 10-3 Kg

UF
lbghU vil
w 2 x 10-3 Kg

lbghU
ml
w1
d=
w1-w2
kg m-3

1.
2.
3.
ruhr

Ko
bfhLfgl lbghU ml = ____________ kgm-3

F
i) bghUshdJ UF KYkhf _Uj ntL.
ii) bghUshdJ Kfit moguignah myJ gfRtfisnah bjhL
bfhoUfTlhJ.
iii) lbghU J Ff xoUj TlhJ.
307

brKiwf

16. btgiy fhy ilgl bjhlig flj.

nehf
bfhiyia flj nkY F tiugl tiuj.

cgfuzf/ njitahd fUf

Ul Toa Kfit, btg_o, Kfh, jh, f tiy d

brKiw
K
 fh jh Js ftiy J Us Kfitia itf.
jh
btgiykhia
bghU
Kfit
cs
UF
_UFkhW brf.
btg_oid bfhL, Kfitia btggLJf.
uhdJ bfhFnghJ, btgiykh msit FJ bfhf.
tsthdJ bfhiyia FF.
btggLJtij W, id Fu bra.
WJ fofhuij af bjhlFnghJ btgiykh msid
FJ bfhf.
WJ fofhu cjl btgiy ilbtfis fhf.
thnw WJ fofhu cjl xbthU l ilbtf
btgiy 60C vd tUtiu btgiykh msfis FJbfhf.
msfis mltizgLJf.
jFj msl bfhl, fhyij x-mY, btgiyia y-mY
bfhL F tiugl tiuantL.

fhgf
mslgl bgUk btgiy = ____C
bfhiy =____C
fhy
(lf)

btgiy
(C )

btgiy

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

fhy

Ko
1. bfhiy = ____C

2. F tiugl tiuaglJ.

308