Sessional Network Management 7th Sem Q. Discuss network management framework? Ans.

. The task of creating an internet standard Network Management Framework

is assigned by the Internet Activities Board (IAB) in August 1988, to a working group to define the components required for network management of TCP/IP networks. This results in 3 RFCs 1. RFC 1155 defined the Structure of Management Information (SMI). SMI used Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN-1). ASN-1 is the language used to define SMI managed objects. It was developed to enable specification of the OSI Reference Model. 2. RFC 1156 defines a data structure called as the Management Information Base (MIB). The agent process accesses the value of an object requested in an SNMP Get-Request packet. Object values are stored in MIB on the Management Agent. The requested object is referenced using the language of SM1. 3. RFC 1157 defines the simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).

Q. Explain the evolution of network management?

Ans. The evolution of network management is given below:
1. SGMP1 A few network engineering in the United State began an effort to develop a network management protocol for gateways in March of 1987. This effort led to RFC 1028, called Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol (SGMP) by November of 1987. Its goal is to reduce the difficulties of software needed for gateway management and the number of commands to which gateway agents would have to respond. Therefore, only two types of command are necessary get the value of a variable and set (change) the value of a variable.

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem

2. CMIP CMIP stands for Common Management Information Protocol. CMIP is defined in ISO Standard 7498-4 and present in the application layers of OSI protocol Stack. Its role is similar to that of SNMP in the TCH protocol stack. CMIP creates the protocol data unit upon request from the management application and maps it to a Remote Operation Service Element (ROSE) protocol that provides communication between all distributed applications in the OSI environment. CMIP and ROSE are part of a Management Process that is very comprehensive for all application, including management. The OSI application layer offers more application services as compared to TCP/IP application layer. 3. SNMP The Internet Activities Board (IAB) convened a subcommittee in February 1988 to identify the best approach to follow as a result of controversy over the SGMP and SMOT approaches. The result was that both approaches would be pursued. Eventually the CMOT approach was found too complex to implement and was abandoned. However, an enhanced version of SGMP, named Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) was developed. A number of groups worked on this management system definition. Work on the Internet-Standard Network Management Framework was also initiated. This framework includes SNMP. SNMP has become the de-facto operational standard for network management of TCP/IP-based network by 1989.

Q. What is Configuration Management? What are its functions? Ans. Configuration management includes two types of configuration Network
Configuration and Device Configuration. Network Configuration is known as Capacity Management since the main concern is topology redesign and adding or redistributing resource to provide the capacity necessary to handle the traffic. Device Configuration is done locally or remotely. Automated Configuration is
2

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem

becoming a more important part of Network Management because of growing network size. The function set groups in this area address planning the network to meet desired capacity measures, installing the network equipment, provisioning them in setting up circuits as well as for services provided to subscribe and controlling or monitoring status of the network. The identified function set group includes network planning and engineering, installation, service planning and status and control. The function sets in network planning and engineering are activities like demand forecasting product line budget, routing design and building the infrastructure. Examples of the function sets making the installation group are scheduling and dispatch administration of installation force function set, loading software into NEs function set and software administration function set. Several of their function support installing the telecommunication equipment either it is hardware or software or both that form the network. The installation functions include performance testing before turning up the service to the customer. The service planning and negotiating function set group has several business level function sets like service feature definition function set, external relations and customer requirement identification. Provisioning function set group has, for example, access route determination, facility design, inter-exchange circuit design, learned circuit route determination, network connection management, and NECs configuration. The status and control group includes function sets like Priority Service Policy, NECs status and control, notification of state change by NECs and transport network status.

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem Q. Explain the configuration management component? Ans. The Configuration management has the following core components:
1. Configuration Items (CIs) Key IT components or assets. The information captured and tracked will reply on the specific CI, but will often have a description of the CI, the version, constituent components, and relationships to other CIs, location/assignment and current status. The items that should be included as CIs are hardware, system software, application software, documentation, people and so on. i. Hardware CI Hardware CIs have description of the hardware components that make-up the identified items. A server is an example of a hardware CI in a dot-com environment and would have the server id, data, purchased, version, BIOS, Model, Firmware and serial number. A hard drive inside a server is a hardware component CI that is a child of the server hardware CI. The hard drive CI would have the hardware component id, the parent hardware id, the component type, the data installed, version and serial number. ii. Software CI Software CIs document the inventory and specific build scripts, installation scripts and settings like INI files, registry settings or miscellaneous configuration files. Adding a hotfix to a Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) build is an example of a software CI in a dot-com environment. The CI would have the software CI id, software type, application name, date installed, version, service pack and hot fix. iii. Network CI Network CIs comprises anything from a network device like a router to a structured cabling setup. A router is an example of a network CI in a dot-com environment. The router CI should
4

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem

consist of the hardware specification and inventory of item included within it, like the specific interface cards. It should also have all of the build and configuration scripts. iv. User CI User CI relate to the specific information that is needed to identify users and their permissions to each CI. An administration for the IIS server cluster is an example of a user CI. The CI would have the user name, role, contact information and backup personnel in case the person cannot be reached. 2. Configuration Management Database (CMDB) This is the single logical data repository for CI information with automated updates to CIs whenever possible. This database should be self-maintaining. The CMDB is a relational database with associated support tools to store and relate the CIs. The CMDB store change management, problem management, incident management, and known error management information. 3. Configuration management It is the part of the MF release and configuration team. It is responsible for maintaining and optimizing the configuration management processes and tools, plus ensuring the processes are being followed. 4. Core processes i. Configuration Management Planning To incorporate configuration management into the development and system build strategy is the best way to implement. In this manner as new solutions or systems are developed and subsequently deployed within the business, configuration management will form an integral part of whatever is delivered. The configuration management information is update as a system progresses through each phase of the development
5

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem

life cycle system as reviewed against what types of CIs are valid for what systems during the design phase. It may be a CI itself, or it may contribute to a large system in the core of a software component, and therefore only be counted as part of a large CI. Configuration Status Accounting Configuration Status accounting involves tracking the state of the CIs at all times. To identify the hardware and software and adding this information to the site inventory is the first objective. The best option for this is to automatically discover the item, identify it, and then store it within the site inventory. Procedures that run themselves and need no human typically consider this task boring and rarely stick with it. However, there may be some configuration items that must be tracked manually on the basis of the corporate environment. The results are stored in a database that are used to complete queries and assist other processor like change management.

ii.

The ideal system will have an inventory process which is self-learning and selfmaintaining i.e. it will document change to the environment as they occur. Humans should check automated processes regularly. The scheduling of these checks is automated so that people do not have to remember to do them.

Q. Describe the performance metrics in Performance Management. Ans. The parameters that can be attributed to defining network performance on
a global level are throughput, response time, network availability and network reliability. The metrics of these parameters depends on what, when and where the measurements are made.
6

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem

Some of the parameter that affect network throughput are bandwidth or capacity of the transmission media, its utilization, channel error rate, peak load and average traffic load. The response time of a network not only depends on the throughput of the network, but also on the application. In other words, it depends both network and system performance. Thus, in a client/server environment, the response time as seen by the client could be slow, either owing to the server being heavily used, the network being overloaded or a combination of both.

Q. Explain Fault Management. What are the types of Fault Management? Ans. Fault Management is the process of Proactive Prevention or the detection,
isolation and correction of abnormal behavior on the network. It can simply mean monitoring for breaks in cables, printer jams or workstations that are down i.e. things that result in slow network response. For LANs, it can mean monitoring traffic in search of excessive packet collisions or retransmission. Fault management types are 1. Prioritization Prioritize faults in the order in which they should be addressed. 2. Timeliness required Management station is passive and only receives event notification 3. Physical connectivity testing Using a cable tester to check that links are not broken.

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem Q. Explain Self-Healing? Ans. Fault Management involves detection and isolation of the problem causing
the failure in the network in Network Management System (NMS). Constantly monitors and displays in real time all major and minor alarms based on the severity of failures. Service is restored as soon as possible and it could involve reconfiguration of the network, which is part of Configuration Management.

Q. Explain the function of Configuration Management. Ans. Configuration Management includes two types of Configuration Network
and Device Configuration. Network Configuration is often called Capacity Management because the main concern is topology redesign. Device Configuration is done either locally or remotely. The identified function set groups are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Network and engineering Installation Service Planning and Negotiation Provisioning Status and Control

Q. Write short note on Inventory Management? Ans. An efficient database system is an essential part of an inventory
management system. We need to be aware of the specification detail associated with various components. The data should be accessible by means of different indices. Some of the obvious indices or access keys are the component description or Part number, components that match a set of characteristics, components in use and in spare and components to be freed up for future use.
8

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem

Q. Write short note on Accounting Management? Ans. Accounting Management is the process of measuring the usage of network
resources in order to distribute costs and resources. An example of accounting management is monitoring the use of a server by users in a specific department and changing the department accordingly.

Q. What are the network topology services? Ans. Topology services are applications that enable us to view, monitor and
configure the physical and logical services on your network. We can use topology services to: 1. View detailed network information about all devices, links, and ports in our network. 2. Display the physical and logical services in the network. 3. Open network management tools from the network views. 4. Configure, manage and monitor the ATM devices in the network. 5. Segment the network logically and manage the workgroup that use VLANs. 6. Create and manage the LAN services in the network to extend VLANs across ATM devices. 7. View, port, device and trunk attributes, view and find port information in a VTP domain and configure VLANs on a trunk.

Sessional Network Management 7th Sem Q. Write detailed note on Performance Management. Ans. The performance of a network is determined by networks ability to satisfy
the needs of multiple users. Thus, network performance management is concerned with throughput, percent utilization, error rates and response time. Performance management involves the activities: 1. 2. 3. 4. Performance Quality Assurances Performance Monitoring Performance Control Performance Analysis

Performance quality assurance addresses business level function that establishes the quality measures to be used by the service provider. The function sets in this group include QoS (Quality of Service) performance goal settings.

-x-

10