Unit 4 Area of Study 2 Change over time - Key terms Insert the correct term from the list

below next to each denition.

Denition/description The proportion of a specic allele of any gene locus in a population. Frequency ranges from 0-1. Structures whose functions are similar but have different evolutionary origins Organisms with favourable traits are selectively bred and others prevented from breeding Continuous variation in the phenotype of a species over its range due to differences in selection pressures in different environments The production of a new individual from a cell, nucleus or asexual offshoot of another organism Evolution in two interdependent species where each acts as the selecting agent for the other The process by which two groups of organisms which do not share a recent common ancestor but live in similar environments with similar selection pressures, develop similar phenotypes Changes in the human way of life since the evolution of biologically modern humans The evolution of many organisms from a common ancestor. Also known as adaptive radiation when it occurs over a relatively short period of time. The permanent loss of a species. The term also applies to the loss of a population or higher taxon (e.g. family). The hole in the base of the skull for the spinal cord The remains of an organism or direct evidence of its presence (e.g. footprints, casts or moulds), which have been preserved. Genetic drift which results from non-representative allele frequencies in a small founding population The movement of alleles out of (emigration) or into (immigration) a population. In plants can occur by the dispersal of seeds or spores The total genetic material of all members of a population The insertion of genes into individuals who have a genetic disorder in order to induce the production of a replacement for a missing or faulty protein The loss of genetic variability when population size is severely reduced Changes in allele frequencies due to small population size and random causes The time in which half of a sample of radioactive isotope will decay to a more stable form Heterozygous individuals are more likely to survive than either of the homozygotes eg. sickle cell trait The group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes (that is, modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans plus all their immediate ancestors). The group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors (including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipithecus). Term

Structures which have a common evolutionary origin and a similar underlying anatomy, but have evolved in different ways in different groups due to different selection pressures The evolution of species or high taxa (e.g. family) Changes in chromosomes, such as translocations, deletions and chromosomal separations Era of middle life - the age of reptiles Changes in allele frequencies in a population of organisms DNA found in mitochondria. Inherited only from the mother via the egg cell. The hypothesis that modern humans originated only in Africa and migrated to all other parts of the world Era of ancient life Responsible for the movement of continental masses Mechanisms preventing gene ow between species. May be pre-zygotic or postzygotic. Factors which act to favour one phenotype over another Relative advantage in tness of one phenotype over another The formation of two or more species from one ancestral population Cells which are undifferentiated and have the potential to develop into a variety of cell types. Organisms which carry and express a gene from another organism

mitochondrial DNA Hominin analogous structures cloning stem cells co-evolution cultural evolution divergent evolution founder effect gene ow bottle neck genetic drift convergent evolution heterozygote advantage Hominid macroevolution chromosomal mutations microevolution fossil homologous structures

gene therapy Out of Africa hypothesis paleozoic reproductive isolation selective advantage speciation transgenic allele frequency cline half-life foramen magnum gene pool articial selection mesozoic selection pressures plate tectonics extinction