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Double Tempering operation - Two consecutive 2 hr. tempers at the indicated temperatures.
-
f
.
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Grade
T5
M2
Ferrovac
M2
Ml
MlO
HiC-MlO
Heat Treatment*
2300 F/5 min.
1000 F/2+2 hrs
2250 F/lO min.
1050 F/2:t2 hrs
2250 F/lO min ..
1050 F/2t2 hrs
2200 F/15 min.
1050 F/2+2 hrs
2200 Fj15 min.
1.050 F/2+2 hrs
2200 F/15 min.
1050 F/2+2 hrs
TABI']! IV (Continued)
Results of Hot Hardness Survey
Hardness after
Quench and
Temper, RC
67
66
66
66
66
67
-
Room Temp ..
Hardness
Elevated Temperature after Hot
Hardness Re at Hardness
Temperatures F Test, RC
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
65
64
62
57
62
61
59
55
61
60
58
55
61
60
58
55
62
61
58
54
62
61
59
56
67
66
66
66
66
67
* All steels were oil quenched fram the austenitizing temperature.
Hardness RC a:fte.r'
1000 hrs Exposure
at Temperatures F
Room Elevated
Temp. Temp.
400 67 64
600 67 63
800 67 61
1000 61 51
40066 62
600 66 60
800 65 57
1000 61 49
400 66 61
600 66
59
800 66 58
1000 60 49
400 66 62
600 66 60
800 66
57
1000 62 52
400 66 61
600 66 61
800 66
57
1000
57 45
400 6'7 62
600 67 60
800 66 58
1000 64 53
Double tempering operation - Two consecutive 2 hr. tempers at the indicated temperatures.
I
;
i
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't:!
'i
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Grade
VSM
M50
uc
A
B
c
Heat Treatment*
2100 F/20 min.
1000 F/2+2 hrs
2100 F/20 min ..
lOSO Fj2t 2 hrs
1950 F /45 min.
1000 F/2+2 hrs
2000 F/30 min.
1000 F!2+2 hrs
2150 F/15 min.
1000 F!2+2 hrs
2100 F!20 min
1000 F/2+2 hrs
TABlE IV (Continued)
Results of Hot Hardness Survey
Hardness after
Quench and
Temper, RC
64
64
63
64
66
66
Elevated Temperature
Hardness RC at
Temperatures F
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
62
60
57
53
62
59
57
52
59
56
53
48
59
59
57
53
61
59
57
53
61
59
57
53
. * All steels were oil quenched from the austenitizing
Room Temp.
--Hardness
after Hot
Hardness
Test, RC
64
64
63
64
66
66
Hardness RC after
1000 hrs exposure
at Temperatures F
Room
Temp.
400 64
600 64
800 64
1000 56
400 64
600 64
800 63
1000 58
400 62
600 62
800 61
1000 51
400 64
600 64
800 62
1000 48
400 66
600 66
800 66
1000 55
400 66
600 66
800 66
1000 48
Elevated
Temp ..
60
58
55
44
61
57
55
46
58
55
53
38
59
57
51
34
61
59
58
44
60
58
54
36
Double tempering operation - Two consecutive 2 hr. tempers at the indicated temperatures.
ri
fl:l..'l\
I
I
I
I
p
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<:
III
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t-h
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III
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III
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III
d
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W
N
00
Grade
D
E
F
G
Heat Treatment*
2200 F/15 min.
1000 F/2+2 hrs
2100 F/20 min.
1000 F/2+2 hrs
2200 Fj15 min.
1000 F/2+2 hrs
2200 F/15 min.
1000 F/2+2 hrs
TABLE IV (Continued)
Results of Hot Hardness Survey
Hardness after
Quench and
Temper, Re
64
63
65
67
Elevated Temperature
Hardness Be at
Temperatures F
400
600
800
1000
40Q
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
60
58
57
53
58
57
53
49
60
58
55
51
63
62
59
56
* All steels were oil quenched from the austenitizing temperature.
Room Temp.
Hardness
after Hot
Hardness
Test, RC
64
63
65
64
Hardness RC after
1000 hrs exposure
at Temperatures F
Room
Temp.
400 64
600 64
800 63
1000 56
400 63
600 63
800 63
1000 48
400 65
600 56
Boo 65
1000 60
400 67
600 67
800 66
1000 57
Elevated
Temp.
59
57
56
45
59
57
53
35
59
57
55
48
63
61
59
45
Double tempering operation - Two consecutive 2 hr. at the indicated temperatures.
,
..
,
.. r---.. -----_________ _
_. ._- - .. ,.. .. .. , . . .. . .. .
- _.- ------- -- .. __ ._". - .... -- _. __. ----- " ..... . , . . .. ._-
D1mensionsJ Stability Test Results for Bearing Steels
Grade
Ra.Jmo-l
Ferrovac
Halmo
Halmo-2
.8c HaJrno
' ,
.9C Ha'mo
52100
Ferrovac
52100
MHT
Ferrovac
MHT
MH'I' + S1
440 C
440 EM
Tl
Heat Treatment*
2100 F!20 min
1050 F!2+2 hrs
2100 F/20 min
1050 F!2+2 hrs
2100 F/20 min
1050 F/2+2 min
2050 F/25 min
1050 F/2+2 hrs
2050 F/25 min
1075 F/2+2 hrs
1550 F/l hr
400 F/2 hra
1550 F/l hr'
400 F/2 hrs
1550 F/l hr
400 F/2 hrs
1550 F/1 hr
400 F/2 hrs
1600 F/l hr
400 F/2 hrs
1950 F/l hr
350 F/l hr Ref.
900 F/2:+2 hrs
1950 F/l hr
350 F!l hr Ref.
900 F/2+2 hrs
2350 F/5 min
1050 F/2+2 brs
-
Length Change Micro inch/inch in Specimens
Exposed for 1000 hours at temperatures
400 F 600 F 800 F 1000 F
-
No Change No Change
+
10
- 36
No Change No Change
+
12
- 47
+ 15 + 12
+
35 - 62
+ 37 - 7
+
395 - 57
+245 + 50
+
501 +1257
+
55
-742 -1030
-
+ 40 -730 - 895 -
+ 20 + 20 -1502
-
+242 + 12 -1440
-
+280 +120
-1375 -57
+ 22 + l5 +1195 +847
- 52 - 52 +1137
+ 7 - 75 + 30
- 7
* All specimens were oil quenched from the austenitizing temperature.
Double tempering operation involved two consecutive 2 hour tempers
at the indicated temperature.
WADe TR 57-343 29
Approved for Public Release
I ... ... _-----------
TABTE V (Continued)
Stability Test Results for Bearing Steels
Grade Heat Treatment*
T5 2300 F/5 min
1000 Fja+2 hrs
M2 2250 F/lO min
1050 F/2+2 hra
Ferrovac 2250 F/I0 min
M2 1050 F/2+2 hrs
Ml 2200 F/15 min
1050 F!2+2 hrs
MIO 2200 F/15 min
1050 F!2+2 hrs
HiC-MlO 2200 F/15 min
1050 F/2+2 hrs
VSM
M50
ue
A
B
C
D
E
2050 F/20 min
1000 F/2-te bra
2100 F/20 min
1050 F/2+2 brs
1950 F/45 min
1000 F/2+2 hrs
2000 F/30 min
lODO F/2+2 hrs
2150 F/15 min
1000 F/2+2 hrs
2100 F/20 min
1000 F/2i'2. hrs
2200 F /15 min
1000 F/2-+2 hrs
2100 F/20 min
1000 F/2+2 hrs
Length Change Micro inch/inch in Specimens
Exposed for 1000 hours at temperatures:
400 F 600 F 800 F 1000 F
+ 1 + 27 + 46 + 270
25 - 17 - 10 + 32
- 2 - 12 No Change + 15
- 10 + 20
- 7 25
- 25 - 17 - 10 No Change
- 10 No Change - 28
+ 76
+ 15 No Change
+ 35 - 1
+ 22 +12 + 27 - 50
+ 90
No Change
+ 37
- 132
-168 -120
+315 +1535
+ 1 - l6
+ 5
+ 60
- 65 - 55
+ 467
- 4 - 8
+ 75 + 447
- 50 - 20
+ 96
+ 100
* All specimens were oil quenched from the austenitizing temperature.
Double tempering operation involved two consecutive 2 hour tempers
at the indicated temperature.
WADC TR 57-343
30
Approved for Public Release
- ~ - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ - ~ - - . . . , . . . . - - - . - ...
. .. _---------_._.- -- _ .... _ .. __.. - ... _. ---
TABT.E V (Continued)
..
Dimensional Stability Test Results ~ o r Bearing Steels
-
Length Change Micro inch/inch in Specimens
Exposed for 1000 hours at temperatures:
Grade
F
G
Heat Treatment* 400 F
. .
2200 F/15 min + 105
1000 F/2-fJ2 hrs
2200 F/15 min + 31
1000 F/2+2 hrs
..
"
*
.... _ ' - -
600 F 800 F 1000 F
- 10 + 523
- 17 - 20 - 12
* All specimens were oil quenched from the &ustenitizing temperature.
Double tempering operation involved two consecutive 2 hour tempers
at the indicated temperature.
WADe TR 57-343 31
Approved for Public Release
..
---------------_ .. __ ... . _ ....
.......... _--
___ ,.,,---- __ a o . _ .. _. __
- - - . - ~ ~
TABLE VI
Compression Test Results for Bearing Steels
- ., nq
Testing Hot Yield strength,psi
Temperature Hardness
Grade Heat Treatment* (F)
He
0.10% Offset 0.2'" Offset
Halmo-l 2100 F/20 min.
1050 F/2+2 hrs
Halmo 2100 F/20 min.
Ferrovac 1050 F/2+2 hrs
Ha.lmo-2 2100 F/20 min.
1050 F/2+2 hrs
.8e Halmo 2050 F/25 min.
1050 F/2+2 hrs
.9C Hrumo 2050 F/25 min.
. 1075 F/2+2 hrs
52100 1550 F/l hr
400 F/2 hrs
52100 1550 F!l hr
Ferrovac 400 F/2 hrs
MET 1550 F/l hr
400 F/2 hrs
MHT 1550 F/l hr.
Ferrovac 400 F/2 hrs
MHT + Si 1600 F /1 hr
400 F/2 hrs
-
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
400
600
400
600
800
400
600
400
600
60
59
56
53
59
57
55
52
60
59
57
53
62
49
56
53
60
57
56
53
56
51
42
57
49
58
52
42
58
52
57
52
364,000
318,000
268,000
244,000
368,000
303,000
290,000
220,000
372,000
332,000
298,000
267,000
388,000
366,000
283,000
273,000
392,000
344,000
248,000
168,000
188,000
137,000
104,000
196,000
152,000
222,000
167,000
l35,OOO
256,000
187,000
240,000
.176,000
* All Steels were oil quenched fram the austenitizing temperature.
392,000
344,000
300,000
268,000
398,000
327,000
312,000
236,000
396,000
362,000
322,000
273,000
400,000
390,000
329,000
296,000
406,000
388,000
380,000
204,000
232,000
159,000
119,000
240,000
l77,000
303,000
193,000
157,000
294,000
208,000
276,000
216,000
Double tempering operation - Two consecutive 2 hr. tempers at the indicated
temperatures.
WADe TR 57-343
Approved for Public Release
-_0 _________ - _, .. ".,_ .... ..
... . .. . - .. __ .. _ ... - .. __ .... .. " ...... - ._. ,_ .. - .... - --_. _ ... __ .. -_.. .. ... .. '-"-
TABLE VI (Continued)
Compression Test Results for Bearing Steels
Testing Hot Yield Strength, psi
Grade Heat Treatment*
440 C 1950 F/l hr
350 F/l hr
Refrigerated
900 F!2+2 hrs
440 EM 1950 F/l hr
350 F/l hr
Refrigerated
900 F/2i'2 hrs
Tl 2350 F/5 min
1050 F/2+2 hrs
T5 2300 F/5 min
1000 F/2+2 hrs
M2 2250 FllO min
1050 F/2+2 hrs
M2 2250 F/lO min
Ferrovac l050 F/2+2 hrs
Ml 2200 F/15 min
1050 F/2+2 hrs
MIO 2200 F/15 min
1050 F/2+2 hrs
HiC-MIO 2200 F/15 min
1050 F/2+2 brs
Temperature
(F)
400
600
800
400
600
800
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
Hardness
RC
57
55
47
57
55
53
6l
60
57
54
65
64
62
57
62
61
59
55
61
60
5'S
55
61
60
58
55
62
61
58
54
62
61
59
56
_.
0.10% Offset
-
288,000
252,000
216,000
270,400
212,000
160,000
384,000
323,000
268,000
264,000
426,000
402,000
380,000
332,000
384,000
352,000
287,000
224,000
376,000
372,000
308,000
248,000
344,000
288',000
364,000
228,000
376,000
372,000
260,000
270,000
392,000
328,000
368,000
312,000
* All steels were oil quenched from the austenitizing temperature.
Double tempering operation - Two consecutive 2 hr. tempers at the
indicated temperatures.
WADe TR 57-343 33
Approved for Public Release
0.2% Offset
300,000
282,000
234,000
297,600
248,000
163,000
410,000
350,000
288,000
280,000
440,000
410,000
384,000
356,000
392,000
367,000
300,000
248,000
400,000
392,000
336,000
256,000
368,000
372,000
364,000
252,000
424,000
396,800
328,000
292,000
404,000
372,000
376,000
320,000
. ~ - . - - - -_ .. _.- . . . .. " ...... _- ._._._--- - - .. _-------_. ~ -
TABLE VI (Continued)
Compression Test Results for Bearing Steels
-
Testing Hot Yield Strength, psi.
Grade Heat Treatment*
- -
VSM 2050 F!20 min
1000 F/2+2 hrs
M50 2100 F/20 min .
1050 F/2+2 hrs
uc 1950 F/45 min
1000 F/2:+2 hrs
Experimental
-
Steel A 2000 F/30 min
1000 F/2+2 hrs
steel B . 2150 F/15 min
1000 F!2+2 hrs
steel C 2100 F/20 min
lOOO F/2+2 hrs
Steel D 2200 F/15 min
1000 F/2+2 hrs
Steel E 2100 F/20 min
1000 F!2+2 hrs
. -
Temperature
(F)
--
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
Hardness
RC
62
60
57
53
62
59
57
52
59
56
53
48
59
59
57
53
61
59
57
53
61
59
57
53
60
58
57
53
58
57
53
49
O . l O ~ Offset
326,000
312,000
292,000
268,000
347,500
280,000
256,000
248,000
248,000
232,000
216,000
176,000
248,000
228,000
204,000
144,000
384,000
332,000
272 ,000
180,000
292,000
224,000
190,000
184,000
320,000
298,000
268,000
196,000
335,000
320,000
288,000
176,000
* All steels were oil quenched from the austenitizing temperature.
Double tempering operation - Two consecutive 2 hr. tempers at the
indicated temperatures.
WADC TR 57-343
34
Approved for Public Release
-
0.2% Offset
-
346,000
339,000
316,000
286,000
358,000
328,000
288,000
268,000
286,000
264,000
288,000
188,000
268,000
244,000
220,000
160,000
384,000
360,000
288,000
204,000
336,000
252,000
2l6,000
204,000
342,000
320,000
304,000
210,000
348,000
324,000
304,000
200,000
_&0. __ .. _ . _ .... . .
.... 4 . ... , .. ............ " --''' ''- .. _ ... -._-.. _ .. _ ..._ , ........ . _. ------ - ,- - ..... ..
TABLE VI (Continued)
Compression Test Results for Bearing Steels
Testing
Temperature
Hot
Hardness
Yield Strength, psi.
Grade Heat Treatment* (F)
Rc
Offset Offset
Experimental
Steel F
Steel G
2200 F /15 min
1000 Fj2+2 hrs
2200F/l5 min
1000 F!2+2 bra
400
600
800
1000
400
600
800
1000
60
58
55
51
63
62
59
56
268,000
256,000
240,000
228,000
400,000
348,000
328,000
272,000
* All steels were 011 quenched from the austen1t1zing temperature.
Double operation - Two consecutive 2 hr. tempers at the
indicated temperatures.
WADe TR 57-343 35
Approved for Public Release
304,000
288,000
256,000
251,000
416
J
oOO
380,000
344,000
31 2,000
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
Il.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17 "
r
-.
. I
. .... -- . ." \
.' ,
"\
I
,.'
----;:::, :r::! =======-'.2 '
li
9
"),
- -.
? ......... r -. "'-1- _
-.----
3) . . I !.-
.,.....
.-
. .
t;; .' ..'
, -
1
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c
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Q ___ - - -1"1
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.... o .
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2. _ J' C
-' . .
- '
-
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r
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c
. . ----- -_. __ ... _-_ .._-_ .... . _ .. -.
.--,.
--- '. - .. !: !" "
. -- ... -- - ,I...i.A
." .
. . .
. -- --
" . - ----"",,>,
-:- . -;-:-
.---:=-":
--'-- .. - .
..... . = 1
-
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,
\ -=
(
I
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....
LEGEND
Hardness Tester
Indentor Extension Rod (Nichrome)
Gas Outlet Screw
Seal Cup (Nichrome)
Control Thermocouple
Holder Box
Cooling Coil (Stainless)
Insulation (Transite)
Heating Power Terminal
Heater Windings
Shunt Tertninal
Furnace Shell
Specimen Guides
Furnace Insulation (Sil-O-Sel)
Air Space
Air Space
Air Space
---
1
18 .
19.
lO.
ll.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Z8.
Z9.
30.
31.
3Z.
33.
Stage of the Rockwell Tester
Anvil (S-816)
Therm.ocouple (Anvil)
Gas Inlet
Air Space
Furnace Support (Transite)
Plate (Stainless)
Muffle (Ceramic)
Spacer (Soapstone)
Plate (5-816)
Specimen Positioning Screw
Specimen
High Temperature Indentor
Cover (Transite)
Muffle (Nichrom.e)
Liquid Metal Seal
(Woodis Metal)
SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE ROCKWELL TYPE HOT-
HARDNESS TESTING ASSEMBLY.
W ADC TR 57-343 36
Approved for Public Release
--.. --------........ ..- .......................... --.................. ----.. ----.. ----------------------------
:(
"
::: :::
WADC TR 57-343
..... ..:
. ~ .
...
. .
. ..
..
"": ",
.. :: .
::'
.,..,... .::::. .: ...
L
:+t",,,,:,
j
,
"'X , J
~
'::
...
..
.:ot:' ...
....
11.1;",,,,,.;,<,. gnw s . ~ ~ .. ; : ~ : ~ : ~ .. ~
4::
. ~ ...
.. .. .
. ..
;
HOT HARDNESS TESTER
37
Approved for Public Release
::;: ..
'::::
. ..
..::: .
. ...
::::
------.. ------- - - D ----... _
... . .........---"'---'---
Both ends ground
spherical to
Radius R
_______
R = 2 in.
D=3/8in.
FIGURE 3. SPECIMEN USED IN DIMENSIONA.L ST ABILITY
STUDIES.
WADe TR 57-343 38
Approved for Public Release
__ ______ e_p __ ___________ ._,, ___ . ___ ...
" ._- - .. " ... _._--- -_ . . -_. _ .. ,------_._.,-- - . __ ._---_._---_.,, --- -- ... . ",
@)
FURNACE FURNAC
(1) Bottom Plate
el) Top Plate (Fixed)
(3) Upper Compression Rod
(4) Lower Compression Rod
(5) Subpress Guide Rods (3)
CIME
EXTENSODTER
SUBPRESS
(6) Loading Plate-Spherically Seated
(7) Extensometer Upper Assem.bly
(8) Extensorneter Lower Assembly
(9) Load Alignment Ball
(10) Bearing Plate
(11) Specitnen Centering Device
FIGURE 4. COMPRESSION TEST FIXTURE
(Schematic Drawing)
W ADC TR 57-343 39
Approved for Public Release
FIGURE 5.
W ADC TR 57-343
. ::: A-.c- :m: .>:
:::'. ,..
...
.;:; ;
, :-:
\0"'/ f4t,
... . ::::
'R
. . .: .
..
SUBPRESS USED IN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
COMPRESSION TESTS.
40
Approved for Public Release
... --------------------.,.----- -- -- . .. ... _-".. --
--- - ~ - - - . - .----.--..
. ~ . - . - - .. -.... .... _ .. _-
70
60
60
50
16
16
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (t = 4 hra)
800 900
Austenitizing
Grade Temperature ,F C Mn Si
Halmo 2100 .58
8 ITS
Ni Cr
.08 4.72
18 20 22 24 2 28 3
Figure 6 ..
AU8tenitizing .
Grade Te erature IF C Mn
.28
Si
1.18
Ni
.04
Cr
4 a 8l
Ferrovac Halma .21 0 6
18
20 22 24 26 28 30
V Mo
.51 5.15
V
.50
32
3
M
5.12
TEMPERING PARA.METER T(20 + Log t) x 10-
3
Figure 7.
Figures 6 and 7. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels.
WADG TR 57-343 41
Approved for Public Release
34
-
-
U
-
-
70
60
50
6S
60
50
45
40
5S
45
16
........ _._. - . _ .. _ .... . .. _- - ... ~ . . - .--. .. ~ -
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (t = 4 Hours)
Grade
500
i
ad
600
i
Austenitizing
Temperature F
700 800 900
.IT IL
I I
. I
C Mn
...
l-Ialrno-2 2100 .. 64 .. 30
Si
1.06.
Ni Cr
.. 08 4.60
Grade Austenitizing
Temperature F
.Be Halmo
Austenitizing
Temperature F--c
Grade C
.9C HalJl'lo ,89
18 20
2050
o
Mn Si
.37 1.08
22
Figure 8
C Mn Si Ni
:7b . 31 016 .08
Figure 9.
Ni Cr
V Mo
.
.04 4.42 . 52 5.02
24 26 28
Cr
V
~ 5
4.57
1000
,
V
Mo
5 .. 09
.59
30
1100
.M i
Mo
5.06
32
TEMPERING PARA.METER T (20 + Log t) x 10-
3
Figure 10
Figures 8 to 10. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels
I
34
WADe TR 57-343 42
Approved for Public Release - - -... __ . . ..
60
55
50
45
60
-
-
U
-
-
65
60
gS5
. _ .. _-. . - ... . -" ' .... -- ---., - ,,--, -- .....
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (t = 2 Hours)
Zig 8?O 99 .... O_
Grade
52100
AU8tenitizing
Temperature ,F
1550
Austenitiz ing
C
.98
Figure 11
C
1.04
Grade Temperature ,F
Ferrovac 52100 1550
Figure 12.
C
l1li1
1 .. 03
Mn
.29
Mn
.42
Mn
.30
Si
:n
Ni Cr
.06 1.53
Si Ni
:zb .02
Si
. 24
Ni
.09
Cr
1 .. 50
Cr Al
'"'
..
1.53 1.30
SO Austenitizing
Grade Tetnperature ,F
45 1;50
Figure 13.
60
Austenitizing
55
Grade Temperature ,F
Ferrovac MHT 1550
50
C Mn Si Ni Cl' Al
1" 03 .43 .46 .02 1.49 1.30
45
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
TEMPERING PARA.METER T(20 + Log t) x 10-
3
Figure 14.
Figures II to 14. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels
WADe TR 57-343 43
Approved for Public Release
CJ)
tf)
Z
Q
<
-
-
U
-
-
L)
0
65
60
55
50
70
60
50
70
60
50
C
1 .03
Grade
440C
Grade
440 BM
16 18
....... . - .. .. -_ .. .. __ . _-
. _, _, _ .... .. ... ,. __ . ._ .. ... u_. _ . .. . . . .
500
I i i
900 1000
i
600 700 800
i I
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (t :: 2 hrs)
Grade
MHT+Si
Austenitizing
Tem.perature ,F
1550
Mn
.34
Si
1.23
Ni Cr
.09 1.58
Austenitizing
TemEerature IF C
. . 18 SO
1.12
Austenitizing
IF C
1.03 1 00
Mo Al
.02 1.29
Figure 15.
Mn Si
.43 .27
Figure 16.
Mn Si
.49 .45
Ni Cr
.04 16.17
Ni
1& .1 0
20 22 24 26 28 30
TEMPERING PARAMETER T(20 + Log t) x 10-
3
Figure 17.
Mo
.01
V
.14
Mo
.76
32
Figures 15 to 17. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels
WADG TR 57-343 44
Approved for Public Release
_---- __ ,o ___ ._, 0 0 ' 0" __ 0 _0 ,
70
60
50
70
60
til
50
Z
0
70
<:
-
-
U
-
-
60
U
0 50
70
60
50
oa , _. . .. _. _ _ _ . _ _______ ' _________ , _., , , ____ , .,
,
TE.MPERING TEMPERATURE (t = 4 Hours)
_______ ______ ______ ______ ____ ____ _
Grade
Tl
Grade
T5
Grade
M2
Au s te n i tiz in g
Tem.perature IF
2350
Austenitizing
C
.67
Temeerature.F C Mn
2300 .83 .30
Austenitizing
Te erature ,F C
5 79
Mn Si
.30 .18
Figure 18.
Ni
.02
Si Ni
29 .18
Figure 19.
Mn Si Ni
.29 .28 .08
Figure 20.
Cr
Cr
3.91
4,,20
Cr
3.83
V
V
1.37
2.13
V
1.79
W
18.17
W
18 .. 30
W
6.40
Mo
.18
Mo
.13
Mo
4 . 1
Grade
Ferrovac M2
Austenitizing
Temperature, F C
2250 .80
Mn
.26
Si
.31
Ni Cr
.03 4. 6
V
1.96
W
6.45
16 18
20
22 24 26 28 30 32
TEMPERING PARAMETER T (20 + Log t) x 10-
3
Figure
Figures 18 to 21. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels
Co
7.92
Mo
5.01
34
WADe TR 57-343 45
Approved for Public Release
. . .. _ ... _-- -_ .._._-_.- ._._ .. ..... . - -_ .. _ .. ..... ----- --_ . .
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (t = 4 Hours)
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
70
60
Grade Austenitizing
C Mn Si Ni Cr V W Mo
M1 Temperature ,F -
2200 .76 .30 .33 .09 3.66 1.19 1.32 8.51
U)
50
CI)
~
Figure 22.
Z
0
a::
<
::r:
70
-
-
U
-
-
H
H
60
~
~
Grade Austenitizing
Mn Si Ni V C W Mo
U
MIO Temperature, F
0 2200 .85 .30 .09 1 8 .01 7 .. 77
~
50
Figure 23.
70
60
Grade Austenitizing C Mn Si Ni Cr V Mo
Hi- MID TemRerature ,F 1.06 .33 .30 ,08 3.99 .78 7.50
50
2300
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
TEMPERING PARAMETER T(20+Log t) x 10-
3
Figure 24.
Figures 22 to 24. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels
WADCTR57-343 46
Approved for Public Release
2QQ ..
,' _a ,. _. __ . . . .... a _. ' _ .... _ __ ...... _ __ , . , _,_, _._ . .. _ . _. ____ _ '" ' .... a . .. . . _ , __ , . ,
70
60
50
70
fJ)
CIl
S60
:r:
-
-
U
: 50
0
a:
55
45
16
400
,
Grade
VSM
C
.79
18
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (t
500 600 700 800
Iii i
Austenitizing C Mn Si Ni
,F
2050 .46 1.03 .. 09
Figure 25.
Mn Si Ni Cr
.. V
W
.32 .36 .08 4.01 1.05 .01
= 4 Hours)
900
i
Cr V
2.83 .03
Mo
4.16
1000 1100
I I
W
Mo
.01 5.02
Austenitizing
Grade Temperature ,F
M50
Figure 26.
Austenitizing
Te erature F
Grade C Si Ni Cr V
UC .. 91 .32 .31 .. 03 5.66 .43
20 22 24 26 28 30
TEMPERING PARAMETER T(20 + Log t) x 10-
3
Figure 27.
2100
Mo
1.61
32
Figures 25 to 27. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels
LT
WADCTR57-343 47
Approved for Public Release
34
65
50
45
70'
60
50
.. ,-- .-._,,, -_ .. __ ..... .. - " .. '--
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (t = 4 Hours)
.... ______ F .. __ .. ______ .. ____ .... __ ____ __ .. __ _
Exper.
Steel
D
16 18
Austenitizing
Te erature F C
74
Figure 30.
Mn
.27
Si Ni
-
.31 10
Cr
3.42
v
-
2.21
20 22 24 26 28 30
TEMPERING PARAMETER T(20 + Log t) x 10-3
Figure 31.
Mo
4.85
Figures 28 to 31. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels
32 34
WADe TR 57-343 48
Approved for Public Release
--------_ . ...
U)
f.I)
Z
o
65
55
45
70
60 .
50
-
-
t)
-....
70
U
o
60
50
TEMPERING TEMPERATURE (t = 4 Hours)
a
oo
t
Grade A.u8tenitizing C Mn Si Ni Cr
V W
Exper.
E
,F
21 0 .50 .53 1.23 .10 7.96 .26 7.98
Figure 32.
Exper. A.ustenit zing
TemperatureJF
c
.7,9
Mn
.24
Si
.26
1 Cr
3.29
V
1.12
w
F
Exper.
G
16
2200
Austenitizing
TeIllperatureJF
22 0
C
1 31
Figure 33.
Mn
.29
Si
.32
.14
Ni
.09
Cr
4.07
V
4" 13
W
5.75
18 20 22 24 26 28 30
TEMPERING PARAMETER T(20 + Log t) x 10-
3
Figure 34.
Figures 32 to 34. Master Tempering Curves for Bearing Steels.
WADCTR57-343 49
Approved for Public Release
Mo
" 07
Mo
42
Mo
..
4 87
32 34
-
til
en
riI
Z
Q
~
:c
-
-
U
-
-
~
~
~
~
U
0
~
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
70
60
50
40
30
o
Grade: Halmo 1
Composition: C
.58
Heat Treatment:
0 0
0,
~ .e
Mn Si Cr V Mo
.28 1.18 4 ~ 7 2 .51 5.15
2100 F} 20 min. oil quench
1050 F t 2 plus 2 hrs.
-
Grade: Ferrovac Halma
Composition:
C Mn Si Cr V Mo
.56 .28 1.18 4.82 .50 5.12
Heat Treatment:
2100 F, 20 min. oil quench
1050 F, 2 plus 2 hours
-0
Grade: Halma 2
Composition: C
Mn Si Cr V Mo
.64 .30
1.06 4.6
.54 5.09
Heat Treatment:
2100 F, 20 min. oil quench
1050 F, 2 plus 2
hours
200
400 600 800
" ... - ... _ " _____ 00 .. _____ _
------.- .- .--..
,
,.
0
Fig. 35
Fig. 36.
, ~
.
Q)
Fig. 37
~ ,
A
1000
75
LEGEND
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
(1)---. Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel
(2) 0---0 Room Temperature hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
(3)r--6 Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
Figures 35 to 37. Influence of temperature on hot hardness of bearing
.. steels (Curve I). Also shown is the effect of 1000
hour exposure at different temperatures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardness of
the steels (Curve 3)"
W ADC TR 57-343
50
Approved for Public Release
... , ---._4 ___ :0 _____________ __ ____ ...
. .... -, ..... --. _ .. _- , - -- ' - ' --, .. _._--_ ._-
.. -.. ,. '" _ ... " ,. "- -........-- ----_ ..,- .
70
"0
60
.BC Halma
50
Composition: C Mn Si Cr V Mo
.59 5.06
Fig. 38
.76 .31 1.07 4.57
40
Heat Treatment: 2050 F, 25 min. oil quench
1050 F, 2 plus 2 hours
30
70
0-
--0-
60
rJ)
Grade: .9C Halma
- t3 50
Z
Composition: C Mn
.37
Si
1.08
Cr
4.42
V
.52
Mo
5.02
Fig. 39
o
40
::c
-
-
U 30
-
-
70
60
50
Heat Treatment: 2050 F, 25 min. oil quench
1075 F, 2 plus 2 hours
.-.
rade: 52100
Composition:
C Mn Si Cr
Fig. 40
40
- .. 98 ,,29 .23 1.53
Heat Treatment: 1550 F, 60 min. oil quench
400 r 2 hours
30
o -200 400 600 800 1000 75
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
LEGEND
(I) Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel
(2)0-----ao Room Temperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
(3)4---6 Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures at Indicated
Figures 38 to 40. Influence of temperature on hot hardness of bearing
steels (Curve 1). Also shown is the effect of 1000
hour exposure at different temperatures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardness of
the steels (Curve 3).
WADe TR 57-343 51
Approved for Public Release
. . . .. _-
--
~ . - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - : - - - - ~ ~ - ~ - - ~ - - . - _._-_ .. - ' - ' - ~ - - - - . - - - - - - - - - : - - - . - - -
70
60
50
40
30
70
60
~ 50
~
Z
o
~ 40
:r:
-
o 30
-
-
50
40
30
Grade:
~ .
Ferrovac 52100
omEosition:
C Mn Si Cr
1.04 .42 .26 1.50
Heat Treatment: 1550 F, 60 min. oil quench
Grade: MHT
Composition:
C
1.03
Mn
.03
400 ,2hrs.
Si
.24
Cr Al
1.53 1.30
Heat Treatment: 1550 F, 60 min, oil
que ch, 400 F, 2 hrs.
Grade: Ferrovac MHT
COlnposition:
C Mn Si
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
_e
Fig. 43 .
.... 03 .43 .46
Cr
1.49
Al
1.30
Heat Treatment:
o 200
1550 F, 60 min, ail
que hJ 400 F J 2 hrs.
400 600 800
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
1000 75
LEGEND
(1) Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel
(2) .---0 Room Tetnperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
(3) ... -,. Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
Figures 41 to 43. Influence of temperature on hot hardness of bearing
- steels (Curve 1)" Also shown is the effect of 1000
hour exposure at different temperatures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardness of
the steels (Curve 3).
WA.DC TR 57-343 S2
Approved for Public Release __ -------4------------------__________________ ___
- ... -. .---..
70
60
.50
40
30
70
60
50
40
-
-
u
30
-
-
50
40
30
.. ---- .- . _ .. . ..
Grade: MHT plus Si
'0 Composition:
C Mn Si
1.03 .34 1.23
Cr
1.58
Heat Treatment: 1600 F, 60 min. oil
Grade: 440 C
Composition:
C Mn Si
....... 1:12 .43 .27
Heat Treatment:
ade: 440 BM
Composition:
C Mn Si
.....-. .. 03 .49.45
Heat Treatment:
o 200
LEGEND
que h, 400 F, 2 hrs.
Cr
16.17
-0
1950 F, 60 min. oil quench. 350 F, 1 hr.
erated 0 F 2 Ius 2 hrs.
o
Cr V 'Mo
17.15 .14 .. 76
1950 F, 60 min. oil quench. 350 F 1 hr.
Ref igerated, 9 0 F. 2 plus hrs.
400 600 800 1000
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
(1) Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
Fig. 46
75
(2)0---0 Room TeInperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures
Hot Hardness of Quenched and TelTlpered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures at Indicated Temperatures. .
Figures 44 to 46. Influence of tetnperature on hot hardness of bearing
steels (Curve I) .. Also shown is the effect of 1000
hour exposure at different temperatures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardness of
the steels (Curve 3).
W ADC TR 57-343 53
Approved for Public Release
-
" .... --_ .. -------------
", .
r ,q 4 SS
-...
U
-
70
60
50
40
30
70
60
50
40
30
70
60
50
40
30
... 7
- .AZ __ _
U
...... rade: TI
-
Ot'A
Composition: C . Mn Si Cr V W
.67 .30 .18 3 .. 91 1.37 18,,17
Heat Treatment: 2350 F, 5 min. oil quench
...... ade: T5
Composition: C
.83
1050 F, 2 plus 2 hrs"
Mn
.30
Si Cr
.29 4.20
-
V
2.13
Heat Treatment: 2.300 F J 5 min. oil quench,
2 plu 2 hrs.
___ n a_
......
rade: M2
Composition: C
.79
Mn
.29
'A a_
Si Cr v
-
.28 3.83 1.79
w
-
18.30
1000 F
Co
7.92
o. . t2\
3 -,
W Mo
6.40 4.91
Fig. 47
Fig. 48
Fig. 49
Heat Treatment: 2250 F J 10 min. oil quench, 1050 F, 2 plus 2 hre.
o 200 400 600 800 1000 75
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
LEGEND
(1) Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel.
(2) Room Temperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
" 1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
(3) .---1\. Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
Figures 47 to 49. Influence of temperature on hot hardness of bearing
steels (Curve 1). Also shown is the effect of 1000
hour. exposure at different tetnperatures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardnes s of
the steels (Curve 3).
WADe TR 57-343 54
Approved for Public Release
- - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - .... -.... i
70
60
50
40
30
70
60
50
40
30
-
-
U
-
-
70
60
50
40
30
--- ---
~
0
Grade: Ferrovac M2
... ,
Fig. 50
Composition: C
Mn
Si Cr V W M o ~
.80 .26 .31 4.16 1.96 6.45 5.01
Heat Treatment: 2250 F, 10 min. oil quench, 1050 F, 2 plus 2 hr'S.
- - - - ~ o
~ I:!' CJ)
Grade: MI
~ --be
\jJ-' aA Fig. 51
COlllposition: C Mn Si Cr V W Mo
3 3 3 6 6 1 1 9 1 3 2 8", 51
15 min. oil quench, 1050 F, 2 plus l hrs.
.76 .30
Heat Treatment: 2200 F,
Grade: MID
Fig. 52
Composition: C
.85,
Mn
.. 30
Si
.28
Cr
4.10
V
1.68
Mo
7.77
Heat Treatment: 2200 F t 15 lnin. oil quench, 1050 F, 2 plus 2 hrs.
o 200 400 600 BOO 1000
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
LEGEND
(1) Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel.
75
(2) 0---0 Room. Temperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures. .
(3) .1---. Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tem.pered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures at Indicated Te:mperatures.
Figures 50 to 52. Influence of temperature on hot hardness of bearing
steels (Curve 1). Also shown is the effect of 1000
hour exposure at different temperatures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardness of
the steels (Curve 3).
WADG TR 57-343 55
Approved for Public Release
U)
ff'J
Z
<
:I:
-
-
U
-
-
.....1
U
70
60
50
-40
30
70
60
50
40
30
70
60
50
40
30
------.. - ._---_ .. _------- -- .
--- -
Grade: Hie-MID
composition: C Mn
1.06 .33
Heat Treatment: 2200 F,
--- IOOOF,
Si Cr V
.30 3.99 1.78
15 min, oil quench,
2 plus 2 hours.
(i)
Mo
7.50
0
41
0,
e.
Grade: VSM
Composition: C
.66
Heat Treatment:
Grade: M50
Com.position: C
.79
&
A
Mn
Si Cr Mo
.46 1.03 2.83 5.02
2050 F, 20 min. oil quench
IOOOFJ2plus hrs.
E-,
Mn Si
.32 ,,36
0
Cr
4.01
a.
V
1.05
Heat Treatment: 2100 F, min. oil quench
10 0 F, 2 Ius 2 hours
o 200
400 600 800
TESTING TEMPERAUTRE (F)
1000
Fig .. 53
Fig. 54
Fig. 55
75
LEGEND
( I) Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel.
(2) 0---0 ROOIn Temperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
(3) Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
Figures 53 to 55. Influence of temperature on hot of bearing
steels (Curve 1). Also shown is the effect of 1000
hour exposure at different temperatures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardness of
the steels (Curve 3).
W ADC TR 57-343
56
Approved for Public Release
_. - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - - . - - - .
-
-
U
-0-
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
LEGEND
Grade: UC
Cotnposition: C
~ 91
Heat Treatment:
Steel A
--7 -0
Mn Si Cr V Mo
.32 .31 5 .. 66 .,43 1.61
1950 F, 45 min. oil quench
1000 F
t
2 plus 2 hrs.
~ - - o - - - ~ o
:.
-
Mn Si Cr Composition: C
.90 .32 .32 11.22
Mo
4.20
Heat Treatment: 2000 F, 30 ITlin. oil quench
~
1000 F, 2 plus 2 hrs,
o
.. _._----
---- -----
-
-------
-'--= ----
Steel B
Composition: C
.71
Heat Treatment:
200
Mn Si Cr V Mo
.29 .31 4.21 .59 5.31
2150 F, 15 min .. oil quench
1000 F, 2 plus hrs.
400 600 800
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
(1) Hot Hardness of Q.uenched and Tetnpered Steel.
Fig. 56
Fig. 57
Fig. 58
1000 75
(2) 0---0 Room Temperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperature s"
(3) '---A Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures at Indicated Telnperatures.
Figures 56 to 58: Influence of temperature on hot hardness of bearing
i ateels (Curve 1). Also shown is the effect of 1000
hour exposure at different tem.peratures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardness of
the steels (Curve 3).
W ADC TR 57-343 57
Approved for Public Release
.. - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - , - - - - .. ~ . , .. ,
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
-
-
lJ
-
-
70
60
.... -
Steel C
Composition: C
.92
Heat Treatment:
-uteel D
Composition: C
.74
Heat Treattnent:
. . . ..... .. -.... .. --..- - - ~ - - - - - - -
- - o - - ~ - o
'Mn Si Cr V
.21 .30 8 .. 18 2.12
2100 F, 20 min. oil quench
1000 F, 2 plus 2 hrs.
o - - ~ o
Mn Si Cr V Mo
Mo
4.90
.. 27 .. 31 3.42 2.21 4.85
2200 F J 15 min. oil quench
1000 F, 2 plus 2 hrs.
o
- .-
Fig. 59
Fig .. 60
50
Fig. 61
40
30
LEGEND
(1)
(2}0--.o
Steel E
Composition.: C Mn Si Cr V Mo
,
.50 .53 1.23 7.96 .26 7.98
Heat Treatment: 2100 F, 20 min. oil quench
1000 , 2 plus 2 rs.
0 200 400 600 800 1000
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel.
Room Temperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
(3) 6---6 Hot Hardness of Quenched and TeInpered Steel after 1000 hr ..
Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
Figures 59 to 61. Influence of temperature on hot hardness of bearing steels
(Curve 1). Also shown is the effect of 1000 hour exposure
WADe TR 57-343
at different temperatures on the room tell'lperature hardnes s
(Curve 2) and hot hardness of the steels (Curve 3).
58
Approved for Public Release
75
~ - - " - - _ 4 ____ , __ ~ _ ~ ___ ." ... _ . ..,
.. _-- . ----------_._-.. _._---- . __ ._._-_._--._----_ .. - . .. - -... -
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
-
-
40
U
...
-
30
20
0
LEGEND
-- rO-
Steel F
Composition.: C Mn Si
.79 .24 .26
-"0
Cr
3.29
v
-
1.12
W
1.56
Mo
8.42
Heat Treatment: 2200 F t 15 min. oil quench, 1000 F, 2 plus
2 hrs.
-..
..
-
.... _--0 .....
,
G>'A
Steel G
Composition:
C
Mn Si Cr V W Mo
1.31 .29 .32 4.07 4.13 5.75 4.87
eat Treatment: 2200 F J 15 min, oil quench. 1000 F, 2 plus
2 hrs.
200 400 600 800 1000
TESTING TEMPERATURE (F)
(lte--e Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel.
Fig. 62
Fig. 63
75
(2)0.-.... Room Temperature Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after
1000 hr. Exposures at Indicated Temperatures.
(3)A-... .. Hot Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Steel after 1000 hr.
Exposures of Indicated Temperatures"
Figures 62 and 63. Influence of temperature on hot hardness of bearing
steels (Curve 1). Also shown is the effect of 1 000
hour exposure at different temperatures on the room
temperature hardness (Curve 2) and hot hardness of
the steels (Curve 3).
WADCTR57-343 59
Approved for Public Release
..
. .
.. .
..
...
:... ,.
.. .
........ . --------_.- - ..- --_._... --------
. .
. . .. . . .. . .. . r ...
'. .... .!, .... . . :: ., ", ". . ,. .. "'. ... . ':" t. ....: ' .. ,'! :- ' . :.' .. .". ' ::: . .
Fig. 66 : Halmo- 2 f 'austE.!nitized '. , .... . ,. :: ': .:',. ,. ::,FiS 0'7 ".' ..: ,: &.us.teniti.z,eQ, . :.,.
: .. llOO F .. 20 .mln. 011 . " .. ..... :Z(lS':O F ": .. dil :: :'.y., ,,:: ,:.
' .'
: ..
.. . t '. . .. .:: ..:: t .:: '::. .::. :
.. 'quenc,h,: temp.eretl '1050 F. ':, .. .. ... ".:.: ,q.\let.leKJ te.mpered,:1 05.,tl:' F :' ..
2 plus ' 2 :h.ours. ".: .. . ..' .. '.. . ...... 2,. plus; .. Z" h.ou.r:s::: .. <" :' ..", .... , ..... .
FIGURES 64 to 67 MICROSTRUCTURES SHOWING CARBIDE SIZE
AND DISTRIBUTION IN BEARING STEELS.
Picral + 0.20/0 HG! Etch Magnification X 750
W ADC TR 57-343 60
Approved for Publlc Release a.'.' .-.- .
'iH" .:,:.i:ii. 'il} .,.. " ;;".' ') .:;; ,. .... ." ,. :'" .. .. .... :, 'i '" " .,. .:.
.
. . :::: . 11 . ,: 2 S '., n,fu. 1: .' " . i. .:
'r " ,H' , ':: .'. :,:;' .,,:, ':ql1eitch ::: . t:empe'r ea ., 1 C 7 '5 F
.:: ,':;:,' .::.;.;:
:.;::
.::'
... '0'i"
" 1.; 1: :.; ;::::i.J,'.::;;':l:: 0> )::,' !ii" . ,i,i. .
: :',
:: .
,':::
..
..
' ..
.::
. : .. / :;.;
Q .. .. ...
i . " . . ,!E' "ltiied '" 1 S50<F ", 1" hr'" ,"
;i' .. i;;:: " l,,,,i ,;:: 1, .... ' ,!! ,'l'" ..:.' . 'ii::' '>, ",'" '" ; , :,: ,,'
.. "J> ",." .. "" e' ,!!, oll quench,;, tempered
:;t:',.::L:"., .':':':: :'ii' :'. !!' :,. ':1,',:'
::'
'::
..:
<::':
::
, a _______ ___ _________________ _.
-. . _ ... -.... ... . - .. ---
. ,
'.'
,Fig . 71
5.2.100.,
,, 1550 ,1 hr .. ,oil
'q ,\Jetlch, :400 "F
Z hours .
MHT ,. austenitized 1:550 F,
l ' hol1l:, :.' .
i ' 400 F t " :ZhOllrs
.: :'
FIGURES 68 to 71 MICROS1'RUCTURES SHOWING CARBIDE SIZE
AND DISTRIBUTION IN BEARING STEELS.
Picral + 0.1 % Hel Etch Magnification X 750
W ADC TR 57-343 61
Approved for PubllC Release
_.
. -:. ..
::. .: .... .: '-:. .
'Fj..g' . .. 14
,." .' ,, ' .. ,, ' ," .. 19so F I I hour, oil
.... ... '. ,,'' quench . heated to 350 F
, . . 1 hour, refrigerated .
. , ,,' , and ,temper,ed 9,OO .F " 2 .. ,
... . . . . .
... ". plusZ, .....
- - ._ ._ ----_._ ._._-_. _ .... _.. -_ . . . _ .. . - . . _------_._ -------_ ... _----
, -:: .
..
. '" .,.. I ." , .. ,
..
. :. . .
. ,
::;. . . .'
..
..
..
... '+ ' ;:
: F'tg. ,7.5 " ,, ::.4'O,.,BM:, ' .' .,
. . " .. ,'- , 19.5'0 .. F lI " l ' oil.':":" .:'
.. , ,.. .. : ... .neij.'t.ed to 3?O' F,,,
. .' l' hO\ir",.refr,ig'erat"ed ,." ,,":' "
plus 2 "hours. , ., . . ,. :' .... ,',. :' ,
FIGURES 7Z to 75 MICROSTRUCTURES SHOWING CARBIDE SIZE
AND DISTRIBUTION IN BEARING STEELS
Alcoholic 100/0 He! Etch (440C and 440BM) Magnification X 750
W ADC TR 57-343 62
Approved for Public Release
........ . ........ .................... .. --------------------------------
_ . a . . . __ ._ .... _____ ___ ._. __ __ .. . _ ,_ .... _ _ .......... __ . ___ _____ ..... ____ .
:ll
'::::
. ::
. ::: .. ... -...
"M2 j 'au,stenitized
Z'2,'5 0 ,. F ";' lO.,,'min .. oi1
.:" ,:-,.tempe;re;d ..
plus Z hours.
".
,':.
".
".
..
"
'".'::
"
"
" .
"
"
".
" " .
:>
Fig . ., 79
"
"
TS ' austenitized.
.. .., . '.. ' . ' .. .
, .
F ', :;. 5
"quench , te rn.pe red
Z. p1\lS" 2 bOUT'S:.
"
Ferl",ovac -Ml 'austen'-
t ,
iti,zed' .F, 10
"011 qUenc,h, telYlpered
1050 "F,2 plus . 2 hollrs.
..
FIGURES 76 to 79 MICROSTRUCTURES SHOWING CARBIDE SIZE
AND DISTRIBUTION IN BEARING STEELS.
Picral + 0.1 % He! Etch Magnification x 750
W ADC TR 57-343 63
Approved for Public Release
Fi ., 82
. g .
Hie-MIo, austenitized
. .
: 2,200 F, 15 min. oil
.'. 1050
2 nlus 2 hours.
Ft: .
...
. ..
.
:
. ." .. : 'S'3" .. .F,.',
. .' ' u." .... ,. : :: Z 0 . .,:::". "', .... : .. ' .. ,"
.. . .: .. '. . . :. ... ':'p;: pl.,.1 " .. , :.
.,: . ,. Z ,: hour:s . .. ' ... . . ,', .... , .. . ...
FIGURES 80 to 83 MICROSTRUCTURES SHOWING CARBIDE SIZE
AND DISTRIBUTION IN BEARING STEELS"
Picral + 0.20/0 Hel Etch
Magnification X 750
WADG TR 57-343
64
Approved for Publlc Release
-------
>
"::: ,.
..
::::-
.. ...... ."". ."". 'j; ... " .. ". +.. ... :, .... ', .):
il ofi ir
. .';;
.. ':e' P,Jus
. :. :.:. "":" ... .. ".. .. .. .. ::: .. :::........ . ... ....
. ; .
::::.
..
:
-.:::
:::'
.:,
....
, .
'; .
....
....
tig:. ..
: :'::
. ...
8S .:::' .
..
..
":'
... . ..-. - ----- .-.. -- -_ .. _--- ----_._. - --_ ...
..
;'.
.. . ::::. .. . .. m:. . ........ : :::: ..
':uue >
"4'5 .:":min ' oif'''q' ue::z\<:n';: ::...:.
"". :::". , ..,. . 1" , .'. .:':: T,. ,:;" ' u".
:: .. t,empe:r 'ecl 1:,:0:00 ..
"2' hou" 'r 's':: " .. :::.. ... ." .'" .... .::...., .. :: .,"". ..:".
, .... .. ... .. ... .. ..
FIGURES 84 and 85 MICROSTRUCTURES SHOWING CARBIDE SIZE
AND DISTRIB UTION IN BEARING STEELS II
Picral + 0.20/0 He! Etch Magnification x 750
W ADC TR 57-343 65
Approved for Public Release ,
.. 88' . C., austenitized
.. . .. ,,' ZlOOF, .20 min. oil ..
.. ...... , ...;'."'quencli,tell1pered 1000' F .
...... . .." .. :.," ... :; 2: .2hbu.:rS.. ..
. 1; .. Alcoholic 100/0 HCIEtch
.. - - ........ .. _. _ .. ... _-------------------_._--
. .. ,:
..
::
...
. ...
.. .:
'!:;- '.
::::: .
," ....
..
. ...
. ..
.. .
. ,. ..' . ..
,." ..... ..
;;. 'l" ':'" . .;;.: . ," .wf ) l.:,./ .; .
. ,; ..... ,.: .. ;;.... : ... ... ..
..
.. . ...
. . '::
... :::
,', .
..
...
,
.' "' Fig'
89
..
.,
, .
::.: ,;. ,., .fj . ...
.. t, ,
; '.
If
. . ,
.. -:- ,'
Steel-D, austenitized
Z200 F, 15 min. oil
quench, tempered 1000 F
2 plus 2 hours .
Picral Etch'
FIGURES 86 to 89 MICROSTRUCTURES SHOWING CARBIDE SIZE
AND DISTRIBUTION IN BEARING STEELS.
Magnification X 750
W ADC TR 57-343
66
Approved for Public Release
__ -_ ... 4 ___________________ _____ . __ . . .... .
::
..
. ' :' ...
.. ...
90 ...
..
.. ...
..
.. ..
.. ..
,. ..
FIGURES 90 to 92
- _ . _ &, , . ' 0. ___ - _ 0
:::: ..
:'!' .
.....
':': ': .: ",/;:,
'::'
; : ':'
:
.. "
...
...
. ...
',::': ...
...
.....
..
..
. .. .
",11",:.
... . " '::"
Ifi '.
...
"",t ":" . '"" ''' .. ....
.
=:l=
. '" _. .'
::::
::' ':::: 'n:: .:g; .. :::. . ...
..
.:.: :
...
',2' .p l " Ol> . . . : . " . '
'::'
." :;.. ,i.
::::
.. ':' .. . .. x:, .
-:, . .. " .. .. ,.. ., ' '., '"," ",;;,;, ",.. ':, ..
.. :Steel 0 . ",
l2,OO F, . ' 15 at1,.7, " .".
queD.c:h,: te'P.'lpered
2 'plu8 .: Z .., .. '
.'
oll :" "Y ",
.. 1:; ... .,'
::: F".
....
..:. :', k
.. .x:::
>f.' "::
'm
MICROSTRUCTURES SHOWING CARBIDE SIZE
AND DISTRIBUTION IN BEARING STEELS.
Picral + 0.3% Hel Etch Magnification x 750
WADe TR 57-343 67
Approved for Public Release
,. ' .0 _____ _
'" 'd
'd
11
a
<
(J)
0-
,...,
a
11
'U
g.
>-'
.....
n
~
(J)
>-'
(J)
\lJ
{Jl
(J)
~
>
o
()
~
;;tI
lJ1
-.J
t
U..I
~
VoJ
a-..
00
O'J
fJl
II)
~
"'C
J..t
cO
~
-
U
-
-
~
~
Q,)
~
U
0
~
65
60
55
50
45
40
o
~ ..... ~
- - - ~
100 200 300 . 400
Standard Deviation vs Temperature
- -
500
R. T.
400 F
600 F
800 F
1000 F
600
TEMPERATURE, F
1.3 RC
1.6 RC
1 .. 8 RC
1.9 RC
2.2 RC
700 800 900 1000
FIGURE 93. A CURVE SHOWING THE MEAN HARDNESS VALUES AND THE STANDARD
DEVIATIONS FROM THE MEAN COMPUTED FOR 22 BEARING STEELS AT
TEMPERATURES VARYING FROM ROOM TEMPERATURE TO 1000 F.
,
I
I
~ ~
.
~ ,
f ~ ~
,