Arms 2010-5

rance can be the first country in the history of the post-Soviet
Russia which shares its state-of-the-art Naval technologies. It

is the case of a deal between Moscow and Paris over Mistral,
an amphibious assault ship, a type of helicopter carrier. Today
a rising spout of debate concerning the need to purchase the
ship from France is ongoing, even the political decision has been taken
already. The number of supporters and opponents of the deal are almost
equal and it means that the truth is in the middle.
The years of reforms, so called transition period, left ineffaceable mark
on the shipbuilding industry, especially in the Navy. A lot of technologies
were lost, very many specialists fled abroad in order to find better place
for living. In this regard Russia has no choice but to trample on pride and
receive the helping hand stretched by France. However it is important to
mention that the deal should cover not only the hull of the ship, which
is for sure the Russian shipbuilders are able to manufacture themselves,
but modern technologies and ship-in built equipment and systems. The
issue is not just to copy-and-paste the experience of the French ship-
builders but to understand, digest and produce a ship at the Russian
shipyards with the help of Western technologies.
The importance of purchasing French Mistral for the Russian
Federation also lays in the field of maritime security, as the challenges
of the 21
st
century show that terrorism has shifted to the oceans and
seas. The perfect example is the situation in the Golf of Aden. Today the
sea is being used as the playing yard for industrialists' innovation and
research activities. In its turn such activities require the close cooperation
between maritime states, including land-locked countries as well, in the
field of sharing technologies, experience, endeavour, etc.
22
nd
International Naval Defence and Maritime Exhibition and
Conference is exactly the right place to share ideas on maritime security.
It is going to be one of the greatest event in the field of Navy armament
and weapon systems this year. The steady growth of exhibitors, from
around 150 in 1994 up to 379 last year, once again fortifies the meaning
of this exhibition for the specialists, designers, developers and, of course,
consumers of Naval vessels, armaments, equipment and shipbuilding
technologies.
Traditionally Russia attends the Event and does its best to bring to the
attention of attendees the latest maritime and shipbuilding develop-
ments, especially in naval defence field. In order to facilitate the famili-
arity we aimed this issue of the Magazine to be fully devoted to new
combat ships, anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems, torpedoes, etc.
We also shed light to the development of the Russian Navy shipbuilding.
Dear readers, we hope that information in our Magazine will help you
to better understand the latest tendencies and challenges the Russian
shipbuilders and militaries have to face today. We also hope that our
articles will shift your horizons and stock you with knowledge about
modern Russian Navy.
LA RUSSIE NE BOUDE PAS; ELLE SE RECUEILLE
F
Oleg PEREVOSCHIKOV
Deputy Director General
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ARMS MARKET
5(55).2010
5
kind of combat vessels the Russian
Navy needs, the laying of the
Severodvinsk (project 885) nuclear-
powered attack submarine's keel was
possible. Moreover the Kazan nu-
clear-powered submarine and a sec-
ond frigate project 22350 Admiral
Flota Kasatonov are under construc-
tion today.
In 20092010 the at-sea tests of
the Yuriy Dolgorukiy project 995
ballistic missile submarine are ongo-
ing According to open source infor-
mation some works were conduct-
ed at two submarines project 995A
Alexander Nevskiy and Vladimir
Monamah. Submarines project 995
and advanced 995A are able to sub-
merge up to 450 meters, have speed
up to 29 knots. They armed with 16
ballistic missiles R-30 Bulava and six
torpedo launchers. Today Alexander
Nevskiy and Vladimir Monamah
project 995A are under construction.
Moreover the fourth submarine of
this project is planned to be armed
with 20 launchers of the Bulava
missile.
Along with tests and build-
ing of nuclear submarines, the full-
range works were conducted at the
"Petersburg" diesel electric subma-
rine (project 677 class Lada), which
is classified as the forth generation
sub. The comprehensive works al-
lowed to put the submarine into
service in 2010. Two more diesel elec-
tric submarines Kronshtadt and
Sevastopol are under construction.
In 2009 the Russian Fleet re-
ceived the Yaroslav Mudry corvette
project 11540. The same year the hull
of the Ivan Gren large landing ship
was completed. According to some
sources, the vessel will have a dis-
placement of 5000-6000 tons and
will be able to carry up to 13 main
battle tanks or 60 armoured person-
nel carriers.
In a short run the Russian Navy
should receive more up-to-date bat-
tle ships. In 2010 the laying of three
new-project frigates and three sub-
marines project 636 keel is expected.
It is worth to mention that all of them
are planned to be commissioned to
the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
Today the works concerning
the harbour testing at the Soob-
razitelniy corvette project 20380 are
almost over. There are different sys-
tems, equipment installation works
are ongoing at the ship, as well as
cabins are getting modernized.
In 2011 the first ship Admiral
Flota Gorshkov frigate project
22350 is planned to be handed over
to the Navy. The second ship of this
project Admiral Flota Kasatonov is
scheduled to be handed over in 2012.
The Steregushchy class corvette was designed by the Almaz Central
Marine Design Bureau. The corvette is a multipurpose ship designed
to exercise combat operations in the littoral zone against surface ships
and submarines. It is planned to replace the Grisha class. The first batch
being built at Severnaya Verf shipyard in St. Petersburg consists of four
ships. A second building line has been started at Komsomolsk where or-
ders for at least a further two ships are expected. There is an export ver-
sion known as Project 20382 Tigr. In total, the Russian Navy have publicly
announced that they expect to buy at least 20 of these ships, for all four
major fleets. Indonesian navy have plans to purchase 4 vessels of this
type to replace their aging Dutch-built Fatahillah class corvettes.
ARMS MARKET
6
ARMS Defence Technologies Review

According to the top Navy com-
manders, in a mid run the focus will
be on modernization of the fleet.
All nuclear-powered guided missile
cruisers project 1144 are planned
to be put into service from reserve
by 2020. First of all it is Admiral
Nakhimov, Admiral Lazarev and
Admiral Ushakov. All three men-
tioned cruisers including Pyotor
Velikiy, which is commissioned to
the Northern Fleet will be deeply up-
graded. In particular all equipment,
power plant and armament will be
replaced by new ones. The works on
modernization are expected to be
over within 10 years.
A new generation of littoral
zone battle ships are expected to
be introduced to public in a short
period of time. In the conversa-
tion with Editor-in-Chief of ARMS.
Defense Technologies Review the
Commander-in-Chief of the Russian
Navy Vladimir Vysotskiy highlighted
that the works on these ships were
ongoing and in a mid run they would
be fielded in all four main Russian
Fleets. He also mentioned that the
technical characteristics of the fu-
ture Russian ships would not under-
perform and even excel the Western
made analogues.
Talking about modern Russian
Navy one cannot stop discussing the
most vulnerable topic concerning a
up-to-date submarine-launched bal-
listic missile. The "Bulava" missile (the
NATO reporting name SS-NX-32) is
under tests however, not everything
is going smoothly and according to
the plan. Around half of tests were
failed but military-political leadership
expresses its assurance that in future
the missile will pass all tests and be
fielded at the modern Russian ballis-
tic missile submarines. When this is-
sue was good for printing, the 13th
successful test-launch of "Bulava"
from the "Yuriy Dolgorukiy" nuclear
submrine was conducted.
The positive tendencies that
take place in the Russian Navy ship-
building industry play positive role
in the field of export. Many spe-
cialists and not only in Russia, say
that Moscow has all chances to in-
crease the number of non-nuclear
submarines in the global arms mar-
ket. During last four years Russia ex-
ported only four non-nuclear subma-
rines but up to six non-nuclear sub-
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERODVINSK
Displacement, t
5,8007,7009,500 surfaced
8,20013,800 submerged
Length, m 111
Beam, m 12
Draught, m 8,4
Propulsion 1x KPM type pressurized water reactor
Speed
20kn surfaced, 28kn submerged silent, 35kn+ sub-
merged max
Complement 50 [24 officers / 26 enlisted]
Armament
Torpedoes
Missiles
650mm and 533 mm caliber TV, self-guided torpedoes.
The submarine can be armed with mines.
P-800 Onix, -35, -101, Z-54E, Z-54E1, Z-14E
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOOBRAZITELNIY
Displacement, t: 1900
Length, m: 104.5
Beam, m: 11.1
Draught, m: 03.07.10
Propulsion:
2 shaftCODAD, 4 16D49 diesels 24.000hp (17.9 MW),
power supply AC 380/220V, 50 Hz, 4x630 kw diesel
genset
Speed, kn: 26
Complement: 100
Armament
1 x Arsenal A-190 100mm
2 x MTPU pedestal machine gun 14.5 mm
2 x Kashtan-M CADS
8x P-800 Oniks anti ship missiles in 2 vertical launchers or
6x 3M-54 Klub(91RE2) ASuW&ASW missiles in one verti-
cal launcher or
8x Kh-35 missiles
in one vertical launcher
6x SS-N-29 /RPK-9 Medvedka Medvedka-VE anti-subma-
rine missile in one launcher
4 x 400mm torpedo tubes,
The assembling
of the Ivan Gren
landing ship
ARMS MARKET
5(55).2010
7
marines are expected to be exported
by 2013. The contract worths around
three billion US dollars.
During the visit of Vietnamese
Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung
last year on December 15 the agree-
ment between Rosoboronexport
and Vietnam was inked. According
to the 2 billion US dollar agreement
six submarines project 636M will
be delivered to Vietnam. In addi-
tion Vietnamese Navy needs to have
proper infrastructure, armament and
other systems and equipment to use
these submarines. In this regard the
total sum of the contract can ex-
ceed three billion US dollars. The
Admiralty Shipyards company was
chosen as a Contractor, where two
submarines project 636M are under
construction for Algerian Navy.
In the framework of Russian tech-
nical military cooperation it is impor-
tant to mention the leasing agree-
ment with India. The country wants
to lease Russian made nuclear sub-
marines. The contract is also very lu-
crative for Moscow.
The specialists forecast the in-
crease of export in the field of speed
boats, missile boats, gunboats and
landing ships, that are able to be
used in the rivers, littoral zone, etc.
The Russian Federation ranks next
to the United States of America in
the field of export of the mentioned
vessels, so for Russia the wide hori-
zons are open in this segment, espe-
cially taking into account the quality/
price ratio, which is inherent to all ar-
mament and weapon systems pro-
duced in Russia.
Ant on Cher nov
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 636M SUBMARINE
Displacement, t:
Surfaced: 2,350
Submerged: 3,000 tons full load
Length, m: 74.0
Draft, m: 6.5
Depth of hold:
Operational: 240 meters
Maximum: 300 meters
Propulsion:
Diesel-electric propulsion
2 x 1000 kW Diesel generators
1 x 5,5006,800 shp Propulsion motor
1 x fixed-pitch Propeller
Speed:
Surfaced: 1012 knots
Submerged: 1725 knots
Range:
With snorkel: 6,0007,500 miles at 7 knots
Submerged: 400 miles at 3 knots
Full run: 12.7 miles at 21 knots
Endurance: 45 days
Test depth: 300 m
Complement: 52
Armament:
6/553 mm torpedo tubes
18 torpedoes
24 mines
8 SA-N-8 Gremlin or 8 SA-N-10 Gimlet Surface-to-air
missiles (export submarines may not be equipped with
air defense weapons)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF PROJECT 22350
Displacement 4500 tones
Length 135
Beam 16
Draught 4,5
Operational Range 4000 miles
Artillery Armament 1x1 130-mm -192 gun
Anti-Ship missiles 8xZMOnix missiles
Anti-submarine missiles 8x Medvedka-2
AA missile system
Uragan
(combat stock 24 missiles)
Helicopter 1Ka-32 helicopter
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YASEN PROJECT 885
Displacement, t:
5,800-7,700-9,500 surfaced
11,800 submerged
Length, m: 120m
Beam, m: 15m
Draught, m: 8,4m
Propulsion: 1x KPM type pressurized water reactor
Speed:
20kn surfaced, 28kn submerged silent, 35kn+ sub-
merged max [2]
Range: unlimited except by food supplies
Test depth: 600 meters
Complement: 50 [24 officers / 26 enlisted]
Armament:
8x3 (total: 24)P-800 Oniksmissiles, 10x torpedo tubes
(650mm and 533mm).
TECHNOLOGIES
8

he Arsenal is one of
the oldest Russian de-
fense enterprises hav-
ing a centuries-long his-
tory initiated by Peter
the Great, Emperor of Russia, who
issued a decree in 1711 to estab-
lish the Cannon Casting Yard, which
subsequently became the base for
the Arsenal of St. Petersburg. By the
late 18
th
early 19
th
century, the
Arsenal located in St. Petersburg had
become not only a Russian ordnance
factory, but also a leading technical
center. It was this place where the
national technical policy in the ar-
ea of artillery ordnance was shaped,
fundamentally new design solutions
were born, new technologies were
created, and the first standards for
the fabrication and testing of artil-
lery weapons were developed. The
best weaponry experts, prominent
researches, developers and inven-
tors such as General Feldzeugmeister
(Master General of Ordnance)
J. Bruce, Artillery Commander of
the Russian Army, Major General
A. Zasyadko, the researcher and de-
veloper of armament powder rock-
ets, the author of the first multiple
launch rocket system (a prototype of
Katuysha and current Grad mul-
Today, the Arsenal is the commonwealth of two leading enterprises of the Russian military-industrial
complex: the Arsenal Design Bureau named after M. Frunze Federal State Unitary Enterprise and the
Arsenal Machine-building Plant Joint-Stock Company, which close and inseparable mutual activities
are focused on development and production of such the newest prototypes of weaponry and mili-
tary equipment as artillery mounts for surface combat ships and automatic space systems designed
to accomplish governmental objectives.
T
ARSENAL:
FROM THE BEGINNINGS UP UNTIL NOW
Mikhail Sapego,
the leader of the
St. Petersburgs
Arsenal
Peter I, the
founder of the
St. Petersburgs
Arsenal
100mm AK-100 artil-
lery mount
TECHNOLOGIES
5(55).2010
9
tiple launch rocket system) worked
for the Arsenal. A. Zasyadko devel-
oped not only the first 2, 2.5 and 4
inch missile launchers, but also tac-
tics for their operational use. Rocket
launchers designed by A. Zasyadko
got their baptism of fire in 1825 dur-
ing the Caucasian military engage-
ments and in the Russo-Turkish war
18281829. Their use greatly facili-
tated the success in combat opera-
tions of the Russian Army. A. Nartov
developed the first automatic rapid-
fire all-round 44-barrel battery. The
designers under the leadership of
P. Shuvalov developed the howitzer
with a divergent bore ensuring hor-
izontal fan-shaped dissemination of
case shot that enlarged considera-
bly the fragment footprint, as well
as the Edinorog (unicorn) long-bar-
rel gun-howitzer having a cone car-
tridge chamber and enhanced range
and accuracy of shooting. To cre-
ate new prototypes of weapons, the
Arsenal engaged such distinguished
scholars as L. Euler, D. Mendeleev,
N.Maievsky, etc.
Despite different political chang-
es in the country, cataclysms of
World War I and II that repeatedly re-
sulted in almost complete collapses
and the need to revive subsequent-
ly the Russian economy and indus-
try, the 20th century became an ep-
och of intense scientific and techni-
cal development for Arsenal: expan-
sion of the manufactured product
range and manufacturing facilities.
Over its entire history the Arsenal
was a publicly-owned enterprise that
actually took no part in political oc-
curring in the country. The enter-
prises team always aimed all efforts
at enhancement of the national de-
fense capacity, upgrading and devel-
opment of new prototypes of weap-
onry and military equipment. Right
after the end of World War I and the
Civil War, the young Red Army re-
quired restoring arsenal of artillery
weapons remained in the country in
order to ensure its battleworthiness.
The Arsenal plant carried out repair
and upgrade of field ordnance. Even
at that time, the Arsenals special-
ists understood pretty good that the
old-pattern cannonry developed
in the late 19th century and manu-
Howitzer of
P.Shuvalov
All-round battery of
A. Nartov
Edinorog howitzer
of P. Shuvalov
45mm antitank gun
TECHNOLOGIES
10

factured in the early 20th century
were considerably exceeded in their
technical capabilities (firing range,
rate of fire, maneuverability) by new
prototypes of weapons used by the
European (German, French, Italian)
and American Armies. Despite lim-
ited manufacturability, lack of raw
materials and manpower, in the ear-
ly 1920ies the Arsenal plant set up
a specialized design team that suc-
ceeded within the shortest possi-
ble period in developing projects of
the first national 45mm, 60mm and
76mm Arsenalets self-propelled
caterpillar artillery mounts. The plant
manufactured first development
prototypes of these mounts. By the
early 1930ies, the Arsenal had devel-
oped and started producing the new
guns: 45mm DOT-4 casemate gun
and 7-33 antitank gun.
In 1937 the enterprise formed its
own design bureau on the basis of
the design team of a joint design bu-
reau (the JDB No. 7), which operated
in two areas: artillery and mortar. The
professionals under the leadership of
distinguished designers B. Shavyrin
and V. Shamarin developed the first
national mortars BM-37 (82mm bat-
talion mortar), PM-38; PM-41 (120mm
regimental mortar), 50mm and
107mm mortars that were army-ac-
cepted in 1938-1941 and revealed
their excellent performance in com-
bat operations near the Hasan lake
and in the area of the Khalkhin-Gol
river, played a key role in their strug-
gle against German Fascism during
World War II. Many projects devel-
oped by the Arsenal (or the Plant
No. 7 by its first name) were passed
over for their large-scale manufac-
ture to other national ordnance
factories in Leningrad, Perm, Kiev,
Sevastopol, and Krasnoyarsk. The ar-
tillery activities were also fruitful. Till
1941, the Arsenal had developed and
started producing the 76mm 7-2
mountain guns, 107mm howitzers
and 76mm regimental guns.
In 19381939, the Arsenal started
its history of developing first ship-
borne artillery mounts. During this
period, the Design Bureau devel-
oped the BMB-1 single-barrel and
the BMB-2 double-barrel antisub-
marine mortars that provided firing
of D-bombs from the ships board
to distances of up to 110 meters.
Moreover, under a special order of
the Government, the Arsenal devel-
oped the first national 90mm GKP-
7 harpoon gun to be installed on
vessels of whaling flotillas; technical
characteristics of this harpoon gun
that were considerably superior to
the ones of harpoon guns manufac-
tured by a Norwegian company be-
ing the world leader in the produc-
tion and supply of similar products
at those times. The GKP-7 guns were
manufactured by the Arsenal in the
post-war period also. The GKP-7 pro-
vided fault-free operation in any cli-
matic conditions and were installed
on harvesting vessels of such world-
renowned Russian whaling flotillas
as Aleut; Slava, Sovetskaya Rossiya;
Sovetskaya Ukraina; Yuri Dolgoruky.
This and many other cannons, in-
cluding the first self-propelled guns,
were developed under the leader-
ship of talented designer L.Gorlitsky.
Products developed by the
Arsenal always featured novelty of
technical solutions using the most
progressive scientific achievements.
As early as the pre-war period, the
Arsenals designers were among the
130mm AK-130 artil-
lery mount
ZIF-121 decoy-target
system
ZIF-122 antiaircraft
missile system
TECHNOLOGIES
5(55).2010
11
first who started using aluminum al-
loys for the development of artillery
mounts and welding procedures for
the fabrication of their frame struc-
tures. In the 1930ies, the Arsenal
vastly expanded its production facil-
ities, opened specialized workshops,
extensively renewed its machining
facilities, and implemented new in-
dustrial standards. The Arsenals spe-
cialists continuously monitored and
studied latest global scientific and
engineering achievements, adopt-
ed the experience of leading indus-
trially developed countries. Based
on this experience, they developed
their own original constructional
and process solutions that enabled
them to create products with tech-
nical characteristics that were con-
siderably superior to the ones of for-
eign analogs. As early as those years,
the Arsenal succeeded for the first
time in entering the world weap-
ons market. Batches of the 7-2
mountain guns manufactured by the
Arsenal were repeatedly supplied to
Spain along with the supplies of oth-
er best weapons with a view to pro-
vide international assistance to the
resistance fighting against the fas-
cist regime. The RM-40 (50mm cal-
iber) mortars were supplied to the
Chinese Red Army to fight against
Japanese invaders.
Despite selective evacuation to
the city of Perm during World War
II, the Arsenal continued its active
manufacturing, research and engi-
neering activities. During the time of
the Siege of Leningrad, in incredibly
heavy and subhuman conditions, the
plant manufactured 120mm mor-
tars, 76mm mountain guns, 45mm
antitank guns and other weapon-
ry. In 1944, the plant started produc-
ing the BS-3 (100mm caliber) anti-
tank field gun. The Arsenals design-
ers also proceeded with their activ-
ities during the war times, thus en-
abling the enterprise to supply to
the Army in the first post-war years
the new casemate gun prototypes
85mm ZIF-26 (max firing range: 8,730
m) and 100mm ZIF-25 (max firing
range: 21,000 m). The ZIF-25 and ZIF-
26 guns provided the defense capac-
ity of the Russian borders in the Far
East and naval bases in the Baltic Sea
area. Due to these successful efforts
in the development of the ZIF-26, the
Arsenal was awarded the State Prize
in 1948.
During the time of World War
II, our country lost a substantial
amount of naval ships. In 1946, the
Government issued a number of ba-
sic decrees on the construction of
powerful Navy fitted out with up-to-
date equipment. The experience of
World War II demonstrated that the
surface ships and submarines under
construction should be equipped
with new-generation artillery to ef-
fectively destroy the enemys antisur-
face ship facilities. Thus, a new objec-
tive was to develop naval multipur-
pose automatic remote-controlled
systems with different calibers and
high rates of fire. The Government
understood that such a complicat-
ed military technical objective could
be achieved only by consolidating
the activities of an artillery design
bureau and a major industrial enter-
prise with the support of specialized
Mobile missile sys-
tem with the RT-15
ballistic missile
RT-2P missile
TECHNOLOGIES
12

research institutions. Based on the
experience gained by the Arsenal in
the artillery systems development,
fabrication and testing due to the
close cooperation well-established
by then, with a proving ground lo-
cated in close vicinity to the enter-
prise near Rzhevka village, Leningrad
region; available huge technological
advance, as well as the fact that main
shipbuilding yards were located in
Leningrad, the national Government
decided to assign this very difficult
mission to the Arsenal (the Plant
No.7). In November 1949, the Council
of Ministers issued a decree to set
up the Central Design Bureau No. 7
that included the JDB No.7 and sev-
eral divisions of the Naval Artillery
Central Design Bureau as well. Best
national experts in this area were en-
gaged in this newly established de-
sign bureau. The Arsenal started a
new life.
The first exam for the new-
ly formed Central Design Bureau
was an order to develop the 57mm
SM-24-ZIF twin artillery mount for
submarines (max rate of fire: 115
rounds per minute; max firing range:
12,700m). The Arsenal managed the
task perfectly: starting to develop
this mount in 1950, the enterprise
contributed in as early as in 1951 suc-
cessfully passed firing trials with the
SM-24-ZIF artillery mount, which was
army-accepted in 1953. Conceptually
new structures of automatic mag-
azine receivers created by the de-
signers and used in the SM-24-ZIF
artillery mounts, entirely eliminat-
ed any stoppages during fires; the
artillery mount barrel was provided
with cooling system; it had special-
ized corrosion protection and bet-
ter survivability. These engineering
solutions were used during the de-
velopment of next-generation artil-
lery mounts. Over a ten-years period,
the design bureau had developed a
number of shipborne antiaircraft ar-
tillery mounts, as follows: 45mm SM-
21-ZIF single-barrel gun (max rate-of-
fire: 180 rds/min); 45mm SM-20-ZIF
quadruple deck-based open-type ar-
tillery mount (rate of fire: up to 160
rds/min) and 57mm ZIF-75 (max rate
of fire: 140 rds/min; max firing range:
12,700 m); 57mm AK-725 turret twin
artillery mount (max rate of fire: 400
rds/min; max firing range: 12,700 m)
and 76.2mm -726 (max rate of fire:
100 rds/min; max firing range: 15,700
m) for air, waterborne, shore targets,
etc. The -725 and -726 artillery
mounts (like SM-20-ZIF; ZIF-75) were
fitted out with equipment for auto-
matic remote guidance from the MR-
103 radar and television optical sys-
tem with two channels (detection
and tracking) that enables adjusting
the artillery mount fire during its op-
erational use.
In the second half of the 1960ies,
the Navy required 100mm and
130mm fully mechanized turret ar-
tillery mounts with a rate of fire of
4060 rds/min (which is nearly 4
times higher than that of pre-exist-
ing artillery mounts in the same cal-
iber class), remote control for water-
borne, shore and air (including low-
flying) targets. The main problem
in the development of such artil-
lery mounts was to develop a guns
feed mechanism. However, the
Arsenal solved this problem suc-
cessfully. The Arsenal designed and
commissioned the following artil-
lery mounts: in 1978 Single Barrel
100mm AK-100 artillery mount (max
rate of fire: 60 rds/min; ammuni-
tion load: 300 rounds; max firing
range: 21,000 m), and in 1985
Twin-Barrel 130mm -130 artillery
mount (max rate of fire: 30 rds/min,
each barrel; ammunition load: 200
rounds; max firing range: 24,000m).
Both artillery mounts have im-
proved operational, accuracy, in-
terference-protection, and damage
control characteristics. The -130
includes the MR-184 multi-channel
system (target sighting radar and
television channels; laser range find-
er, moving target selection and an-
ti-interference equipment; comput-
Satellite equipped
with the Buk-3
nuclear power plant
Plazma- satellite
with the Topaz
nuclear power plant
R-31 missile
Steering gear for
the first stage of the
Energiya launcher
of the Energiya-
Buran Space
System
TECHNOLOGIES
5(55).2010
13
ing unit coupled with external in-
formation and combat employment
sources) that enables adjusting the
artillery mount fire, destroying dif-
ferent types of air targets (small-
sized, high-speed, flying at extreme
altitudes), conducting a naval artil-
lery battle, attacking coastal areas
during landing operations in heavy
operational situations.
The AK-725 and AK-726; AK-
100, and AK-130 developed by the
Arsenal are still in the inventory of
the Russian Navy; they are fitted out
actually on every medium or high-
tonnage combat ships. The AK-130
artillery mounts are installed on
the Russian guided missile cruisers:
Moskva; Marshal Ustinov; and Pyotr
Velikiy. The AK artillery mounts have
been supplied and are still in opera-
tional service to a number of foreign
countries: China, India, Syria, Algeria,
Cuba, etc. Taking into account the
AK-130 artillery mount upgrading
regularly carried out by the Arsenal,
these artillery mounts are quite com-
petitive in the world market even
now. Apart from the Arsenals pro-
duction of artillery mounts and de-
livery of sets of spare parts to the
Russian Navy, the Arsenals special-
ists also provide warranty and post-
warranty service and repair; train the
Navys personnel, including the for-
eign partners.
Dealing with the naval artillery,
the Arsenal has never ceased its mis-
sile activities started by A. Zasyadko
as far back as the 19th century. In
60-70ies, the Arsenal design bu-
reau developed the ZIF-101 and ZIF-
102 shipborne deck-based missile
launchers (Volna antiaircraft missile
system); ZIF-122 (OSA-M antiaircraft
[AA] missile system), as well as decoy-
target systems such as PK-16; PK-2
(ZIF-121), which have also been ex-
ported many times. The Arsenal was
awarded the State Prize for its de-
velopment of the OSA-M AA m.issile
system.
A substantial contribution to the
development of the shipborne artil-
lery mounts such as and AA mis-
sile systems was made by the Arsenal
design bureaus distinguished de-
signers such as A. Arefiev; P. Tyurin;
E. Malishevsky, etc. at different times.
In 1958, the Arsenal initiated R& D
efforts aimed to create the D-6 sub-
mersible launch strategic solid-pro-
pellant ballistic missile system for
shore targets. P. Tyurin supervised the
R& D efforts as the Chief Designer of
the system project; S. Korolyov (the
JDB-1) was the Research Manager for
the D-6. A great number of research
institutions and enterprises were en-
gaged in this project. Concurrently
with the performed research and
elaboration of design documenta-
tion, the Arsenal commenced large-
scale preparation of its production fa-
cilities. Meanwhile, the Government
assigned the designers a task to de-
velop similar stationary and mobile
ground missile systems. Despite the
fact that the D-6 system project was
recognized as inperspective in 1962,
the Arsenal and the JDB-1 continued
their close cooperation with a view
to develop ground missile systems.
Their joint efforts resulted in the fol-
lowing products in the 1970ies: the
15P696 mobile missile system with
the RT-15 ballistic missile; 15P098P si-
lo-based missile system with the RT-
2P missile (had been in operational
service till 1994). After all, the Arsenal
developed and commissioned the
D-11 submersible launch missile sys-
tem with the R-31 ballistic missile in
1980 (removed from the inventory
in 1990).
In the early 1960ies, the nation-
al Government assigned the scien-
tific society and the industrial sec-
tor a principally new problem to de-
velop the first-ever all-weather space
system for ocean-area observation
and above-water object acquisition
UFIKT small satellite
on the base of the
Neva bus
Kosmos series
spacecraft
Neva unified small
spacecraft bus
TECHNOLOGIES
14

with data transmission directly to
missile carriers or ground points. The
Arsenal, engaged in the develop-
ment of artillery and guided missile
systems in those times, did not im-
mediately start these new activities.
However, in 1969 the Arsenal was
handed over the space system de-
sign documentation partially devel-
oped by NPOMash (Reutovo) and as-
signed a task to elaborate design
documentation for the space vehicle.
Thus, the Arsenal design bureau has
acquired another area of activities,
which was supervised by V. Kalabin.
The Arsenals professionals, within
a very short period, which is always
representative for the Arsenal, suc-
ceeded in their efforts on the design
documentation for the electronic re-
connaissance space vehicle, renova-
tion and retrofit of the production fa-
cilities capable of manufacturing to-
tally new products. In 19731974, the
space observation system based on
the Kosmos series US-type space ve-
hicle successfully underwent flight
tests. The first stage of this system
was commissioned in 1975. In 1978,
this space system was delivered in its
full volume. Successful results of op-
erations carried out by the Arsenals
personnel became the grounds for
the Governmental decision to assign
the enterprise a status of Parent en-
terprise in the development of space
observation systems. The space ac-
tivities became the main field of con-
cern both for the design bureau and
for the plant. The space surveillance
system developed by the Arsenal
demonstrated its high perform-
ance in 1982 during the Falklands
War between the Great Britain and
Argentina. The system ensured com-
plete tracking and forecasting of the
sea situation, precisely determine
the landing time for the British land-
ing forces.
In subsequent years, the Arsenal
was continuously engaged in the
upgrading and improvement of US-
type space vehicles. In the process of
upgrading, the Arsenal worked out
a number of new technical solutions
i.e. electrojet propulsion system, in-
struments for a high-precision po-
sition control and stabilization sys-
tem (solar sensors, magnetic distur-
bance torque compensator, damp-
ing solenoid system, multi-channel
flywheels), etc. The Kosmos series
US-type space vehicles had been on
duty on the orbit up until 2008.
In the middle 1980ies, the Arsenal
developed the Plazma- experimen-
tal space vehicle equipped with the
Topaz nuclear power plant built on
the thermal emission principle of
thermal-electric energy conversion;
its flight tests were carried out on el-
evated nuclear orbits.
Concurrently with the develop-
ment and manufacture of its own
space vehicles, the Arsenal was en-
gaged in the program on the de-
velopment of the Yantar and Kobalt
(Yantar-based) Earth photographic
observation space vehicles, which
main developer was SRP SRC TsSKB-
Progress. The Arsenal started the
batch production of these space ve-
hicles in the early 1980ies and effec-
tively continues with it nowadays.
Along with specialists from SRP SRC
TsSKB-Progress, the Arsenals design-
ers participated in the development
of the Orlets space vehicle. They de-
veloped the 17D712 multipurpose
regulated-impulse small-sized dry-
fuel brake engine providing high-
ly accurate and reliable operations
during drops of descent capsules to
the Earth.
As a part of the Buran project,
the Arsenal developed a brand new
structure for hydraulic steering gear
with digital control provided to move
the RD-170 engine chambers in the
Energiya launcher and a number of
their modifications the most pow-
erful steering gear (30 tf) in Russia
and in the world for the oxygen-hy-
drogen engine of the second stage
in the launcher vehicle. At present,
the Arsenal carries out export de-
liveries of the RD-180-1000 steering
gear developed on the basis of the
steering gear for the first stage of the
Energiya launcher, to be installed in
the Atlas-5 launcher vehicles in the
USA. The Arsenal has also developed
an explosive-gas afterburner used
during launches of launcher vehicles.
Also, a major contribution was
made by the Arsenals profession-
als to the development of the Sea
Launch International Space Complex.
The Arsenal has developed and man-
ufactured specialized installation
and fabrication equipment for op-
erations with the upper stage rocket
of the Zenit SL launch vehicle at the
Assembly and Command ship.
The space production specifics re-
quired not only expansion of the en-
terprises production floor, but al-
so upgrading of the equipment, de-
velopment and implementation of
specialized brand new materials and
technologies. To provide the space
production, the Arsenal has imple-
mented such technologies as argon-
arc, contact, electron-beam weld-
ing of aluminum, magnesium, tita-
nium alloys and heat-resistant, high-
strength steels; vacuum soldering
of aluminum alloys; high-precision
casting and machining; bending of
waffle panels made of aluminum
and magnesium alloys; electrochem-
ical milling of large-sixed thin-walled
structures; figurine-shaped casting
of polyamide materials; procedures
to fabricate thin-walled large-sized
frame structures made of glass car-
Sever (North) small
satellite on the base
of the Neva bus
TECHNOLOGIES
5(55).2010
15
bon plastic; fabrication of shaped
thin-walled hollow aluminum panels
for temperature-control systems; ap-
plication of composite nanocoatings
on metal or nonmetallic surfaces in
vacuum; plasma spraying and so on.
To test and completely check
space vehicles, the Arsenal has devel-
oped and installed up-to-date equip-
ment for its specialized KITs testing
system. The Arsenal has monitoring
and testing equipment for static and
dynamic mechanical tests; climatic
and electric tests. The plants Central
Laboratory provides on-line metallo-
graphic, spectrum, chemical, and ul-
trasonic inspection of manufactured
parts and units during manufactur-
ing processes.
The enterprise has its own well-
adjusted quality control system cer-
tified in accordance with the re-
quirements of GOST R ISO 9001 and
the requirements of the Product
Development and Putting into
Operation system, and employs a
multistage step-be-step quality con-
trol system.
The multicomponent nature of
products manufactured in the long-
term cycles requiring expansive en-
gagement of enterprises allied
suppliers has raised a demand for the
development and implementation of
a specialized control process plan-
ning and automation system. In re-
cent decades, the Arsenal has imple-
mented a CALS-technology system
for every stage of product develop-
ment, startup and fabrication.
The level of complexity and re-
search intensity of space or artil-
lery products continuously gener-
ates a need for improvement in the
qualification level of personnel in
the design bureau and the plant, at-
traction of new high-skilled scien-
tific, engineering and technical, en-
gineering and economic, and reg-
ular labor force to the Arsenal, pur-
poseful comprehensive preparation
of newcomers capable of ensuring
continuation and further scientif-
ic and engineering development of
the enterprise. Today, the Arsenal
has 16 Candidates and Doctors of
Engineering or Economics. With a
view to solve career-oriented chal-
lenges, the Arsenal maintains long-
standing cooperation with the Baltic
State Technical University and other
higher institutions and colleges in St.
Petersburg. The Arsenal has set up a
training center designed to train and
retrain specialists for the enterprise
and the missile and space industry.
With a centuries-long history of
the Arsenals scientific, engineer-
ing and production school, the en-
terprise is a worthy successor and
continuer of the traditions laid by
Peter the Great. The Arsenal, which
has forged the power of the Russian
Army for 300 years, is one of the lead-
ers in the Russian military industri-
al complex, a leading enterprise in
the missile and space industry and
one of the biggest enterprises in St.
Petersburg. Being the Parent enter-
prise for the development of space
observation systems and shipborne
artillery mounts, the Arsenal carries
out intense activities in the devel-
opment of its traditional technolo-
gy paths.
In November 2009, the Arsenal
commissioned a new space com-
plex and launched the Lotos trial
new-generation space vehicle devel-
oped by the Arsenal design bureau
of the Liana system for radiophysical
research of the Earths surface and
ocean area. At present, flight tests
with this space vehicle under way. In
the process of creation of this space
vehicle, designers of the Arsenal de-
sign bureau has developed and used
a number of new all-purpose struc-
tural elements, which can be widely
applied in the missile and space in-
dustry: small-sized electromechani-
cal drive for opening of antenna pan-
els; automatic semiconductor elec-
tric heater designed to maintain pre-
established surface temperatures of
the space vehicle frame elements
during their operation in areas with
temperatures below zero; unified py-
ro devices capable of providing a low
impact pulse, non-shattering actua-
tion with no gas emission; aluminum
gas-liquid figurine-shaped heat ex-
changer providing high heat trans-
fer characteristics, and many oth-
er exclusive structural elements. At
present, specialists of the design bu-
reau along with the specialists of
the plant develop more advanced
space vehicles on the basis of the
Lotos space vehicle. They develop
advanced vehicle-borne special-pur-
pose equipment for these space ve-
hicles and equipment for control
system. Also, they create special-
ized composite materials, structures
made of them and their processing
technologies.
Realizing that the scientific and
technical progress advances contin-
uously like in the years past, the
Arsenal looks into its future. The
Arsenal design bureau actively par-
ticipates in R&D efforts made as part
of the Federal Space Program. Based
on the available experience and the
technological advance, the design
bureau carries out design works
under the Energetics-Arsenal
Plasma-2010 program aimed to de-
velop a multipurpose transport and
power module (spacecraft bus) with
enhanced power loading using a nu-
Lotos spacecraft
TECHNOLOGIES
16

clear power plant. The development
of a space vehicle equipped with
a nuclear power plant will provide
good prospects for further research
of the deep space, application of
space equipment to solve various so-
cioeconomic challenges.
Also, the Arsenal takes part in
conversion space programs. Based
on the Kosmos-series space vehi-
cles, the Arsenal has carried out the
Cone-A space experiment under the
joint Russian-US Wind-Konus space
project on the research of space
gamma radiation bursts using scien-
tific instruments provided by A. Ioffe
Physical-Technical Institute, has per-
formed a considerable amount of
works on preparation of the Nucleon
space experiment i.e. research of
high-energy cosmic rays, has devel-
oped and offered for implementa-
tion in the Federal Space Agency a
number of projects for construction
of small satellites based on the Neva
unified small space platform de-
signed to monitor the earth surface
for tracking seismic activity, ice situa-
tion, environmental monitoring and
solving other socioeconomic chal-
lenges. At present, specialists of the
Arsenal perform works on setting
up a North-West Space Information
Processing Center on the basis of
the Arsenal. Moreover, the Arsenal
works out the issues of future scien-
tific and technical cooperation with
the European Space Agency.
The same attention is paid by the
Arsenal to the development of ad-
vanced artillery mounts for the Navy.
In the late 1990ies ear-
ly 2000ies, the Arsenal plant com-
menced its batch production of the
new 100mm -190 universal artil-
lery mount (max rate of fire: 80 rds/
min; max firing range: 21,000 m; max
mass: 15 tons; number of rounds
ready for automatic firing: 80), which
was developed by the Burevestnik
Central Research Institute Federal
State Uniyary Enterprise located in
Nizhny Novgorod. This mount is de-
signed to destroy air, surface and
shore targets; it is fitted out with an
automatic monitoring and control
system as well as a protection system
using Stealth technology, which in-
creases the ships protection against
radar observation facilities. Three
A-190 mounts have been supplied
by the Arsenal for their installation
on frigates built for India and have
already received positive feedback
from the foreign partners.
Along with the Burevestnik the
Arsenal has implemented projects on
the 76.2 mm -76 artillery mount
(rate of fire: 120-131 rds/min; max fir-
ing range: 15,700 m; max mass: 10
tons; number of rounds ready for au-
tomatic firing: 152); the 57mm 220
artillery mounts (max rate of fire: 300
rds/min; max firing range: 12,000 m;
max mass: 6 tons; number of rounds
ready for automatic firing: 400).
Shortly, the Arsenal is to supply
to the Russian Navy the -192-5P-10E
artillery mount developed by the
Arsenal Design Bureau along with
the Ametist Design Bureau Federal
State Unitary Enterprise. This artil-
lery mount is intended for ships with
DWT of 2,000 tons and over, and de-
signed to destroy air (including anti-
surface ship cruise missiles), surface
and shore targets. At present, the
artillery mount is under testing on
the ground. The 130mm -192 artil-
lery mount (max rate of fire: 30 rds/
min; max firing range, for air targets:
18,000 m, for shore targets: 23,000 m;
max mass: 25 tons), is provided with
both protection system using Stealth
technology and automatic fire con-
trol system.
The Arsenals professionals have
developed and put into operation
the UPKh-60 multipurpose hoisting
system designed for artillery mount
ammunition loading/unloading. This
system has been also supplied for
ships built as a part of export orders.
The Arsenals contribution to the
defense capacity of Russia is substan-
tial and incontestable. At the same
time the Arsenal traditionally pro-
vides solutions and purely civilian
products: compressor systems of dif-
ferent modifications and capacities;
refrigerating-gas machines designed
to produce liquid nitrogen; food and
chemical extruders; equipment for
waste water treatment plants (sludge
scrapers; sludge pumps), etc. When
developing civilian products, the
Arsenal often uses latest materials
and technologies developed earlier
for space and artillery systems. All
these products are always charac-
terized by guaranteed high quality
and reliability, which is highly appre-
ciated by consumers. The wastewa-
ter treatment equipment developed
and manufactured by the Arsenal is
installed actually in every wastewater
treatment plant of Vodokanal of St.
Petersburg JSC. In 2009, the VKU1/10
small-sized screw-type compressor
unit (capacity: 1 m3/min) developed
by the Arsenal design bureau and
supplied to the Russian Railways for
its installation in pneumatic systems
for electrically propelled vehicles was
awarded the Made in St. Petersburg
Quality Mark.
Turning over the pages of the
Arsenals history and becoming ac-
quainted with its current achieve-
ments, one can be sure that the
Arsenal represented by the design
bureau and the machine-building
plant is a reliable partner capable of
solving the most complicated chal-
lenges in a quality and prompt man-
ner.
Communicat ions of f ice of t he
Ar senal Design Bur eau Feder al
St at e Unit ar y Ent er pr ise
Perspective space
vehicle equipped
with a nuclear
power plant
10 - 13 November 2010
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9
I NDONESI A S NO.1 OFFI CI AL TRI -SERVI CE
DEFENCE, AND AEROSPACE I NDUSTRY
EVENT
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D U S T
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Ministry of
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Association
SHIPBUILDING
18

evelopment and imple-
mentation of cutting-
edge technologies in
shipbuilding is a ma-
jor factor for competi-
tive capability. JSC SSTC in coopera-
tion with other leading research and
production centers of the Russian
Federation has been involved in this
process for over 70 years. Let us have
a brief review of our latest projects.
JSC SSTC together with JSC
Admiralty Shipyard has developed
a concept of up-to-date integrated
construction facility for non-nuclear
submarines based on the following:
Implementation of compact
yard principles in sub-surface
shipbuilding;
Implementation of latest re-
source-saving technologies, in-
cluding here shaping of parts by
local and rotation-local deforma-
tions, bending of welded frames,
automatic welding with adap-
tive control, 3D optoelectron-
ic measurement systems, chem-
ical modification of special coat-
ings tiles;
Establishment of new modern
workshops and bays, includ-
ing cleaning and painting bays
for sections and blocks, special
coatings bay, shop for assembly
of power propulsion plant with
electrochemical generator, pipe
shop with complex integrated
machinery.
A design of modern surface
shipbuilding facility for JSC Baltic
Shipyard Yantar was developed by
JSC SSTC in cooperation with IMG
(Germany). (See Fig.1).
Main goals for modernization of
JSC BS Yantar were decreasing of la-
bor input and reduction of construc-
tion time, including construction of
frigates, corvettes and landing ships
minimum by 25% as well as increas-
ing of metal processing volume by
100%.
A concept of modern boatbuild-
ing complex was prepared by JSC
SSTC for JSC Srednenevsky Shipyard.
This concept introduces a really
modern and multifunctional facili-
ty, intended for construction of wide
range of ships, including fishing ves-
sels, tugs, minesweepers with com-
posite hulls, missile and coast guard
boats. Special attention in the con-
cept was paid to implementation of
modern technologies for construc-
tion of hulls of composite materials.
(See Fig. 2).
Participating in military techni-
cal cooperation, JSC SSTC prepared
projects for augmentation of leading
ship repair yards in Republic of India
(such as Naval Dockyards in Mumbai
and Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Ship-
yard Ltd., Kochi and Naval Ship
Repair Yard in Karwar) for support
of Russian-built ship repairs (frig-
ates project 11356 and aircraft car-
rier project 11430). These projects
include full-scale augmenting of fa-
cilities with modern process equip-
ment as well as with test stands for
hull, mechanical and pipe shops, ar-
mament repair facility, instrumenta-
tion service.
By now, the major projects of
SSTC are projects of new large-scale
shipbuilding facilities in North West
and Far East regions of the Russian
Federation. (See Fig. 3 and 4).
A BREAKTHROUGH IN SHIPBUILDING
D
Fig. 1.
Modernization of
JSC BS Yantar. Scale
model, fragment
Fig. 2.
Modernization of
JSC Srednenevsky
Shipyard. Scale
model, fragment
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
19
These facilities are intended for
construction of wide range of large-
scale ships and marine structures,
including gas carriers, tankers, oil
rigs, nuclear ice-breakers, research
vessels. The ships will be construct-
ed in drydocks up to 500 m long,
equipped with 10001500 tons ca-
pacity cranes.
Key approach of JSC SSTC in mod-
ernization and creation of new ship-
building facilities is implementation
of modern innovative technologies
and equipment.
Broad implementation of laser
technologies will allow to achieve a
new level of productivity and quality
in construction of ship hulls.
JSC SSTC has developed a new
complex for laser cutting and mark-
ing, intended for precision process-
ing of metal plates up to 2.5 x 10 m in
size and up to 30 mm thick, with pro-
cessing error not exceeding 0.050.1
mm and maximum cut width 0.5
0.7 mm. Employment of optic fiber
lasers instead of conventional gas
models will allow to achieve perfor-
mance parameters exceeding best
world samples, first of all in energy
saving (by 23 times), productivity
(up to 2 times), reliability and oper-
ational cost.
Estimation of welding deforma-
tions in hull structures with use of fi-
nite elements method allows to en-
sure high quality of ship hulls, espe-
cially for non-conventional projects.
Using estimations results one can
take necessary measures to reduce
(compensate) welding deformations,
select optimal welding and assembly
procedure to reduce volume of ad-
justment and improve manufactur-
ing quality. The desirable effect can
be achieved by using special tech-
niques, aimed to reduce welding de-
formations. Such techniques may be
incorporated in the procedure at the
stage of its modeling with use of FEM
and computing aids.
With the aim to resolve this issue,
JCS SSTC has developed a new meth-
od for estimation of welding defor-
mations in hull structures, with use
of estimated and experimental data
on welds shrinkage as well as refined
modeling of welded structures by fi-
nite elements method (FEM). In the
methodological aspect, FEM method
provided new capabilities in model-
ing of assembly and welding of com-
plex 3D structures.
JSC SSTC has developed a concept
of design and construction of ships
by large-scale blocks with modular
installation of onboard weapons sys-
tems. Effectiveness of such approach
is achieved due to enhanced simul-
taneous manufacturing of ship parts
with optimal conditions of highly
mechanized shop-floor assembly, as
well as optimization of ship assem-
bly on building platform and mini-
mization of adjustment operations.
This also provides conditions for spe-
cialization of shipbuilding produc-
tion facilities and enhancing coop-
eration between shipyards. As a re-
sult, sharp reduction in labor input
and construction time for ships can
be achieved.
For new objects and equipment,
whether they are military or civil,
and especially for objects with nu-
clear power plants, issues related to
leak-proofness are most critical for
their functional performance. Leak-
proofness standards and according-
ly procedures for checking joints of
components in leak-proof circuit of
structures can vary depending on
operational requirements to the sys-
tem. JSC SSTC has developed models
of cross-flow of operational, emer-
gency and testing media through
micro-defects. Such models allow to
resolve issues related to estimation
of leak-proofness norms, selection
of test methods and assigning of test
standards for new objects.
Mathematic methods of leak-
proofness checking (estimation) of
shipbuilding objects and structures
intended for various purposes are
a foundation of tree of objectives
for creation of automatic systems for
leak-proofness checking (estimation)
and implementation of such systems
in construction and exploitation of
environmentally hazardous objects.
In conclusion, I would like to em-
phasize that broad implementation
of up-to date technologies is a key
condition for successful progress of
shipbuilding.
V. D. Gor bach, D.Sc, Pr of.,
Dir ect or Gener al
JSC SSTC
Fig. 3. Project of
new shipbuilding
facility in Far East
Fig. 4. Project of
new shipbuilding
facility on Kotlin
Island
SHIPBUILDING
20

his article proceeds with
and develops an issue of
military-technical coop-
eration initiated by the
author in our magazine
No. 1/2010.
The Shipbuilding Division of the
United Industrial Corporation (OPK)
includes Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding
Plant JSC and Baltiysky Zavod JSC
being active entities in the military-
technical cooperation. They are
widely recognized as the builders
of the Project 956 E and 956 EM de-
stroyers for China, Project 1135.6 frig-
ates for India. By a decision of the
Ministry of Industry and Trade of
the Russian Federation, Severnaya
Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC was as-
signed as the main executor of ex-
port orders for the Project 20382 cor-
vette and the Project 22356 multi-
purpose frigate, a series of which for
the Russian Navy is being built by the
company nowadays.
On the eve of the 65th anniver-
sary of the Victory, as part of the
reloading process, the Russian
Government decided to make a
Russian contribution to support the
technical condition of HMS Belfast,
which is at present a museum ship
on the River Thames, in downtown
London. Russian Prime Minister
Vladimir Putin promised to put the
cruiser into shape. Russia obliged
to replace the cruisers rusted main
mast and fore mast, and to carry out
these works entirely at its own ex-
pense.
HMS Belfast was the flagship of
the Allied Fleet escorting north-
ern convoys and directly partici-
pated in escorting eight of them.
Courage and heroism of HMS
Belfast was recognized by Supreme
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed
Forces of the Russian Federation
Dmitry Medvedev, who awarded the
Certificate of Honor to this warship.
The fact that HMS Belfast is the last
existing British cruiser a WW2 par-
ticipant became determinant for
London authorities in their decision
to make the cruiser a branch of the
Imperial War Museum on the River
Thames just opposite to the Tower.
Being 190 m long and 20.2 m wide,
the cruiser has a full displacement of
14,900 tons.
Since the USSRs Northern Fleet
had a relatively small number of large
surface ships, the British Admiralty
was in charge of convoys and their
direct escort all over the passage
from England to Soviet ports. The
Northern Fleet supplemented the
convoy escorts with ships in its op-
erating area, provided their air sup-
OPKS SHIPYARDS AND MILITARY-
TECHNICAL COOPERATION
T
Handing over
the embedded
plate (from left to
right Andrey
Fomichev, General
Director; William
Elliot, Consul-
General; Andy Curren,
Director of the Royal
Museum Ship
HMS Belfast)
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
21
port on the way to bases and swept
fairways.
As a result of a 4-year standoff,
the Third Reich lost nearly 100 ships,
including two battleships (Tirpitz
and Scharnhorst), a number of de-
stroyers and patrol ships, 34 sub-
marines and over 150 aircraft in the
Northern region.
The Royal Navy lost 36 com-
bat ships, including two cruisers
(Trinidad and Edinburgh), 8 de-
stroyers and 8 small escort ships. The
Soviet Fleet lost two destroyers, sev-
eral patrol ships and 21 submarines.
The German personnel losses were
nearly 9 ths. The Allied Fleet losses
were 2 ths naval and nearly 1 ths ci-
vilian servicemen.
The UICs decision to entrust
Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant
JSC with fabrication of masts was
not accidental. This decision was pri-
marily based on the fact that start-
ing from 1942 the convoys includ-
ed destroyers built by Severnaya
Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC:
Grozny, Gromky (Project 7, 1938),
Gremyaschy (Project 7, 1939), and
Valerian Kuibyshev (Novik class,
1927). The destroyer Karl Libkneht
(Novik class, 1928) was under re-
pair in Arkhangelsk and protected
the harbor. Moreover, the yards tra-
ditionally repair ships and vessels
built not only by them but also by
other yards. Such ships include the
cruiser Aurora (1984-87), Project
1159 (Koni 2 Class frigate by
NATO classification) patrol ships and
Project 1234 (Nanucka 2 Class cor-
vette by NATO classification) small
missile boats undergoing repair or
upgrading under the program of
military-technical cooperation as
part of FSUE Rosoboronexports ac-
tivities. Almost 100 years of experi-
ence in construction and repair of
this ship class enable the yards to
promptly perform preproduction ac-
tivities and handle all the challeng-
es emerged.
On May 7, 2010, a ceremony of
handing over of the newly manu-
factured main mast and fore mast
for the museum ship Belfast to the
British Party was held on the prem-
ises of Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding
Plant JSC. (fig. 1). In August 2010, the
masts were shipped to London and
a new stage installation com-
menced which will be also carried
out by Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding
Plant JSC and will be completed by
mid-October 2010.
Undoubtedly, such a new trend
of military-technical cooperation fa-
cilitates further enhancing of the
Russian shipbuilding reputation in
the international market.
At present, the Russian shipbuild-
ing sector faces new challenges in
military-technical cooperation, the
most interesting of which is the elab-
oration of possibilities to build multi-
purpose assault landing ships such
as Mistral class helicopter carriers
or other classes.
Mistral is 199 m long and 32 m
wide with a displacement of 21,300
tons and may be basically built in
Russia only by Baltiysky Zavod JSC
and Admiralty Shipyards. Without
going deep into the analysis of
combat capabilities of this ship, its
furnishing with systems and oth-
er issues pertaining to the compe-
tence of the Russian Navy and the
Ministry of Defense of the Russian
Federation, the problems con-
cerned with organization of its con-
struction within the terms compara-
ble with the ones declared by DCNS,
French shipbuilder, i.e. 22 months,
should be considered.
It is rather difficult for the Russian
shipbuilding spinning up after the
recession of 90s to achieve this goal
by one enterprise, so the solution
should be found in combining the
efforts as well as in efficient use of
advanced manufacturing processes
of individual enterprises.
Due to their experience in the
construction of combat ships as well
as to complementarity of engineer-
ing capabilities of Baltiysky Zavod
JSC and Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding
Plant JSC, and availability of sev-
eral joint management and logis-
tics divisions, the OPK s yards can
legitimately, even more than oth-
er Russian enterprises, claim to the
performance of this objective. Thus,
Slipway A of Baltiysky Zavod JSC
is the biggest in Russia (350 m long,
36 m wide, 15,000 ton capacity) and
provides launching of ships up to
100,000 DWT. Slipway B is 350 m
long and 32.9 m wide (fig. 3 ). Large
vessels and ships built by this en-
terprise include the worlds big-
gest Arktika class nuclear-powered
icebreakers, 159 m long and 30 m
wide, with a full displacement of
25,000 tons; Project 1144 heavy nu-
clear missile cruisers with the last in
this series Pyotr Veliky, 250.1 m
long and 28.5 m wide, with a dis-
placement of 25,860 tons.
Being the Russian shipbuilding
leader in the computer technology
utilization and the only Russian en-
terprise that has implemented 3D
modeling in its large-scale produc-
tion, Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding
Plant JSC has its own hull pro-
duction facilities with all-purpose
mechanized coke beds adjusted on
the basis of analytical data. These
capabilities provide effective for-
mation of side and bottom sections,
Transborder system,
Severnaya Verf
Shipbuilding Plant
JSC
SHIPBUILDING
22

which can be transported to the
slipways of Baltiysky Zavod JSC by
water. The launching and lifting sys-
tem includes a floating dock and a
4,500 ton transborder system (fig.
2). The dock capacity is 10,000 tons
with the dock floor, 150 long and 29
meters wide. Based on 3D models,
the pipe-processing facilities pro-
vide automatic fabrication of ma-
rine pipelines, up to 530 mm in di-
ameter. The outfitting quay of the
yards, 870 m long, ensures installa-
tion of marine equipment harmless-
ly to the existing program of con-
struction or repair of ships and ves-
sels. High-level machine-building
capabilities of Baltiysky Zavod JSC
eliminate the necessity to import
a considerable amount of equip-
ment including, for example, pro-
pulsion shafts and propellers, roll
and pitch stabilizers, heat exchang-
ers and many more. Such com-
plementarity enables the tandem
Baltiysky Zavod JSC Severnaya
Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC to es-
tablish high-performance produc-
tion of prospective ship projects.
Both enterprises have common
computer networks between their
engineering departments and man-
ufacturing workshops. After visiting
both enterprises, representatives
of French companies were satisfied
with the quality level of their prod-
ucts as well as with the level of em-
ployed technologies.
Combining the capabilities of
two enterprises will ensure obser-
vance of target dates specified in the
Government order and minimization
of construction periods not only for
helicopter carriers but also for export
versions of the Project 20382 cor-
vettes, Project 11356, 22356 frigates,
floating power generating units for
nuclear thermal power stations, and
prospective icebreakers.
Andr ey Fomichev,
Dir ect or of Shipbuilding
Pr oject , OPK, Gener al Dir ect or,
Sever naya Ver f Shipbuilding
Plant JSC and Balt iysky Zavod
JSC,
Cand. Sc. (Engineer ing)
St. Petersburg ice-
breaker on Slipway
, Baltiysky Zavod
JSC
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
23
SHIPBUILDING
24

Mr. Trotsenko, in accordance
with the presidential decrees
Southern Center of Shipbuilding
and Ship Repair encompass-
es several enterprises. So, today
USC has four regional centres:
Northern, Western, Southern and
Far Eastern. Do you consider this
structure as optimal?
We aim to make business man-
agement more centralized. In this
regard we will supersede several
Administrative Management Control
Centres. As far as Regional Centres
are concerned we plan to keep on-
ly Far Eastern due to its remoteness.
The configuration of the south enter-
prises management is under devel-
opment for today.
What you think about the pos-
sibility to affiliate shipbuilding
assets of some enterprises from
defense-industrial complex, like
Baltiysky Zavod and Severnaya
Verf?
These assets are very interesting,
and the role, they are playing in the
Russian shipbuilding industry, is very
high. However we do not aim to
overestimate them.
How is the process of Admiralty
Shipyardsrelocation to the Kotlin
island going on?
Today the decision on relocation
from the Novo-Admiralteyskiy island
to Kronshtadt is in development and
is discussed. We'd like to perform the
project on a competitive basis, so
now together with the St. Petersburg
administration have received some
interesting offers, but all of them
should be considered as applications
for participation. The project to re-
locate the shipyards is not highly at-
tractive for St. Petersburg only, as the
city needs to modernize one of its
nice part, but also for Kronshtadt, in
order to revive its economy.
The plans of USC developments
are known to get two shipyards in
the Primorei Territory (in Bolshoi
Kamen and Chajma Bay), where
heavy-lift ships for oil and gas
blocks are going to be manufac-
tured. What is the current situa-
tion concerning these projects?
These two shipyards have been
designed. Unfortunately, we have
to seek a new construction site for
the Vostok-Ruffls due to the uncer-
tainty of the legal status of Chajma
Bay. Most probably the new site will
be in Pyat Ohotnikov bay. As far
SHIPS FOR THE NAVY SHOULD NOT BE PURCHASED
ABROAD, BUT SHOULD BE BUILT IN RUSSIA
Editor-in-Chief of A4 Publishing House Viktor Murakhovskiy asked President of JSC United Shipbuilding
Corporation Roman Trotsenko to shed light on some question of present interest concerning the devel-
opment of the shipbuilding industry.
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
25
as the shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen
is concerned we have signed an
agreement with Sovkomflot where
we make a commitment to build
10 Aframax oil tankers. The hull of
the first is planned to be layout in
November this year. According to
the plans the enterprise will produce
from four up to six vessels a year de-
pending on complexity of a ship:
floating factories for liquid gas, sup-
pliers, icebreakers, ice-reinforced res-
cue ships and other special vessels.
The plans to develop shipbuild-
ing in the Far East stipulate the
need of well educated and high-
ly qualified engineers and work-
ers for all shipbuilding technology
processes, in other words from de-
sign up to building. How are you
going to solve the problem?
This is the most sophisticated is-
sue for the Russian shipbuilding in-
dustry. We established an engi-
neering centre in the Far East. The
same one we plan to establish in
St. Petersburg. We have embarked
on internship programs for students
and education programs in spe-
cialised colleges to encourage young
professionals.
The profitability of commercial
shipbuilding is known to be less
than of military shipbuilding. Are
there any perspectives to increase
the allotment of defence orders in
total output of USC?
Today the ratio of commercial ves-
sels and combat ships is 30 to 70 per-
cent. We plan to reach the ratio of
50/50. We consider that the allot-
ment of combat ships will be de-
creased due to new orders to build
commercial vessels and special ships.
The Russian made frigates, cor-
vettes, non-nuclear submarines
are known to command a large
sale. At the same time accord-
ing to the State-run Armament
Program - 2020 the number of or-
ders for the Navy is also going to
be increased. Are there enough
shipbuilding productive facilities
to meet the demands of the State
and foreign customers?
Enough. Moreover, we need to
feed our shipyards with new orders.
Besides we aim to upgrade and build
up productive capacities of the ship-
yards.
Recently Director General of
"Yantar" shipyard pleaded the
Federal Antimonopoly Service of
the Russian Federation to check
The United Shipbuilding Corporation [USC] was created to boost the de-
velopment of the scientific and industrial capacities of Russia's defence
industry, to ensure the state's defence capabilities, as well as to concen-
trate intellectual, industrial and financial resources in military and civil
shipbuilding projects, the development of the continental shelf and the
global shipping market. 100 percent of the shares of the USC are state-
owned, and it will be composed of all state-owned shipbuilding enter-
prises and government stakes in private companies.
JSC United
Shipbuilding
Corporation indus-
trial premises
SHIPBUILDING
26

the compliance with law of some
provisions of the State Defence
Order concerning the deal on four
French Mistral ships (amphibious
assault ship, a type of helicopter
carrier) for the Russian Navy. Can
USC offer up-to-date ship of this
class to the Russian navy?
Ships for the Navy should not be
purchased abroad, but should be
built in Russia. That's why we sug-
gest that these ships should be built
at the Russian shipyards, which are in
the structure of USC.
We think that our position over
this question should be taken in-
to consideration during negotiations
with France and other states on the
issues related to purchasing of am-
phibious assault ships. There are
no complicated things in the con-
struction. The Russian shipbuilders
are ready to start producing these
ships using USC productive facili-
ties. Moreover, Russia has experience
in building of such combat ships,
let us remember the Ivan Rogov
class landing ship. Another issue is
that the Ministry of Defence failed to
find the area where that ship could
be used.
In case of the designing Russian
version of the ship the total work
period is going to be increased up
to 18 months. Taking into account
the urgency of the issue we de-
veloped and sent to the Minister
of Defence A. Serdukov and
Commander-in-Chief of the Russian
Navy V. Vysotskiy a letter where we
ask for opportunity to take up a li-
cense to build the Dokdo amphibi-
ous landing ships. Dokdo is assessed
to be much more modern ship of
this class than French Mistral. Dokdo
is ahead of Mistral due to some main
technical characteristics.
We estimate the construction of
Dokdo in Russia about 450 million US
dollars, at the same time the French
Mistral ship costs 600 million Euro.
We think that rationally the cheeper
project should be selected.
We are intrinsically against with
some official representatives from
the Ministry of Defence that it will
take longer time for Russian ship-
builders to produce the ship. The li-
cenced construction of the Dokdo
assault landing ship at the shipyards
of USC will take 30 months. And USC
guarantees this term.
The main advantage of this vari-
ant is that USC in cooperation with
Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine
Engineering Co. Ltd has opportunity
to acquire the license to build these
ships in Russia.
The acquisition of French Mistral
actually means acquisition from
South Korea as the French shipyard
belongs to the Korean STX company.
But for Russia it is more profitable to
build this ship in the framework of a
Joint Venture on the Russian territory
under the State's control.
We hope that the Russian Ministry
of Defence, taking into account the
newly appeared alternative, will
conduct open and fair tender on
amphibious landing ships for the
Russian Navy. We also express our
hope that the Ministry of Defence
will remain the main customer of the
Russian shipyards for the Fleet.
Vict or Mur akhovskiy
Open JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation (OSK)
At the proposal of the government of the Russian Federation the open JSC OSK with 100% federal ownership
is to be formed in the period of four months. The initial authorized capital of OSK is formed on the basis of the
60% state owned shares of Nevskoe Design Bureau as well as 25 million rubles. Simultaneously the daughter
companies of OSK are established:
Open JSC Western Center of Shipbuilding (St. Petersburg), 100% state owned. The basis for the initial au-
thorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned Svetlovskoe Enterprise "ERA" (Kaliningrad re-
gion) and 25 million rubles.
Open JSC Northern Center of Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region), 100% state
owned. The basis for the initial authorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned Design Bureau
Rubin-Sever and 25 million rubles.
Open JSC Far East Center of Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Vladivostok), 100% state owned. The basis for
the initial authorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned "Scientific Research Institute Bereg
and 25 million rubles.
President of USC
R.Trotsenko atends
The St. Petersburg
International
Economic Forum,
June 17, 2010
R. Trotsenko reports
Russian President
D.Medvedev the
results of USC, June
9, 2010.
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
27
UnderthepatronageofHisHighnessSheikhKhalifaBinZayedAlNahyan
PresidentofUAE&SupremeCommanderoftheUAEArmedForces.
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SHIPBUILDING
28

Mr. Pashin, what role do the
maritime activities play in the
world?
People have always struggled for
natural resources and ocean space.
The world economy has been in-
creasingly focused on ocean resourc-
es development as well as on the de-
velopment of marine power indus-
try. Nowadays it is focused mainly on
the near-shore resources. A half of
the worlds population lives on the
200-km coastal strip and more than
half of the world's industrial poten-
tial is concentrated there.
The maritime trade, commercial
fisheries, and ocean exploration are
the most important factors of our
time. Maritime activities and global-
ization are one of the key factors
which ensure a stable functioning of
global economy. Intensive maritime
activities provide transport and eco-
nomic national security, especially if
a country has any enclaves, facilitate
to dealing with geopolitical prob-
lems and providing more jobs.
All countries in the world pay
great attention to maritime activi-
ties. It is marine transport fleet that
meets 90% of all needs of the world
economy in transport services. Its
total deadweight amounts to more
than 1 billion tons, 75% of which is
accounted for the golden billion
countries.
The main features of commer-
cial fishery are competition between
countries, protectionism, and pol-
icies on legal and economic as-
pects in the field of efficient fishery
management. The price of annually
caught fish and seafood ranges from
35 to 40 billion dollars. It should be
noted that, despite a sharp decline
in fish stocks, the fish production
still increases. Fish and seafood con-
sumption in major maritime powers
reaches 64.7 kg per capita in Japan,
47.4 kg per capita in Norway, 22.6 kg
per capita in the United States, and
25.7 kg per capita in China.
Offshore oil and gas production
gives much profit as well (that is 80-
100 billion dollars according to the
expert). Today, over 35% of oil and
32% of gas are recovered on the con-
tinental shelf, and in 2010, accord-
ing to the pre-crisis forecast, their re-
covery should reach 50-60%. A sig-
nificant amount of hydrocarbons is
stored in the Arctic. In general, there
are more than 6,000 offshore plat-
forms located on the continental
shelf, including 4,000 offshore plat-
forms in the Gulf of Mexico, 950, in
South-East Asia, 700, in the Middle
East, and nearly 400, in Europe and
West Africa. Currently, oil and gas are
recovered by 54 countries, includ-
ing Russia.
Growth in demand for raw ma-
terials along with the depletion of
reserves on the mainland resulted
in resurgence of exploration. Such
SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY DRIVES
MARITIME ACTIVITIES
Viktor Murakhovskiy, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House A4, asks Valentin Pashin, the prominent
Russian scientist and academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Advisor and Director
of the Krylov Central Research Institute, to tell us about the modern trends in maritime activities.
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
29
countries as Canada, Australia, the
United States, Brazil, South Africa,
etc. spend 5-8% of the value of pro-
duction on exploration. The mari-
time exploration has been driven
by the advent of systems that col-
lect coordinated and integrated data
regarding the marine environment
(e.g. satellite observations).
Everything you have just no-
ticed makes it possible to say that
such a significant amount of mar-
itime activities cannot go under
the radar of naval forces of the lit-
toral countries, can it?
Indeed! The Navy is a sort of a
long arm of the state, a unique tool
for an active foreign policy. Sea lines
of communications as well as glob-
al economy can be controlled by the
world's navies whose total tonnage
amounts to 8.5 million tons. The ex-
penditures on the Navy all over the
world amount to over 200 billion
dollars a year, two thirds of which fall
are accounted for the United States.
The golden billion countries have
unquestioned superiority at the sea
which is provided mainly by the
United States Navy power account-
ed for about 40% of the total ton-
nage. As Roosevelt said, the Navy is
an insurance that a state pays to pro-
vide security of its values.
The Navy, provided with high-
precision cruise missiles with con-
ventional warheads and with a range
of 1,000 km, is capable to control
75% of the world's industrial poten-
tial and almost all capitals at 500 km
from the coast. In fact, this is the abil-
ity to provide strategic deterrence
even without application of nucle-
ar weapons.
Can you describe in detail the
modern trends in the develop-
ment of foreign naval forces?
The United States launched new
strategic concept for the United
States Navy development called
Sea Power 21. It provides a distri-
bution of detection systems, com-
bat systems, and amphibious forces
throughout the ocean. The authors
of the concept note that the United
States control of coastal waters and
Open Ocean will protect not only
the territories of the United States
but the whole area of their nation-
al interest. Special subsystem Sea
Enterprise provides the United
States and their allied forces with
support as well as with the securi-
ty of sea-based systems. During the
operation, according to the United
States strategists, the carrier bat-
tle groups, expeditionary forces of
prompt response and rapid deploy-
ment shall effectively protect the al-
lied forces against possible threats.
Accordingly, the United States Navy
is centred on 37 strike groups, name-
ly as follows:
12 carrier strike groups;
12 ambitious strike groups;
9 strike/missile defence surface
action groups (equipped with
Tomahawk cruise missiles and
antiballistic missile defence sys-
tems);
4 nuclear-powered submarines
equipped with 154 Tomahawk
missiles and provided with spe-
cial forces (from 66 to 103 men).
The United States allies in Europe
and Asia are developing their Navies,
primarily as a component of the uni-
fied armed forces. The total num-
ber of the NATO ships will be around
1,000, including 200 cruise missile
carriers whose total ammunition
load will amount to 4,500 units by
the year 2016. China and India pur-
sue an independent policy. By 2050,
China's Armed Forces must be able
to prevail in any possible conflict re-
gardless its scale and duration. India
claims to be a leader in the Indian
Ocean while Brazil Navy pursues the
same policy in South America.
How maritime activities of the
countries are stimulated?
The importance of the mari-
time activities lies at the heart of
the national policy toward shipbuild-
ing industry pursued by the lead-
ing maritime powers. Shipbuilding
products serve as maritime activ-
ity tools. Today, shipbuilding mar-
ket volume amounts to some 100-
120 billion dollars. All maritime pow-
ers economically support the na-
tional shipbuilding industry. The vol-
ume of this support is so significant
that the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD) adopted a special agreement
World sea transpor-
tation route map
SHIPBUILDING
30

limiting the direct financial support
in order to establish normal compet-
itive conditions for commercial ship-
building industry.
Shipbuilding is a very specific in-
dustry that requires large capital in-
vestments frozen at a relatively long
period of ships construction. The
foreign shipbuilding enterprises are
provided with loans in the volume
of up to 80% of the ships price at
8.6% interest for a period of 10 years.
Besides, ships construction can be
directly subsidized. These conditions
provide investment-friendly condi-
tions for the development of civil
shipbuilding. The naval shipbuilding,
instead, is a national concern and, ac-
cordingly, is funded by the nation-
al budget.
Today, the floating tonnage in-
dices between civilian and combat
vessels are identical (nearly 1 trillion
dollars). In this regard, the actual ton-
nage of the Navy is about 100 times
less, provided that each vessel great-
er cost of each unit.
What types of general purpose
vessels, in your opinion, will be
needed in the nearest future?
The most important means of
general-purpose naval forces in
the first half of the 21st century
will be multi-purpose submarines.
Application of high-precision cruise
missiles will give them the quali-
ty of strategic deterrent weapons.
The most important distinguish-
ing feature is their versatility and
universality. Stealth is their main
feature. Only five countries have
multi-purpose submarines. Diesel-
electric submarines are in service
in 43 countries worldwide. Their to-
tal number is about 380 vessels.
The market of diesel-electric sub-
marines will be filled with mostly
coastal limited displacement (500-
1500 tons). The most important fea-
tures of diesel-electric submarines,
apart from stealth capability, will
be an increase in capacity and num-
ber of combat-ready weapons, en-
hancement of underwater speed as
well as an improvement of contin-
uous underwater autonomy due to
application of the use of air-inde-
pendent power plants.
The list of combat surface ships
of general purpose naval forces in-
cludes aircraft carriers, multi-pur-
pose ships, amphibious assault ships,
ocean-zone multi-purpose ships in-
tended for support of aircraft carriers
as well as for independent actions
(destroyers), multi-purpose ships of
maritime zone (frigates), short-range
maritime-zone ships (corvettes), and
mine countermeasures ships.
Aircraft carriers due to their
uniqueness and high cost will be
still in service only in a few countries.
Their key performance characteris-
tics will be determined by resource
and technological capabilities of the
countries. The optimal ships are not
the big ones but the ones which cor-
respond to the capabilities of one or
another country. The optimal ships
for the United States are 100-thou-
sand tons carriers, for France and
England, 60-70 thousand tons, and
for Thailand even 30 thousand tons
is enough.
Amphibious assault ships and he-
licopter carriers with dock compart-
ment and carrier-based design will
be provided with hangar deck for
helicopters and aircrafts, compart-
ments for mobile equipment, rooms
for landing troops, hospital, landing
craft, etc.
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
31
Multi-purpose ships of ocean
zone combine the functions of a
destroyer, large antisubmarine ship,
and rocket and artillery ship. They
will be provided with missile systems
with multi-purpose vertical launch-
ers.
As practice shows, the common
trend for all general purpose na-
val forces ships will be their unifica-
tion by purpose and type of weap-
on applied. Littoral Combat Ships
(LCS) used for the control / domi-
nance in coastal waters are the new
direction in the development of na-
val forces. The vessels of this type be-
ing constructed in the United States
(with cruising speed of 40 knots and
cruising range of 3,500 miles) are ca-
pable to carry exchangeable modu-
lar payloads. This is mostly uninhab-
ited underwater vessels (reconnais-
sance and mine countermeasures
ships), unmanned combat boats, un-
manned reconnaissance and attack
aircrafts, and a means to intercept in-
tercontinental ballistic missiles in the
initial phase of their flight.
The Arctic has become rath-
er popular issue in the media in
recent years, especially if it re-
lates to economic development.
However, it is obvious that this re-
gion will not remain without the
attention of the naval forces...
The increasing struggle for hydro-
carbon resources aroused an inter-
est of many countries in the Arctic
Region. The United States, Canada,
Norway, Denmark, China declare
their rights to the Arctic. Some
United States politicians just state
that the Arctic is an issue of United
States national interests which are to
be defended even by military means,
if required. The nation should be
able to operate both in the South
and North Poles; the United States
national interests in the Arctic stand
at billions if not trillions of dollars;
these are just some of statements.
Admiral Allen told the United States
Congress that the White House was
actively preparing a document on
protection of national interests in
the Arctic, which was to be ready in
the nearest future.
Interest in the Arctic region will
lead to emergence of new types of
ships. Formally, this will be conven-
tional types of ships, but in fact they
will be the hybrids of ice naviga-
tion ships and boats. The appear-
ance of these ships will be largely de-
termined by new developments and
technologies. Today, there are five or
six core technologies having been
developed up to now. These are
new guidelines to reduce the level
of physical fields at increasing role of
non-acoustic fields, technologies of
integrated approach to ensure sur-
vivability, application of robotic sys-
tems, CALS-technologies, and tran-
sition to electric-powered vessels.
Thus, military and defence
ships are still the most high-tech
naval vessels today, arent they?
I do not think so. Today, there is
a tendency of gradual transition of
functions of generator and techno-
logical progress carrier in marine en-
gineering from the Navy to civil fleet.
In some ways the civil fleet has over-
come the Naval Forces. It deals pri-
marily with the level of automation
and reliability, fire and explosion,
high environmental compatibility,
maintainability, fuel efficiency, nav-
igation safety, development of new
types of power plants, new types of
propulsion systems, etc.
This is due to several objective
factors. At approximately equal val-
Attack nuclear
submarine Gepard,
project 971
SHIPBUILDING
32

ue (one trillion dollars each), the civil
fleet tonnage, as it has been already
mentioned, is 100 times more than
the tonnage of the Navy. The civil
vessels are being used more. Here it
is their economic effectiveness that
is the main criterion of higher inten-
sity of their application.
Naturally, the technical solutions
in civil shipbuilding are more ratio-
nal and reasonable and have been
proven by more exploitative prac-
tices. No wonder a number of civ-
il classification societies have devel-
oped appropriate guidelines and
rules for the design of naval ships.
Thus, the English Lloyd's has estab-
lished a special department for the
development of naval ships design
rules. In 1999 this department is-
sued the interim rules of classifica-
tion of naval ships in terms of their
strength, hull construction, main en-
ergy and electric power plants, sea-
worthiness, and safe navigation. The
Italian naval register issued regula-
tions classifying naval ships and aux-
iliary vessels in 2003. One can al-
so mention the American Bureau of
Shipping, Det Norske Veritas, etc.
In addition, civil shipbuilding has a
strict system of fundamental docu-
ments, i.e. the international conven-
tions (SOLAS, MARPOL, IMO reso-
lution) which make adjustments to
the rules of construction and clas-
sification of the national classifica-
tion societies. The rules of classifica-
tion societies has already been used
in some ships, namely the British
aircraft carrier Queen Elizabeth and
the amphibious assault ship Ocean,
the American LCSs, large landing
ships Mistral (France), Rotterdam
(Netherlands), Ghalia and Rey Juan
Carlos (Spain), etc. The electronic
commercial technologies are widely
used in REV systems of the American
Virginia submarines.
What modern trends in the civ-
il shipbuilding can you mention?
I would have broadened this
question because it is not just about
the conventional vessels but also
about special-purpose marine en-
gineering. Indeed, in recent years a
number of fundamentally new di-
rections of maritime activities have
appeared. This is the oil and gas
offshore development (in the North
Sea, Gulf of Mexico shelf of Angola,
Australia, Vietnam, Africa, Persian
Gulf, etc.) that should be mentioned
in the first place. These activities
have given impetus to the advent of
ocean engineering and specialized
shipbuilding productions. Norway is
the typical example here. It has de-
veloped this industry from scratch.
New types of marine equipment
have emerged in the process of off-
shore development. It includes ex-
ploration, production, pre-process-
ing for transportation, natural-gas
liquefaction, transportation, ship-
ping-receiving terminals, and re-gas-
ification facilities.
Some of these facilities are non-
floating, some are floating. All in
all, offshore development brought
drilling vessels, semi-submersible
or jack-up platform for exploration
drilling, stationary (technological)
platforms for various types of hy-
drocarbon extraction and prepara-
tion for transportation. Vessels for
liquefied or compressed natural gas
have become the most important
type of vessels which main function
is LNG storage. Apart from that there
are numerous innovative supply ves-
sels and ships being developed as
Steregushchy class
corvette, project
20380
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
33
well (barges, platforms for delivery
of technical means, maritime pipe-
laying machine, supply vessels, oil
skimmers, interchange platforms,
etc.). This type of ships, as well as the
previous one, is rich in unique tech-
nical solutions, new technologies,
and know-how, which the Russian
shipbuilding industry has to learn for
the first time.
Thus, the Government realizes
that the industries related to mar-
itime activities should be modern-
ized. Is it true?
Optimism inspires understanding
of how maritime activities and ship-
building industry are important for
the country. The main shipbuilding
market niches are determined by the
government programme for arma-
ment development as well as by de-
velopment strategies for those eco-
nomic sectors which are the con-
sumers of shipbuilding industry
(first of all, this is oil and gas sec-
tor). The strategy for the develop-
ment of industries consumers of
shipbuilding products are being im-
plemented within the federal target
programmes, namely DIC develop-
ment, Development of Transport
System of Russia (for 20102015
years), Improvement of application
effectiveness and development of
the resource potential of the fish-
ery industry for the period of 2009
2013, etc.
The development of technologi-
cal advance in development of state-
of-the-art marine engineering for the
period 2009 2016 is determined
by the Federal Target Programme
Development of the Marine Civil
Engineering for the period of 2009
Gazprom delega-
tion familiarize with
the last develop-
ments of the Krylov
Shipbuilding
Research Institute
Moskva icebreaker
built by the Baltic
Shipyard
upon the project
of the Krylov
Shipbuilding
Research Institute
SHIPBUILDING
34

2016. The main objective of this pro-
gramme is to develop marine equip-
ment for offshore development. The
Strategy resulted in establishment of
the United Shipbuilding Corporation
in 2009. It integrated the leading de-
sign bureaus, factories, and manu-
facturers broken down by geograph-
ical position (Western, Northern and
Far Eastern Centres) as its subsid-
iaries.
Undoubtedly, the USC establish-
ment has already fulfilled one of the
main tasks, namely corporatization
of the enterprises. What should be
done now is to develop the main
strategies of the USC development.
There are many issues to deal with.
Cooperation with the federal bod-
ies of executive power, distribution
of administrative functions between
the USC upper level and the leader-
ship of enterprises which hold the
contracts and been responsible for
their execution, internal competi-
tion of USC enterprises, fundamen-
tal modernization of design bureaus
and factories , public-private part-
nership (apart from the USC there is
MIC, Caspian Energy, Vyborg Group,
and a number of private civil de-
sign bureau and factories that had
belonging to the Ministry of Navy,
Ministry of Fishery, Ministry of River
Fleet) are the main issues to be deal
with.
The main targets indicators of
the shipbuilding industry develop-
ment strategy is satisfying the Navy
needs and the needs of other secu-
rity agencies, developing ocean en-
gineering for offshore development,
and ensuring naval shipbuilding at
the level of 15-20% and export of ci-
vilian goods at the level of up to 2%
from world sales. These are relative-
ly small figures compared with oth-
er industries, but the real figures.
Today, notwithstanding the crisis,
development of shipbuilding indus-
try goes in full compliance with the
adopted Strategy.
In June this year there was a meet-
ing of the Russian Security Council
that reviewed the issues regarding
the Russian shipbuilding industry
and adopted a number of important
decisions on the prospects for its de-
velopment taking into account its
strategic importance.
Deepsea Delta
semisubmersible
rig at the Shtokman
deposit in the
Barents Sea
SHIPBUILDING
5(55).2010
35
36

WEAPONS
n accordance with
weight and dimensions
the torpedoes can be
classified into heavy,
the caliber of 450 mm
and higher, and light, with smaller
caliber Heavy torpedoes (could be
multipurpose or single-purpose) are
used to engage submarines and sur-
face ships. Usually they have two or
three speeds, that provides to attack
sea targets at any speed; acoustic
homing system with a controllable
operating range and digital process-
ing of acoustic signals ensuring the
high target selectivity for the torpe-
do in conditions of natural interfer-
ence (shallow water, seaways, local
acoustic non-uniformities, etc.); and
hydroacoustic countermeasures tak-
en by the target, which is under at-
tack; remote control that allows the
crew to minimize launch preparation
time, effectively classify the detected
targets, enhance target hit probabil-
ity, and thereby reduce torpedo con-
sumption two to three times; a high-
power explosive charge (200 kg and
more) that ensures target engage-
ment by one torpedo.
Light torpedoes can be used by
various carriers: surface ships, fixed-
wing aircraft and helicopters. They
can be used as components of mis-
sile/torpedo and mine/torpedo ar-
mament systems. Light torpedoes
are designed to engage submarines.
Today, the antisubmarine torpe-
do market offers a wide range of
multipurpose heavy torpedoes and
light torpedoes that are fielded at
surface ships and submarines. The
RUSSIAN TORPEDOES.
SOLUTIONS FOR DOMESTIC USE AND EXPORT
Today underwater weapon systems are one of the main attack and defense means for general-purpose
naval forces. At the same time the underwater weapon systems play the key role to provide combat
stability for naval strategic nuclear forces. The torpedo as an element of such system can be assessed
as a powerful deterrent factor. As an effective antisubmarine weapon, torpedoes are, and will remain
in the foreseeable future, the main armament of combat ships.
I
THE USE OF TORPEDOES IN WWII
Carriers Submarines
Naval
Aviation
Torpedo Boats Destroyer Total
Torpedoes Fired 1594 1294 845 16 3749
Sunk Ships and Submarines 411 399 190 4 1004
Consumption of Torpedoes
for One Sunk Ship
3,9 3,3 4,4 4 3,7
5(55).2010
37
WEAPONS
Russian Federation is one of the main
supplies of this weapon system to
the international market along with
the United States, Great Britain,
Germany, France, Italy and Sweden.
In Russia the first torpedo was
manufactured in the middle of 70-s of
the 19th century by I. Alexandrovsky
and was tested in 1874. As far as the
Soviet period of the history is con-
cerned, the 53-27 torpedo was ad-
opted for service with the Navy in
1927. The experience of the Second
World War shows that torpedoes
were widely used by both sides.
Between 1941 and 1945 3749 torpe-
does were fired and 1004 ships (both
combat and commercial) were sunk
due to torpedo attacks.
Today, the main types of torpe-
does that are fielded at submarines,
surface ships and naval aircraft, built
by Russia for export and adopted for
service by several countries, are 53-
65KE, SET-65KE, TEST-71MKE, APR-3E,
and UMGT-1ME.
53-65KE ANTI-SHIP TORPEDO
The 53-65KE, a heavy gas-tur-
bine propulsion, wave-homing anti-
ship torpedo originally developed in
1965, is designed to engage surface
ships and can be launched from sub-
marines and surface ships. The torpe-
do is fitted with a unique wave-hom-
ing system, which enables the torpe-
do to chase the tail marks of surface
ships. This provides the torpedo with
very high jamming immunity to con-
ventional means of torpedo-defence
countermeasures. The course, depth,
and roll control system of the torpe-
do provides for two-plane manoeu-
vring and steers it into the proximi-
ty fuse actuation zone or ensures a
direct hit on the target. Its turbine-
type thermal propulsion system en-
sures a considerable operating range
and running speed. The 53-65KE
is reliable and easy to operate, re-
quiring no maintenance even when
stored in torpedo tubes, on carrier
racks, or in arsenals for a long time.
The late 1960s witnessed the in-
troduction of an oxygen version 53-
65K which was extensively employed
by the Soviet Navy. The 53-65KE is
the improved export variant which
has been sold to many countries.
The Chinese Navy ordered some of
the 53-65KE and TEST-71 torpedoes
in the late 1990s to arm its four Kilo
class diesel-electric submarines.
SET-65KE ELECTRICALLY-
PROPELLED HOMING TORPEDO
The SET-65KE torpedo is designed
to destroy modern submarines of
any type and high-tonnage surface
ships. The torpedo may be used by
Russian-built submarines and sur-
face ships (exported, modernized or
newly built) or foreign-built subma-
rines and surfaces ships (with torpe-
does adapted to launchers, loaders
and fire control systems).
The warhead is equipped with
an explosive charge and a proximi-
ty and contact fuze system. The SET-
65KE torpedo is driven by an electric
power plant with a single-use self-ac-
tivated battery. The on-board equip-
ment includes a jamming-proof ac-
tive-passive homing system to en-
gage submarines and a wake-follow-
ing system to engage surface ships.
TEST-71 ANTI-SUBMARINE
TORPEDO
TEST-71 wire-guided, electric-pro-
pulsion anti-submarine torpedo ini-
tially introduced in the 1970s. It uses
a wire-guidance operated by the tor-
pedo operator, together with an ac-
tive/passive acoustic-homing guid-
ance. The operator can manually
switch the torpedo to an alterna-
tive target during midcourse, or con-
trol the torpedo to manoeuvre in
two axes.
The anti-submarine TEST-71MKE
remotely controlled torpedo has an
active sonar homing system with TV
guidance which allows the operator
to manually switch to an alternative
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARA CHARACTERISTICS
OF 53-65KE
Calibre 533mm
Length 7,945mm
Weight 2,100kg
Warhead 300kg
Propellant Kerosene-Oxygen turbine
Speed 45kt
Range 11.18 miles
Guidance Wave-homing
Explosive Charge 205 kg
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SET-65KE
Caliber, mm 533
Length, mm 7800
Weight, kg:
of torpedo 1740
of explosive charge 205
Service life, years 10
Time of storage on carrier, years up to 1.5
38

WEAPONS
target, and can manoeuvre in two ax-
es. In 1990s the torpedo was also ex-
ported to China.
APR-3E
The Russian made APR-3E is a tor-
pedo powered by a turbo water-jet
solid-propellant rocket motor and
is designed to destroy surfaced and
submerged submarines at a depth
of up to 800 meters and moving at
speeds of up to 45 knots. It was de-
veloped to be released by airborne
platforms such as helicopters and
fixed-wing aircraft (Tu-142, Il-38, Ka-
28, Mi-17). The APR-3E is equipped
with a passive acoustic homing head
with the engine shut during gravi-
ty submersion along a spiral trajec-
tory. The homing head can detect
targets at ranges of up to 2,000 me-
ters. Once the APR-3E has detect-
ed a potential target the engine ig-
nites and the APR-3E is ensured to hit
the designated target in 1 or 2 min-
utes which shortens the odds of the
target applying countermeasures or
getting away. The underwater mis-
sile has a top speed of 120 kph or 65
knots with an engine endurance of
113 seconds.
UMGT-1ME
The Russian UMGT-1ME is an an-
ti-submarine warfare torpedo de-
signed to be released from airborne
platforms inside a parachute-con-
tainer against either surfaced or sub-
merged submarines. It is equipped
with hydro-acoustic active/pas-
sive homing head which provides
fire-and-forget capability indepen-
dently of the target's noise lev-
el. The Russian Navy has deployed
the UMGT-1ME torpedo with both
ASW helicopters and maritime patrol
fixed-wing aircraft.
The UMGT-1ME's homing head al-
lows to engage both stationary and
maneuvering targets with its 60 kg
explosive charge detonating by im-
pact or by a proximity fuze. Its mod-
ular design allows for a service life of
up to 10 years with minimum mainte-
nance. Being 3.845 meters in length,
400mm in diameter and weighing
725 kg, the torpedo is carried inside
a parachute-container with 500mm
in diameter.
VA-111 SHKVAL
Talking about torpedoes, one can-
not fail to mention one of the latest
and powerful underwater weapon
as the VA-111 Shkval (squall) that can
reach speeds around 200 knots. This
speed is a result of supercavitation:
the torpedo is, in effect, flying in a gas
bubble created by outward deflec-
tion of water by its specially shaped
nose cone and the expansion of gas-
es from its engine. By keeping water
from coming into contact with the
surface of the body of the torpedo,
drag is significantly reduced, allow-
ing extremely high speeds. In effect,
the Shkval is an underwater missile.
The story over the Shkval under-
water missile was tanned in 2000,
when former U.S. Naval intelligence
officer Edmond Pope was arrested,
tried, and convicted of espionage
related to information he obtained
about the Shkval weapon system.
Russian President Putin pardoned
Pope in December 2000, allegedly
on humanitarian grounds because
he has bone cancer.
The unique characteristics of
Shkval were highly estimated not on-
ly in Russia, but also abroad. Several
countries, including traditional buy-
ers of the Russian weapon systems,
like China and Iran, showed inter-
est towards the torpedo and nego-
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TEST-71
Calibre 533mm
Length 7,900mm
Weight 1,820kg
Warhead 205kg
Propellant Electric (Silver-zinc battery)
Speed 35~40kt
Range
9.32 miles (at a speed of 40kt);
12.43 miles (at a speed of 35kt)
Depth of Search/attack Up to 400m
Guidance Wire-guided with active/passive acoustic homing
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APR-3E
Dimensions Diameter 350 mm, Length 3.6 m, Wingspan 500 mm
Weights Warhead 100 kg, Weight 550 k
Performance
Hit Probability 85 %, Max Detection Range 1,07 nm, Max
Operating Depth 800 m, Target's Max Speed 45 kt, Top
Speed 75 mph
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UMGT-1ME
Dimensions Diameter 400 mm, Length 3.9 m
Weights
Explosive Weight 60 kg,
Weight 725 kg
Performance Service Life 10 years
5(55).2010
39
WEAPONS
tiations on purchase are said to be
on track.
UGST
The last but not least is the new
Russian-made versatile torpedo, des-
ignated UGST (abbreviation starts
from the first letters in Russian
Multipurpose Deepwater Homing
Torpedo) , continues the traditions
of the national torpedo-building in-
dustry.
As the UGST torpedo has a mod-
ular design. The modularity makes
it adaptable to different applica-
tions. For instance, the 7.2-m long
basic model of the torpedo can be
launched from platforms designed
to Russian standards, while its 6.1-m
long modification fits torpedo tubes
designed to NATO standards.
The UGST torpedo is equipped
with an axial-piston engine which
consists of a rotating combustion
chamber where liquid monofuel
is injected into. The hydrodynam-
ic system has twin control surfac-
es, which unfold when the weapon
leaves the torpedo tube. This tor-
pedo design reduces its noise. The
high efficiency of the control sur-
faces is particularly noticeable when
the target distance is short.
A warhead section accommo-
dates a removable vessel containing
an explosive charge. Modifications
of the warhead section involve vary-
ing types and weight of explosive
materials and use of different det-
onation techniques, which makes it
possible to obtain various direct-ac-
tion patterns of warhead.
The active/passive homing sys-
tem employs a planar transmit/re-
ceive antenna array which scan sec-
tor can be adjusted, as well as spe-
cific multichannel active sonar sub-
systems. The homing system is ca-
pable to detect surface and under-
water targets over several channels
both in deep and shallow waters,
guide the torpedo onto the mid-
section of the target ship hull and
detonate the warhead at the re-
quired distance to the target.
As one can sea, the torpedo is
one of the oldest weapons in the
Naval Inventory. But at the same
time it remains one of the deadliest
anti-ship and anti-submarine weap-
on. It is far more lethal to subma-
rines and surface ship than any oth-
er conventional weapon.
Ant on Cher nov
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF VA-111 SHKVAL
Length 8.2 m
Diameter 533 mm
Weight 2700 kg
Warhead weight 210 kg
Speed
Launch Speed 50 kt
Maximum Speed 200+ kt
Range Around 3,7 nm to 7 nm
AIR DEFENSE
40

THE BEGINNING
The history of the Fleet air defense
systems in the Soviet Union started
after the WWII. In forties and fifties
of the last century a very new weap-
on system, the missile, emerged.
The first missiles appeared in Fascist
Germany and were implemented in
some combat operations. Apart from
the V-1 aircraft-type missile and V-2
ballistic missile the Germans invent-
ed the Wasserfall, Rheintochter,
Encian, Schmetterling AA missiles
at a range of fire from 18 up to 50 ki-
lometers and they were used to re-
buff air raids by the Allied aviation.
After the WWII the United States of
America and the Soviet Union active-
ly embarked on the development of
AD systems. USA were very deep-
ly involved in the development and
as a result in 1953 the Nike Ajax AA
system was fielded in the Army and
Air Force. The Nike Ajax s range of
fire was 40 kilometers. The Navy re-
ceived the Terrier AA system with
the same firing range.
The fielding of the AA missile sys-
tems at the surface ships was caused
by the appearance of the jet aviation
in the end of forties. Due to the high
speed and altitude the jets could be
hardly stroked by the surface ship AA
artillery.
The Soviet Union considered the
development of AA systems as a par-
amount task. Thats why since 1952
the C-25 Berkut (SA-1 according to
NATO classification) AA system was
fielded around Moscow. However
usually the Soviet anti aircraft sys-
tems that were mainly consisted of
interceptors and AA artillery could
not prevent the continuous viola-
tions of the countrys airspace by the
numerous American reconnaissance
aircraft. That situation lasted up to
the end of 1950-s when the Soviet
Union fielded the C-75 Volhov mo-
bile AA missile system (SA-2 accord-
ing to NATO classification) with tech-
SOVIET UNION AND RUSSIAN
FLEET AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS
One of the famous Marshals of the Soviet Union Georgiy Zhukov once said that a state would face a
great challenge in a war in case it was not capable to rebuff an air attack. Since 1940 the experience of
naval combat operations has shown that the main enemy for the Navy is aircraft and missiles, which
can be used by different platforms. Up to 60% of losses the Navies of the belligerents suffered from
aircraft assault. That tendency continued after the WWII and even was increased in local conflicts and
wars. The air operations during the Musketeer operation, conflicts in the Middle East and war in
Vietnam have shown that being developed, the aircraft became the main factor to fight the enemy
Navy at the sea. The wide combat use of aircraft at the sea led to the development of naval air defense
systems. This article is devoted to the Fleet AD systems designed in the Soviet Union and the Russian
Federation.
AIR DEFENSE
5(55).2010
41
nical characteristics that provided in-
terception of any aircraft of that time.
Later in 1961 the USSR Air Defense
Units were equipped with the C-125
Neva low-altitude AA missile sys-
tem that could engage a target at a
range of 20 kilometers.
The AA systems in the Soviet
Union spring exactly from the above
mentioned anti-aircraft missiles due
to the fact that AA systems initial-
ly were developed and fielded in
the Army and Air Defense Units. The
idea was to unify the ammunition, in
other words the missile. At the same
time abroad ad hoc Fleet AA systems
were usually developed.
The M-2 Volhov-M (SA-N-2 ac-
cording to NATO classification) AA
missile system was the first one de-
signed for the Soviet Fleet and in-
stalled at the cruisers. The system
was developed from the C-75 AA mis-
sile system fielded in the AD units.
The works on marinization of the AA
system were led by Chief Designer
S. Zaytsev. Chief Designer P. Grushin
from the Fakel Navy Design Centre
was in charge of missile develop-
ment. At the end the system ap-
peared to be cumbersome one. Radio
command guidance system made
the Korvet-Sevan antenna station
too big and the B-753 two-stage-
liquid-propellant-jet-engine SAM of
considerable dimensions needed the
proper launcher and ammunition de-
pot. Furthermore a missile needed to
be fueled with oxidizer prior to the
launch, and as a result the fire pow-
er potential left something to be de-
sired. As far as the combat stock is
concerned it was too small only 10
AA missiles. The M-2 Volhov-M was
fielded at the Dzerzhinsky project
70E experimental ship. However the
system was in a single copy and nev-
er deployed at other ships in spite of
being officially passed into service in
1962. Later on the AA system was de-
activated and never used.
M-1 VOLNA ANTI-AIRCRAFT
MISSILE SYSTEM
Almost at the same time with the
development of M-2 AA system the
M-1 Volna (SA-N-1 according to
NATO classification) anti-aircraft mis-
sile system had been under devel-
opment at the Altair Research and
Development Centre under the di-
rection of Chief Designer I. Ignatyev
since 1955. The system was based on
the Army Air Defense System C-125.
P. Grushin was in charge of improv-
ing the missile. The development
prototype was tested at the Bravy
project 56K destroyer. The fire pow-
er potential (estimated) was 50 sec-
onds between the salvos, maximum
range of fire was from 12 up to 15 ki-
lometers depending on the altitude
of a target. The M-1 Volna consist-
ed of double-girder stabilized guid-
ed launcher equipped with the feed
and loading system, Yatagan com-
mand and control system, 16 B-600
SAMs, stored in two underdeck am-
munition magazines, and main-
tenance equipment kit. The radar-
homing B-200 missile had two stages
and gunpowder booster and sustain-
er engines. The warhead consisted of
several sensor fuses and 4500 pre-
fragmented elements. Antenna sta-
tion had five antennas: two small for
approximate aiming, one for com-
mands transmitting and two anten-
nas for tracking and accurate aiming.
The M-1 Volna was a single chan-
nel aiming AA system, it means that
other targets servicing was impossi-
ble until the first target engagement.
Furthermore in case of large rang-
es the degradation of accuracy took
place. However for that time the an-
ti-aircraft system appeared to be ef-
fective. In 1962 it was fielded at the
Komsomolets Ukrainy project 61,
61M, 61MP and 61ME large anti-sub-
marine ship as well as the Grozny
project 58 and Admiral Zozula proj-
Volna AA Missile
System at large anti-
submarine ship
Volna AA Missile
System at large anti-
submarine ship
AIR DEFENSE
42

ect 1134 missile cruisers and upgrad-
ed destroyers project 56K, 56A, 57A.
Later on in 1965 and 1968 the M-1
Volna was upgraded and equipped
with a new missile B-601 which was
able to engage a target at a range
of 22 kilometers. In 1976 Volna was
upgraded once more and named
Volna-P. The system was enhanced
with highly resistant to jamming
system. In 1980 when sheeps were
needed to be protected from low-
flying anti-ship missiles, the system
was deeply upgraded and named
Volna-N armed with the B-601M
SAM. The upgraded command and
control system provided the engage-
ment both low-altitude targets and
surface targets. Gradually the M-1
AA system became a Multipurpose
Air Defense System. According to the
main technical characteristics and
combat effectiveness the Volna AA
missile system was comparable to
the Tartar AA missile system made
in the United States of America for
it's Fleet. However the Soviet made
AA system lost on range of fire
against the last modifications of the
American Tartar AA missile system.
Today the Volna-P is fielded at
the Smetlivy large anti-submarine
ship project 61 based in the Black Sea
Fleet. In 1987-1995 the ship was up-
graded in accordance with the proj-
ect 01090 and armed with the Uran
anti-ship missile system. Currently
the ship has been reclassified to the
destroyer class.
There was no classification of the
Fleet Air Defense Systems at the be-
ginning. However in the beginning
of sixties the Fleet AD systems were
classified as following: systems with
range of fire above 90 kilometers
were called long range AA missile sys-
tems, up to 60 kilometers medium
range AA missile systems and up to
30 kilometers short range AA missile
systems. AA missile systems with 20
kilometer-range-of- fire were called
ship self-defense missile systems.
OSA-M AA MISSILE SYSTEM
The first OSA-M (SA-N-4 accord-
ing to NATO classification) ship self-
defense missile system was devel-
oped in 1960 by Scientific Research
Centre #20. at the beginning this
AA missile system was developed
in two variant: for Army and Navy.
The Fleet system was planned to
be used to engage both air and sur-
face targets at a range up to 9 kilo-
meters. Mr. V. Efremov was appoint-
ed as a Chief Designer. Initially the
missile was planned to be equipped
with homing device, however, at that
time it was technically very hard to
implement the idea as well as the
cost of the missile was estimated as
very high. As a result the missile was
equipped with radar guidance sys-
tem. OSA-M used the same 9M33
SAM as the AA missile system devel-
oped for the Land Forces and as far
as command and control unit is con-
cerned the unification rate was 70%.
The canard missile had one-stage-
two-mode solid propellant engine.
The warhead was equipped with a
radio proximity fuse. The distinguish-
ing feature of the Fleet version of
this AA missile system was the lo-
cation of it's own radar unit 4P33 in
the integrated antenna station to-
gether with target tracker and com-
mand transmission station. The ra-
dar unit provided the target acquisi-
tion at a distance from 25 up to 50 ki-
lometers (it depends on the altitude
of a target). Therefore the AA missile
system was able to detect and en-
gage targets itself. The combat re-
action time was decreased subse-
quently. The OSA-M AA missile sys-
tem consisted of the ZiF-122 launch-
er, which two ramps in-down posi-
tion were housed in a cylindric mag-
azine. In battery the ramps moved up
with two AA missiles on them. The
missiles were housed in four rotating
drums, five missiles in each.
The tests of the OSA-M AA mis-
sile system took place in 1967 at the
OS-24 project 33 experimental ship
(the re-built light cruiser Voroshilov
project 26 bis). Afterwards the sys-
tem was tested up to 1971 at the
leadeng ship project 1124. After a lot
Antenna Post of
OSA-M AA missile
system fielded at
missile speed boat
Launcher of OSA-M
AA missile system
AIR DEFENSE
5(55).2010
43
of weaponization works had been
done, in 1973 the OSA-M AA mis-
sile system was passed into service.
Due to its perfect technical charac-
teristics and operating convenience
the AA system became a popular
Fleet anti-aircraft missile system. The
system was fielded not only at big
surface ships like the Kiev project
1143 heavy aviation cruiser and the
Nikolaev project 1134B large an-
ti-submarine ship as well as at the
Bditelniy project 1135 and 1135M
frigates, but also at small-displace-
ment ships, like small anti-submarine
ships, guided missile boats.
In 1975 the modernization of the
OSA-M AA missile system began
with the aim to decrease the altitude
of a target engagement from 50 me-
ters up to 25 meters. The modernized
version was named OSA-MA and
passed into service in 1979. the sys-
tem was fielded at the Slava proj-
ect 1164 and 11641 missile cruisers
as well as the Kirov project 1144 nu-
clear powered guided missile cruis-
ers. In the beginning of 1980-s the
second stage of modernization took
place. The AA missile sustem was des-
ignated as OSA-MA-2. It was able to
engage a target at an altitude of five
meters. The technical characteristics
of the Russian OSA-MA-2 anti-air-
craft missile system can be compared
with French Crotale Naval wich was
developed in 1978 and one year later
passed in to the service. The French
Crotale Naval AA system has a light-
er missile and is based on a uni-
fied launcher with guidance control
unit, however it does not have its
own target acquisition radar. At the
same time the OSA-MA-2 was sig-
nificantly not up to the American
Sea Sparrow AA missile system, es-
pecially in range of fire and rate of
fire. OSA-MA-2 was not up to the
British Sea Wolf in simultaneous tar-
get handling capacity.
Today the OSA-MA and OSA-
MA-2 anti-aircraft missile systems
are fielded at the Marshal Ustinov,
Varyag and Moskva project 1164
and 11641 guided missile cruisers,
the Kerch and Ochakov project
1134B large anti-submarine ships,
four frigates project 1135, 11352 and
1135, two Bora Class guided missile
hovercraft (project 1239), 13 missile
boats project 1134, 11341 and 11347,
two the Gepard class frigates (proj-
ect 11661K) and 20 small anti-subma-
rine ships (project 1124, 1124M and
1124MU).
SHTORM M-11 AA MISSILE
SYSTEM
In 1961 in Scientific and Research
Centre #10 Chief Engineer G. Volgin
embarked on the development of
The Launch of
SHTORM AA Missile
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN
FLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS
Name M-1 Volna M-1 Volna M-11 Shtorm
Passed into Service 1962 1968 1969
NATO Classification SA-N-1A SA-N-1B SA-N-3A
Range of Fire (m)
Min.:
Max.:
4000
15000
4000
22000
6000
33500
Operating Altitude
Min.:
Max.:
100
10000
100
14000
100
25000
Simultaneous Target
Handling Capacity (number
of targets)
1 1 1
Simultaneous Target
Handling Capacity (number
of missiles)
2 2 2
Designation of Missile V-600 V-601 V-611
Number of Stages 2 2 1
Type of Engine Solid Propellant Solid Propellant Solid Propellant
AA Missile Launching Weight
(kg)
923 980 1840
Missile Dimentions (m)
Length:
Diameter:
5,89
0,38 / 0,55
5,95
0,38 / 0,55
6,17
0,65
AA Missile Maximum Speed
(m/sec)
~700 730 900
Maximum Target Speed
(m/sec)
600 700 800
Type of warhead
High Explosive with
with Ready-Made
Elements
High Explosive with
with Ready-Made
Elements
High Explosive
Warhead Weight (kg) 60 72 125
Guidance System
Beam-Rider
Guidance System
Beam-Rider
Guidance System
Beam-Rider
Guidance System
C2 system YATAGAN YATAGAN GROM, GROM-M
Antenna Station 4P90 4P90 4P60
Tracking Range (km) ZiF-101 ZiF-101 or 102 B-189 / B-187 /B-192
Launcher Designation
Pedestal Mount
Trainable Launcher
Pedestal Mount
Trainable Launcher
Pedestal Mount
Trainable Launcher
Number of Launching Ramps 2 2 2
Combat Stock per One
Launcher
16 16 or 32 48 / 24 / 40
Firing Interval (sec) 50 30 50
AIR DEFENSE
44

a multipurpose AA system special-
ly for the Soviet Union Navy. M-11
Shtorm (according to NATO clas-
sification SA-N-3 was designed to
engage high-speed-all-altitude tar-
gets at a distance of 30 kilome-
ters. Its main elements were the
same as the elements that were
used in the Volna anti-aircraft mis-
sile system. However the dimen-
sions of some elements were slight-
ly increased. The fire could be done
in salvo of two missiles with the in-
terval between salvos of 50 seconds.
The two-ramp and stabilized system
mas mounted on the B-189 pedestal
with underdeck magazine for stor-
age and feeding the missiles. The
magazine consisted of four drums
with six missiles in each. The B-611
one-stagesolid-propellant engine
SAM had 150 kg. high explosive war-
head which was equipped with a ra-
dio proximity fuse. The Grom ra-
dio command and control system
included the 4P60 antenna station
that consisted of two couples of tar-
get and missile tracking parabolic
antenna and a command transmis-
sion antenna. The updated version
Grom-M, which was specially de-
signed for the large anti-submarine
ships, was able to provide command
and control not only over anti-air-
craft missiles but also the Metel
anti-submarine missile system.
The tests of the M-11 Shtorm
were conducted at the OC-24 ex-
perimental ship. In 1969 the sys-
tem passed into sevice. Due to the
powerful warhead the anti-aircraft
system provided effective both air
and surface target engagement
level with 40 meter accuracy. The
9317 radar was able to track and
detect small targets flying at very
low altitudes and lock a missile on
the target. However despite its out-
standing technical characteristics
the M-11 Shtorm AA system could
be housed only at the ships with dis-
placement over 5500 tons. The sys-
tem was fielded at the Moskva
and Leningrad (project 1143) heli-
copter carriers and also at the large
anti-submarine ships projects 1134A
and 1134B.
In 1972 the modernized
Shtorm-M AA missile system was
put into service. The system has
100-meter low limit of target en-
gagement as well as it is able to en-
gage high-altitude targets including
receding target engagement. Later
on in 19801986 the system was a
subject of deep modernization and
named Storm-N. The system re-
ceived a new missile B-611M. The
missile was able to engage low-flying
anti-ship missiles. Some ships (proj-
ect 1134B) were armed with this AA
missile system.
Taking into account main techni-
cal characteristics the M-11 Storm
anti-aircraft missile system was at the
same level with American Terrier
and British Sea Slag. However the
Soviet made AA missile system lost
some points in weight and range of
fire at the end of 60-es the begin-
ning of 70-es, when in West some
new anti-aircraft systems were put in
inventory. In addition Western made
anti-aircraft missiles were equipped
with semi-active guidance systems
that time.
Today the M-11 Storm anti-air-
craft missile system is fielded at two
large anti-submarine ships Kerch
and Ochakov (project 1134 B), both
Antenna Post of
Shtorm AA missile
system fielded at
large anti-subma-
rine ship
Shtorm AA missile
system fielded at
large anti-subma-
rine ship
AIR DEFENSE
5(55).2010
45
are enlisted to the Russian Black Sea
Fleet.
C-300F FORT ANTI-AIRCRAFT
MISSILE SYSTEM
C-300 F Fort (SA-N-6 accord-
ing to NATO classification) was the
first long-range Soviet AA mis-
sile system that was able to pro-
vide Simultaneous Target Handling
Capacity. The system was cre-
ated by the Altair Research and
Development Institute. The reason of
the long-range missile development
in the Soviet Union was caused by
the intention of the leading Western
countries to engage enemy targets
at a longer distance as well as the
appearance of than up-to-date anti-
ship missiles that were able to launch
them from the standoff distance.
Another reason was to create the
Joint Air Defense of Naval Force. New
anti-ship missiles were characterized
by high speed, highly-maneuverable
capabilities, stealth technologies and
had very high damage affect. So, the
available fleet anti-aircraft systems
were not effective especially in case
of mass launch. Therefore the main
task was not only to increase the
range of fire but also to increase fire
power potential.
The C-300F Fort AA missile sys-
tem was based on the C-300 AA mis-
sile system that was fielded in the
Soviet Union's Air Defense Units. The
naval version had the same missile
B-500P one stage SAM. The sys-
tem was designed to engage high-
speed- maneuverable pinpoint tar-
gets (in particular the Tomahawk
and Harpoon anti-ship missiles) at
all altitudes from 25 meters up to op-
erational ceiling of all aircraft as well
as to destroy anti-ship missile air car-
riers and jammers. For the first time
in the world Soviet engineers imple-
mented the fly-out method and jam-
resistant multichannel control which
was planned to track simultaneous-
ly up to 12 targets and engage si-
multaneously up to six air targets.
Moreover the 130-kilogram missile
warhead was able to engage surface
targets at a distance of radar hori-
zon. The C-300F Fort AA missile sys-
tem was equipped with illuminating
and guidance radar with phased ar-
ray antenna which provided not on-
FORT AA Missile
System
Name M-11 Shtorm-N S-300F Fort S-300F Fort
Passed into Service 1980 1983 1990
NATO Classification SA-N-3B SA-N-6A SA-N-6B
Range of Fire (m)
Min.:
Max.:
6000
35000
5000
75000
5000
93000
Operating Altitude
Min.:
Max.:
100
25000
25
25000
25
25000
Simultaneous Target
Handling Capacity
(number of targets)
1 6 6
Simultaneous Target
Handling Capacity
(number of missiles)
2 12
Designation of Missile -611 -500 486
AA Missile Launching
Weight (kg)
1840 1665 1900
Length:
Diameter:
6,17
0,65
7,25
0,51
7,5
0,52
AA Missile Maximum
Speed (m/sec)
900 2000 3000
Maximum Target
Speed (m/sec)
800 1300 2800
Type of warhead High Explosive High Explosive High Explosive
Guidance System
Beam-Rider Guidance
System
Track-via-Missile
Beam-Rider Guidance
System
Track-via-Missile
Beam-Rider Guidance
System
C2 system GROM-M FORT FORT
Antenna Station 4P60
Tracking Range (km) 50
Launcher Designation B-187 / B-192 B-203/B-204 / B-203 B-204 / B-203
Launcher Type
Pedestal, guided
Mount
Pedestal, guided
Mount
Pedestal, guided
Mount
Number of Launching
Ramps
2 2 2
Combat Stock per One
Launcher
16 16 or 32 48 / 24 / 40
AIR DEFENSE
46

ly the SAM guidance but also target
location of high-altitude targets. The
combined SAM guidance method
was implemented in the command
and control system. At first the con-
trol was executed by radar and at the
final stage by a semi-active airborne
radio direction finder. Due to new
components that were used in the
solid-propellant engine the SAM be-
came lighter then the missile used in
the Shtorm AA missile system, but
at the same time C-300F Fort AA
missile got range of fire three times
as big as Shtorm had.
Due to the vertical launch system
the preset firing interval appeared
to be three seconds and pre-launch-
ing time was significantly decreased.
Transporter-launcher containers with
SAMs were housed under the deck in
rotating magazines with eight mis-
siles in each magazine. To decrease
the number of starter openings on
the deck every magazine had one
missile hatch. When SAM is launched
the magazine rotates automatically
and a second missile missile is put in
firing position. The revolving system
negatively affected to the weight
of the vertical launch system which
became also very bulky. Due to this
fact the C-300F Fort AA missile sys-
tem was fielded at the ships with dis-
placement more then 6500 tons.
The System was tested at the
Azov large anti-submarine ship in
1975. Officially C-300F Fort was
put into service in 1983. The Kirov
and Slava (projects 1144 and 1164)
guided missile cruisers were armed
with C-300F. In the end of eight-
FORT AA Missile
System at Heavy
Nuclear-Powered
Cruiser
FORT AA Missile
System at Missile
Guided Cruiser
Antenna Post of
FORT-M AA Missile
System at Heavy
Nuclear-Powered
Cruiser
AIR DEFENSE
5(55).2010
47
ies of the last century a new SAM,
48H6, was developed by the Fakel
Design Bureau for the C-300F AA
missile system. SAM was unified with
C-300 PM for Air Defense Units and
had 120-kilometer range-of fire. New
SAMs were fielded at the Kirov
guided missile cruiser. In 1990-s the
export variant of the AA system ap-
peared. It was named Rif. Later on
the C-300F was upgraded and desig-
nated as Fort-M where lighter an-
tenna station and up-to-date com-
mand and control system were used.
Nowadays Fort-M is fielded at the
Pyotr Velikiy heavy nuclear-pow-
ered cruiser. Beside this cruiser, the
Fort AA missile system is fielded at
the Marshal Ustinov, Varyag and
Moskva (projects 1164 and 11641)
guided missile cruisers. The further
modernization is said to be done in
the near future with the aim to de-
crease the dimensions of SAM. The
modernization will positively effect
combat effectiveness and increase
SAM combat stock four times.
ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM
M-22 URAGAN
Almost at the same time with
Fort AA system the development of
the short-range Anti-Aircraft Missile
System M-22 Uragan (SA-N-7 ac-
cording to NATO classification) start-
ed. The range of fire was planned to
be up to 25 kilometers. The develop-
ment of the AA system was conduct-
ed in Altair Research Institute un-
der the leadership of Chief Engineer
G. Volgin. According to the tradition
the missile of the M-22 Uragan AA
system was unified with the BUK
AA system that was in service in the
Army. Uragan is designed to engage
different air targets at all altitudes in-
cluding low-altitude and high-alti-
tude targets, which fly from different
directions. For this purpose the AA
system has modular structure that
provided 12 targeting channels on
board of a ship and made the system
easy in service. Uragan was planned
to be fielded not only at new com-
bat ships but also insted of old an-
ti-aircraft missile system Volna af-
ter the up-grade of some old ships.
The destingushing feature of the new
AA system was the Oreh (Nut) com-
mand and control station with semi-
URAGAN AA Missile
System
Name
S-300 FM
"Fort-M"
M-22
"Uragan"
"Uragan-Tornado
Passed into Service 1990s 1983
1990s
(development)
NATO Classification SA-N-6C SA-N-7
Range of Fire (m)
Min.:
Max.:
8000
120000
3500
25000
Operating Altitude
Min.:
Max.:
10
25000
10
15000
Simultaneous Target Handling
Capacity (number of targets)
6 6
Capacity (number of missiles)
12 1218
Designation of Missile 4862 938() 9317
AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) 1800 690
Length:
Diameter:
7,5
0,52
5,55
0,4
AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) 3000 1100
Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) 2800 850
Guidance System
Radio-Command
With Semi-Active
Guidance
Semi-Active
Radar
Semi-Active
Radar
C2 system Fort-M ZR90 Oreh Tornado
Antenna Station OP-3
Tracking Range (km)
Launcher Designation B-203 -196
Launcher Type
Vertical-launch
revolver type
Pedestal, guided
Mount
Vertical-launch
honeycomb sys-
tem
Number of Launching Ramps 6 1 36
Combat Stock per One Launcher 46 24 36
Firing Interval (sec) 4 12
AIR DEFENSE
48

active guidance system. Uragan
did not have its own search and de-
tection equipment, the initial infor-
mation regarding a target was re-
ceived from the Radio Detection and
Ranging equipment of a ship. By The
missile guidance was provided by a
target illumination searchlight con-
trol radar and the number of target-
ing channels depended on the num-
ber of that radars. The feature of the
AA system is that the launch of a mis-
sile is possible only after homing-
head lock-on. That is why the M-22
Uragan AA system used a single-
girder launcher -196. The use of
the single-girder launcher decreased
the reload time in comparison with
Volna and Shtorm AA missile sys-
tems. The estimated gap between
salvos was 12 seconds. The under-
deck depot housed 24 anti-aircraft
missiles. The 9M38 single-stage mis-
sile has two-mode solid-propellant
jet engine and 70 kg high-explosive
warehead with contact and proxim-
ity radio fuse. The former is used for
surface targets and the latter for air
targets.
The tests of Uragan were con-
ducted in 1976-1982 at the Provorny
large anti-submarine ship. In 1983
the AA missile system was put in-
to service and was fielded at the
Sovremenny (project 956) destroy-
ers. Prior to putting into service the
Uragan AA system was armed with
upgraded missile 9381 which
was unified with the BUK-M1 AA
missile system used in the Army.
By 1990 another missile
9317 was developed and tested.
The missile could be used both na-
val Uragan and Army BUK-M2 an-
ti-aircraft missile systems. The missile
was able to engage cruise missiles
more effectively and had extend-
ed range of fire up to 45 kilometers.
At that time the use of single-girder
launchers were considered to be out-
dated and vertical-launch missile sys-
tems appeared. Therefore a new an-
ti-aircraft system Uragan-Tornado
with the upgraded vertical-launch
9317 missile was developed. The
missile has new target seeking de-
vice, new solid-propellant jet engine
with gas-dynamic system, that pro-
vides the missile inclination to a tar-
get right after the launch. The contin-
uation of development and further
tests of the AA missile system were
failed to be continued due to the col-
lapse of the Soviet Union.
In the end of 90-s Russia inked
the agreement with China to build
some destroyers project 956E, which
were armed with the export ver-
sion of the M-22 anti-aircraft mis-
sile system named Shtil. Between
1999 and 2005 the Chinese Navy re-
ceived two ships project 956E and
two ships project 956EM armed with
the Shtil AA missile system. Today
Russian Navy has only seven destroy-
ers project 956 and 956A which are
armed with the Uragan system.
Today a new version named Yej
Illuminating Light
of URAGAN AA Missile System
URAGAN (SHTIL) AA Missile System
URAGAN-
TORNADO AA
Missile System
Mock-up
AIR DEFENSE
5(55).2010
49
(Hedgehog) is said to be under de-
velopment for the Russian Navy. The
system is planned to be armed with
the vertical-launch 9317 missile.
ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM
KINJAL
In the beginning of 80-s the
Garpun and Exocet anti-aircraft
missiles were fielded in the navies
of the Unitaed States of America and
other NATO countries. This forced the
Russian Navy Command to expedite
the development of a new genera-
tion self-defense anti-aircraft missile
system. The engineering of the AA
missile system started in Scientific
Development and Production Center
Altair in 1975 under the Kinjal
(SA-N-9 according to NATO classifi-
cation) designation. The chief of the
project was S. Fadeev. The 9M330-
2 missile was developed in Design
Bureau Fakel under the leader-
ship of P. Grushin. The missile is uni-
fied with the TOR self-propelled
AA missile system that is used in
the Army. To get high performance
of Kinjal the designers used the
key features of the Fort long-range
AA missile system. In particular the
differential radar with electronical-
ly-controlled-beam phased array an-
tenna, vertical launch, revolver-type
launcher with eght missiles. To in-
crease the endurance, like OSA-M
has, a in-built omnirange radar was
included in the system. The radar is
housed in the 395 antenna post.
The radio command and control sys-
tem was used which distingushed by
its high accuracy. In 60x60 degrees
volumetric coverage the AA system
is able to simultaneously engage up
to four high-altitude targets by eight
missiles. A television-optical track-
ing system was used to increase jam-
ming resistance. The 9330-2 single
stage AA missile has solid-propellant
jet engine with gas-dynamic system
that provides a missile inclination to-
wards a target right after the launch-
ing. The estimated period between
salvos is three seconds. The Kinjal
AA missile system can have three-
four the drum-type 9C95 launchers.
The tests of the Kinjal AA missile
system were held since 1982 at the
MPK-104 small antisubmarine war-
fare ship, which was built under proj-
Name Osa-M Osa-MA-2 Kinjal
Passed into Service 1973 1980-s 1986
NATO Classification SA-N-4A SA-N-4C SA-N-9
Range of Fire (m)
Min.:
Max.:
1500
9000
1500
10000
1500
12000
Operating Altitude
Min.:
Max.:
50
6000
5
6000
10
6000
1 1 4
2 2 8
Designation of Missile 933 933 9330-2
AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) 127 127 165
Length:
Diameter:
3,15
0,21
3,15
0,21
3,1
0,35
AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) 800 800 850
Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) 420 ~500 700
Warhead Weight (kg) 15 15 14,5
Guidance System
Beam-Rider
Guidance System
Beam-Rider
Guidance System
Beam-Rider
Guidance System
C2 system 433 433 395
Antenna Station
Tracking Range (km) ZiF-122 ZiF-122 CM-9
Launcher Designation
Girder, extend-
able, guided
Girder, extend-
able, guided
Vertical-launch
honeycomb
system
Number of Launching Ramps 2 2 4...8
Combat Stock per One Launcher 20 20 32....64
KINJAL AA Missile System
AIR DEFENSE
50

ect 1124K. Rather complicated de-
sign of the anti-aircraft missile sys-
tem lagged the end of the tests, so
it was put into service only in 1986.
As a result some combat ships that
were planned to be armed with the
Kinjal AA missile system, were not
able to get it, like the Udaloy large
antisubmarine warfare ship (project
1155). Kinjal was not fielded at the
Novorossiysk aircraft carrier (proj-
ect 11433), Frunze and Kalinin nu-
clear-powered guided missile cruis-
ers (project 11442), however, the
places for further installation of
the AA systems were reserved. The
Admiral Chabanenko large antisub-
marine warfare ship (project 11551),
Baku aircraft carrier (project 11434)
and Tbilisi aircraft carrier (project
11435), as well as Petr Velikiy nu-
clear-powered guided missile cruis-
ers (project 11442), Neustrashimy
corvette (project 11540) were armed
with the Kinjal AA missile system.
Beside the aircraft carriers project
11436 and 11437 were planned to
be armed with the system. In accor-
dance with technical assignment of
Kinjal the system should have the
same weight and dimensions param-
eters as OSA-M self-defense AA sys-
tem has. However they failed. That is
why the anti-aircraft system can be
fielded only at ships from 1000 up to
1200 tone displacement.
If one compares the Kinjal
AA missile system with the same
class Western made systems, like
American Sea Sparrow and British
Sea Wolf 2, it is getting clear that
Kinjal is second to former in main
tactical characteristics, but is equal
to the latter one.
Today the Kinjal AA missile sys-
tem is fielded at eight ships project
1155 and 11551, Petr Velikiy nucle-
ar-powered guided missile cruisers
(project 11442), Kuznetsov aircraft
carrier (project 11435), two corvettes
project 11540. the system under des-
ignation Klinok is offered to foreign
customers.
COMBINED AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM
Along with production of anti-
aircraft missile systems the develop-
ment of combined artillery-missile
anti-aircraft systems were in pro-
ces in the Soviet Union. In the be-
KINJAL AA Missile System
KOMAR-GIBKA AA Missile System Mock-up
AIR DEFENSE
5(55).2010
51
ginning of 80-s in Tula Instrument
Design Bureau, the 2C6 Tunguska
self-propelled air defense system
was invented. Tunguska has 30-
mm guns and two-stage anti-air-
craft missiles. It was the first in the
world the series-produced com-
bined gun-missile anti-aircraft sys-
tem. Based on the Tunguska AA
system the desicion to develop a na-
val version of a short range AA sys-
tem to effectively engage high-alti-
tude air targets including anti-ship
missiles in shadow zones of mis-
sile AA systems as well as to substi-
tute AA small-caliber gun systems.
The development of the naval ver-
sion, that was designated as 3M87
Kortik (CADS-N-1 according to
NATO classification), was assigned
to Tula Instrument Design Bureau.
The Chief Designer, who was re-
sponsible for the development, was
A. Shipunov. The system consisted
of one command-and-control unit
with a radar and from one up to
six modules. Each combat module
was made as a turret that is able to
rotate 360 degrees, and had two
30-mm automatic guns AO18 with
6-burrel rotating unit, linkless am-
munition feed magazines for 30mm
rounds and two launching units
with four missiles in a unit, tracking
radar, missile guidance station, TV-
Optical system and instrument com-
partment. There are 24 additional
AA missiles in a under-turret com-
pound. The 9M311 two-stage radio-
command AA missile(SA-N-11 ac-
cording to NATO classification) has
solid-propellant jet engine and high
explosive-rod warhead. It was ful-
ly sutable for use at the Tunguska
AA system used in the Land Forces.
The Kortik anti-aircraft system is
able to engage pinpoint maneu-
ver air targets at a distance of 1.5
up to eight kilometers and then to
keep on inflicting demage on the
target using 30-mm guns. The tests
of Kortik took place in 1983 at the
Molniya speed boat which was
specially redesigned under project
12417. The tests with combat fir-
ing showed that the AA system was
able to engage consequently up to
six targets during one minute. The
Positiv or similar radar was needed
to execute the target assignment. In
1988 Kortik was officially put in-
to service. The aircraft carriers proj-
ect 11435,11436, 11437 as well as two
last nuclear-powered guided missile
cruisers project 11442, one large an-
ti-submarine ship project 11551 and
two corvettes project 11540 were
armed with the 3M87 Kortik an-
ti-aircraft system. At the beginning
they planned to substitute AK-630
anti-aircraft gun with Kortik how-
ever the plannes were failed as the
dimensions of the combat module
would be increased in two times.
Name 3M87 Kortik 3M89 Palash Palitsa
Passed into Service 1988 2005 (under tests)
2010 (develop-
ment)
NATO Classification CADS-N-1 CADS-N-2
Range of Fire (m)
Missiles:
30-mm guns:
1500...8000
500...3000
1300...8000
500...3000
1200...20000
500...4000
Operating Altitude
Missiles:
30-mm guns:
10...4000
5...1500
5...6000
5...1500
5...15000
5...1500
1 1 1
Time Between Salvos, sec 08.10.10 ----- ------
Designation of Missile 933 933 9330-2
Gun Rate of Fire, rounds/min 10000 10000 10000
Missile Designation 9311 9337 Sosna-R 576
AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) 60 30 74,5
Length:
Diameter:
2,63
0,17
2,32
0,13 / 0,072
3,2
0,09 / 0,076
AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) 900 900 1300
Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) 700 700 1000
Type of warhead
High Explosive-
Rod
High Explosive-
Rod
Rod
Guidance System Radio Laser Beamrider Radio
Number of Launching Ramps 8 8
Combat Stock per One Launcher 24
30-mm Gun Designation -18 -18D -18D
Number of Barrels 26 26 26
KOMAR-GIBKA AA
Missile System
AIR DEFENSE
52

When Russian made Kortil was
put into service, there were no sim-
ilar anti-aircraft sysytems that were
developed abroad. As a rule, the mis-
sile and gun anti-aircraft systems
were developed separately. The
Russian made system can be com-
pared in missile unit with the RAM
anti-aircraft self-defense system that
was co-developed by Germany, USA
and Danmark and was put into ser-
vice in 1987.
Today Kortik is fielded at the
Kuznetsov aircraft carrier, Pyotr
Velikiy heavy nuclear-powered
cruiser, Admiral Chabanenko large
antisubmarine warfare ship and two
Neustrashimy class corvettes. In
2007 when the Steregushchy class
corvette (project 20380) was put in-
to service it was also armed with the
Kortik-M modernized version (In
this version the weight of the system
was significantly decreased).
In 1990 Kortik was offered
abroad under the Kashtan desig-
nation. Today it is fielded at two
Chinese corvettes project 956EM.
In 1994 the production of Kortik
was totally over but at the same time
Tula Instrument Design Bureau to-
gether with Ametist Design Bureau
embarked on the development of a
new combined anti-aircraft system
that received the Palash designa-
tion (CADS-N-2 according to NATO
classification). When it was designed
the main principles and schemes,
used in Kortic, were implemented.
The distinguishing feature is a new
jam-resistant command-and-con-
trol system based on small-size dig-
ital computer and the Shar opti-
cal-electronic guidance system with
TV, IR and Laser channels. The guid-
ance can be executed using organic
ship-in built radar stations. The A-289
combat module consists of two up-
graded AO-18KD six-barrel 30-mm
AA guns, two launching units for
four AA missiles each and command-
and-control unit. The two-stage-
solid-propellant-jet-engine 9M337
Sosna-R anti-aircraft missile has the
beam guidence system at the initial
stage of flight and after it is guid-
ed by laser. The tests of Palash
took place in the city of Feodosiya
and in 2005 it was installed at the
R-60 Molniya missile boat, project
12411. The tests of this anti-aircraft
system were conducted until 2007
with some breaks. Finally at that year
it was officially put into service. It
is worth to mention that only artil-
lery tests of the AA system were con-
ducted. As far as AA missile is con-
cerned the system was supposed to
be armed with the Sosna-R missile
only for foreign customers. Finally
the works and tests of the Palash
were over and the attention of the
commanders of the Russian navy was
focused on a new combined anti-air-
craft system.
The new AA system was desig-
nated as Palitsa. Tula Instrument
Design Bureau is engaged in to the
development of this system. The
Palitsa AA system is based on the
mobile Pantsir-C1 anti-aircraft sys-
tem which is used in the Army Air
Defense units. There is no much in-
formation regarding this system.
However, it is known that anti-air-
craft guns remain the same AO-
18KD, the AA missiles are 57E6 two-
stage hypersonic missiles which
are able to engage targets at a dis-
tance of 20 kilometers and integrat-
ed three-dimensional search radar.
The guidance system has radio-com-
mand guidance. The command-and-
control system has target-track radar
with phased array antenna and op-
tical-electronic station. Palitsa was
said to have very good fire power
potential and is able to engage up to
10 targets during a minute. It could
not be ruled out that the Palitsa an-
ti-aircraft system is going to be in-
stalled at the Gorshkov frigate proj-
ect 22350 which is now under con-
struction.
VERY SHORT-RANGE ANTI-
AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEMS
Talking about naval anti-aircraft
systems it is necessary to mention
man-portable SAM weapon. Since
1980s the Army used man-portable
SAM weapon systems, like Strela-
2M, Strela-3, later Igla-1, Igla,
Igla-C, were fielded at small dis-
placement ships and speed boats
and utilized as one of means to fight
against enemy aircraft. It was natu-
rally occurred as this kind of weapon
for these ships is not a main one, and
on the other hand it is impossible to
arm such ships with a fully-featured
AA system due to the dimensions of
the latter. Usually, the man-portable
SAMs were stored in a special room
in a ship and in case of air assault
the crews were deployed in particu-
lar places on the deck of a ship be-
ing ready to repel the attack from
the air. As far as submarines are con-
cerned the crew also have such SAM
C2 Post of KORTIK
AA Missile and Gun
System
KORTIK-M AA Missile
and Gun System
AIR DEFENSE
5(55).2010
53
systems which are stored in a special
room as well.
Apart from it, the special turret-
type AA systems, MTU type, were
developed for the Navy. They have
from two up to four AA missiles. The
use of such AA systems significant-
ly increased the fire power of man-
portable SAMs as they were able
to engage air targets by several AA
missiles. The operator manually ex-
ecuted azimuth and elevation guid-
ance. Such AA systems were fielded
at a great number of Soviet and lat-
er Russian Navy, starting from speed
boats up to large landing ships, as
well as fleet auxiliary vessels.
In 1999 Design Bureau Altair-
Ratep in cooperation with oth-
er enterprises embarked upon the
Gibka system. The Navy demand-
ed cutting-edge AA system that can
use the same missiles as Army man-
portable SAM weapon systems uti-
lize, but should have remote com-
mand-and-control station and mod-
ern sight systems, as manual control
is not possible every time in combat.
In 20012002 the first very short-
range anti-aircraft system was de-
veloped and tested. The ready-made
parts and elements, that were pro-
duced by the Russian defense in-
dustry enterprises, were used in this
system. During the tests the engi-
neers managed to provide AA mis-
sile guidance when rocking as well as
to conduct a salvo of two missiles at
one target. In 2003 the Gibka-956
AA system was produced and was
planned to be fielded at a destroy-
er, project 956. However, due to fi-
nancial matters the further use of the
system was failed.
In 2005 in accordance with
Navy's order, OAO Ratep under
the leadership of Designer-in-Chief
A. Zhil'cov embarked upon the de-
velopment of very short-range anti-
aircraft system Komar, which used
the missiles of the Igla' man-por-
table SAM weapon. Plus some el-
ements and principles of Gibka
were used as well. After the tests
the first turret-type launcher was in-
stalled at the Astrakhan small ar-
tillery ship project 21630 (the ship
was put into service in 2006). to-
day one more Komar AA system
is installed at the Admiral Kulakov
large anti-submarine ship project
1155 (the ship is under moderniza-
tion). In future the Komar AA sys-
tem is planned to be installed at all
small ships and speed boats of the
Russian Navy.
Leonid Kar yakin
PALASH-PALMA AA
Missile and Gun
System
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN FLEET AA MISSILE
SYSTEMS
Name Polimer-Redut Komar
Passed into Service 2000-s (development) 2006
NATO Classification
Range of Fire (m)
Min.:
Max.:
1000
5000 / 135000
500
6000
Operating Altitude
Min.:
Max.:
5
20000 / 35000
500
6000
1
2
Designation of Missile
996 / 996 9342
Number of Stages 1 1
Type of Engine Solid Propellant Solid Propellant
AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) 333 / 420 11,7
Length:
Diameter:
1,63
0,072
AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) 570
Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) 750 / 1000 320...400
Type of warhead Aimed High Explosive
Warhead Weight (kg) 24 2,5
Guidance System Radio-Radar Homing Passive IR
C2 system
Antenna Station
Tracking Range (km)
Launcher Type
Vertical-launch, honey-
comb
Guided Turret mount
Number of Launching Ramps 16 4....8
Combat Stock per One Launcher 16 4....8
Firing Interval (sec)
NAVY
54

ubmarine Amur 1650
is an export modifica-
tion of new-genera-
tion submarine of Lada
type. The lead unit Saint
Petersburg of this type joined the
Russian Navy in May 2010. Russian
industry created a strong combat
ship able to respond to all eventu-
al challenges at the theatre of oper-
ations.
Two principles were laid in the
basis of design of Amur-class subma-
rines: high combat effectiveness and
easy operation with the displace-
ment being minimal.
The major missions to be per-
formed by these submarines are sim-
ilar:
destruction of surface ships and
vessels,
destruction of submarines,
naval reconnaissance to obtain
data on the tactical situation in
the area.
Torpedo and missile complex
of Amur-class submarines includes
533-mm torpedo tubes with air fir-
ing system and a special low-noise
quick loading gear for torpedo tubes
recharging. Interval between salvoes
does not exceed several minutes.
Loading of ammunition is mecha-
nized and carried out through a tor-
pedo loading hatch. Frogmen with
relevant outfit can be released and
recovered.
Submarine ammunition includes:
cruise missiles with range up
to 200 km for firing at sea and
ground targets,
universal torpedoes having hom-
ing and wire-guidance modes,
mines.
The principal feature of Amur-
class submarines is the ability to take
and use weapons in any combina-
tion as well as to strike missile sal-
vo attacks against enemy ships and
vessels.
The Amur submarines are of low-
noise, their noise level is reduced by
two times compared to Kilo-class
submarines.
To achieve this:
the use is made of ships machin-
ery with low vibration specially
developed for these submarines,
system incorporation of ships
means of acoustic protection is
carried out.
The Amur Submarines have elec-
tronic sensors that include the latest
achievements of foreign and Russian
electronics of the last years.
Sonar complex is arranged on
the state-of-the art component base
and software. High-sensitive passive
antenna is located in the forward
end. Its area is several times more
than that of sonar antenna of Russian
and foreign submarines of the same
class.
In combination with own low
noise, the highly-effective sonar
complex of Amur submarines pro-
vides for the guaranteed early detec-
tion and attack of enemy ships or
timely evasion from ASW ships.
Automatic system for control of
the ship and its combat/technical
facilities is arranged on a new com-
ponent base and software. The sys-
tem ensures effective centralized
control from operator panels in CIC
of the submarine. Provision is made
for backup control of equipment
from local posts located in each com-
partment in one and the same place
for easy operation.
Electronic means for receiv-
ing information on external situa-
tion are united into a dedicated data
exchange system of the ship; the sys-
tem carries out automatic processing
S
RUSSIAN NON-NUCLEAR
SUBMARINE AMUR 1650
Andrey Baranov
Chief Engeneer
of AMUR submarine
NAVY
5(55).2010
55
and analysis of information from var-
ious sensors at maximum speed and
displays it in generalized form on
operator panels.
Navigation complex has a small-
size inertial navigation system and
ensures safety of navigation and
determination of submarine motion
parameters with the accuracy
required for missile weapon.
The Amur submarines are
equipped with a new-design hoista-
bles: telescopic non-hull penetrating
masts (except the attack periscope).
In addition to the optic channel, the
attack periscope has a low-level TV
camera for observation during night
time, GPS antenna and ESM antenna.
The Amur 1650 submarine is addi-
tionally provided with an optronic
mast with a thermal imager, daylight
and night observation cameras, GPS
antenna and ESM antenna.
Radar complex system has a high-
er target detection range, stealth,
immune stability and accuracy of tar-
get indication. It performs course
auto plotting and solution of naviga-
tion divergence tasks.
The Amur submarines features
good habitability. All crew mem-
bers are arranged in cabins. Galley
and wardroom are comfortable and
well equipped. Effective ventila-
tion and air conditioning systems
are designed to operate in tropi-
cal waters and provide for comfort
microclimate in living and service
rooms of the submarine in all sailing
regimes including snorkelling.
Fresh water stock sufficient per
se can be replenished, if necessary,
from the distilling plant available
onboard and operating on the prin-
ciple of reverse osmosis.
Equipment of Amur submarines
has good life-time features, which
provides for:
submarine service life till overhaul
10 years,
service life of storage battery
not less than 5 years,
dock repairs after 2.5 years.
The Amur 1650 submarine has
considerable reserve for moderniza-
tion. In the first place it pertains to
the electronic equipment being of
an open architecture.
Provision is made for fitting the
Amur submarine with an air-inde-
pendent propulsion plant (AIP).
Structurally, AIP with all its servic-
ing systems is arranged in a module
compartment. The compartment is
technologically adaptable for plug-
ging into the base submarine.
The Amur submarines can be reli-
ably operated in all regions of the
World Ocean at any meteorologi-
cal conditions, in shallow and deep
water areas.
Open Joint-Stock Company The
Admiralty Shipyards, leader of mod-
ern Russian shipbuilding, is the oldest
shipbuilding yard in Russia founded
in 1704. Over 2600 ships and vessels
of various types and classes includ-
ing more than 300 submarines slid
down its ways.
Public Joint Stock Company CDB
ME Rubin is the only Russian design
bureau that has designed subma-
rines exported to foreign custom-
ers. The total number of submarines
constructed to the Bureaus designs
amounts to almost 1000, out of them
103 diesel-electric submarines were
exported to 14 countries. In 2011 CDB
ME Rubin will celebrate its 110
th
anniversary.
At present, CDB ME Rubin and
the Admiralty Shipyards are able to
provide the complete scope of serv-
ices for development, operation and
maintenance of submarines. They
acquired broad experience of inter-
action with customers in training of
personnel and technical engineering
specialists, and after-sale service of
supplied submarines including sup-
ply of spare parts, conduct of mainte-
nance and repair works.
Andr ey Bar anov
Chief Engeneer
of AMUR submar ine

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