Preface

In presenting this English-Bisaya Grammar I do not pretend to be considered an author, my only aspiration is to be useful to my Amrican brethren in the priesthood, in order that they in turn, may be so to the Bisaya people. The priest for the Bisaya people must be one who will devote all his attention to them, live among them, study their ways, their character, their tendencies, and therefore, the study of their dialect is absolutely necessary to him, since they, for the most part, do not know how to speak either Spanish or English. In preparing this compilation I have used every effort to do it as well as possible, but I am only a pupil in both the English and Bisaya languages, and I believe, the work is not as perfect as would be desired, but I indulge a hope that the kindness of my readers will excuse my faults.
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Bisaya Alphabet.
The letters made use of in the Bisaya alphabet, are twenty in number as follows: A. Ah. N. B. C. D. O. E. P. G. Q. H. S. I. T. L. U. M. Y. EE (griega).

Bay. Thay. Ng.

Day. A or ay. Hay. Atchay. EE. Ai-lay. Ai-may. Coo. Es say. Tay. OO.

Ai-nay. ,,

Ai-nyay. Oh. Pay.

The vowels are A, E, I, O, U, and Y at the end of a word. The vowels are never silent, except U in the syllables que, qui, the sound of which corresponds to that heard in the English words Kedge, Keep, Key. A sounds always like A in alam. B sounds like B in back C before a, o, u, sounds like K in English, ascaadlaoonThe dawn of the day CocoNail of the fingers. D at the beginning of a word or in the middle, if preceded by a consonant, is pronounced like in English. At the end of a word or between two vowels has a sound between D and R, which may be obtained by placing the tip of the tongue against the higher teeth turning the thick part towards the roof of the mouth. G has always a very smooth sound like in English before a, o, u, asginicanan, forefathersgintoon-an, scholar.

H has a slight aspirated sound like a very faintly aspirated h in English in the words horse, hogashocom, judgehabagat, a strong windhilanat, fever. E, I these vowels although sound like in English, nevertheless, natives confound them very often: the same shall be said of the vowels O and U; and Page 5this is the reason why the P. John Felix's Dictionary employs but I and O, instead E, IO, U. L sounds like in English, aslamdag, brightnesslibac, backbiting. M sounds like in English: asmata, eyemot-top. N sounds like in English; asnipis, fine, thin. Ng this letter has no equivalent in English, and it must be heard from the natives. this letter has a strong nasal sound resembling that of n in the English word poniard out of Bohol province, where it is pronounced as in the English word manger and written ny: as, caninyo, bonyag, instead of canio, boag. O sounds like in English; asolan, rainhao, thirst. P sounds as in English:pito, sevenpon, fill. Q is alway followed by u, and pronounced like K; as, quinabuhi, life, quilay, eyebrow, quilquil, scratching. S has always a harsh, hissing sound like ss in English. There is not a word in Bisaya beginning with s followed by a consonant.

T sounds as in English, astabang, help, tiao, joke. U sounds like in English in the words "proof, goose" but it is frequently confounded with O. (See I and E on the preceding page). Y sounds like ee in English at the end of a word; but before a vowel, or between two vowels, sounds like in the English words "joke, jolt" asyab, pour.This letter when after a noun or pronoun, if the same noun or pronoun, is employed instead of the particle ang, being as it does, an article of appellative nouns. Examples: I did thatac ang nagbuhat niana, or, acoy nagbuhat nianaWhat is the reason of that.Onsa ba ang hingtungdan niana? or Onsay hingtungdan niana?
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First Lesson.
OF THE ARTICLE.
1.a The article in the Bisaya dialect is divided into determinate and indeterminate and of the proper names. 2.a The determinate article is ang for singular, and ang mga or sa mga according to the cases for plural. 3.a The indeterminate article is usa, one for the singular; and uban, pila or mapila, some for the plural. 4.a The article of the proper names is si for both masculine and feminine.

Declension of the Articles.

DEFINITE ARTICLE. SINGULAR. N. G. D. Ac. Vc. Abl. PLURAL. N. G. D. Ac. Vc. Abl. The Of the To the The Oh With the dogs. dogs. dogs. dogs. dogs. dogs. Ang mga Sa mga Sa mga Sa mga Sa mga Sa mga iro. iro. iro. iro. iro. iro. The Of the To the The Oh With the dog. dog. dog. dog. dog. dog. Ang Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa iro. iro. iro. iro. iro. iro.

INDEFINITE ARTICLE.

SINGULAR A letter. A dog. One and another

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Usa ca sulat. Usa ca iro. Ang usa ug ang usa

PLURAL. Some wish, while others do notang uban bu-ut, ang uban diliSome of the trees, which are therePipila sa mga cahuy dih.

THE ARTICLE OF THE PROPER NAMES

SINGULAR. N. G. D. Ac. Vc. Abl. Remark l.a The article of the proper names is used also to point out a person and his companions, as: N. G. Joseph and his friends. Of Joseph and of his friends. Sila si Jos. ila ni Jos. With Of To Peter. Peter. Peter. Peter. Peter. Peter. Si Pedro. Ni Pedro. Can Pedro. Can Pedro. Oy Pedro. Can Pedro.

2.a This article serves also to express kindness or love: as.My Mother, Si nanay. My father, Si tatay.The female child, Si indayThe parish Priest, Si amoyMy eldest sister, Si manang. 3.a The English compounded words, wooden, golden etc. change the affix en into nga, as:The woodencross, Ang cruz nga cahoyThe golden ring, Ang singsing nga bulauan.

4.a When we point out the destination of a thing, it is employed the article saThus: The water vat, Ang tadyao sa tubig.The bottle of wine, Ang botella sa vino. 5.a When it refers to the property of any one, it is as follows.John's hat, Ang calo ni Juan. 6.a The article sa is employed, when the Page 8thing it refers to is determinate, but when it is indeterminate, the articleug must be used, as: Bring the money, Magdala ca sa sapi. Give me money, Taga-an mo ac ug salapi. PLURAL. 1.a The plural is formed in Bisaya by placing mga after the article ang or sa. Declension. N. G. D. Ac. Vc. Abl. The cats Of the cats To the cats The cats Oh cats With the cats Ang mga iring Sa mga iring Sa mga iring Sa mga iring Mga iring Sa mga iring

2.a When the possessive case is placed before the name, it must be placed between ang and mga, thusMy friends, ang acong mga higalaYour shoes, ang imong mga sapin. 3.a Rem. The Bisaya article like the English, does not distinguish the gender, but there are two ways of distinguishing the masculine and feminine in this dialect: 1. By using different words: Ex, ang bana, the husband;ang asaua, the wife; ang amahan, the father: ang inahan, the mother. 2. By the suffixes lalaqui and babaye; Ex.ang iro nga lalaqui, the dog, ang iro nga babaye, she dog; ang bata nga lalaqui, the boy; ang bata nga babaye, the girl.

Examples of the article.

Joseph's soul, ang calag ni JosJohn's ground. ang yuta ni Juan, or ang can Juan nga yutaWho is at Peter's house, ang sa can Pedro nga balay, or ang sa balay ni PedroBring the rice: Magdala ca ug bugasMy mother and sister are at John's cottage, Si nanay ug si inday tua sa camalig ni JuanMy brothers are rich, Angacong mga igso-on salapia-*non Page 9manAre you Peter's father?, Icao ba ang amahan ni Pedro?I am, AcmanWho is the owner? Quinsa ba ang tagia? Where is your son?, Hain ba ang imong anac?He is at the cockfight, Tua sia sa bulanganHas he much money?, Daghan ba ang iang salapi?He has but a few coins,Pipila lamang ca dacLet us go. Tala na quitGood by. Ari na cameThat man is a drunkard. Palahubg man canang taoHe is a drinker, but not a drunkard. Palainom man sia, apan dili palahubgWhere is my father?, Hain ba ang acong amahan?Here he is; Ania dinhiWho are those men?, Quinsa ba canang mgatao?They are my friends. Mao ang acong mga higala.

Exercise.
I Have you the bread?Yes, sir, I have the bread: Have you your bread?I have my bread.Have you the salt?I have the saltHave you my salt?I have your salt. Have you the soap?I have the soapWhich (onsa nga) soap have you?I have your soapWhich shirt have you?I have my shirt, (ang acong sinina)?Have you much money?I have much moneyWhere is your sister?She is at the garden (tanaman sa mga bulac)Where is your father?He is here.

Second Lesson.
Of the nouns.
Supposing the pupil knows the classification of the nouns into proper, common or appellative &., we shall occupy ourselves with their formation, being as it is, so much diverse and usual. A great number of nouns and verbs are compounded in Bisaya by means of roots and particles.Page 10 The root is the word which contains in itself the signification of the thing, but can not express it without any other word, which we call a particle, to which the root must be united.

1.a With the particle ca at the beginning of the root, and an after, are formed collective nouns, and nouns of place, as:Grove, cacahoyanBanana plantation, casagingan. 2.a With the particle ca before, are formed the nouns of quality, as:Whiteness, Ang caputi. 3.a By placing the particle pagca before the roots, are formed the abstract nouns, and those pointing out the essence of the things, as: Sweetness. Mercy. Kindness. Divinity. Humanity. Hardness. Ang catam-is. Ang calo-oy. Ang caayo. Ang pagca Dios. Ang pagca taoo. Ang pagca guhi.

4.a With the particle isigca before the root, are formed correlative nouns, placing the possessive pronoun in genitive case, as: My like. Ang isigcataoo co.

5.a With the particles mag and man are formed substantive and adjective nouns, duplicating the first syllable of the roots, thus: The writer. The tailor. The maker. The surgeon. The almsgiver. Ang magsusulat. Ang magtatahi. Ang magbubuhat. Ang mananambal. Ang manlilimos.

6. With the particle pala before, are formed several substantives, as: The drunk. The tippler The writer.
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Ang palahubg. Ang palainom. Ang palasulat.

7.a With tag before the root, are formed nouns expressing the owner of a thing, as:

The owner of the house. The master of the vessel. The owner of the world.

Ang tagbalay. Ang tagsacayan. Ang tagcalibutan.

8.a Putting this same particle before the words signifying the seasons of the year or the atmospherical changes, points out the time of these changes: and placing it before words signifying the farming-works, it shows the time of those operations. In some provinces are used also in this same sense, the particles tig and tin, thus: Rain time. Warm time. Harvest time. tagolan. tiginit. taganitinani, or tig-ani.

9.a The particle taga before the nouns of countries or nations, serves to ask some one about his town, as: Where are you from? I am from Spain. Of which town? From Cornago. Taga di-in ca ba? Taga Espaa man ac. Taga di-in ca nga longsod? Taga Cornago.

10.a Taga signifies also until, and points out the end of the action, as: To the knee. To the neck. As far as the floor. Taga tohod. Taga liug. Taga salug.

11.a By means of the articles pag and pagca are formed the verbal substantives. Ex: Making or to make. Walking or to walk. Reading or to read. Resuscitating or to resuscitate. Dying or to die.
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Ang pagbuhat. Ang paglacao. Ang pagbasa. Ang pagcabanhao. Ang pagcamatay.

12.a Placing the particle tagi before the root it points out permanency on a place, as: Inhabitant of a place. Tagilongsod.

Countryman.

Tagibanua.

Declension of the common nouns.

SINGULAR. N. G. D. The cotton. Of the cotton. To the cotton. ang gapas. sa gapas. sa gapas.

PLURAL N. G. D. The cottons. Of the cottons. To the cottons. ang mga gapas. sa mga gapas. sa mga gapas.

Practical examples
Don't approach the intoxicated man. Hardness is the molave merit. Love your neighbour, for that is a commandment of God. Don't sow nor plant in warm time. God is the Maker of all things. Ayao icao dumo-ol sa palahubg. Ang caayo sa tugs ana-a sa cagahi nia. Mahagugma ca sa imong isigcataoo, cay gisugo sa Dios. Sa tigadlao ayo pagtanom ug pagpugs. Ang Dios mao ang Magbubuhat sa ngatanan. Hain ba ang acong libro? Hain ba ang libro co? Ania man canaco. Hain ba ang cabayo? Ambut lamang. Onsay imo dih? Iyahay lang quit. Mao man cana unta.

The river water reaches as far as the waist. Ang tubig sa sub miabut tagahaoac. Who has my book? Where is my book? I have it. Where is the horse? I do not know. How does that concern you? Every oneself. So must it be.
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Exercise.
II

Good morning, how are you?Very well, I thank youWhere are you from?I am from SpainOf which town?From ConagoWho (quinsa) has my book?I have itWho is that young Lady?She is Miss KateWhere is my trunk (caban)?The servant has itHave you my fine glasses?I have themHave you the fine horses of my neighbours?I have not themWho are you?I am JohnAre you Peter's father?I am.

Third Lesson.
OF THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.
The father Encina divides the numbers into primitives, ordinals, distributives and vicenales. The primitive numerals are those which serve to count, and are the followings: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 One. Two. Three. Four. Five. Six. Seven. Eight. Nine. Ten. Eleven. Twelve. Thirteen. Fourteen. Fifteen. Sixteen. Seventeen. Eighteen. Nineteen. Twenty. Thirty. Forty. Us. Duha. Tolo. Upat. Lima. Unum. Pito. Ualo. Siam. Napolo. Napolo ug us. Napolo ug duha. Napolo ug tolo. Napolo ug upat. Napolo ug lima. Napolo ug unum. Napolo ug pito.Page 14 Napolo ug ualo. Napolo ug siam. Caluha-an. Catlo-an. Capat-an.

50 60 70 8O 90 100 101 200 300 1000 1001 2000

Fifty. Sixty. Seventy. Eighty. Ninety. One hundred. One hundred and one Two hundred. Three hundred. One thousand. One thousand and one. Two thousand.

Calim-an. Canum-an. Capito-an. Caualo-an. Casiam-an. Usa ca gatus. Usa ca gatus ug us. Duha ca gatus. Tolo ca gatus. Usa ca libo. Usa ca libo ug us. Duha ca libo. Napolo ca bata. Caluha-an ca cabayo. Duha ca gatus caluha an ug duha ca fusil. Lima ca gatus casiam-an ug usa ca soldalo. Usa ca libo ca taoo.

Ten children. Twenty horses. Two hundred and twenty guns. Five hundred and ninety one soldiers. One thousand men. Remarks:

1.a The English forms "a hundred, a thousand"*, are rendered into Bisaya by usa ca gatus, usa ca libo. Expressions like "eighteen hundred" must be translated as: one thousand eight hundred, ex: The year 1898.Usa ca libo ualo ca gatus casiaman ug usa. 2.a The unity begins by a consonant duplicates, the first syllable, when points out any quantity. The denaries are formed by putting before unity the particle ca and an after, as we have seen. Ca serves also to join the numbers to the nouns, thus: Usa cataoo. Napolo ca pisos, upat ca adlao.Page 15

Ordinal Numbers.
1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. Ang nahaona. Ang icaduha. Ang icatolo-tlo. Ang icaupat-pat. Ang icalima. Ang icaunum. Ang icapito.

8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. 20th. 21th. 30th. 40th. 50th. 100th.

Ang icaualo. Ang icasiam. Ang icapolo. Ang icapolo ug usa. Ang icapolo ug duha. Ang icapolo ug tolo. Ang icapolo ug upat Ang icapolo ug lima. Ang icacaluhaan. Ang icacaluhaan ug usa. Ang icacatloan. Ang icacaupatan Ang icacalim-an Ang icausa ca gatus.

The month.Ang bulan. The day.Ang adlao. The week.Ang semana. What is the date to day.Icapila quita caron?To-day is the sixth of March of the year 1901.Sa icaunum ca adlao sa bulan sa Marzo sa usa ca libo siam ca gatus ng usa ca tuig. Days of the week Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday.
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Lunes. Martes. Miercoles. Jueves. Viernes. Sabado. Domingo.

Months of the year. (The months and the days of the week are taken from the Spanish language). January. Enero.

February. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. November. December. A century. A year. A month. A week. A day. An hour. A minute. To day. Yesterday. To-morrow. Next year. Last year. Day before yesterday. Day after to-morrow. Three days ago. Last week. At half past one. At a quarter past one. At a quarter to one.
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Febrero. Marzo. Abril. Mayo. Junio. Julio. Agosto. Setiembre. Octubre. Noviembre. Diciembre. Usa ca siglo. Usa ca tuig. Usa ca bulan. Usa ca semana. Usa ca adlao. Usa ca horas. Usa ca minuto. Caron adlao. Cahapon. Ugma. Tuig nga muabut. Tuig nga miagui. Cahapon sa usa ca adlao. Ugma damlag. Canianhi. Semana nga miagui. Sa la una y media. Sa la una y cuarto. Cuarto sa la una.

Partitive Numbers The partitive numbers are formed by adding to the cardinalsca bahinthus: One part. Usa ca bahin.

The half. One third. One fourth. Ex: The half of the heirdom belongs to me.

Ang ca tunga. Ang ica tlo. Ang ica upat.

Ang catunga sa cabilin nahatungud canaco.

Divide among them the half of the cocoa- Bahinan mo sila sa catunga sa lubi. nut. Distributive numbers The distributive numbers are formed by putting tag or tinag before the cardinal numbers, thus: One after one. Two after two. Twenty after twenty. Put the children in a row one by one. What wages did you pay them? Seven shillings to each one. Each man shall be judged by God. Vicenal Numbers The vicenal or proportional numbers, so called for explaining the proportion between two unities, one of which is contained in the other, are formed in Bisaya by putting the particle naca or maca before the cardinal numbers.Naca for past tense, and maca for the future: Thus: Once. Twice. Three times. Four times. One hundred times. Many times. How many times have you weeped? Five times. Naca or macausa. Naca or macaduha.Page 18 Naca or macatolo. Naca or macaupat. Naca or maca usa ca gatus. Sa nacadaghan. Sa nacapila ba icao naghilac? Sa nacalima. Tagsa or tinagsa. Tagurha or tinagurha. Tagcaluhaan. Ipalumbay mo ang mga bata sa tinagsa. Sa tagpila guisoholan mo sila? Sa tagpito ca sicapat. Ang tagsa ca taoo pagahocman sa Dios.

How many times have you read the letter? Sa nacapila ba icao nagbasa sa sulat?

How many times have you visited church? Sa nacapila ba icao nagduao sa Singbahan? Seven times Are there some fish in the village? There are a good plenty of fish. How old are you? I am twenty seven years old. You are a young man yet. How much is your daily wage? Two dimes. What have you at home? We have rice and fish. Where is your shirt? III Exercise Where is my book!Under the chairWhere is my hat?It is on the tableIs it on the table?No; it is upon the bedDid you read the book?I did notHow many books have you written?I have written oneHow many times have you read the letter?Many timesHow many times have you weeped?Five timesHow much is your daily wage?Two dimesHow old are you?I am twenty seven years old How old is she?She is not yet twenty years oldHave you burnt yourself? Each man has his tasteHave you a mind to sleep?No: I have a Page 19mind to speakDo you fear this man?I don't fear himAt what o'clock do you go to bed? I go to bed at sunset, and I get up at sunrise. Sa nacapito. Duna bay isda sa Longsod? Duna man ug daghan isda. Pila ca tuig ang edad mo? Caluhaan ug pito ca tuig ang acong edad. Bata pa icao. Tagpila ang imong sohol sa usa ca adlao? Duha ca sevillana (peseta) Onsa ba ang ana-a sa io? Ania sa amo bugs ug isda. Hain ba ang sinina mo?

Fourth Lesson OF THE PRONOUNS.

The Bisaya pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative, possessive and relative. The personal pronouns are: SINGULAR. I. Thou, you. He, she. PLURAL. Ac Icao, ca. Sia. We. You. They. Quit, Cam Cam. Sila.

Declension of the personal pronouns

First Person SINGULAR. N. I. G. Of me. D. To me. PLURAL. Ac. Ac, co, naco, ta. Canaco. We. Of us. To us. Cam, quit. (1) Amo, namo, ato, ta. Canamo, canato.

(1) Quit is used when the speaker excludes not those, to whom he is speaking, and cam when he does. 2d. Person SINGULAR. N. G. D. Thou or you. Of thee or you. To thee, you. PLURAL. Icao, ca. Imo, nimo. Canimo. You. Of you. To you. Cam. I, ni Cani.

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3d. Person SINGULAR. N. G. D. He, she. Of him, her. To him, her. PLURAL. Sia. Iya, nia. Cania. They. Of them. To them. Sila. Ila, nila. Canila.

The pronoun Icao may be used indifferently before or after the verbs. The nominative case ca must be placed before the verbs in the negative and final sentences; in other cases, always after them. You will carry. You will weep. Don't lie. To make known to you. We the Christians. Lord, forgive us sinners. Icao magadala. Icao magahilac. Dili ca magbacac. Aron ca mahibalo. Quit (when all Christians.) ang mga cristianos. Guino-o pasayloa cam.

Both singular and plural objective cases of the first, second and third persons begin by a vowel, are placed before the nouns and verbs, and those begin by a consonant must be put after them: thus:

My shoes. Your money. Our country. His vessel. Your net. You are my beloved.
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Ang acong mga sapin. Ang salapi mo. Ang atong yuta. Ang sacayan nia. Ang imong sahid. Hinigugma co icao.

Demonstrative pronouns. Declension. SINGULAR. N. G. D. This. Of this. To this. PLURAL. Quini. Niini. Niini. These. Of these. To these. Quining mga. Niining mga. Niining mga.

The demonstrative pronouns are used instead of repeating the substantives. They also serve for distinguishing between substantives exprosed or understood; and when employed with substantives, for pointing out clearly the distinction between them. SINGULAR. PLURAL. N. That. G. Of that. This near. Of this near. Those near. Of those near. Now. Of now. Remark Quini, refers to the persons or things nearest to the speaker: cana, to the persons or things nearest to the persons spoken to: cadto, is used to point out persons or things distant, both from the speaker and from thePage 22person spoken to. It is also Cana; (far from the speaker) Those. cadto. Niana; (far....) niadto. Of those. Cari. Niari Caring mga. Niaring mga. Caron. Niaron. Canang mga (far....) Cadtong mga. Nianang mga (far....) Niadtong mga.

employed this pronoun, but in genitive case, when speaking of events long time ago past, as: In those days.Niadtong mga tiempo. The adverb caron, is employed also as a demonstrative pronoun: thus: This morning. Noon. Afternoon. This night. This woman. These women. Have you this pen or that? I have neither this nor that, but I have this other. He arrived yesterday about this time. Possessive pronouns. Are formed by the genitives of the personal pronouns, and are always joined to a noun before it, when begin by a vowel, and after, when by a consonant, Ex: My hat. Your shirt. Your shoes. Your religion. Our house. His parishioners. Relative pronouns.Interrogative. The relativeinterrogative pronouns, are: Who? What? Which?
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Caron buntag. Odto. Hapon. Caron gabi-i Quining babaye. Quining mga babaye. Na-a ba canimo quining pluma cun cadto ba? Uala canaco quini ug cadto, apan ani-a canaco cari. Nacabut sia cahapon maingon niaron.

Ang acong calo. Ang sinina mo. Ang iong mga sapin. Ang religion ni. Ang atong balay. Ang mga sacup nia.

Quinsa? Onsa? Hain?

Who is that man? Who is there?

Quinsa ba canang taoo? Quinsa ba dih?

Which of you? What is that? Who has the money? Remark

Quinsa ba canio? Onsa ba cana? Hain ba ang salapi?

The particle ba, has not signification, but serves to point out the interrogative and dubitative sentences. The relative pronouns simple, are translated into Bisaya by nga, as: I saw him bathing himself. Dreadful shall be the punishment you shall have into hell Naquita co sia nga naligo. Daco man ang castigo nga ipahamtang canimo sa infierno.

The man whom I saw yesterday has fallen Ang tao nga naquita co cahapon naholog sa from the cocoa-tree. lub. Exercise IV. Where are you going?I am going into the churchHave you this pen or that?I have neither this nor that, but I have this other. When did he arrive?He arrived yesterday about this timeWhere is she? She is at homeDo you speak Bisaya?Not yetI have bought the horse of which you spoke to me. When did you buy it?YesterdayWhere do you intend to take me to?What is the date to day?To day is the twenty firstI speak to those to whom you have spoken. Where did you speak to them?I spoke to them at the street.Page 24

Fifth Lesson. Of the adjective.

Remark: 1.a The Bisaya adjectives are formed by putting before the root the particle Ma as: Wiser. Maalam.

Good. Pretty. Ugly.

Maayo. Maanindut. Mangil-ad.

2.a Putting after these adjectives the syllables on, hon, an, han are formed the followings: Sick-ill Envious. Pale. Sad. Masaquit-on. Masinahon. Maluspad-on. Mamingao-on.

3.a By putting the particles on, hon, an, han, after the root, are formed adjectives signifying qualities both moral and physical: ex. Talker. Pock marked. Fat. Rich. Tabian. Butihon. Tambocon. Adunahan.

4.a With the particle ha before are formed adjectives of distance: by means of the particle hi are formed those pointing out frequency in the action: thus: Short. Often feeder. Far. Often drinker. Hamobo. Hingaon. Halayo. Hinginom.

5.a Inserting la, li, lo, between the first two syllables of the root, ang placing on, after the last are formed adjectives of quality, as: Worthy. Worshipful. Talahoron. Silingbahon.

6.a Are also formed adjectives of quality by putting mangi before the root, and an after, as: Merciful. Wise. Mangilooyan. Mangialaman.

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7.a With the particle Maca, and duplicating the first syllable of the root are formed adjectives, as: Poisonous. Dreadful. Macahihilo. Macalilisang.

8.a With the particle ma before the root and inserting in between the first two syllables, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality, thus: Respectful. Obedient. Matinahoron. Masinugtanon.

9.a Inserting pa between ma and the first syllable of the root, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality; and also by means of pa, before the root, as: Humble. Haughty. Ex: The wise men understand the high explanations. I saw an awful snake. Ang mga maquinaad-*manon nacatuquib sa mga hata-as nga mgacasayodan. Naquita co ug us ca halas nga macalilisang. Mapaubsanon. Palabilabihon.

The merciful man helps to his Ang taoo nga mangilooyan nacatabang sa isig-catao neighbour. nia. V. I see the children to whom you have given the books, and I have met also with the men to whom you have spoken The wise men understand the high explanations. The merciful man helps to his neighbourWhat have you to do?I have to speak to the menWhen have you to speak to them?This eveningAt what o'clock?At half past eightHave you my shirt or my sister's?I have bothHave you the golden ribbons of my mother?I have not themWho has them?My sister has themDo you wish to go out?I wish not to go outWhy?Because I am sick.Page 26

Sixth Lesson
DIMINUTIVE ADJECTIVES.
l.a The diminutive adjectives not only express diminution, but also an accessory idea of either tenderness, love or contempt. The diminutives are formed in Bisaya by means of the adjective diutay. When they have but two syllables, are formed by duplicating the root, and also, by placing the syllables la, li, lo, after the first letter of the root, Ex: Small horse. Small eyes. Small house. Slight fault. Diutay nga cabayo. Mata mata. Balay balay. Sayop nga diutay.

2.a The adjectives of ma, become diminutives by putting before, the particle malo, as: Somewhat valiant. Somewhat fat. Malomaisug. Matolotambuc.

3.a The same adjectives become diminutives by duplicating the root, as: Somewhat sweet. Somewhat bitter. Matam-istam-is. Mapait-pait.

4.a Adding a, to the nouns, are formed diminutives expressing contempt or disregard, as: Worthless woman. Nag. Babayeha. Cabayoa.

5.a When this letter a is added, but not in contemptible sense, serves to point out that the subject or object is unknown to us, as: What kind of medicine is that? What kind of tree is that? Onsa nga tambala cana? Onsa ba ang calainan nianang cahuya?

Page 27

Degrees of Comparison The degrees of comparison are formed in Bisaya by adding to the superiority Lapi pa, to the equality ingon, and to the inferiority, as we have seen, Diutay pa. Ex. Large. Larger. Largest. Small. Smaller. Smallest. Well, Good. Better. Best. Bad. Worse. Worst. More. Less. More, than. Less, than. Very much. As much, as. Not as much. Ex: Have you as many friends as I? Magsama ba sa cadaghan sa mga higala mo ug ang aco? I have less money than he. Diriot pa ang acong salapi sa iya. This book is small, that is Quining libro diutay man, cadto labi pang diutay, ug smaller, and that is the smallest cari mao anglab ng diutay sa ngatanan. of all. This hat is large, but that is larger. Quining calo dac man, apan cadto labi pang dac.Page
28

Dac. Labi pa nga dac. Ang labing dac. Diutay. Labi pa nga diutay. Ang labing diutay. Maayo. Labi pang maayo. Ang labing maayo. Dautan. Labi pang dautan. Ang labi nga dautan. Labi pa. Diutay pa. Labi pa; daghan pa, sa. Diriot pa; culang pa, sa. Caayo or uyamut. Magsama sa cadaghan, ug. Dili ingon.

Is your hat as large as mine? It is not so large as your. Do your children write as much as we? Do you read as often as I? As early as you. God is the best Father.

Ang imong calo dac ba ingon sa aco? Diutay pa sa imo? Ang Pagsulat sa imong mga anac tagingon ba sa pagsulat namo? Nagabasa ca ba sa masubsub ingon canaco? Masayo ingon canimo. Ang Dios mao ang lobing maayo nga Amahan.

Remarks l.a The comparative of inferiority is formed by translating the adverbs less by diutay, diriut pa, ingon nga, culang, and than, into sa. Ex. I have less rice than coffee. Your ring is not so nice as my mother's. Diriut pa ang acong bugs sa cap. Ang singsing mo dili ingon nga maanindut sa can nanay.

Your father is less wise tan mine. Ang amahan mo culang sa quinaadman sa aco.

2.a The comparative of equality is formed by translating the adverbs as or so into magsama, and the second adverb as into ug, and both terms of comparison in nominative case, as: Ex: Have you as many friends as Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa mga higala mo I? ug ang aco? 3.a The comparative of superiority is formed by translating more by labi pa, and than into sa; and also into dili, but in this case, both terms of comparison must be placed in nominative case, like in the comparatives of majority and of inferiority: Ex. Honor is more precious that riches.
Page 29

Labi pang tacus higugmaon ang catahod-an sa pagcadaghan sa catigayonan

4.a The relation of majority more, may be also rendered by daghan pa, and than, by sa or dili.

Ex: I have more silver than gold. I have less shoes than hats. VI I have as much money as youHave you as many friends as I?We have less money than theyThis book is small, that is smaller, and that is the smallest of all This hat is large, but that is largerIs your hat as large as mine? It is larger than yoursDo your children write as much as we?They write more than youMy father has more silver than goldYour ring is not so nice as my mother'sYour father is less wise than mineI have less rice than coffeeDo you read as often as I? Do you listen to what your brother tell you?Yes, I listen to itGod is the best Father. Daghan pa ang acong salapi sa bulaoan co, or (dili ang bulaoan co). Diutay pa ang mga sapin co, dili ang acong mga calo.

Seventh Lesson UNITIVE PARTICLES.

Before coming to the end of this part of the nouns, we shall have a short speech about some ligaments, called unitive particles, which serve for uniting elegantly the nouns, pronouns and adjectives, and for joining together the sentences, and to give them a particular energy. These particles are the followings: Nga. l.a This particle (when it is not used as relative) serves to link the pronouns with the nouns and the adjectives.Page 30 When the preceding word ends by a vowel the letter a of nga, must be suppressed, joining ng to the vowel, as: Pretty house. Good horse. Maanindut nga balay. Maayong cabayo.

2.a Serves also for joining both the sentences and verbs with the adverbs, ex:

Come bak early.

Bumalic cang masay.

I doubt very much I may forgive Malisud cah nga pasaylo-an co sia (V. Pag 8), 3.a him. Remark. Ug It is employed instead of the article in the objective cases of indefinite objects, and in compounded sentences when are employed instead of objective case. It serves also to link the cardinal numbers: Ex: Buy rice. The work weaks me Pumalit ca ug bugs. Naluya ac ug pagbuhat.

All my neighbour's children died of Ang mga anac sa acong silingan plague. nahurut ug camatay sa salot. Seventeen. Ca. This particle links the cardinal numbers with the nouns: Ex. Ten thousand. Napolo ca libo. Napolo ug pito.

My three horses were removed out of sight. Nauala ang mga totolo ca cabayo naco. Ing. Serves for joining the sentences and the objective Page 31cases, when it is spoken in indeterminate sense. There is not now who may seek. Have I a knife? VII. You speak as much as IThey have not so many toys as booksHave you as many books as I?I have fewer than youHas our friend as many birds as chickens?He has more of the former than of the latterAre we right in speaking?You are not wrong in speaking, but you are wrong in cutting my treesHave you time to work? 1 have time, but not mind to workHave you still a mind to buy any thing?Yes, I have a mind to buy one more horseHave you as much good as bad paper?I have as much of the one as of the otherHave our neighbours as much honey as sugar? Uala na ing macapatigayon. Duna ba ac ing us ca cuchillo?

They have more honey than sugarHave your sons as many slippers as shirts? They have more of the latter than of the formerI have a favour to beg of you.

Eighth Lesson

THE VERB.

The verb is the most important part of all languages, and also the most difficult. By this reason, to speak with somewhat perfection the Bisaya dialect, it is necessary a perfect acquaintance with it. The Bisaya dialect has not verbs, and they must be formed by adding to the roots particles, which shall be placed either before of after, as we shall explain. In Bisaya the verbs is divided into substantive, adjective, passive, neuter, reciprocal and reflexive.Page 32 Of the substantive verb TO BEMAO, MAN. The verb TO BE and its like TO HAVE, are irregulars in their conjugation, and to form their sentences, it is necessary to use a very new form. They are expressed by means of particles, adverbs, conjunctions, and sometimes by means of the employment of both nominative and genitive cases. Conjugation of the verb TO BEMao, Man. Indicative moodPresent Tense. SINGULAR. I am. Thou art. He is. PLURAL. Ac mao, man. Icao mao, man. Sia mao, man. We are. You are. They are. Cam, quit mao, man. Cam mao, man. Sila mao, man.

Rem. The particle man, is euphonic, when the sentences are not of the verb TO BE, ex; Did you go to Spain? I did not. Nacaadto ca ba sa Espaa? Uala man ac umadto.

PAST TENSE. I was good when I was younger. I was rich the last year.
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Maayo man ac sa bata pa ac. Salapian man ac sa tuig nga miagui.

FUTURE I shall or will be serious. IMPERATIVE. Be serious. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. It is necessary you be saint. Conditional Future. If I were humble, I should be saint. INDEFINITE FUTURE. I would be saint, if I fulfilled God's law. Santos man ac unta cun macatuman unta ac sa mga sugo sa Dios. Cun mapaubsanon ac unta, masantos unta. Quinahanglan nga masantos ca. Magbuutan ca. Buutan man ac.

Rem. l.a It will be observed by the preceding conjugation, that the particle MaoTo be, is used but in the present tense of indicative mood. 2.a The particle ManTo be, does not point out by itself the tense, but it does the determining, may it be a noun or a whole sentence. 3.a To point out the subjunctive mood is used unta, when the sentences are obtative, in another cases are employed cun, ug, or pa. 4.a As auxiliaries of the verb Man, are employed the article ang before or after the noun, or the particle Y after the subjective case. 5.a The same must be said of the particle Nay. Are formed also sentences of the verb Man, by placing the attribute, before the subject it refers to.Page 34

6.a With pagca or mag, before the adjective are formed also these kind of sentences. A few examples may elucidate these remarks: The priest is God's succeeder, and also the Father of the souls. The flowers are pretty. I will make it. Who will be my comforter? What a beautiful effigy! What does concern you, about my good or bad behaviour? Behave well at teacher's house. How? is ill my behave? God is the Almighty. I am who shall go. Good should be. A moment. Are you a chattering fellow? What countryman is he? God is every where. VIII. Who is the Priest?,The Priest is God's succeeder, and the father of the soulsAre pretty the flowers?Yes; all the flowers are pretty; but the lily is the most beautiful, then it is the symbol of purity, chastity, virginity, innocence and candourWhere are you from?I am from Aloran, my parents are from Cornago, my eldest brother from Page 35Oroquieta, and my younger from TagbilaranDo you wish to send one more horse to our friends?I wish to send many more to themAre you going for any thing?I am going for some thingWhat are you going for?I am going for some wineDoes your father send for any thing?Yes, sir: he sends for some wine Whom does your neighbour send for?He sends for the physicianDoes your servant take off his shirt to make the fire?He takes it off to make it. Ang Pare mao ang ilis sa Dios, ug mao man usab, ang amahan sa mga calg. Manindut man ang mga bulac. Acoy magabuhat. Quinsa nay macalipay canaco? Pagca maanindut nga laraoan! Onsay labut mo, cun maayo ba ac, cun dili ba? Magbuutan ca bay sa balay sa magtoto-on. Diay? dautan ba ac? Ang Dios maoy macagagahum sa ngatanan. Acoy moadto didto. Maayo unta. Cariot da. Hinultihon ca ba? Tagadi-in ba sia? Ang Dios ana-a sa bisan di-in.

Ninth Lesson
TO BEAni-a, na-a or Ana-a, Tua.

When the verb TO BE points out TO BE IN A PLACE, is translated into Bisaya by ani-a, to be here: na-a orana-a, to be there: and tua, to be far from the speaker. Instead of the English adverbs HERE, THERE, are used in Bisaya dinhi, here: diha, there: didto, there (further). The indicative present does not need adverbs of place. INDICATIVE PRESENT. I am here. Thou art there. He is there. (further) We are here. You are there. They are there (further) PAST TENSE. I was here, when you was there. (further) I was there yesterday.
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Ania man ac. (dinhi) Naa ca man. (dih) Tua man sia. (didto) Ania man quit or cam (dinhi) Naa man cam. (dih) Tua man sil. (didto)

Dinhi man ac sa didto ca pa. Didto man ac cahapon.

FUTURE. I will be there to-morrow. CONDITIONAL FUTURE. I would be there, if you were pleased. Subjunctive Mood Didto unta ac, cun buut ca pa unta. Didto man ac ngma.

FUTURE. It is necessary you be there. ABSOLUTE INDEFINITE. Quinahanglan nga didto ca.

That I might be here. CONDITIONATE INDEFINITE. If I were there. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Be there (ye, you). GERUND. Being there, I saw him.

Dinhi unta ac.

Cun didto pa unta ac.

Diha cam.

Sa didto ac, naquita co sia.

Rem. When the verb TO BE, points out the actual conditions of persons or things, the root pointing out such a condition, becomes verb by means of the particle ma of the neuter verbs. INDICATIVE MOOD. I am sick. PAST TENSE. He was sick, when I was well or strong. Masaquit sia, sa pagca maayo co ug laoas. ABSOLUTE FUTURE. He will or shall be ill to-morrow. CONDITIONAL FUTURE. If I were sick, you would care of me. GERUND. Being he sick, was not willing to take Sa iyang pagcasaquit uala sia buut uminom sa the medicines. mga tambal. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO HAVE. Cun masaquit ac unta, icao magalima unta canaco. Masaquit sia ugma. Masaquit man ac.

The verb TO HAVE in a determinate sense is translated into Bisaya by ania, for first persons; na-a or ana-a, for the seconds; and tua, for the thirds. INDICATIVE MOODPRESENT TENSE. I have the shirt. They have the hat. PAST TENSE. When you were looking after the shirt it was Sa pagpangita mo sa sinina, dinhi man with me. canaco. Rem. The others tenses of this conjugation, are formed by means of the adverbs Dinhi, Dih. Page 38and Didto, according to the persons, placing the person in ablative case immediately after the adverb or particle. I had the hat yesterday. I shall or will have the hat tomorrow. Cahapon dinhi canaco ang calo. Ugma dinhi na canaco ang calo. Ania canaco ang sinina. Tua canila ang calo.

I would have the fan, if I bought Dinhi unta canaco ang paypay, cun paliton co unta. it. If I had the ring, I would give it Cun dinhi pa unta canaco ang singsing, ihatag to you. co unta canimo. TO HAVE(IN PARTITIVE SENSE.) l.a The verb TO HAVE in partitive sense, is translated into Bisaya by May, Duna or Aduna, with the person in nominative or genitive case. INDICATIVE MOODPRESENT TENSE. Have you money? I have some money. PAST TENSE. I had money yesterday, and you had not. Cahapon duna ma acong salapi, ug icao ual. ABSOLUTE FUTURE. I shall have money tomorrow. Ugma duna may acong salapi. May salapi ca ba? Dunay acong salapi

CONDITIONAL FUTURE. You might have money, if you worked.

Page 39

Icao duna unta ug salapi, cun magtrabajo ca unta.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. I if had money, I would give it to you. GERUND. Having money, all is easy. Sa pagca dunay salapi, ang ngatanan mahimo. Cun dunay unta ac ug salapi, ihatag co unta canimo.

2.a When speaking of immaterials things, the root becomes verb with the particle Na of neuter verbs; thus. I am cold. I was cold yesterday, and you warm. Natugnao man ac. Cahapon guitugnao ac ug icao gui-initan.

3.a The root Tugnao admits gui instead of Ma and the root Init admits also gui with the passive of an. I was warm yesterday. You will or shall be warm. The impersonal expressionThereTo be. Duna INDICATIVE MOODPRESENT TENSE. Is there a man in the street? There are twenty. There is no body in the street. Duna bay us ca taoo sa dalan? Duna man caluha-an. Ualay taoo sa dalan. Cahapon nainitan ac. Mainitan ca.

There was rice yesterday at the town, but Cahapon dunay bugs sa longsod, there was not money. apan ualaysalapi. The last month there was rice. If there were rice, there would be not Sa bulan nga miagui, dunay bugs. Cun dunay bugs unta, uala unta ug gutum

hunger at the province.

Page 40

sa provincia.

When does your father intend to depart?He intends to depart to dayAt what o'clock?At four o'clockWhere is he going?He goes to MadridDoes the butcher kill oxen?He kills sheep instead of killing oxenDo you always take off your hat, when you speak to my father?I always take it offWhat do you take in the morning, tea or coffee?I take coffeeDo you take coffee every morning?I take coffee every morning and every eveningWhat does your father take?He drinks chocolateHow far did the children go this morning?As far as their cousin's Has any one stolen any thing from you?Some one has stolen a fine horse from me.

Tenth Lesson
THE ADJECTIVE VERBS. The verbs, as we have said, are formed by means of roots and particles equivalents to the four tenses, Present, Past, Future and Imperative of the Bisaya conjugation. The other tenses are formed with the particles of the four primitives, as we shall see in the conjugation. The particles we refer to, are Naga and its compounds: Nagaca, Nagapa, Nagapaca, Naca, mi, and many others we shall use at their place. In order to aid the scholars in the knowledge and formation of the tenses, we shall conjugate here a verb in active voice, by means of the particle Naga, which is the most common. The pupils shall not lose of sight, that, in this dialect all the last syllables are like, being only changed the persons.Page 41 TO CHOOSEPAGPILI. Infinitive. Gerund. Past participle. INDICATIVE MOOD. To choose. Choosing. Chosen. Pagpili. Sa pagpili. Pinili.

PRESENT TENSE. I choose. Thou choosest. He (she) chooses. We choose. You choose. They choose. IMPERFECT PRETERIT. I chose. (when) Thou chosest, &. PAST PERFECT. I have chosen. Thou hast chosen. PLUPERFECT. I had chosen. Thou hadst chosen. He had chosen. IMPERFECT FUTURE. I shall or will choose. Thou shalt or wilt choose. PERFECT FUTURE. I shall have chosen. Thou shalt have chosen.
Page 42

Ac nagapili. Icao nagapili. Sia nagapili. Cam (or quit) nagapili. Cam nagapili. Sila nagapili.

Nagapili ac, (sa) Nagapili ca, (sa)

Nagpili ac. Nagpili ca

Nagpili na ac. Human na icao nagpili. Ubus na sia nagpili.

Ac magapili. Icao magapili.

Nagpili na cah ac. Nagpili ca na cah

IMPERATIVE. Choose. Let him choose. Magpili ca. Magpili sia.

Choose. Let them choose. SUBJUNCTIVE MOODPRESENT. That I may choose or not. That thou mayest choose. That he may choose. That we may choose. That you may choose. That they may choose. IMPERFECT PRETERIT, That I might choose. That thou mightest choose. That he might choose. That we might choose. That you might choose. That they might choose. PERFECT PRETERIT. That I may have chosen, or not That thou mayest have chosen. That he may have chosen. That we may have chosen. That you may have chosen. That they may have chosen.
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Magpili cam. Magpili sila.

Magpili ac unta, ug dili. Nga magpili ca. Apat sia magpili. Nga quit magpili. Nga cam unta magpili. Nga sila unta magpili.

Ug ac pay magapili. Ug icao unta magapili. Ug magapili pa lamang sia. Ug magpili pa quit. Ug cam untay magapili. Ug sila pa lamang magpili.

Nga nagpili ac unta, cun ual. Nga nagpili ca na unta. Nga siay nagpili. Nagpili quit (or cam) unta. Nga nagpili cam. Nga nagpili sila.

PLUPERFECT. If I might have chosen. If thou mightest have chosen. If he might have chosen. If we might have chosen. If you might hare chosen. Cun ac pay nacagpili. Cun icao diay nacagpili. Cun nacagpili pa unta sia. Cun nacagpili unta quit. Cun nacagpili unta cam.

If they might have chosen. IMPERFECT FUTURE. If I shall or will choose. If thou shalt choose. If he shall choose. If we shall choose. If you shall choose. If they shall choose. PERFECT FUTURE. If I shall or will have chosen. If thou shalt &. If he shall &. If we shall &. If you shall &. If they shall & have chosen.

Cun sila diay nacagpili.

Ug dao ac ang magapili. Ug dao magapili ca. Ug dao sia magapili. Ug dao magapili quit. Ug dao cam magapili. Ug dao sila ang magapili.

Cun dao nagpili ac ogaling. Cun icao ogaling nagpili na. Cun sia ogaling nagpili na. Cun cam ogaling nagpili na. Cun cam na ogaling nagpili. Cun dao sila na ogaling nagpili.

Rem. It must be observed that the adverbs and conjunctions we have made use of in subjunctive mood, are not characteristic signs of this mood, and very often we speak in subjunctive without them. Although the passive voice is the most usual in the Bisaya Dialect, the active sentences have however a very important place at the conversation, and therefore it is necessary to know, that when the speech begins by a nominative agent, express or tcite, the sentence is active. Page 44The same must be said when the sentence is about an indeterminate thing, when exclamatory, interrogative or emphatical, and when points out a part of a whole, Ex: You shall hear mass now. Who does observe God's commandments, will obtain the everlasting life. Which of you will accompany me? Will you sew the shirt? I will not sew it, but my sister. Who will read this letter? Icao musingba caron. Ang macatuman sa mga sugo sa Dios, macadangat sapaghimaya nga dayon sa Langit. Quinsa ba cani ang muuban canaco? Magatahi ca ba sa sinina? Dili ac magatahi, cun dili ang igso-on co nga babaye. Quinsa ba ang magabasa niining sulat?

Look for a child from the school.

Mangita ca ug usa ca bata sa escuelahan.

If I know how to read or not what does Cun mahibal ac magbasa cun dili ba onsay it concern you? labut mo niana? X. Can you walk, and do you not can go to Church?I am not able to go the Church, because I am sickWill you can endure it?Do not pretend to be a learned man, because your own wit avails but littleDo you wish to work?I wish to work and they let me notWhere is your wife?I do not knowWhen did you see her?I saw her at seven o'clock in the morningWhom are you speaking to? I am speaking to my sisterDo you speak to her every day?What does this man spend his time in?He is a good for nothing fellow; he spends his time in drinking and playing Who are the men that have just arrived?They are RussiansIs your father arrived at last?Every body says that he is arrived but I have not seen him yetHas the Physician hurt your son?He has hurt him. for he has cut his finger.Page 45

Eleventh Lesson
OF THE PASSIVES. The Bisaya dialect being almost completely passive, the study of this speaking mood is of great importance. Three are the passives or moods of expressing the verbs in passive voice. Passive the first or passive of I (ee). The second passive or of On, and the third passive or of An. The passive of I (ee) is formed by putting Guibefore the root for present and past tenses, and I (ee) for future and imperative. Passive the second or of On, is formed by placing the particle Gui before the root for present and past tenses; the future by duplicating the first syllable of the root putting On after: or by placing one of the particles of future tense before the root, and Onafter. The third passive or of An is formed by putting the particle Gui before the root and An after, for present and past tenses; the future is formed by duplicating the first syllable of the root, and placing before the root one of the particles of future tense and An after. The imperative mood is formed by putting An after the root. Conjugation of the Passives PASSIVE OF I. (EE)

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES. I leave him or he has been left by me. FUTURE AND IMPERATIVE. He will be left, or let him be left by me.
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Guibilin co sia.

Ibilin co sia.

INFINITIVE. When he left him. PASSIVE OF ON. PRESENT AND PAST TENSES. It is, or it has been written by them. FUTURE. Will be written by them. IMPERATIVE. Let it be written by them. INFINITIVE. To be written by them. IMPERATIVE. Write that. PASSIVE OF AN. PRESENT AND PAST TENSES. It is or has been opened by me. FUTURE. Guilucaban co. Sulaton mo can. Sa pagsulat nila. Susulaton nila. Susulaton or pagasulaton nila. Guisulat nila. Sa pagbilin cania.

Will be opened by me. IMPERATIVE. Let it be opened by you.

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Lulucaban or pagalucaban co.

Lucaban mo.

IMPERSONAL IMPERATIVE. Be that opened. Lucabi or Lucabi can.

Rem. The other tenses are formed by means of conjunctions and adverbs of the active conjugation. To speak well the Bisaya dialect, it is absolutely necessary to understand when and how every one of the passives must be used, and also the mechanism of their sentences, which is the more difficult part, since are so many the moods and so diverse their syntax, In order to make easy to the learners the use of the passive tenses, we shall explain them as clearly as possible by Examples. Sell the plantation of cocoa-trees. We have sold it now. Count the cows. Ibaligya mo ang calubihan. Guibaligya na namo. Isipon mo ang mga vaca.

We have counted them, and four are out of Gui-isip na namo ug culang pa ug upat ca sight yet. bo-oc. Order to have them searched at one. Papangitaa lamang sa madali. Water the plants, because it is very warm. Boboan mo ang mga tanm, cay mainit ca-ayo. Cover the child, because it very cold. Did you go very far? I am gone as far as my brother's. Taboni ang bata, cay matugnao ca-ayo. Halayo ba ang imong guilactan? Guilactan co cutub sa balay sa acong igsoon.

XI. Are you pleased with your servant?I am much pleased with him, for he is lit for any thingHas your brother returned at last from Spain?He has returned thence, and has brought you a fine horseHas he told his groom to bring it to me?He has told him to bring it to youWhat do you think Page 48of that horse?I think that it is a fine and good one, and beg you to lead it to my brother's that he may see itIn what did you spend your time yesterday?-I went to my father's in law, and afterwards to the ballWhen did that man go down in to the well?He went down into it this morning

Has he come up again yet?He came up an hour agoWhere is your brother? He is in his roomWill you tell him to come down (nga manaug sia)?I will tell him so, but he is not dressed.

Twelfth Lesson
SOME RULES UPON THE PASSIVES AND THEIR SENTENCES. Passive of I. (ee) This passive is made use of when the agent person exercises its action removing from itself the patient person. The sentences of this passive are formed by putting Gui before the root for the present and past tenses, and I(ee) for the future and imperative. This passive points out the harm, detriment, obsequiousness or favour made to another, placing the receiver person in nominative case, the donor in genitive, and in accusative with ug or sathe favour or harm. PASSIVE OF ON. It is employed when the agent person attracts towards itself to the patient person. When it is spoken by means of this passive, the present and past tenses are formed by placing Gui before the root; the future doubling the first syllable of the root and putting On after, and the imperative mood by placing On after the root.Page 49 PASSIVE OF AN. It is employed when the agent person excercises its action upon a place or quasiplace, putting the said place or quasi-place in nominative case. The present and past tenses are formed with gui, before the root and An after it; the future, by duplicating the first syllable of the root and by adding An to it, and the imperative mood by puttingAn after the root. Examples: Pull off that herb. Wherever they may place me I will follow my own mind. I imitate him. Speak to him. I gave him the book. Please accept that. Ibton mo canang balili. Bisan asa ac ibutang nila, macatuman ac sa acong pagbu-ut. Guipanig-ingnan co sia. Pamolongan mo sia. Guihatag co na cania ang libro. Daoato can.

Please to explain it to me. XII

Sagdi ac.

On what lived our ancestors?They lived on fish and game, for they went a hunting and a fishing every dayYou have learned your lesson: why has not your sister learned hers?She has taken a walk with my mother, so that she could not learn it, but she will learn it to-morrowWhen will you correct my exercises?I will correct them when you bring me those of your sisterDo you think you have made faults in them?I do not knowIf you have made faults, you have not studied your lessons well; for the lessons must be learned well to make no faults in the exercisesIt is all the same; if you do not correct them to dayI shall not learn them before to-morrow You must not make any faults in your exercises, for you have all you want in order to make noneWho is there?Page 50It is IWho are those men?I do not know Of what country are they?They are AmericansWhy do you sit near the fire? My hands and feet are cold; that is the reason why I sit near the fireAre your sister's hands cold?No; but her feet are coldWhat is the matter with your cousin?fem Her leg hurts herWhat is the matter with this woman?Her tongue hurts her.

Thirteenth Lesson
OF THE PARTICLES NAGA. l.a The particle Naga, the most usual in the Bisaya dialect has the same signification as the root to which is joined. Its tenses are formed with naga for the present time, nag for past; maga for the future; and mag for the imperative mood. they all before the root. As: To write. I write. You wrote. They will, or shall write. Write. (pl.) Pagsulat. Ac nagasulat. Icao nagsulat. Sila magasulat. Magsulat cam.

2.a This particle admits the three above mentioned passives, and its tenses are formed by placing some times before, and some times after, the particles at 12th. Lesson mentioned. They may be also formed by puttingPaga before the root for future tense, and Pag for the imperative. Examples:

PRESENT AND PAST. I write or wrote. FUTURE. I will or shall write.

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Guisulat co.

Sulaton or pagasulaton co.

IMPERATIVE. Write. Sulaton or pagsulaton mo.

3.a This particle signifies to do what the root to which precedes points out, but in many ways, as we shall demonstrate. 4.a Placing it before the nouns of dress, garment or garb, signifies to use them or to put on them. thus: He wears shoes. Put on your hat. Sia nagasapin. Magcalo ca.

5.a Before roots of musical instruments, signifies to play on them, as: Play you on the guitar? She harps. Play on the piano. Nagasesta ca ba? Sia naga-arpa. Magpiano ca.

6.a When it is joined to the nouns of nations and in is inserted between the first two syllables of the root, signifies to speak or to translate into that nation's language, and in this case, the second passive will be employed; but when addressing a person, the third must be used, Ex: Speak to me in Latin. Translate that book into Bisaya. Speak not to me in Spanish language. Time to. Courage to. Maglinatin ca canaco. Binisayaon mo or pagbinisayaon mo canang libro. Dili ac nimo quinatchilaan. Tiempo sa. Gahm sa.

To be right in. To be wrong in. Afraid to. Wish or mind to. To work. To speak. To buy. To tear. To break. I have a mind to work. Have you time to work.

Catarungan sa. Ualay catarungan sa. Cahadluc sa. Nahagugma or gugma sa. Pagbuhat. Pagsulti, pagpolong.Page 52 Pagpalit. Pagguisi. Pagbo-ong. Nahagugma ac magbuhat. Duna ba cam ug tiempo sa pagbuhat?

We have time but not mind to work. Dunay tiempo, apan dili cam mahagugma. Have you a mind to buy my horse? Nahagugma ba cam mupalit sa acong cabayo? I am afraid to break the glass XIII. One of the valet de Chambres of Louis XIV requested that prince, as he was going to bed, to recommend to the first President a lawsuit which he had against his father-inlaw, and said in urging him: "Alas; Sire, you have but to say one word." "Well," said Louis XIV, "it is not that which embarrasses me, but tell me, if thou wert in thy father-in-law's place, and thy father-in-law in thine; wouldst thou be glad, if I said that word?"If the men should come, it would be necessary to give them something to drinkIf he could do this he would do thatI have always flattered myself, my dear brother, that you loved me as much as I love you; but I now see that I have been mistakenI have heard, my sister, that you are angry with me, because I went awalking without you; but I assure you that had I known that you were not sick, I should have come for you; but I inquired at your physician's after your health, and he told me that you had been keeping your bed the last eight days. Nahadluc ac magbo-ong sa vaso.

Fourteenth Lesson
OF THE IMPERATIVE, CALLED IMPERSONAL.
1.a The second and third passives have a second imperative called impersonal, because does not Page 53mention the person: wherefore, their sentences are called impersonals. The imperative of the second passive ends by a, and that of the third by i. Their sentences are formed by placing the object in nominative case, and the verb in imperative mood, Ex:

Kill the dog. Put an end to that. Help us. Write it. Read that book. Call to Mr. Louis. Wait for me. Light the globe.

Patia ang ir. Hudta cana. Tabagi cam. Sulata. Basaha canang libro. Taoga si Sr. Louis. Hulata ac. Dagcuti ang globo.

2.a When the sentence is negative, the English not, is translated into Bisaya by Ayao or uala Ex: It was not met. Be not turbulent. Cry not to me. Put not out the candle. Uala hiquiti. Ayao pagsamoca. Ayao pagsinggiti. Ayao pagpalnga ang candela.

3.a The impersonal imperative of the passive of an, is not compounded with the particle Pag, Ex: Pay what you owe, and comfort Bayri ang mga utang ni ug lipayon ni ang mga the afflicted. tao nga ana-a sa calisud. Love God and your neighbour as Higugmaon nio ang Dios ng ang isigcatao ni yourselves. maingon cani. Let us love and practise virtue, and we shall be happy both in this life and in the next. Higugmaon ug buhaton ta ang catarungan ug mapaladanquit niini ug sa umalabut nga quinabuhi.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES OR GERUNDS. We have said, that the Bisaya conjugation has but four tenses, but in order to make the scholar Page 54acquainted with the tenses, the English conjugation must be referred to, we make use of all the tenses. The sentences of present participle are formed some times by placing sa and Pag before the root. Examples: This morning when you was preaching, were the children playing. Our Lord spended his night-time in praying Canina sa pag-oali mo nagduladula ang mga bata. Ang Guinoo ta guicabuntagan sa pagampo.

3.a The Gerunds are formed also with the adverb labon nga, and the verb in future or in subjunctive, as: The sinners despise to our Guipasaipad-an sa mga macasasal ang atong GuinoLord, seeing they should adore o, labon nga pagasingbahon nila unta. him. 4.o By means of verbal nouns are formed also gerunds called of time or causals, and their sentences are formed by placing the leading verb in nominative with Pag before the root, and the subordinate is formed with the particle Na or Maoy and the particle of future Iga Ex: When seeing you, my heart was gladded. When you departed he grew sad. XIV. Would you have money if your father were here?Should have some if he were here A French officer having arrived at the court of Vienna, the Empress Theresa asked him if he believed that the Princess of N. whom he had seen the day before, was really the handsomest woman in the world, as Page 56was said: Madam, replied the officer, I thought so yesterdayWhat has become of your uncle?I will tell you what has become of him: here is the chair upon which he often satIs he dead?He is dead When did he die?He died three weeks agoI am very sorry at itWhy do you not sid down?If you will sit down to my side, I will sit down also; but if you go, I shall go along with youWIll you tell me what has become of your sister?I will tell you what has become of here.Is she dead?She is not deadWhat has become of her? She is gone to ManilaWhat has become of your sisters?I can not tell what has become of them, for I have not seen them six years ago. Ang pagtan-ao co canimo, nalipay ang casingcasing co. Ang pag-guican mo namingao sia.

Fifteenth Lesson
INFINITIVE SENTENCES. 1.a The infinitive sentences are composed of leading verb and subordinate verb, the latter in infinitive mood, as: I want to sew. I want to take a wife Bu-ut ac magtahi. Bu-ut ac mangasaoa.

2.a When the sentences have between both leading and subordinate verbs a relative pronoun, extress or tacit, this pronoun is translated into Bisaya by nga, and the subordinate verb must be placed in subjunctive mood or in future, either active or passive. In a same way are they formed, when between leading and subordinate verbs, is the conjunction if, which is translated into Bisaya by cun. Ex: It is not suit you go to the cock- Dili Angay nga muadto ca sa bulungan. fight My teacher told me, that I must learn to count. I wish you to talk I wish you to write me. I doubt that I can make it. Mi-ingon ang Magtoto-on canaco nga magto-on ac sapagisip.Page 57 Bu-ut ac nga mulacao ca. Nagatinguh ac nga musulat ca canaco. Ambut cun macabuhat ac niana.

3.a When the leading verb is the verb to be, the sentences are also of to be, and the subordinate verb, is used as a substantive with the particle pag or pagca in nominative, preceded by the article ang, to wit: Is it decent to dance? It is necessary to go to school It is indecorous to bathe before people. Maayo ba ang pagsayao? Quinahanglan ang pagadto sa escuelahan. Mangil-ad man ang pagcaligo sa atubangan sa mga tao.

4.a In this manner are formed these sentences with the neuter verbs, Example: The excessive rain does not suit. Dili angay ang hinlabihan nga pag-ulan.

5.a When the governed verb is preceded by the propositions to, for, in order to, these sentences are called finals, and are translated into Bisaya by cay aron, being the governed verb translated by subjunctive mood, active or passive, Examples: I did come here for visiting my uncle. We have been ordered by the Governor to carry (pay) the tax. I pray to be loved by the people. Mianhi ac cay aron magduao ac sa oyo-an co. Nadaoat namo ug orden ni Amba cay aron ihatud namo ang buhis. Nangadye ac cay aron higugmaon ac sa mga taoo.

6.a When the leading verb is one of the auxiliary may, can or to be able, it is translated by the potential Naca. Signifying to incite, to invite, is Page 55rendered

by Naquig; when to implore, to be fond of or to give one's mind to, is translated by Naqui; when signifies to have made, to bespeak, by Naga and Pa; and when to allow, to let, must be rendered by Napa; which particles before the root include in themselves the signification of the governed verb, Examples: Did you can go up to the bellfry? Nacasac ca ba sa campanario?

Will you be able to carry away that rice Macadal ca ba nianang baluyot sa bugs? bag? The children incite me to speak into church. Mother, Anthony is inviting me to dance. Francis begs me to have pity on him. I have got the rice plantation made. Bespeak a cane for me. Ang mga bata naquigsulti canaco sa Singbahan. Nanay, si Antonio naquigsayao canaco. Si Francisco naquimalooy canaco. Guipatanm co na ang basacan. Pabuhaton mo ug usa ca songcod canaco.

When do you intend to have my habits Anus-a ba icao magapatahi sa acong mga sewed? hbito? Will you consent to be deceived by that Palimbong ca ba nianang bacacon? liar? Allow not your daughter to go to the ball. Remark upon the change of letters. The most important changes which the scholar is advised attentively to study to avoid ambiguity are these: l.a Roots beginning by c or qu, changes in composition these letters into g, as: To see, Quita nan-gita. 2.a When the first syllable is b or p, it is changed into m, and those beginning with m, retain this letter, but the particle drops the final n, as: To makeBuhat, namuhat: To speak, Po-long, namolong: To grow darkMolat,namolat.Page 56 3.a When the initials are d, s, or t, change the said syllables into n, and the component particle drops the n, thus: To be angry, Tuyo, nanuyo.To cry, Singgit, naninggit To visit, Duao, nanuao. XV Ayao mapasayao sa imong anac.

Why do you open the door?Do you not see how it smokes here?I see it, but you must open the window instead of opening the doorThe window does not open easily; that is the reason why I open the doorWhen will you shut it?I will shut it as soon as the smoke is goneIs it useful to speak much?When we wish to learn a foreign language it is useful to speak a great dealIs it as useful to write as to speak? It is more useful to speak than to write; but in order to learn a language one must do bothIs it useful to write all that one says?That is uselessWhere did you take this book from?I took it out of the room of your friendIs it right to take the books of other people?It is not right, I know; but I wanted it, and I hope that your friend will not be displeased, for I will return it to him as soon as I have read it.

Sixteenth Lesson
PA. The particle Pa which is also an adverb of time and mood, and signifies yet, still, notwithstanding, has a very important place in the Bisaya dialect, and is sometimes used only redundantly, to give more force to the sentence. For the benefit of learners, we shall explain it here, before speaking of the verbals particles to which is joined to form the sentences. l.a Before some verbs has the signification of to wish, to try, to desire and to allow that Page 57the signification of the root may take place on the subject, as: The haughty wishes to be requested by Ang palabilabihon pa-ampo guihapon. everybody. Father, give me only the Extremaunction. Pahilog lamang ac, Pare.

I want to have some money so as to buy Pahatag man ac ug salapi nga igapalit co ug a fine shirt, and they give me not, for us ca maanindat nga sinina, ug dili ac tagathey say, it is vanity. an cay parayegcon. 2.a Before nouns of place signifies to go there, as: Where are you going? I turn to home. Where will you go, when you die? I shall ascend into heaven. Asa icao paingon? Pauli ac sa amo. Sa pagcamatay mo, asa icao pa-ingon? Palangit ac gayud.

3.a It is employed also as a joining conjunction, and in this case, is used to exaggerate the phrase, placing the thing or the object refers to, before; thus: You also deceive me? He is a gambler and thief. He is sick and does play. Icao pa nagalimbong canaco? Sia sugarol man ug caoatan pa. Nagalingaolingao sia ug nasaquit pa man.

4.a Bisan pa ngani, answers to the English conjunctions though, notwithstanding, for all that &*. Ex: Although they allow me not to play, I will play. Although they may punish me, I will have not answer.
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Bisan pa ngani dili ac pa sugal nila. musugal ac gayud. Bisan pa ngani latuson ac nila, dili ac mutingog.

5.a Serves also to point out the beginning and the end of an action, Ex: I was called, when I had just arrived. IGA OR ICA. These particles signify the instrument, tool, or mean with which a thing is done. They answer to the future of the passive mood, Ex: This is the axe with which you have Mao quini ang oasay nga iga or icaputul mo sa to cut the tree. cahuy. But for. But for he is a gambler this man would be so good as your brother. If you allow me, I will teach you Spanish. XVI. This man has altered a great dealWhere did you be born?I will not to answer you If you do not make your appearance before him, I will not speak to himHow is this said?That can not be said in BisayaChildren must be accustomed early to the Ug dili pa unta. Quining tao maingoningon ug bu-utan sa igsoon mo, ug dili pa unta sia nga sugarol. Acoy magato-on canimo ug quinachila, ug tugutan pa ac. Igo pa ac miabut, guita-*oag ac nila.

laborI am accustomed to writeI cannot express myself in Bisaya. because I am not in the habit of speaking itThe man laughs and weeps by turnsIf I knew what you have done.... will you allow me to go to the shore?I do not permit you to go thereDo it in hasteWhy does Ferdinand complain of his wife?Thomas complains of Fructuosa and Fructuosa of Thomas Who is right?They are both wrong, for Thomas wishes to take Fructuosa's toys and Fructuosa Thomas's.Page 59

Seventeenth Lesson
NAGAPA. This particle is formed from the particles naga and pa; and signifies to allow, to order, to have done what the root points out. The active tenses are formed according to the rules laid down for naga adding invariably pa. ACTIVE VOICEPRESENT. I bespeak. PAST TENSE. I bespoke. FUTURE. They will bespeak. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Order the tailor to sew. Magpatahi ca sa mananahi. Sil magapabuhat. Ac nagpabuhat. Ac nagapabuhat

2.a This particle admits the three passives according to the above mentioned rules for each of them. The present and past tenses of the first passive are formed by placing Guipa, before the root, the future and imperative with Ipa, before, and the infinitive mood with Pagpa. PRESENT TENSE. I order to sew the shirt. Guipatahi co ang sinina.

PAST TENSE. I have had the shirt sewed.

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Guipatahi co ang sinina.

FUTURE. You will order the shirt to be sewed. IMPERATIVE. Order the shirt to be sewed. Ipatahi mo ang sinina. Ipatahi mo ang sinina.

3.a The sentences of this first passive are formed by placing in nominative case the object of the commandment, the verb in passive voice; in genitive the orderer, and in dative, the errand. Tell the servant to bring the portmanteau, it is on Ipasac mo sa bata ang maleta nga the coach, up stairs. tua didto sa coche. Tell him to carry this letter to the post-office. Send them for grass for the horse. Ipadal mo cania quining sulat sa correo. Ipahatud mo canila ug compay sa cabayo.

4. a The present and past tenses of the second passive, are formed with Guipa, before the root; the future and imperative by putting Pa before the root, and On after; and the infinitive mood with Pagpa, before. PRESENT. I make it known. PAST. I made it known. FUTURE. You will make it known.
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Guipahibalo co.

Guipahibalo co.

Pahibaloon mo.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Make it known. Pahibaloon mo, pahibaloa.

5.a The sentences of this passive are formed by putting the object upon which the action falls in nominative case: the verb, in passive voice; in genitive, the errand person; and in accusative that who performs the thing, if there be. Ex: I ordered the servant to call the tailor. Did you order to buy the hemp I recommended you? Guipa-anhi co sa bata ang magtatahi. Guipapalit mo ba ang lanot nga guitogon co canimo?

Order your sister to sew the shirt, because Patahion mo sa sinina ang imong igso-on, the Easter is approaching. cay hadool na ang Pasco. 6.a The present and past tenses of passive the third, are formed by putting Guipa, before the root and An after: the future and the imperative with Pa before, and An after; and the infinitive mood by placing Pagpa, before the root. I order or I ordered to sweep. You will order to sweep. Order to sweep. Try to carry me to your house, for I do not feel very well. Guipasilhigan co. Pasilhigan mo, pasilhigi. Pasilhigan mo. Ipadangat mo ac unta sa imong balay, caymasquitsquit ac.

When God be pleased to take us into Cun padangaton quit sa Dios sa heaven, we shall enjoy with langit, pagahiagomanta ang mga ca-ayohan nga everlasting pleasures. langitnon. Please accept the present I send you, Dauata ang regalo nga guipadal co canimo, sa as a proof of your presence in my tima-an sa acong paghinumdum canimo. thoughts.
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7.a The sentences of this passive are formed by placing the spot, person or thing in nominative case; the verb in the third passive; the orderer in genitive; in dative the errand-boy, and in accusative the errand. Examples: I have told you, to pay the workmen three mex a day. Guipasoholan co canimo ang mga magbubuhattagotlo capisos ang adlao.

Would to God, that the Judge Agad pa unta, nga pabayran ac canila sa hocom compel them to restore me the one sa us ca gats ca pisos nga guicauat nila canaco.

hundred dollars they have stolen from me. Have the kindness to tell your cousin to help me to load the cocoa-nuts into the vessel. Ug ma-arang sa imong buut, patabangan mo ac sa imong ig-agao sa paglulan sa mga lubi sa sacayan.

8.a The negative sentences are formed in Bisaya by means of the adverbs Dili, uala and ayao. Dili is employed in the future sentences, and is formed with the particles of imperative mood, and sometimes of indicative. Uala, is made use of, when the sentence is of past time, and is formed like Dili. Ayao, is employed to forbid any thing, and its sentences are formed with the particle pag, and sometimes withmag. Examples: Think about the four last things, and you will not sin. You did not hear mass this morning. Compel me not to eat because I am not fond of that.
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Maghunahuna ca sa mga caolahian mo ug dili icao macasal. Caniha sa buntag uala icao sumingba. Ayao icao maglugus canaco sa pagcaon, cay dili acmahagugma niana.

XVII. How far are we going?We are going as far as the ChurchAre you going as far as the river?No: I am going as far as DauisHave you ever stolen any thing?I have never stolen any thingDo you dye any thing?I dye my hatWhat color do you dye it?I dye it blackDo you get your hat dyed?I get it dyed greenWhat hat has the boy?He has two hats, a white one and a black oneHow far does this road lead?It leads as far as BaclayonWhere does your friend live?He lives on this side of the roadIs the garden of your sister on this or that side of the wood?It is on that sideWould you be sorry if your mother were to arrived to day?I should rather be gladded for itAre you angry with me?No: I am angry with Miss. Valeriane who went to the ball without telling me a word of it.

Eighteenth Lesson

NAGAPACA. l.a This particle is composed of Naga and Pa and its active tenses are formed according to the rules above mentioned for Naga adding paca invariably. The passive voice is formed with Guipaca or Pinaca, for the present and past tenses; and the future and imperative, with Paca, before, and on after the root. This particle admits but the second and third passives and signifies to feign what the root signifies. But when added to abstracts nouns or to neuter verbs, signifies to do heartily what the root signifies. Ex:
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Saint Joseph was considered as the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. Do not pretend to be mad, less we esteem you as such a one.

Si San Jos guipaca-amahan sa atong Guinoong Jesucristo. Ayao cam pacabu-angbuangan, tingali oa pacabu-angbu-angon icao namo.

Our Lord Jesus Christ became man in Ang atong Guino-ong Jesucristo nagpacatao the chaste womb of the Virgin Mary. sa ulay nga tian ni Maria Virgen. I will consider you as a father to me. Paca-amahanon co icao.

2.a Before nouns of time signifies to do till the root points out, and then is rendered into Bisaya by Guica, as: He spent the night in praying. Guicabuntagan sia sa pagampo.

3.a This particle is employed also when we make use of a thing out of its natural employment. Thus: My broad hat serves me for an umbrella. Guipacapayong co ang calo co nga halapad. A bottle serves me for a candlestick. Pinacacandelero co ang us ca boteya.

4.a When in the sentence there is an expression pointing out doubt or incertitude, it is translated into Bisaya byCah, Examples: How much can that horse be worth? Pilay bale cah nianang cabayo? It is worth twenty dollars. Better. Your servant is better than mine. Not yet. He does. Caluha-an ca pisos (bulaoan). Ma-ayo cay, ma-ayo sa. Ma-ayo ang imong sologoon cay sa aco. Dili pa, ual pa. Guiuli na.Page 65

Does the child return you your book? Guiuli ba sa batang diutay canimo ang libro mo?

Where are you coming from? From what place? I am coming from Tagbilaran. Whose? Whose hat is this? The afternoon. Noon. The dinner. The breakfast. The supper. After me. XVIII.

Di-in ca guican? Di-in?, Dis-a? Guican ac sa Tagbilaran. Quinsa? Quinsa ba ang tag-iya ni-ining calo? Ang hapon. Odto. Ang panodto. Ang pamahao. Ang panihapon. Sa human na ac.

Is it right to laugh thus at every body?- I laugh at your clothes, I do not laugh at every body Does your daughter resemble any one?She resembles no oneCan you not get rid of that man?I can not get rid of him, for he will absolutely follow meHas he not lost his wits?It may beWhat does he ask you for?I do not know Whose gun is that?It is my uncle'sWho are those men? The one who is dressed in white is my neighbour, and who is dressed with black it is the son of the physician, who has given my neighbour a blow with a stickAre there many learned in Roma; are there not?Milton asked a Roman "Not so many as when you were there" answered the Roman.

Nineteenth Lesson
NACA. 3.a This particle is divided into potential and causal. The potential naca, signifies to do in fact, what the root to which precedes points out, containing in itself the faculty of doing. Page 66This is the reason why the English verbs to can, to be able, are not translated into Bisaya. In the active voice the present and past tenses are formed with the particle naca, and the future and imperative with maca. When speaking in passive voice, the present and past are formed with na, and the future and imperative by means of ma. Instead of naca and maca, are usednacag and macag respectively, when the signification of the root is often done. These rules will be more easily understood by the following examples: The wounded horse can already walk a Ang cabayong guisamad-an nacalacao-

little. The sick man is already able to get up. I can not eat. I have murmured against you very often.

lacao na. Ang masaquiton nacatindug na. Dili ac macagcaon. Nacaglibc ac canimo sa masubsub.

They will be not able to overtake him, for Dili na sia cah maapas, cay tua na sa he is, I think, far distant. halayo. I can not sleep. Dili ac macatolog. When my Father died, my Mother was not Sa pagcamatay ni Tatay, ang acong Inahn able to weep. ualmacahilac. 2.a Besides the particle naca, the Bisaya dialect has some other words compensatory of the English verbs, to can, to be able, such as arang, gahm and himo employed sometimes alone, and some times in composition with naca. Arang, signifies to possess power of doing any thing, but subordinated to another. Examples: If I could afford, I would buy a Ug ma-arang pa ac, mu-palit ac unta ug usa ca mafine horse. ayong cabayo.Page 67 If you please, give me some medicine. Can you afford to buy that horse? I can afford it. How is the sick? He is so so. Ug ma-arang sa imong bu-ut, tagai, ac ug tambal. Macapalit ca ba nianang cabayo? Arang co paliton. Comusta ang masaquit? Arang-arang na sia.

Gahm, signifies vigour, strength, courage, and it is employed in both material and moral acceptations, as: I am an old man. Did you dare to rob your master? Tigulang na ac, or uala na acoy gahm. Ngano nacagahm ca sa pagpangauat sa imong agalon?

Himo, signifies to possess the power of doing any thing, as: Can you make it? What is impossible with men, God can do. Macahimo ca ba niana? Ang dili mahimo sa mga taoo, mahimo sa Dios.

I could make it, but I have not tools. Macahimo ac unta, apan uala acoy hilimoan.

Is it possible? It is possible. The authority. Our Lord Jesus Christ left to his ministers the power of forgiving sins. XIX.

Mahimo ba? Mahimo man. Cagamhanan. Ang mga ilis ni Jesucristo guitaga-an nia sa cagamhanan sapagpa-saylo sa mga sal.

Why do you associate with those people?I associate with them because they are useful to meIf you continue to associate with them you will get Page 68into bad scrapes, for they have many enemiesDo you know a good place to swim in?I know oneWhere is it?On the side of the river behind the wood, near the high roadWhen shall we go to swim?This evening if you pleaseWill you wait for me before the city gate?I shall wait for you there, but I beg you not to forget it You know that I never forget my promisesIs this man angry with you?I think he is angry with me, because I do not go to see him; but I do not like to go to his house, for when I go there, instead of receiving me with pleasure, he looks displeasedWhy do you look so sad?I have experienced great misfortunesYou must not afflict yourself so much, for you know that we must yield to necessityBut, bless me, why do you cry so?

Twentieth Lesson
NACA-CAUSAL. This particle is made use of, when the nominative produces on the accusative, that which the root signifies. It is also a nominative of this particle the cause or place where the effect is produced. The active voice is conjugated according to the rules laid down for naca potential. The scholar must pay particular attention to this particle in order to use it properly in its two acceptations. The potential naca, is compounded but with roots of active verbs, and the causal with those of neuter verbs and of adjective nouns. The present and past tenses of this passive are formed by putting guica, before the root and an after; the future and imperative with ca, before and an after: and the infinitive mood placing pagca or ca, before.

Remark. At Ceb and Bohol provinces is very often used na, instead of guica, with an invariably after the root. Examples:Page 69 Of what illness did John die? He was struck with fever. Onsay namatyan or guica-*matyan ni Juan? Ang hilanat maoy namatyan nia.

2.a When speaking with this particle the natives insert between the subject and the verb, the verb maoy or mao, and ang, to express with more energy and precision the causality idea. Remark. The recoleto P. Zueco, of great authority on the matter says, that the verb mao, must be always inserted between, both in active and passive voices, when speaking with the particle naca causal. Thus: ACTIVE. The medicine did well with the sick. PASSIVE. The medicine &. Ang tambal maoy guica-*ayohan sa masaquit. Ang tambal maoy naca-ayo sa masaquit.

3.a When speaking by means of this particle in passive voice, the subjective and the objective cases stand invariably, changing only the verb. Examples: What did your brother die of? He died of fever. Onsa ba ang guicamatyan sa igso-on mo? Ang hilanat maoy guica-matyan nia.

Our Lord Jesus Christ died nailed Ang usa ca macaulao nga Cruz maoy to a shameful cross. guicamatyan sa atong Guino-ong J.C. The just man, pities his neighbours sufferings. Why? Because. For what reason? Why did you become sick? Giucasaquitan sa taong ma-*tarung ang mga saquit sa iyangisigcataoo. Ngano?, Mano?. Cay.Page 70 Onsay hinungdan cay? Onsay hinungdan cay gui-*saquit ca?

Will you give me the cocoa you Bu-ut ca ba muhatag canaco sa cacao nga na-a have? canimo? I will give it to you. Can you drink as much wine as milk? Bu-ut ac muhatag canimo sa acong cacao. Macainom ba cam sa vino ug sa gatas nga magsama sa cadaghan?

We can drink as much of the one Macainom cam sa usa ug sa usa nga magsama sa as of the other. cadaghan. Can our neighbours children work? They can, but are not willing to work. Whom do you wish to answer? I wish to answer my good friends. Where is your son? He is at the street Why do you laugh? The Almighty God. XX. What is the price of this cloth?I sell it at six reals (tolo ca cahate) the rodIt seems to me very dearWill you have the kindness to show me some other pieces of that new cloth?I am ready to serve youDoes this rea*d cloth suit you?It does not suit meWhy so?Because it is too dearAre you learning Bisaya?Yes, I am learning itPage 71Who is your teacher?A Recoleto FatherDoes he teach also English?Yes, he teaches English to the natives, and also Spanish to his American friendsI wish to make his acquaintance, wherefore, I beg of you to introduce me to himI should like to know, why I do not know to speak as well as you?I will tell you: you would speak as well as I if you were not so timid; but if you had studied well your lessons, you would not be afraid to speak; because in order to speak well, it is necessary to have knowledge of, and it is very natural that he who does not know well what he has learned, should be timid, if you were sure to make not faults, you would be not timid. Macabuhat ba ang mga anac sa mga silingan ta? Macabuhat sila, apan dili sila bu-ut. Quinsa ba ang bu-ut nimo baslan? Bu-ut ac magbalus sa acong mga higalang ma-ayo. Hain ba ang anac mo? Tua sa dalan. Onsa ba ang guicatao-an ni? Ang Macagagahm sa nga-*tanan.

I am coming to work to-morrow. Muanhi ac ugma cay aron magbuhat ac.

Twenty First Lesson

MI. The particle mi, signifies to do what the root points out, and is ordinarily compounded with verbs denoting motion. It is formed by putting mi, before the root for present tense, min for past, and mu for the future. The imperative mood is formed

with um before the root, when begins with a vowel; but when with a consonant, ummust be placed between the first and the second radical letters. Ex: When will the steamer arrive? My father arrived yesterday. Who has arrived at the town? I wish to enter, in order to speak with the Captain. Make haste, it is my master waiting you. Do you wish to dine? We wish to eat, but we do not wish to drink. Do you wish to drink any thing? I do not wish to drink any thing. NA l.a The particle na, is joined to the neuter verbs and signifies what the root points out. In active voice is made use of na for present and past tenses, and of ma, for the future. In passive voice the tenses are formed by placing na, before the root and an after, for present and past; and ma, before the root and an after, for the future tense. This particle serves also to point out the place or cuasi-place of the action. These passive particle sentences are formed by putting in subjective case the place or cuasiplace, and the verb in its correspondent tense. Ex: Going through the forest a branch came upon me. He fell from the cocoa-tree, and died. Sa pag-agui co didto sa cacahuyan nahologan ac sa us casang. Naholog sa lub ug namatay. Anus-a ba muabut ang vapor? Cahapon minabut si C*atay. Quinsa ba ang minabut sa longsod? Musulud unta ac, sa pagsulti sa Capitan. Dumali ca, cay guipa-*abut ca man sa agalon co.Page 72 Bu-ut ba cam cumaon? Bu-ut cam cumaon, apan dili cam buut uminom. Bu-ut ba cam uminom bisan onsa? Dili ac bu-ut muinom bisan onsa.

My house was destroyed by the fire. Nasunug ang acong balay.

He was struck with asthma, and died Guihangus sia ug nalumus. of asphyxia. Take care, that you do not fall. Maholog ca bay.

2.a The neuter verbs of action, are formed by means of the particles of active verbs maga or mi, as:Page 73

I did go up. The bird flew away. Where are you taking me to? I will take you to my father's yard. To walk. Are you walking? I am walking. When does your father walk? He walks as early as you. Early. It is early. It is too late. Enough, Too. Do you speak more than enough. No; I speak moderately. Already. Yet. Not yet. Do you speak Bisaya yet? Not yet. I do not speak yet. Never. (future.) No; never (past.) Seldom. How many times? One, Twice. Many times. Heretofore, formerly. XXI.

Minsac ac. Ang langgam minlupad. As-a guidal ac nim? Dad-on ta icao sa camalig sa amahan co. Soroy-soroy, Lacat-lacat, Lacao-lacao. Nagasoroy-soroy ca ba? Nagasoroy-soroy ac. Anus-a magasoroy-soroy ang imong amahan? Nagalacao-lacao sia sa masay ingon canimo. Masay, Sa masay. Buntag pa man. Hata-as na ang adlao. Igo, Hinlabihan. Hinlabihan ba ang imong pagsulti? Dili: casarangan ang acong pagsulti. Na. Pa. Dili pa, Uala pa. Nagasulti ca na ba ug Binsaya? Dili pa. Dili pa ac magasulti. Dili sa guihapon. Uala, Sugud. Tagsa ra, Talagsa ra. Nacapila?, Macapila? Nacausa, Nacaduha. Nacadaghan. Canhi pa, Sa canhi pa.

Of what illness did your brother die?He died of feverHow is your brother?My brother is not Page 74longer living, he died last weekHe was very well last year, when I was in TagbilaranOf what illness did he die?He died of small-poxHow is the mother of your friend?She is not well, she had an attack of ague the day before yesterday, and this morning the fever has returnedDo your pupils learn their exercises by heart?They will rather tear them than learn them by heartWhy does the mother of our servant shed tears?She sheds tears because the Father, our friend,

who used to give her alms, died four days agoOf what illness did he die?He died oppressed by his old ageWill you help me to work when we go to Panglao?I will help you to work, if you help me now to get a livelihoodHow does your sister like those oranges?She likes them very well, but she says that they are a little too sweet Do you wish to dine here?I will dine here, provided that you had prepared a good meal.

Twenty Second Lesson

NANAG. The particle nanag, is employed when the agent is more than one. The present and past tenses are formed by means of nanag; and the future and imperative with manag. When speaking in passive voice, the present and past are formed by putting guipanag, before the root, and the future and imperative, with panag, before and onafter, as: The children are waiting for their teacher. The children will read. Ang mga bata nanaghulat sa ilang magtotoon. Ang mga bata managbasa.

The carabaos have destroyed the circle. Ang mga calabao nanagpanggub sa siclat. Our Lord Jesus Christ redeemed us all, Quitng tanan gnipanglucat sa atong J.C. from the power of the devil. sacabihagan sa yaoa.Page 75 Forgive them, for they know not what they do. To depart, to go out. At what time do you wish to leave? We wish to leave now. To thank, (to God or the Saints) To thank, (to the men) I thank you for the trouble you have taken for me. How high?, of what height? Of what height is your house? To save anybody's life. To dispute, to contend about some thing. Pasaylo-a sila, cay ual sila mahibal saguipanagbuhat nila. Guican Anus-a cam bu-ut muguican? Bu-ut cam muguican caron. Pagpasalamat. Pagdios magbayad. Nagadios magbayad ac canimo sa cabudlay mo tungud canaco. Onsa ba ang cata-ason? Onsa ba ang cahitas-on sa imong balay? Pagbaui sa quinabuhi. Paglalis, pagindig-indig.

About what are these people disputing? Onsay guilalisan nianang mga tao? They are disputing about who shall go Cun quinsa ba ang mu-*ona, mao ilang guilafirst. lisan.

They are contending about the signification of the Bisaya word, "Lagui". Even, not even.

Nanagindig-indig sila tungud sa polong binisaya, Lagui. Dili pa ngani.

He has not even money enough to buy Dili pa ngani igo ang salapi nia sa pagpalit ug some wine. vino. By no means. NAN. The particle nan, is made use of to point out the continuance of an action, to give particular energy to the object, and also when the agent Page 76person is more than one. The active tenses present and past, are formed withnan, and the future and imperative with man. In passive voice is made use of guipa, for the former tenses, and ofpa, for the latter. The use of the change of letters, very usual in this particle, is explained about the end of the 15.a Lesson, Page 58, which the learned is desired to consult. Remark. The roots compounded with the particle nan, may be also recompounded with the particle nacapotential, according to its active conjugation; but in such a case, says the P. Zueco, if the first syllable of the root is a consonant, pang, must be inserted between naca, and the root, as: The sick talks nonsense. The men are kneeling The women will kneel Kneel down. XXII. Are you a judge of horses?I am a judge of horsesWill you buy one for me?If you will give me the money I will buy you twoIs that man a judge of cloth?He is not a good judge of itHow do you manage to do that?I will show you how I manage itWhat must I do for my lesson of to morrow?You will make a fair copy of your exercises, do three others, and study the next lessonHow does your brother manage to learn Bisaya without a dictionary?He manages it very desterously Have you already seen my son?I have not seen him yetHow is he?He is very well, you will not be able to recognize him, for he has grown very tall in a short time What kind of Page 77weather is it?It is very warmIs it long time since we had any rain?No; and I believe we shall have to-day a stormIt may beThe wind Nacapangyamyam ang masaquit. Ang mga lalaqui nacapanglohod. Ang mga babaye nanlohod. Manlohod cam. Dili gayud mahimo.

rises, it is thundering, do you hear it?Yes, I hear it: but the storm is still too far Not so far as you thinkDo you not see how it lightens?Bless me! what a shower! If we go into some place, we shall be sheltered from the storm.

Twenty Third Lesson

NAQUIG. The particle naquig, signifies to stimulate to perform what the root points out, and is employed with reciprocal verbs, and those implying company in the action. The present and past tenses of active voice, are formed by means of naquig, and the future and imperative with maquig. It may be recomposed with the particle naga, but in this case changes the letter n into p. The signification does not undergo any change. Examples: I invite you to go up to the tower. Naquigsac ac canimo sa latorre. This man has been challenging me Nagapaquigaoay quining tao canaco. to fight. The horses excite themselves to quarrel. The children will excite themselves to fight. To excite, to exhort. Ang mga cabayo naquigaoay. Ang mga bata maquigaoay. Agd

Excite your heart to the repentance Agdahon mo ang imong casingcasing of your sins. sa paghinulsul sa mga sal mo. NAQUI. This particle signifies to beg, to implore, to entreat, and also, to fancy or to give one's mind to that which the root refers to, points out. The Page 78present and past of this particle are conjugated by means of naqui, and the future and imperative with maqui. This particle like the preceding naquig, may be recomposed with naga, changing also the initial n into p. When the action falls upon the subject, naqui is translated into napaqui, being napaqui, for the present and past, mapaqui, for future, and paqui or mapaqui for the imperative mood. Examples: The beggars are asking alms. I beg you to explain this to me. Did you ask help from Mr. Peter? Ang mga hangul naquilimos or nagapaquilimos. Paquisayran mo ac niini. Napaquitabang ca ba can Sr. Pedro?

Beg God's mercy, then God does not Paquimalo-oy ca sa Dios, cay ang

despise to the sinner who begs of Him pardon. As to, As for.... As to me....

Dios magapasaylo samacasasal nga maquipasaylo cania. Sa tungud sa.... Sa tungud canaco....

As to that, I do not know what to say. Sa tungud niana, ambut cun onsay ipamolong co. I do not know what to do. I do not know where to go. I do not know what to answer. To knock at the door. To distrust one. We must not trust every body. To get into a bad scrape That man is ever getting into bad scrapes, but he always gets out of them again. To become acquainted with some one. Ambut or inay, cun onsay bububaton co. Ambut cun asay adto-on co. Ambut cun onsa ba ang itubg co. Pagtoctoc sa pultahan. Dili pagsalig. Dili quit maeasalig sa mga tao ngatanan. Pagsamuc. Canang tao nangita guihapon sa mga casamuc, apannahigaoas guihapon sia. Pagpaquig-higala.Page 79

I have become acquainted with Mr Naquighigala ac can Sr. Gilbert, cay maayong Gilbert, because he is a good friend. amigos sia. To resemble some one. This lady resembles my sister. You look like a federal. To spring forward. The dog jumps upon the rabbit. To lose one's wits. This Lady has lost his wits, and she does not know what to do, unhappy woman! XXIII. Being lately (sa us ca adlao) in town, I received a letter from your teacher in which he strongly complained of youDo not weepnow go into your room learn your lesson, and be a good boy (magma-ayo ca) otherwise (cun dili) you will get nothing for dinnerI shall be so good, my dear father, that you will certainly be satisfied with meWhat must be do in order to be happy?Love and practise virtue, and you will be happy both in this life and in the nextSince (cay) we wish to be happy, let us do Ingon-ingon ug dag-oay. Quining babaye maingonlugon ug dag-oay sa igso-on cong babaye. Ingon ug federal ang imong dag-oay. Pagdamag. Ang cornejo guidamagan sa ir. Pagcabu-ang. Quining Seora nabuang, ug dili sia mahibal sa guibuhat nia lintaon!

good to the poor, and let us have pity on the unlucky (nalisdan)Let us obey our masters, and never give them any troubleHow has my son behaved towards you? He has behaved well towards me, for he behaves well towards every bodyHis father told him often: the behavior of others is but an echo of our behavior; if we behave well towards them, they will also behave well towards us; but if we use them ill, we must not expect, (dili atong pa-abuton) better from them, (ang batasan nila nga ma-ayo canato).Page 80

Twenty Fourth Lesson

NAHA OR NAHI. This particle is used to express that the action of the verb to which is joined, took place out of mind, or by chance. The present and past tenses are formed with naha or nahi; the future and imperative mood by puttingmaha or mahi and the infinitive mood with paha or pagpaha before the root. When speaking in passive, the present and past are formed with the particle hin, and the future and imperative with hi. The particle naha admits only the passive of an, or the 3d passive, excepting the verb gugma which must be conjugated by the passive of on. The roots Budlay, Butang and Bu-ut, change their initial B into M, to form the verbs. To rest. To put one's in due place. To be pleased with. EXAMPLES. I do not speak on purpose. He quite alone is enjoying of our father's inheritance. Pardon me, I have trodden on you unwillingly. Take rest for a moment, then your walk was too far distant. Nahanayan ac sa pagsulti, or guihinaycan co ang pagsulti. Nagahiagom sia nga us ra sa cabilin sa amahn namo. Pasaylo-a ac, cay naha-tonb ac canimo. Magpahamudlay usa cam cadiot, cay hata-as man ca-ayo angpagsoroy-soroy ni.Page 81 Pagpahamudlay. Pagpahamutang. Pagpahimu-ut

Who does live in state of grace, Ang nahamutang sa pagcabutang sa gracia, sa oras sa will obtain after his dead, the iyangcamatayon, macadangat sa quinabuhi nga

everlasting life. Thou art my beloved son, in whom I have pleased myself. Love God with all your heart. NAPA.

dayon. Icao man ang nahigugma cong anc, nga guihimuutan co. Higugmaon ang Dios sa tibo-oc nga casingcasing mo.

This particle is joined to the reflexive verbs, and signifies what the root points out. The present and past tenses are formed with napa; the future with mapa, and the imperative by means of pa. Examples: He remained at home to play. Napabilin sia sa balay sa pagdula-dula. Distrust of flattering words. Why do you remain here? I shall remain here till tomorrow. Remain here. Ayao icao palimbong sa mga maghohopo nga mga polong. Nganong napabilin ca dinhi? Mapabilin ac dinhi cutub ugma. Pabilin ca.

Remark. As it may be seen by the examples, this particle has no passive voice. NASIG. This particle is placed before roots of reflexive verbs, and it is the most proper to express reciprocalness. Like the preceding, it has not passive voice, and its active tenses are formed with nasig the present and past, and by means of masig the Page 82future and imperative. As: They two hate each other. Come to an agreement between yourselves. Help one another to reap as soon as may be your ricegrounds. NASIGHI. This particle, as well as nasig signifies reciprocalness, but depending on any one circumstance. Its tenses are formed with nasighi and masighi respectively. It is also in lack of passive. Nasigdumut silang du-h. Masigsabt cam. Masigtabang cam, aron madali mahumn ang pagga-ad sa iong mga basac.

Love one another, and you will be happy. Masighigugma cam ug mapaladan cam. Arthur and Mary love each other. NANGI. The particle nangi, is employed but with the root Laba, which signifies to ask for protection, to beg, to beseech any thing from God or from the Saints. Its tenses are formed with nangi and mangi respectively; and the passive by means of guipangi: the present and past tenses and with pangi the future and imperative moods. Examples: I will beg the God's grace, in this trouble Mangilaba ac sa Dios ni-ining cayugot I am feeling. nga guiantus co. Beg His assistance to be delivered from that temptation.
Page 83

Si Arturo ug si Maria nasighiugma sila.

Pangilaba mo sia aron bauion ca nianang pano*lay.

NANHI This particle governs only the roots Coco, Bungut and Quiqui. The active tenses are formed with nanhi andmanhi; and in passive voice with guipanhi and panhi respectively. Examples: He cuts himself the nails. He cleans himself the teeth. He is shaving himself. NANIG. It is used before the adverb ingon, and signifies to imitate. It is conjugated with nanig and manig and withguipanig and panig respectively. NANUM. The particle nanum, is only used with the root Balay, Ex: You are always running from house to house. NANI. This particle precedes to the roots Odto and hapon: and admits the three passives. Thus: Nanumbalay cam guihapon. Nanhingoco sia. Nanhingiqui sia. Nanhimungut sia.

We have just dined. Serve them the dinner. Will you take the supper here?.
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Naniodto na cam. Paniodtohon mo sila. Manihapon ba cam dinhi?

XXIV. How do you do?Very well at your serviceAnd how are all at home, your parents and your brothers?Tolerably well, thank GodAs for you, you are health itself: you cannot look betterPlease to sit down, here is a chairI will not detain you from your business I know that a merchant's time is preciousI have nothing to do at present, I only wished in passing, to inquire about your healthYou do me much honorWhat o'clock is it?It is half past oneYou say it is half past one, and by my watch (dinhi sa acong orasan) it is but half past twelvePardon me: (tabi canimo): it has not yet struck oneI assure you it is half-past one, for my watch goes very wellWho has arrived?They say my cousin has arrivedWhere does he come from?He is coming from ManilaHas he spent a long time on the sea?He has suffer a delay of fortnight, for the weather was very badHave you bought this hat in Manila?I have not bought it, my cousin who has just arrived, has made me a present of it.

Twenty Fifth Lesson

IMPERSONAL VERBS. The impersonal verbs are those which express the atmospherical phenomena, and are only used in the third person singular, compounded with the particle naga or mi out of the roots init and Tugnao which are compounded with na. Ex: To dawn. To arrive at break of day. To grow dark. To rain like a deluge. To rain. To drizzle. To lighten. To thunder. It is raining. Pagbanagbanag. Pagcabuntag, eabuntagon. Pagcagabi-i, cagabhion. Pagolan sa mabascug. Pagolan.Page 85 Pagalindahao. Pagquilat. Pagdalogdog, paglugung. Nagaolan man.

Is it lightening? It is thundering. Is it warm? No: it is cold. To behave well towards. He behaves well towards his cousin. To behave ill. He use ill his friends.

Nagaquilat ba? Nagadalogdog. Mainit ba? Dili; matugnao man. Ma-ayo ang batasan sa. Ma-ayo ang batasan nia sa iyang ig-agao. Dautan ang batasan. Dautan ang batasan nia sa mga higala nia.

As he was always behave well Cay ma-ayo guihapon ang batasan nia canaco, matowards me, I will not use him ayo usab ang batasan co cania. ill. In vain. Bisan onsaon. In vain I look around, I saw Bisan onsaon co pagtan-ao sa libut co, ual ac maneither house nor man; not the caquita ug balay, ug ug balay, ug tao ug tima-an sa least sign of dwelling. puluy-anan. We search in vain, for what we Bisan onsaon ta pagpangita, dili quit macaquita have lost, we cannot find. sa naual canato. What do you mean? I mean, hallo! That does not mean any thing. As long, as. As long as you behave well, people will love you. Unless. If it should happen that. Although, Whatever. Unless you speak her she will not answer you. Whatever be our patience,we will never have enough. Would to God! Would to God it were so! May you be happy! In order to.... In order that.... I send you this book in order that you may read it. Onsay bu-ut ipamolong mo? Bu-ut cong ipamolong i*diay! Cana ualay casayuran. Cun, pa. Cun ma-ayo pa ang batasan mo, higugmaon ca. Cun dili. Cun pananglit, Cun cailignon pa unta.Page 86 Bisan ogaling, Bisan dac ogaling. Cun dili ca magsulti cania, dili sia mutu-bg canimo. Bisan dac ogaling ang pagantos ta dili pa igo sa guihapon. Unta, Hinaut unta. Agad unta nga mao cana ingon niana! Hinaut unta nga mapaladan ca! Cay aron.... Cay aron.... Guipadal co canimo quining libro cay aron basahon mo.

By dint of. By dint of labour. The more, as.

Tungud sa dac. Tungund sa dacong pag-buhat. Ingon nga, labi pa cay.

I am the more displeased with Ingon nga dili ac mu-angay sa imong batasan labi your behaviour, as you are pa caydaghan ang utang mong bu-ut canaco. under many obligations to me. XXV. Why is your mother troubled?She troubles at receiving no news from her son who is in SpainShe must be not troubled about him, for whenever he gets into a bad scrape, he knows how to get out of it againLast year, when we were to hunt together, night grow upon us (guicagabhian cam) very far from our houseWhere did you pass the night?At first I was very afflicted, but your brother not so: on the contrary, he tranquillized me, so that I lost my restlessnessWe found at last a Page 87shepherd's hut where we spent the nightThere I had opportunity to observe the cleverness of your brotherA few canes of a truss of straw served him to make a comfortable bedHe used a bottle as a candlestick, and with two or three birds he prepared the most comfortable supperWhere we awoke in the morning we were as rested and healthy as if we had slept on the most comfortable bed in the world.

Twenty Sixth Lesson

DEFECTIVE VERBS. The defective verbs of this dialect are employed but in coexistent past, putting the person in genitive case. They are eight in number, as follows: 1.o Apat, governs the subordinate verb in the subjunctive mood, as: You had better not come. Apat nga ual icao muanhi.

2.o Buuti, signifies, from what I can see, in my opinion, and must be placed at the end of the sentence, Thus: In my opinion, that is what he said. Mao man cana, buuti ang gui-ingon nia.

3.o Matod or polong, is made use of, when citing the saying or sentence of any one, as: Says St. Austin. Matod or polong ni San Agustin.

According to what I say or said. According to what the holy Bible says.
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Matod co, polong co. Matod sa santos nga Sult.

4.o Abi. This verb is employed in the coexistent past, placing the personal pronoun in genitive case, as: Did you think I was not here? He thought I had told it. Abi mo ba nga ual ac dinhi? Abi nia acoy nagaingon.

5.o Bacut co, Baut co. It is employed with the first person of the absolute preterit of indicative mood, thus: I thought he would come home. 6.o Ambut. I do not know where is the Father. Ambut hain ba ang Pare. Baut co nga muanhi sia sa balay.

7.o Con. This verb must be always placed at the end of the sentence, and answers to the English dictions "It is said" "They or people say". People say Mr. John is died. It is said that she is very handsome. 8.o Bantug. It is a report that the insurgents are Guibantug nga hado-ol ang mga insurrecto. near. The story goes, Mr John died yesterday. How far? How far did you go? As far as there. Knee high. Down to the end of the street. The whole family down the very cat and dog. On this side. Bantug nga namatay cahapon si Sr. Juan. Asa cutub? Asa ba cutub adto icao? Didto cutub. Cutub (hasta) sa tohod. Cutub sa catapusan sa dalan.Page 89 Ang mga caubanan nga tanan hasta sa iring ug ir. Dinhi sa luy. Namatay con si seor Juan. Ma-anindut con sia.

Take care, for the snake is behind Magbantay ca, cay anha ra natago ang saoa the door. sa luy sa tacop. Thus, So, In this manner. How this word is written? In this manner. XXVI. Why are you at variance with John?Because he always finds faults with every thing he seesWhat does that mean?That means that I do not like to speak with you, because you are a liarDo you wish to know why did not write your brother his exercise?Because it was too difficultHe has sat up all night and has not been able to do it, because it was out of his reach (cay canang tema dili mahimo nia)As soon as (igo) Peter sees me, he begins to speak Bisaya, in order to practise, (sa pagsumaysumay) and overwhelms me with attentions; so that I often do not know what to answer. His brothers do the same, however, (bisan pa niana) they are very good peopleThey are not only rich and amiable, but they are also generous and charitable.They love me sincerely; therefore (busa) I love them also, and shall never say any thing against their reputation, I should love them still more (dac pa ngani unta ang paghigugma co canila) if they did not make so much ceremony; but every man has his faults, aid my fault is to speak too much of their compliments.Page
90

Ingon ni-ini. Guionsa ba ang pagsult ni-ining polong? Ingon ni-ini.

Twenty Seventh Lesson

To die, to lose life. I shall die, for it is appointed unto men one to die. Pagcamatay. Mamatay man ac, cay sugo man sa Dios nga mamatay ang tao sa macaus da.

The man died this morning, and his Ang lalaqui namatay caniha sa buntag, ug ang wife died also this afternoon. asaoa nia caron hapon. Far off, from far. That picture is seen far off. What has become of your sister? Sa halay. Ma-ayo tan-aon canang cuadro sa halay. Naonsa ba ang imong igso-on nga babaye?

I do not know, what has become of Ambut cun naonsa ba sia. her. What is your name? My name is Hope. How this is called in Bisaya? I do not know. Quinsay ngalan mo? Si Esperanza ang ngalan co. Onsa ba ang ngalan ni-ini sa Binisaya? Ambut, Inay.

Rather, Rather than. He has arrived sooner than I. Easy. Difficult. Useful. Useless. Is it useful to write a good deal? It is useful. It is bad, Wrong. Is it right to take the property of others? Opposite. Opposite this house. In several manners. You have written in several manners, but always bad. I live opposite the Church. To be born. Where were you born? I was born in Tagbilaran. Where was your sister born? She was born in Bais. To lose sight off. The steamer is so far off, that we shall soon lose sight of it. To suspect, To guess. I suspect what you have done. On purpose. Did you beat my dog on purpose? Towards. He comes towards me. XXVII.

Ona. Sia miabut pagona canaco. Masayn. Malisud. May pulus. Ualay pulus. May pulus ba ang pagsult ca-ayo? May pulus man. Dautan man. Ma-ayo ba ang pagcuha sa mga manggad nga dili caugalingon? Sa atubangan, Sa atbang.Page 91 Sa atubangan ni-ining balay. Sa pagcalain-lain. Guilain-lain mo ang pagsull ug dautan guihapon ang pagsult mo. Nagapuy ac atbang sa Singbahan. Pagcatao. Hain ca ba natao? Natao man ac sa Tagbilaran. Di-in ba natao ang imong igso-on nga babaye? Natao sia sa Bais Pagcaual sa mat. Ingon ca halay ang vapor, nga sa madali maual sa mga mat ta. Pagcatahap. Natahap ac sa imong guibuhat. Tinuyo Tinuyo (guituyo) mo ba ang paghampac sa ir co? Dapit. Mianhi sia dapit canaco.

I suspected that you would be thirsty and your brother hungry; that is the reason (busa man ngani) I brought you hitherI am sorry, however, not to see your motherWhy do you not drink coffee?If I were not sleepy I would drink itSometimes you are

sleepy, sometimes cold, sometimes are you hungry and sometimes thirstyA man having seen that old men used spectacles (nagasalamin) to read, went Page 92to a merchant and asked for a pair. The man then took a book, and having opened it, said the spectacles were not good. The merchant gave him another pair of the best, which he could find in his shop; but the man being still unable to read, the merchant said to him: "My friend, do you know how to read"?If I know to read, answered the man, I should not want your spectacles.

Twenty Eighth Lesson

To be naked. It is a man naked there. I had like to have lost my money He was very near falling. Paghubo Didto may us ca tao nga nahubo-an. Diriot maual ang acong salapi. Diriot maholog sia.

He was within a hair's breadth Diriot papation sia. of being killed. He had liked to have died. Thunderbolt. A thunderbolt struck the boat. The flower. To blossom. To grow. All over. Under the shade. Diriot sia namatay. Linti. Guilintian ang sacayan. Ang bulac. Pagpamulac. Pagtubo. Bisan asa, Bisan di-in. Sa landong.

Let us sit down under the shade Mulingcod quit sa landong niadtong cahuy. of that tree. This man pretends to sleep under the shade of this table. Alone. I was there alone. One person only. One God and three persons. God alone can do this. Quining tao nagapacatolog dih sa landong ni-*ining lamesa. Da, Lamang. Didto ac rang us*. Us ra ca persona. Us ra ca Dios ug totol ca personas.Page 93 Ang Dios lamang ang macabuhat ni-ini.

He arrived poor, grew rich in a Sa pagabut nia, mahangul man sia, nacasalapi sia sa short time, and lost all in a macariot ugsa macariot pa naual cania ang shorter time. ngatanan. Any thing to be over. Humn, Hurt.

And now: what are you going to do? Now I will say: "It is over". XXVIII.

Ug caron: onsay bubuhaton mo? Caron muingon ac: "Tapus na, Human na".

Being one day hunting the Emperor Charles V. lost his way in the forest, and having arrived to a house he went in, in order to rest himself. There were there four men, who affect to sleep. One of them got up, and approaching to the Emperor told him he had dreamed he should take his watch, and took it. Then another rose and said that he had dreamed his overcoat fitted him well, and took it. The third took his purse. At last, the four came up and said: "I hope you will not take it ill if I search you" and in doing it saw around the Emperor's neck a golden chain to which a whistle was tied, which he wishes to rob him of; but the Emperor said: "my good friend, before depriving me of this jewell (hias) I must teach you its virtue, and saying this, he whistled. His attendants who were seeking him, hastened to the house and were astonished of seeing his majesty in such a state. But the Emperor seeing himself out of danger (gaoas sa calisud) said: "behold, these men who have dreamed all that they like. I wish in my turn to dream" and after a short musing, he said: "I have dreamed that you all four deserve to be hanged" which was not sooner spoken than executed before the house. End.Page 94

Key to the Exercises

I. Na-a ba canimo ang pan? Oo, ania canaco ang pan. Na-a ba canimo ang imong pan? Ania canaco ang acong pan. Na-a ba canimo ang asin? Ania canaco ang asin. Na-a ba canimo ang acong asin? Ania canaco ang imong asin. Na-a ba canimo ang sabon? Ania canaco ang sabon. Onsa nga sabon ang ana-a canimo? Ania canaco ang imong sabon. Onsa nga sinina ang na-a canimo? Ania canaco ang acong sinina. Daghan ba ang imong salapi? Daghan man ang acong salapi. Hain ba ang imong igso-on nga babae? Tua didto sa tanaman sa mga bulac. Hain ba ang imong amahan? Ania dinhi. II. Ma-ayong buntag canimo: comusta ca? Ma-ayo man ac calo-oy sa Dios. Taga di-in ca ba? Taga Espaa man ac. Taga di-in ca nga longsod? Taga Cornago. Hain ba ang acong libro? Ania canaco. Quinsa ba canang dalaga? Sia man si Catalina. Hain ba ang

acong caban? Tua sa bata. Na-a ba canimo ang acong mga vaso nga matahum? Ania canaco. Na-a ba canimo ang mga matahum nga cabayo sa acong mga silingan? Ual canaco. Quinsa ca ba? Ac man si Juan. Icao ba ang Amahan ni Pedro? Ac man. III. Hain ba ang acong libro? Sa ilalom sa silla. Hain ba ang acong calo? Tua sa ibabao sa lamesa. Tua ba ang calo co sa ibabao sa lamesa? Ual: tua sa ibabao sa higda-an. Guibasa mo ba ang libro? Page 95Ual co basaba. Pila ca libro ang guisult mo? Guisult co us. Sa nacapila ba icao nagbasa sa sult? Sa nacadaghan na. Sa nacapila ba icao naghilac? Sa nacalima. Tagpila ang sohol canimo ang adlao? Tagudha ca peseta, ang adlao. Pila ba ca tuig ang imong edad? Caluha-an ug pito ca tuig ang acong edad. Pila ba ca tuig ang iyang edad? Ual pa sia ug caluha-an ca tuig. Napas ca ba? Tagsa ca tao, tagsa ca gugma. Nahigugma ca ba matolog? Dili: nahigugma ac magsulti. Nahadluc ca ba ni-ining tao? Dili ac mahadluc cania. Onsa nga oras ang imong paghigd? Nagahigd ac sa pagsalup sa adlao ug mibangon ac sa pagsubng sa adlao. IV. Asa ca ba paiugn? Muadto ac didto sa Singbahn. Na-a ba canimo quining pluma, cun cadto ba? Ual canaco quini ug cadto, apan ania canaco cari. Canus-a sia minabut? Naca-abut sia cahapon maingon niaron. Hain ba sia? Tua sa balay. Nacapamolong ca ba ug binisaya? Ual pa. Guipalit co ang cabayo nga guihisgutan mo canaco. Canus-a guipalit mo sia? Cahapon. Asa ca bu-ut magdal canaco? Icapila quit caron? Sa icacaluha-an ug us ca adlao. Guisultihan co cadtong mga lalaqui nga guisultihan mo. Hain guisultihan mo sila? Guisultihan co sila sa dalan. V. Guiquita co ang mga batang diutay nga imong guihatagan sa mga libro; ug hinquit-an co upod, ang mga lalaqui nga imong guisultihan. Ang mga maquina-admanon macatuquib sa mga hata-as nga casayoran. Ang tao nga maloloy-on nalo-oy sa iyang isigcatao. Onsay bubuhaton mo? Dunay acong isulti sa mga tao. Anus-a ca ba magsulti canila? Caron gabi-i. Onsa nga oras? Sa las ocho y media. Na-a ba canimo ang acong sinina, cun ang sinina sa acong Page 96igso-on? Ania canaco ang usa ug us, Na-a ba canimo ang mga cintas nga bulaoan sa acoag inahan? Ual canaco. Hain ba? Tua sa acong igso-on. Mahagugma ca ba muguican? Dili ac mahagugma muguican. Ngano? Cay masaqut ac. VI.

Magsama ang cadaghan sa salapi co ug sa salapi mo. Magsama ba ang cadaghanan sa mga higala ug ang aco? Diriot pa ang among salapi sa ila. Quining libro diutay man, cadto labi pang diutay ug cari mao ang labing diutay sa ngatanan. Quining calo dac man, a pan cadto labi pang dac. Ang imong calo dac ba ingon sa aco? Ang acong calo dac pa dili ang i. Ang pagsulat sa imong mga anac tagingon ba sa pagsulat namo? Ang pagsulat nila labi pa dili ang i. Daghan pa ang salapi sa acong amahan sa bulaoan nia. Ang singsing mo dili ingon nga ma-anindut sa can Nanay. Ang imong amahan culang (less) sa quina-adman sa amahan co. Diriot pa ang acong bugs sa cap. Nagabasa ca ba sa masubsub ingon canaco? Guipatalinhog mo ba ang gui-ingon canimo sa imong igso-on? Guipatalinhog co. Ang Dios mao ang ualay ingon nga Amahan. VII. Ang imong pagsulti sama sa aco. Diriot pa ang lang mga libro dili ang ilang mga dula-an. Magsama ba ang cadaghanan sa mga libro mo ug ang aco? Diriot pa ang mga libro co sa imo. Magsama ba ang cadaghanan sa mga langgam sa atong amigo ug ang sa iyang mga pis? Daghan pa ang mga langgam dili ang mga pis. May catarungan cam sa pagsulti? May catarungan cam sa pagsulti, apan ual camoy catarungan sa pagputul sa acong mga cahuy. Duna bay imong tiempo sa pagbuhat? Dunay acong tiempo, apan dili ac bu-ut. Bu-ut ca ba mu-*palit Page 97bisan onsa? Oo, bu-ut ac mupalit us pa ca cabayo. Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa imong papel nga ma-ayo ug ang sa papel nga dautan? Magsama ang cadaghan sa us ug ang sa us. Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa dugs sa atong mga silingan ug ang sa ilang asucar? Daghan pa ang ilang dugs sa ilang asucar. Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa mga sinelas sa imong mga anac ug ang sa ilang mga sinina? Diriot pa ang ilang mga sinina dili ang ilang mga sinelas. Duna ac ing ihangyo canimo. VIII. Quinsa ba ang Pare? Ang Pare mao ang ilis sa Dios ug mao man usab ang amahan sa mga calg. Ma-anindut ba ang mga bulac? Oo, ang mga bulac ngatanan ma-anindut man, apan ang labing ma-anidut mao ang asucena, tungud cay sia man ang maga-asuy sa pagcaulay, sa pagcacastos, sa pagcaputli, sa pagcaualay sal ug sa pagcaputng. Taga di-in ca ba? Taga Aloran man ac, ang acong guinicanan taga Cornago, ang acong magulang taga Oroquieta ug ang acong manghod taga Tagbilaran. Bu-ut mo ba ipadal usa pa ca cabayo didto sa balay sa atong amigo? Bu-ut co ipadal ug daghan pa. Duha bay imong cuhaon? Mucuha ac ug bisan us. Onsa bay cuhaon mo? Mucuha ac ug vino. Duna bay guipacuha sa imong amanan? Oo, guipacuha nia ug vino. Quinsay guipacuha sa imong silingan? Guipacuha nia ang mananambal.

Nagahubo ba sa sinina ang imong sologo-on sa pagdagcut sa calayo? Nagahubo sia sa sinina sa pagdagcut sa calayo. IX. Anus-a ba muguican ang imong amahan? Caron adlao. Onsang orasa? Sa las cuatro. Asa ba sia paingon? Muadto sia sa Madrid. Mupatay ba ang carnicero ug mga vaca? Mupatay sia ug mga carnero, labon nga mupatay sia unta ug mga vaca. Guibocas Page 98mo ba ang calo sa pagsulti mo sa acong amahan? Guibocas co ang calo sa pagsulti cania. Muinm ca ba ug cap, cun ch ba, sa buntag? Muinm ac ug cap. Muinm ca ba ug cap sa buntagbuntag? Muinm ac ug cap sa buntagbuntag ug sa hapon-hapon. Onsay gui-inm sa imong amahan? Muinm man sia ug chicolate. Asa ba cutub naca-adto caniha sa buntag ang mga batanar diutay? Naca-adto sila didto cutub sa balay sa ilang ig-agao. Guicaoatan ca ba ug bisan onsa? Guicaoatan man ac sa us ca cabayo nga ma-ayo. X. Macasoroy-soroy ca ba idiay! ug dili ca ba maca-adto sa Singbahan? Dili ac macaadto sa Singbahan, cay masaqut ac. May gahm ca ba sa pag-antos niana? Ayao ca magpacama-alam, cay cabs icao ug hunahuna. Bu-ut ca ba magbuhat? Bu-ut ac magbuhat ug dili ac tugutan nila. Hain ba ang imong asaoa? Ambut. Anus-a guiquita mo sia? Naquita co sia sa las siete sa buntag. Quinsa ba ang imong guisultihan? Nagasulti ac sa acong igso-on nga babaye. Guisultihan mo ba sia sa adlao ngatanan? Onsay calingaoan ni-ining tao? Maoy us ca tampalasan nga nalingaolingao sa paginm ug sa pagsugl. Quinsa ba ang mga tao nga bag-o pa minabut? Taga Rusia man sila. Sa catapusan; miabut na ba ang imong amahan? Ang mga taong tanan muingon nga miabut na, apan ual co sia maquita. Nacadaut* ba ang mananambal sa imong anac? Nacadaut man cania, cay nacaputul sa todlo nia. XI. Miangay ca ba sa imong sologo-on? Miangay ac ca-ayo cania, cay mahibal sia sa ngatanan. Napauli ba ang imong igso-on guican sa Espaa? Napauli na sia guican sa Espaa, ug guidad-an ca nia ug us ca cabayo nga ma-ayo. Gui-ingn ba nia ang Page 99sologo-on nga hatdan ac nia niana? Gui-ingnon sia nga ihatud nia canimo. Onsa ba sa imong paghunahuna? Ma-anindut ug ma-ayo man, sa acong pagsabut, ug magahangyo ac canimo nga ihatud mo didto sa balay sa acong igso-on, cay aron maquita nia. Onsa ba ang imong calingaoan cahapon? Naca-*adto man ac didto sa balay sa acong ugangan, ug dihdih naca-adto man ac sa sayao. Canus-a ba nanaog cadtong tao dih sa atabay? Nanaog sia caniha sa buntag. Nacasac na ba sia

pagusb? Dugay na us ca oras nga minsac sia pagusb (or) (nga nagusb sia pagsac). Hain ba ang igso-on mo? Tua sa iyang cuarto. Bu-ut mo ba sia ingnon nga ma-*naog sia? Bu-ut ac, apan ual pa sia mag-ilis. XII. Onsay guipangabuhi sa among mga guinlioatan? Ang isd ug ang mga langgam nga bihag mao r ang ilang pagpangabuhi, cay sa adlao-adlao nanagat ug namusil man sila. Icao nagto-on sa imong leccin, ngano nga ual ton-i sa imong igso-on nga babae ang iya? Nagsoroy-soroy sia uban sa acong Inahan; busa, ual sia macato-on sa iyang leccin, apan ton-an nia ogm. Anus-a ba saoayon mo ang acong mga tema? Saoayon co cun dad-an mo ac sa mga tema sa igso-on mo. Nagahunahuna ca ba, nga nasayp ca dih nianang imong mga tema? Am-*but. Cun nasayp ca, ual ca magestudio pagayo sa imong mga leccin, cay quinahanglan ang pagto-*on ug ma-ayo sa mga leccin, aron dili quit ma-sayp dih sa mga tema. Mao sa guihapon; cun dili saoayon mo caron, dili ac magato-on niana hasta ogma. Quinahanglan ang dili pagcasayp dih sa mga tema; cay na-a man canimo ang ngatanan nga quinahanglan, cay aron dili ca masayp. Quinsa ba dih? Ac man. Quinsa ba canang mga tao? Ambut. Taga di-in ba sila? Taga America man sila. Ngano nga nagalingcod ca do-ol sa calayo? Matug-*nao ang acong camt ug ti-il, busa, nagalingcod ac Page 100sa dool sa calayo. Mabugnao ba ang mga camt sa imong igso-on? Dili, apan mabugnao ang iyang ti-il. Onsay guibati sa imong ig-agao? Masaqut ang iyang pa-a. Onsay saqut ni-ining babaye? Masaqut ang dila na. XIII. Us sa mga ayuda sa Cmara ni Luis XIV naghangyo ni-ining Principe sa paghigd nia, nga itugyan nia unt sa dac sa mga ministro ug us ca capolonganan (lawsuit) nia contra sa iyang ugangan, ug nagingn sa paghangyo cania: "Seor:* mao r ang imo ang pagpamolong ug us ca polong". Ma-ayo: matod ni Luis XIV, dili man can ang cabilinggan (which embarrasses me): apan sayri ac: (tell me) cun dih ca unt sa cabutangan sa imong ugangan mahimu-ut ca unt, nga ipamolong co canang polong? Cun muanhi unta ang mga tao, quinahanglan unt ang paghatag canila bisan onsa, nga imnn nila. Gun macahimo unt sia ni-ini, bu-ut sia unt magbuhat niadto. Nagapadayeg ac guihapon, igso-on co nga hinigugma, cay nahagugma ca canaco ingn sa paghigugma co canimo; apan, caron nail co, nga nasayp ac. Nasayod ac, igso-on nga hinigugma, nga nanuy ca canaco, cay nagsoroy-soroy ac sa ualay tingug co canimo, apan nagamatood ac canimo, nga cun masayod ac unt nga dili ca masaqut, anha-an ta icao unt; apan nangutana ac sa balay sa imong mananambal ug ma-ayo ca ba ug laoas, ug nagingn sia canaco, nga ualo na ca-adlao ang imong paghigd.

XIV. Duna ba unt imong salapi, cun dinhi unt ang imong amahan? Duna untay acong salapi, cun dinhi sia unt. Sa pagabut se us ca Oficial nga Frances didto sa corte sa Viena, guipangutana sia sa Emperatriz nga si Teresa, cun mito-o pa ba sia Page 101nga ang Princesa N. nga naquita nia cahapon, mao gayud ang babaye nga labing maanindut sa calibutan ingn sa guibantug. "Seora: mintubg ang Oficial, minto-o ac niana cahapon". Naonsa ba ang imong oyo-an? Sayran ta icao, cun naonsa ba sia: ania man dinhi ang siya nga guilingcoran nia sa masubsub. Namaty ba sia? Namaty man. Canus-a ba sia namaty? Dugay na, totol ca semana. Masaqut ug dac ang acong casingcasing. Ngano nga dili ca mulingcod? Cun bu-ut ca mulingcod sa acong luy, mulingcod ac upod; apan cun pauli ca, pauli usb ac. Bu-ut ca ba magingn canaco, cun naonsa ang igso-on mo? Bu-ut magingn canimo cun naonsa sia. Namaty ba sia? Ual sia mamaty. Naonsa ba sia? Na-adto man sia didto sa Manila. Naonsa ba ang imong mga igso-on? Dili macasuguilon canimo, cun naonsa ba sila, cay dugay na, unm ca tuig nga ual sil maquita. XV. Nganong guiablihn mo ang pult: dili ba maquita mo nga ma-as dinhi? Naquita co, apan quinahanglan ang pagabli sa ventana, dili nga (labn) ablihn unta ang pultahn. Ang ventana dili ma-abli ug ma-ayo, busa guiablihn co ang ventana. Anus-a ba sirhn mo? Sirhn co igo nga ualy as unt. May pulus ba (ang) sa pagsulti ca-ayo? Cun bu-ut quita magto-on ug us ca pinolongan nga dili caogalingon, may pulus sa pagsulti ca-ayo. Magsama ba ang pulus sa pagsult ug sa pagsulti? May pulus pa sa pagsulti dili sa pagsult, apan sa pagto-on ug usa ca pinolongan, quinahanglan ang pagsult ug ang pagsulti. May pulus ba sa pagsult sa ngatann nga guipamolong? Ualy pulus. Di-in nacuha mo quining libro? Nacuha co didto sa cuarto sa imong amigos. Ma-ayo ba ang pagcuha sa mga libro nga dili caogalingon? Dili ma-ayo, nasayod ac, apan quinahanglan co can, ug nagasalig ac nga dili manuy ang imong higala, cay iuli cania igo co basaha.Page 102 XVI. Quining tao nalain ca-ayo. Hain ba icao natao? Dili ac bu-ut inutug-an canimo. Cun dili icao muatubang cania, dili ac magsulti cania. Onsa-onsaon ba ang pagpamolong ni-ini? Cana dili arng ipamolong sa binisay. Quinahanglan ang pag-anad sa mga batang diutay cutub sa pagcabata, sa pagbuhat. Anad man ac sa pagsult. Dili ac macasangput sa binisay, cay ual acoy batasan sa pagsulti. Ang tao usahay mucataoa, usahay muhilac. Cun mahibal ac unt sa guibuhat mo.... Guitugutan mo ba ac sa pag-adto sa baybayon? Dili ta icao pa-adto-on didto. Dalion mo can

pagbuhat. Ngano nahigaoad si Fernando sa iyang asaoa? Si Toms nagamahay can Fructuosa ug si Fructuosa can Toms. Quinsa ba ang may catarungan? Silang duh ualy catarungan, cay si Toms bu-ut mucuha sa mga dula-an ni Fructuosa ug si Fructuosa, bu-ut mucha sa mga dula-an ni Toms. XVII. Asa ba cutub muadto quit? Muadto quit cutub sa Singbahn. Muadto ca ba cutub sa sub? Dili; muadto ac cutub sa Daois. Duna bay imong guicaoat usahay? Ual acy sugod mangaoat. Duna bay imong guitina? Guitina co ang acong calo. Onsay guitina mo? Maitm ang guitina co sa calo co. Guipatina mo ba ang imong calo? Verde ang guipatina co sa acong calo. Onsa nga calo ang tua sa bata? Duruh man ang iyang calo, ang us maputi ug ang usa maitm. Asa cutub quining dalan? Didto cutub sa Baclayon Hain ba nagapuy ang imong higala? Nagapuy sia dinhi dapit sa dalan. Tua ba ang tanaman sa mga bulac sa imong igso-on nga babae dinhi dapit cun didto ba dapit sa cacahuyan? Tua didto dapit. Masuc ca ba unt, cun muabt unt caron nga adlaoa ang imong inahan? Malipay Page 103ac unt hino-o, (rather). Nanuy ca ba canaco? Dili: nanuy ac can Valeriana, nga naca-adto sa sayao sa ualy tingug canaco. XVIII. Ma-ayo ba ang pagyubit maingn niana (thus) sa mga taong tann? Guiyubit co ang imong mga visti, dili ac magayubit sa inga taong tann. Quinsay maingnan ug dagoay sa anc mo? Ualy maingnan nia ug dagoay. Dili ca ba macapahalay nianang taoha? Dili ac macapahalay cania, tungud cay bu-ut sia mag-apas canaco sa lugus (sa linugsa-nay). Ual ba sia mabu-ang? Tingali cah. (It may be). Onsay tuyo nia? Ambut. Quinsay tag-iya nianang pusil? Ang acong oyoan maoy tag-iya. Quinsa ba cadtong mga tao? Ang nagavisti ug maputi mao ang acong silingan, ug ang nagavisti ug maitm, mao ang anc sa mananambal nga nacatampaling sa acong silingan. Daghan man ang mga maquina-admanon didto sa Roma, dili ba mato-od? nagotana si Milton sa us ca tao nga taga Roma. Dili man daghan inaingn sa didto ca pamitubg ang taga Roma. XIX. Ngano nga napado-ol ca nianang mga tao? Napado-ol ac canila, cay may pulus ac canila. Cun mudayon ca pa sa pagdo-ol canila, mangita ca sa mga casamucan, cay daghanan ang ilang mga ca-aoay. Nasayod ca cun hain ba ang ma-ayong calangoyan? Nasayod ac, cun hain dunay usa. Hain ba? Didto dapit sa tabc sa suba sa licd sa cacahuyan do-ol sa dalan. Anus-a ba quita mulangoy? Carn hapon cun bu-

ut ca. Bu-ut ca ba muhult canaco didto sa tungud sa pultahn sa longsod? Pa-abuton ta icao didto apan nagahangy ac canimo nga dili ca malimot. Nasayod ca na man nga dili ac malimot (mahacalimot) sa acong mga sa-ad. Nanuy ba canimo Page 104quining tao? Sa bu-ut co, (I think) nanuy sia canaco, cay dili ac magaduao cania, apan dili ac mahagugma umadto didto sa il, cay sa pagadto co, labon nga daoaton ac nia sa ma-ayong dagoay, ingn ug dautan sia ug dagoay (he looks displeased). Ngano nga mamingao ca ug dagoay? Dac nga mga calisud ang guibati co. Dili ca masuc ca-ayo, cay oonsaon ta man? Apan, Dios co! ngano naninggit ca maingn niana? XX. Pilay vale ni-ining panapton? Guibaligy co can sa tagotl ca cahate ang vara. Sa bu-ut co (it seems me) mahal ca-ayo. Bu-ut mo ba ipaquita canaco pipil ca bulus niining us ca panapton? Bu-ut ac magpaquita canimo niana. Angay ba canimo quining mapola? Dili angay canaco. Ngano nga dili angay canimo? Cay mahal caayo. Nagato-on ca ba ug binisay? Oo, nagato-on ac ug binisay. Quinsa ba ang imong magtoto-on? Ang acong magtoto-on maoy usa ca Pare nga Recoleto Magatodl ba sia usb ug Iningls? Oo, nagatodlo sia ug Iningls sa mga Filipino, ug quinachil sa iyang mga amigos sa Amrica Bu-ut ac macail cania, busa, nagahangy ac canimo nga ihatud mo ac didto sa ila Bu-ut ac unt masayod ngano cay dili ac mahibal magsulti ug ma-ayo ingn canimo? Ingnon ta; icao magsulti ug ma-ayo ingn canaco, cun dili ca unt mahadlucon; apan, cun nagto-on ca unt ug ma-ayo sa imong mga leccin, dili ca unt mahadluc magsulti, tungud cay sa pagpamolong ug ma-ayo, quinahanglan ang pagcasayod, ug quinaiya man sa tao nga dili mahibal ug ma-ayo sa guito-on nia, nga mahadlucon sia unt; cun nasayod ca pa unt nga dili ca masayp, dili ca unt mahadlucon. XXI. Onsa nga saqut ang guicamatyn sa imong igso-on? Ang hilanat maoy guicamatyn nia. Co-*inusta Page 105ang imong igso-son? Ang acong igso-on ual nay quinabuhi, dugay na us ca semana nga namaty. Ma-ayo man sia ca-ayo ug laoas sa tuig nga miagui sa didto pa ac sa Tagbilaran Onsay iyang guicamatyn? Ang buti (small pox) maoy namatyn nia. Comusta ang inahn sa imong amigos? Dili man ma-ayo, guihilantan sia cahapon sa us ca adlao (niadtong us ca adlao) ug caniha sa buntag guibalicn sia sa hilanat (the fever has returned). Guisaolo ba (learn by heart) sa imong mga tinon-an ang mga tema? Onahon nila ang pag-guisi, dili ang pagsaolo (They will rather tear them than learn by heart). Ngano nga nagahilc ang inahn sa atong sologo-on? Minhilac sia, tungud cay ang Pare nga atong amigos, nga nagalims cania, namaty dugay na upt ca adlao. Onsay guicamatyn nia? Ang pagcatigulang

(quinatigulang) maoy guicamatyn nia. Mutabang ca ba canaco sa pagbuhat, cun muadto quit sa Panglao? Tabangan ta icao sa pagbuhat, cun mutabang ca canaco pa pagpangita sa quinabuhi. Onsa ba quining mga ocbn sa paghunahua sa imong igsoon? Ma-ayo man ca-ayo sa iyang pagsabt (she likes them very well) apan matolotam-is (matam-istam-is, matod nia. Bu-ut ca ba maniodto dinhi? Bu-ut ac maniodto dinhi, cun guiandam mo ug ma-ayong can-on. XXII. Nacail ca ba sa mga cabayo? Nacail man ac. Bu-ut mo ba ac palitn ug usa? Cun bu-ut ca muhatag canaco ug salapi, palitn ta icao ug duruh. Nacail ba canng tao sa mga panapton? Dili sia macail ca-ayo. Onsa-onsaon mo ba pagpatigayon? Bu-ut ac magpaquita canimo cun onsa-onsaon co pagpatigayon. Onsa may bubuhaton co cay aron mahimbaloan co ang leccin, nga ipangutana nia ugm canaco? Ibutng mo sa limpio ang imong mga tema, buhaton mo ug totol, ug magestudio ca sa leccin nga sumund (next lesson). Onsa-onsaon ba Page 106sa imong igso-on ang pagtoon ug binisay sa ualy diccionario? Naga ayom-ayom sia lamang (he manages it) sa dacong cacugui. Naquita mo na ba ang acong anc? Ual co pa sia maquita. Comusta ba sia? Ma-ayo sia ca-ayo, dili ca macail cania, cay mintob sia ca-ayo (he has grown very tall) sa didit nga tiempo (in a short time) Onsa ba carn ang tiempo? Mainit man ca-ayo. Dugay na ba nga ual mag-oln? Dili: ug sa bu-ut co (I believe) may ons quit carn adlaoa. Tingali cah. Mahangin na, nagadalogdog; nadungg mo ba? Oo, nadungg co apan halay pa ca-ayo ang ons. Dili man halay ingn sa imong paghunahuna. Naquita mo ba nga nagaquilat Dios co! Pagcabascug sa oln! Cun musuld quit sa bisan di-in, magasalipd quit sa ons. XXIII. Sa didto ac sa longsod sa us ca adlao, nadaoat co ug us ca sult sa imong magtotoon, nga igamahay ca-ayo nia canimo. Ayao paghilc adto ca caron sa imong cuarto, magto-on ca sa imong leccin, ug magma-ayo ca; cun dili, dili ca maniodto caron nga adlaoa. Magama-ayo ac gayd, amahn co nga hinigugma, nga muangay ca nga tood canaco. Onsa may atong buhaton cay aron mapaladan quit? Higugmaon ug bubuhaton ni ang ma-ayong buhat, ug mapaladan cam dinhi sa yuta ug sa lain nga quinabuhi. Cay bu-ut quit mapaladan, bubuhatan ta sa ma-ayo ang mga pobres ug caloyan ta ang mga tao nga nalisdan. Sugtn ta ang atong mga magtoto-on, ug dili quit magpacasaquit canila sa guihapon. Onsa ba ang batasan sa acong anc canimo? Ma-ayo man ang batasan nia canaco, cay ma-ayo ang iyang batasan sa mga taong tann, Ang iyang amahn nag-ngn cania sa masubsub: ang batasan sa ubn dili man

cun dili usa ca aningal sa atong batasan; cun ma-ayo ang atong batasan canila, dili atong pa-abuton ang batasan nila nga maayo canato.Page 107 XXIV. Comusta ca? Ma-ayo man sa pagsilvi canimo cun dunay imong sugo. Ug comusta didto sa i ang imong guinicanan ug ang imong mga igso-on? Ma-ayo man sil sa dacng calo-oy sa Dios. Sa tungud canimo, ualy quinahanglan sa pagpangutana, cay ma-ayo ca man ca-ayo ug ang imong dagoay mao ang labing ma-ayo sa ngatanan. ? Bu-ut ca ba maglingcod? Aniay us ca siya. Dili ac bu-ut maglingao-lingao canimo sa imong mga buhat, nasayod ac nga mahal ca-ayo ang tiempo sa mga comerciante. Carn ual acy buhat; sa pag-agui co dinhi, bu-ut lamang ac mangutana ug ma-ayo ca ba ug laoas. Dios magbayad. Onsa ba nga oras? La una y media. La una y media, matod mo, ug dinhi sa acong orasn, las doce y media man. Tabi canimo, ual pa magbagting sa la una. Nagamato-od ac canimo nga la una y media na, cay ang acong orasn nagalacao sa ma-ayo (cay ma-ayo ang paglacao sa acong orasn). Quinsa ba ang naca-abut? Naca-abut ang acong ig-agao, con. Di-in ba sia guican? Guican sia sa Manila. Nadugay ba sia ca-ayo didto sa dagat? Nadugay sia napol ug lim ca adlao, cay dautn ca-ayo ang tiempo. Guipalt mo ba quining calo didto sa Manila? Ual co palita, guiregalo canaco sa acong ig-agao nga bag-o pa miabut. XXV. Ngano nga nasamocan ang imong inahn? Nasamocan sia tungud cay ual sia dumaoat ug sult sa iyang anc nga tua didto sa Espaa. Dili sia unt masamocan tungud cania, cay bisan mangita sia guihapon sa mga casamocan mahibal man sia maggaos niana. Sa tuig nga miagui, sa pag-adto namo sa pagpamusil, guicagabhian cam halay ca-ayo sa amo. Hain ba cam nabuntagn? Sa sinugdan nasamocan ac ca-ayo, apan ang imong igso-on, ual sia hino-o: nagapahinay canaco (sa acong casamuc)busa, nauad-*an Page 108ac sa casamocan. Sa catapusan, hinquit-an namo usa ca payg ug didto cam nabuntagn. Didto naqnita co ang cacugui sa imong igsoon. Pipila ca caoayan ug us ca bugcus nga sagbut guipacahigdaan nia sa ma-ayong higda-an. Us ca boteya guipacacandelero nia, ug sa duruh cun totol ba ca langgam guibuhat nia ug us ca panihapon nga ualy ingn. Sa paghimat namo sa buntg, ingn ug napaholay ug ma-ayo cam maingn sa pagcatolog namo unt sa labing maayong higda-an sa calibutan. XXVI. Ngano nga nanuy (nasuc) ca can Juan? Cay nacaquita man sia guihapon ug mga sayp sa ngatann nga naquita nia. Onsay casayoran niana? Ang casayoran niana

mao nga dili ac bu-ut magsulti canimo, cay bacacon ca man. Bu-ut ca ba masayod ngano nga ual sulata sa imong igso-on ang iyang mga tema? Cay maculi man ca-ayo. Nagtucao sia sa tibo-oc nga gabi-i, ug ual sia macasult niana, cay canng tema dili mahimo nia Igo naquita ac ni Pedro, nagsugud sia sa pagsulti ug binisay sa pagsumaysumay, ug daghanan ang iyang pagabi-abi canaco: busa usahy dili ac mahibal, cun onsa ba ang itubg co. Mao ra ang buhat sa iyang mga igso-on; bisan pa niana, ma-ayo man sil ca-ayo nga tao; dili lang cay sapian ug mahigugmaon sil cun dili nga malolot ug magbubuhat sila usb sa ma-ayo. Nahagugma sil canaco sa minato-od gayud, busa man, nga guihigugma co sil usb ug dili ac muingn guihapon nga macadaut ac canila. Dac pa ngani unt ang paghigugma co canila, cun dili unt maga-abiabi sil ca-ayo; apan, tags ca tao dunay iyang mga sayp, ug ang aco mao ang pag-hisgut sa ilang pag-abiabi. XXVII. Natahap na man ac, nga gui-uhao ca ug nga Page 109guigutum ang iniong igso-on, busa man ngani, guidal ta cam dinhi. Bisan pa niana, masaquit ang acong bu-ut, cay dili ac muquita sa imong inahn. Ngano nga dili ca muinom ug cap? Cun dili pa ac catolgon, muinom unta ac. Ubus ca na catolgon, ubus ca na matugnao; ubus ca na gutmon, ubus ca na uhao-on. Us ca tao, sa pagquita nia nga nagasalamin ang mga tigulang sa pagbasa, naca-adto sia sa balay sa us ca comerciante; ug nangayo man sia ug inga antiparas. Nacuha niadtong tao ug us ca libro, ug sa human na nia ablihi, miingon sia nga dili man ma-ayo ang antiparas. Guitaga-an sia sa comerciante sa uban nga labing ma-ayo nga naquita nia sa iyang tindahan, apan, cay ual sia usb macabasa, nangutana cania ang comerciante "higala co, nahibalo ca ba magbasa?" Cun mahibalo ac unta magbasa, matod nia, dili co unta quinahangla-non* ang imong antiparas. XXVIII. Sa pagpamusil niadto sa Emperador uga si Carlos V naual sia didto sa cacahuyan, ug sa pag-abut nia sa us ca balay, minsulud sia didto cay aron magpahuay. Didto niadtong balaya duna may upt ca tao nga nagapacatolg. Ang usa nagbacod, ug sa pagdo-ol nia sa Emperador nag-ingon cania nga nagdamg sia nga caoaton nia unta ang iyang orasn, ug guicaoat nia. Dihdih (then) nagbacod ang us ug nag-ingn cania nga nagdamg sia nga angay unta cania ang pagpangaoat cania sa iyang colopo, ug guicaoat nia. Ang icatol nangaoat sa bolsa. Sa catapusan: nagbangon ang icapat ug nag-ingon cania: nagapa-abut ac nga dili ca manuy cun susihon ta icao, ug sa pagsusi nia, iyang naquita sa li-og sa Emperador ug us ca bulaoan nga cadena nga hinigtan sa us ca pito nga bu-ut nia caoaton cania, apan ang Emperador nag-ingon cania: higala co nga ma-ayo, sa dili mo pa ac cuha-an ni-ining hias, ipaquita co

canimo ang iyang gahm, ug sa pagpa-*molongPage 110nia ni-ining mga polong, nagtaghoy sia. Ang iyang mga tao nga nangita cania, nanigom didto dapit sa baly ug naningala sil sa pagquita nila sa Emperador dih nianang pagcabutang. Apan, ang Emperador sa pagquita nga nacagaos na sia sa ca-*lisud mi-ingon sia: ani-a quining mga tao nga nag-*damgo sa ngatann nga ilang bu-ut. Bu-ut ac usb magdamgo; ug sa human na sia naghunahuna sa macadit, mi-ingn sia: nagdamgo man ac, nga tacs bitayon silang tann. Sa pagcahuman ni-ining mga polong. dihdih guibitay sila sa atubangan sa balay. CatapusanPage 111

A Table of the Particles and their Passives.

Particles. Present Past. Naga. Nagapa. Naga Nagapa Nag Nagpa Maga Magapa Future. Mag Magpa Imperative. Infinitive. Present Future. and Past. Mag Magpa Gui Guipa Guipaca Guica Guihi Na Guica Na Guipa Paga Ipa, Pa Pag Pagpa Iga, Ica i, on, an i, on, an

Imp. and Infinitive.

Iga or ica.

Nagapaca. Nagapaca Nagpaca Magapaca Magpaca Magpaca Nagaca. Nagahi. Naca. Naca. Mi. Na. Nanag. Nan. Naqui. Naquig. Naha, Nahi. Napa. Nasig. Nasighi. Nangi. Nanhi. Nagaca Nagahi Naca Naca Mi Na Nanag Nan Naqui Naquig Naba, i Napa Nasig Nasighi Nangi Nanhi Nagca Naghi Naca Naca Min Na Nanag Nan Naqui Magaca Magahi Maca Maca Mu Ma Manag Man Maqui Magca Maghi Maca Maca Um Ma Manag Man Maqui Magca Maghi Pagca Pagca Ma Manag Man Pagpaqui

Pagpaca, Pagpaca, , on, an Paca Paca Pagaca Pagahi Ma Ca Ma Pa Pagca Ma Ma Panag Pa Ipaquig Paha

, on, an

Hi, paghi , on, an

, , an

Ca, pagca , , an

, , i, on, an i, on, an

, , an

Guipanag Panag Guipaqui Ipaqui Hin Hi

Ipagpaqui i, , an

Naquig Maquig Naha, i Maha, i Napa Nasig Nangi Nanhi Mapa Masig Mangi Manhi

Maquig Pagpaquig Guipaquig Paquig Maha, i Paha, pagpaha Pa Masig Mangi Manhi Pa Pasig Mangi Panhi

, ,

, ,

, on, an

, , i, ,

Nasighi Masighi

Masighi Pasighi

, ,

Guipangi Guipangi Pangi Guipanhi Guipanhi Panhi

, , an

Nanig. Nanum. Nani.

Nanig Nanum Nani

Nanig Nani

Manig Mani

Manig Mani

Pagpanig Pagpani

Guipanig Guipanig Pagpanig , , an Guipani Guipani Pani, pagpani

Nanum Manum

Manum

, ,

, on, an

Page 113

TABLE
Containing a small dictionary of the words in general use for the benefit of the learners.

SUBSTANTIVE NOUNS
Ang Dios. Ang Dios nga Amahan. Ang Dios nga Anac. Ang Dios nga Espritu Santo. Ang Santos uyamut nga Trinidad. God. God the Father. God the Son. God the Holy Ghost. The holy Trinity. Ang atong Guino-ong Jesucristo. Our Lord Ang The Jesus Manunubus. Redeemer. Christ

Ang Mamamaui. The Saviour. Ang Magbubuhat. The Creator. Ang The Macagagahm sa Almighty. ngatanan. Ang mahal nga Virgen. The blessed Virgin.

Us ca binuhat sa A creature. Dios. Quing tibo-oc nga The nature. calibutan. Ang calg. Ang laoas. Ang langit. The soul. The body. The heaven.

Ang himaya sa langit. Ang Angel. Ang Santos. Ang Matarung. Ang Bulahan.
Page 114

The glory. The Angel. The Saint. The Just. The Blessed. The Martyr. The Prophet. The Apostle The Patriarch. The Hell. The Devil, Satan, Demon.

Ang Martir. Ang Manalagna. Ang Apostol. Ang Pangolo sa banay. Ang Inpierno. Ang Yaoa.

Ang hinocman sa The damned. inpierno. Ang Pinilian. Ang Purgatorio. Ang mga calg. Ang Abat. The Wicked. The Purgatory. The Souls in purgatory. The Phantom.

ABOUT THE ELEMENTS

Ang calayo. Ang hangin. Ang yuta. Ang tubig. Ang Dagat. Ang tubig nga ma-asgad. The fire. The air, wind. The earth. The water. The Sea. The brackish water.

ASTROLOGICAL NOUNS
Ang adlao. The sun.

Ang bulan. Ang bito-on. Ang panganod. Ang planeta. Ang bito-on nga icogan. Ang mga sidlac sa adlao. Ang cahayag. Ang cadolom. Ang cangitngit. Ang calamdag. Ang cabugnao. Ang cainit. Ang dag-om. Ang olan. Ang tolo sa olan nga mibactot. Ang alingasa. Ang yamg.

The moon. The star. The small cloud moving before the wind. The planet. The comet. The rays of the sun. The brightness. The darkness. The utter darkness. The clarity. The cold. The heat, warm. The cloud. The rainfall, shower.Page 115 The hail, hail-stone. Sultry weather. The dew.

Ang yamg nga mibactot tungud sa tugnao The hoar frost. Ang talisic nga mibactot tungud sa tugnao. The snow. Ang gabon. Ang ons. Ang bagio. Ang dalogdog. Ang quilat. Ang linti. Ang linog. Ang us ca paglonop. Paglonop sa calibutan Ang balangao. The fog, mist. The storm. The whirlwind typhoon. The thunderclap. The flash. The thunderbolt. The earthquake. An overflow of waters. The deluge. The rainbow.

THE TIME
Ang higayonan. Us ca adlao. Ang linacuan sa us ca adlao. Ang banagbanag. Ang sidlac sa adlao. The opportunity. A day. Journey. The dawn. The sunrise.

Ang buntag. Ang odto. Ang hapon. Ang gabi-i. Ang tungang gabi-i. Ang salup sa adlao. Adlao nga igasingba. Adlao nga piesta. Adlao nga igabuhat. Adlao nga igapoasa. Us ca minuto. Us ca oras. Us ca semana. Us ca pagpilc, Ang piesta sa mga Santos ngatanan. Ang pasco sa pagcatao.

The morning. The noon. The afternoon. The evening, night. Midnight. The sunset. Mass-day. Holiday. Work-day. Fast-day. A minute. An hour. A week.Page 116 A moment. Feast of All Saints. Christmas.

THE FAMILY
Ang tao. Ang lalaqui. Ang babaye. Ang amahn. Ang inahn. Ang anac nga lalaqui. Ang anac nga babaye. Ang igso-on nga lalaqui. Ang igso-on nga babaye. Ang apohan nga lalaqui. Ang apohan nga babaye. Ang icaduha nga apo. Ang icaduha nga apong babaye. Ang apong lalaqui. Ang apong babaye. Ang icaduha nga apo. Ang icaduha nga apong babaye. Ang ama-ama. The man, person. The man. The woman. The father. The mother. The son. The daughter. The brother. The sister. The grand father. The grand mother. The great-grand father. The great-grand mother. The grandson. The granddaughter. The great-grandson. The great-granddaughter. The stepfather.

Ang ina-ina. Ang oyo-an. Ang aya-an. Ang pag-umangcon. Ang pag-umangcon nga babaye. Ang ig-agao nga lalaqui. Ang ig-agao nga babaye. Ang balo. Ang pagcabalo. Ang abian. Ang ig-agao itagsa. Ang bayao. Ang ugangan. Ang umagad, masamong. Ang binalaye. Ang inanac sa buag. Ang inahn sa buag. Ang amahn sa buag. Ang mga caubanan. Ang bana. Ang asaoa. Us ca batang lalaqui. Us ca batang babaye. Us ca olitao. Us ca dalaga. Ang pagcabata. Ang pagcatigulang. Ang pagcahimtang sa tao. Ang ilong tolapus.

The stepmother. The uncle. The aunt. The nephew. The niece. The cousin (male.) The cousin (female.) The widow. The widowhood. The friend. First cousin. The brother-in-law.Page 117 The father-in-law. The son-in-law. The daughter-in-law. The godson. The godmother. The godfather. The relations. The husband. The wife. A child (male). A girl. A bachelor, unmarried man. A unmarried woman, maid. The childhood. The old age. The manhood. The orphan, helpless.

THE BODY
Ang laoas. Ang mga tolan. Ang lutahan. Ang mga luhaluha. Ang olo. The body. The limbs. The juncture of bones. The knuckles. The head.

Ang otoc. Ang tingcoy. Ang toboan. Ang tangcogo. Ang li-og. Ang bohoc. Ang dungandungan. Ang agtang. Ang quilay. Ang dalonggan. Ang mat. Ang calimutao. Ang tabontabon. Ang pilocpiloc. Ang ilong. Ang bohoc sa ilong. Ang ilong pislat. Ang ilong matalinis. Ang naong. Ang panaoay. Ang aping. Ang baba. Ang ngabil. Ang lag-os. Ang dila. Ang langagngag. Ang totonlan. Ang ngipon. Ang tango. Ang bag-ang. Ang apapangig. Ang solng. Ang bungut. Ang balahibo. Ang abaga. Ang licod. Ang talodtod.

The brain. The cerebelum. The crown, or top of the head. The nape of the neck. The neck. The hair. The temple (of the head.) The forehead. The eyebrow. The ear. The eye. The apple of the eye.Page 118 The eye-lid. The eye-lash. The nose. The nostril. The flat-nose. The sharp nose. The face. The features. The cheek. The mouth. The lip. The gum (of the teeth.) The tongue. The palate, taste. The throat. The tooth. The eye-tooth. The mill tooth. The jaw-bone. The chin. The beard. The nap, wool. The shoulder. The back. The spine, back-bone.

Ang bocoboco. Ang cotocoto. Ang dughan. Ang soso. Ang gosoc. Ang casingcasing. Ang atay. Ang baga. Ang amimislon. Ang agulela. Ang tian. Ang quilid. Ang posod. Ang bologan. Ang apdo. Ang pantup. Ang ihi. Ang dug. Ang tae. Ang igot-igot. Ang lubut. Ang sampot. Ang mga ogat. Ang mga bocg. Ang bocton. Ang iloc. Ang sico. Ang popolan. Ang camt. Ang too. Ang uala. Ang todlo. Ang cubal. Ang ti-il. Ang biti-is. Ang singcol. Ang ticod.

The scapula. The pit of the stomach. The breast. The teat, dug. The rib. The heart. The liver. The lungs. The kidney. The spleen. The belly. The side. The navel. The groin. The gall, bile.Page 119 The bladder. The urine. The blood. The excrement, flux. The rump, croup. The anus (the orifice of the rectum.) The backside. The nerves, veins. The bones. The arm. The arm-pit. The elbow. The wrist. The hand. The right-hand. The left-hand. The finger. The corn (on the feet.) The foot. The calf of the leg. The ankle. The heel.

Ang pa-a. Ang lapalapa. Ang tuaytuay. Ang tohod. Ang coco. Ang otoc. Ang onod. Ang tamboc. Ang panit. Ang bigote. Ang luha. Ang sipon. Ang loa. Ang singot. Ang muta. Ang pagsigma. Ang pagsid-oc. Ang paghagoc. Ang paglabgao. Ang cataoa. Ang tingog. Ang polong. Ang catahm. Ang cangil-ad. Ang ca-ayo sa laoas. Ang catamboc. Ang canioang. Ang calugo. Ang cont. Ang saquit sa olo. Ang saquit sa bag-ang. Ang hilanat. Ang obo. Ang buti.

The thigh. The sole of the foot. The knee-pan. The knee. The nail. The marrow. The flesh, meat. The fat. The skin, hide. The moustache. The tear. The mucus. The spittle. The sweat. The lippitude. The sneeze. The hiccough.Page 120 The snoring. The gaping. The laugh. The voice. The word. The beauty. The ugliness. The health. The robustness. The weakness. The wart. The wrinkle. The headache. The toothache. The fever. The cough. The small-pox.

CORPORAL SENSES, SENSATIONS AND QUALITIES

Ang pagquita. Ang igsilinghot. Ang igtitilao. Ang ihilicap. Ang igdolongog. Ang paghilac. Ang pag-agolo. Ang pagcataoa. Ang cahubac. Ang nuca. Ang pono. Ang tibdas. Ang so-ol. Ang hibolos. Ang samad. Ang huadhon.
Page 121

The sight. The smell. The taste. The touch. The hearing. The weeping. The groaning. The laughing. The asthma. The itch. The scab. The measles. The griping. The hemorrhage. The wound. The gangrene.

THE SOUL
Ang calg. Ang mga galamhan sa calg. Ang panumduman. Ang salabutan. Ang cabubut-on. Ang ihibalo. Ang icasanasana. Ang ca-alam. Ang quina-adman. Ang calimut. Ang sayp. Ang gugma. Ang casilag. Ang pagto-o. Ang paglaom. Ang pagsalig. The soul. The power of the soul. The memory. The understanding. The will. The reason. The imagination, fancy, idea. The science. The wisdom. The forgetfullness. The mistake, fault. The love. The hatred. The faith. The hope. The confidence.

Ang cahadluc. Ang pagdaet. Ang calipay. Ang camingao. Ang cayugot. Ang duhaduha. Ang catahap. Ang butangbutang. Ang hunahuna. Ang casina. Ang caligutgut. Ang calo-oy. Ang calo-od.

The fear; dread. The peace. The mirth, gaiety. The sadness. The grief, anguish. The doubt. The suspicion. The slander. The thought. The envy. The anger, wrath, fury. The mercy, clemency. The reluctance.

CLOTHING AND SHOES

Ang calo. Ang sinina. Ang calsones. Ang sapin. Ang corbata. Ang sinelas. Ang nauas. Ang pao. Ang pinangco. Ang sudlay. Ang aretes. Ang singsing. Ang bucala. Ang solod. Ang medias. Ang calcetines. The hat. The shirt. The trousers. The shoes.Page 122 The necktie. The slippers. The petticoat. The handkerchief. The chignon. The side comb. The ear-ring. The finger-ring. The bracelet. The comb with large tooth. The stockings. The socks.

SEWING MATERIALS
Ang dagom. Ang dedal. Ang sudlan sa dagom. The needle. The thimble. The needle-case.

Ang gunting. Ang hilo. Us ca lugs. Ang tagacan. Ang igagama.

The scissors. The thread. A needlefull of. The work-basquet. The silk.

FOODS AND DRINKS

Us ca pan. Us ca ad-ad. Ang asucal. Ang asin. Ang sicolate. Ang mga utan. Ang patatas. Ang camates. Ang manteca. Ang sabao. Ang gatas. Ang tubig. Ang vino. Ang serbesa. Ang queso. Ang itlog. Ang seboyas. Ang bugs. Ang panacot. Us ca tipac. Ang hamon. Ang pastel. Ang ginebra. A loaf of bread. A slice of bread The sugar. The salt. The chocolate. Vegetables. The potatoes. The tomatoes. The lard. The broth. The milk. The water. The wine.Page 123 The beer. The cheese. The egg. The onions. The rice. The pepper. A piece. The ham. The cake. The gin.

DIGNITIES
Ang Emperador. Ang Hari. Ang Guino-o. Ang agalon. The Emperor. The King. The Lord. The Master, owner.

Ang ilis sa hari. Sinugo sa hari. Amba. Marques. Administrador. Conde. Duque. Ministro. Tribunal nga labao. Ang Oidor. Ang Alcalde.

The Vice-roy. Ambassador. Governor. Marquis. Administrator. Count, Earl. Duke. Minister of state. Court of justice. Auditor. Mayor.

RELIGION
Singbahan. Capiya. Altar. Sacrista. Buagan. Altar mayor. Compisal. Ualihan. Lubnganan. Lungon. Ang Sacerdote. Ang aclitos. Ang calis. Ang vinaheras. Ang manteles. Corporal. Ang insensario. Ang pagbuag. Ang pagcompilma. Church. Chapel. Altar. Sacristy. Baptistery. High-altar. Confessionary. Pulpit. Cemetery.Page 124 Coffin. The Priest. The assistant, clerk. The chalice. The cruets. Altar-cloth. Corporal, altarlinen on which the communion bread and wine are put to be consecrated. The thurible. Baptism. Confirmation.

Ang pagcompisal. Penance. Ang pagcalaoat. Holy Eucharisty.

Ang paghilog. Ang pagorden. Ang pagcasal.

Extreme-unction. Holy Orders. Matrimony.

ECCLESIASTICAL DIGNITIES
Ang Santos nga Papa. Ang caparian. Ang Ponoan. Ang Cardenal. Ang Arzobispo. Ang Obispo. Ang Prroco. Ang Cristan. Ang rgano. Ang organista. Ang campanas. Ang campanario. Ang campanero. The holy Pope. The clergy, Priesthood. The Prelate. The Cardinal. The Archbishop. The Bishop. The Parish priest. The Parish clerk. The organ. The organist. The bells. The belfry. The bell-ringing.

SET OF TOOLS
Ang bacbac. Ang palo. Ang quimpit. Ang limbas. Ang gabas. Ang uasay. Ang lucub. Ang langsang. Ang langsang nga quinauitan. Ang compas. Ang regla. Ang tigib. Ang landasan. Ang bingcong. The hammer. The small hammer.Page 125 Smith's tongs. The file. The saw. The axe. The auger. The nail. The tenterhook. Pair of compasses. The ruler. The chisel. The anvil. The adze.

THE CITY

Us ca longsod. Ang balay. Ang dalan. Ang saoang. Ang catedral. Ang laoigan Ang mga goa sa longsod. Ang tianggi. Ang palacio. Ang bilanggoan. Ang catindahan. Ang mga parol. Ang correo. Ang escuelahan. Us ca barrio. Ang cabecera. Ang concejal. Ang abogado. Ang ayutamiento. Ang policia. Us ca policia. Ang aduana. Ang tulay.
Page 126

A town. The house. The street. The square. The cathedral. The harbour. The suburbs. The market. The palace. The prison. The stores. The lamp post. The post-office. The school. A ward. The capital. The alderman. The lawyer. The city hall. The police. A policeman. The custom-house. The bridge.

THE HOUSE
Ang balay. Ang hagdan. Ang ang-ang. Ang sulud. Ang salas. Sulud nga higda-an. Ang salug. Ang ventana. Ang pulta. The house. The stair-case. The stairs, steps. The room. The parlor. Bed-room. The floor. The window. The door.

Ang yauihanan. Ang yaue. Ang calibangan. Ang atabay. Ang cosina. Ang caligoan.

The lock. The key. The water-closet. The well. The kitchen. The bath-room.

THE FURNITURE
Ang lamesa. Ang higda-an. Ang banig. Ang onlan. Ang habol. Ang lingcoranan. Ang mesedora. Ang butaca. Ang sop. Ang camap. Ang lamparahan. Ang colon. Ang taclob. Ang calaha. Ang dapog. Ang agipo. Ang agio. Ang baga. Ang as. Ang sug. Ang hunaoan. Ang pamahiran. Ang sacapuegos. Ang dila-ab. The table. The bed. The mat. The pillow. The sheet. The chair, seat. The rocking chair. The arm-chair. The sofa. The lounge. The lamp. The clays pot. The lid, cover. The frying-pan. The hearth. The firebrand. The embers. The red-hot, coal. The smoke. The light.Page 127 The basin. The towel. The match. The flame.

QUADRUPEDS
Ang mananap. Ang cabayo. The animal. The horse.

Ang ir. Ang ilag. Ang iring. Ang toro. Ang vaca. Ang nati sa vaca. Ang baboy. Baboy nga ihalas. Ang osa. Ang canding. Ang cornejo. Ang boot, basin. Ang calabao. Ang nati sa carnero. Ang panon. Ang songay. Ang balahibo. Ang panit. Ang coco. Ang balucag. Ang ti-il. Ang luconlucon. Ang simud. Ang icog.

The dog. The rat, mouse. The cat. The ox, bull. The cow. The calf. The pig. Boar. The deer. The goat. The rabbit. The squirrel. The buffalo. The lamb. The flock. The horn. The wool, hair. The skin, side. The hoof, nail. The mane. The foot. The ham, upper part of the leg. The snout. The tail.

FOWLS AND BIRDS

Ang langgam. Ang sangquil. Ang bang. Ang manaol. Ang oac. Ang perico. Ang manoc. Ang sonoy. Ang pis. Ang salapati. The bird. Bird of prey. The kite, falcon.Page 128 The eagle. The crow, raven. The parrot. The hen. The cock. The chicken. The pigeon.

Ang cuyabog. Ang tocmoc. Ang tulihao. Ang itic. Ang pungog. Ang cabg. Cabiao. Ang sayao-sayao. Ang pavo. Ang gorrion. Ang canario. Ang songo. Ang pac. Ang quigol. Ang salag. Ang halua, tangcal. Ang tagoc.

The young pigeon. The turtle-dove. The witwall. The duck. The owl. A big bat. Bat The swallow. The turkey. The sparrow. The canary. The beak. The wing. The tail. The nest. The cage. The bird-lime.

REPTILES AND INSECTS

Ang buhaga. Ang halas. Ang saoa. Ang tiqu. Ang talot. Ang ibid. Ang baqui. Ang banayao. Ang olahipan. Ang alibangbang. Quinhason. Ang tabangcay. Ang olud. Uati. Bitoc. Ang laoalaoa. Ang hormigas. The cricket. The snake. The boa-serpent. The lizard (indian). The eft. A kind of lizard. The frog. The scorpion. The centipede. The butterfly. Any small shellfish. The snail. The worm.Page 129 Worm bred in the earth. Worm bred in the body. The cobweb-spider. The ants.

Solong. Ang gangis. Ang dolon. Ang lugton. Ang banagan. Ang pulga. Ang dugh. Ang coto. Ang lus. Ang langao. Ang namc. Ang limatoc. Ang lapinig. Ang putiocan. Panon sa putiocan. Ang soyod. Ang odlan. Ang dugs.

A kind of ants. The grass hopper. The locust. The locust brood. The lobster. The flea. The bug-bed bug. The louse. The nit. The fly. The gnat. The leech. The wasp. The bee. Swarm of bees. The sting. The honeycomb. The honey.

FISH AND SHELL-FISH

Ang isda. Ang bongansiso. Ang lumbalumba. Ang tangigi. Ang anduhao. Ang balitobong. Ang tamban. Ang talab. Ang alimango. Ang tatus. Ang pasayan. Ang tuay. Ang guinams. Ang bacalao. Ang tipaca. Ang himbis. The fish. The whale. The tunny. The gilt. The mackerel. The salmon. The sardine. The oyster. The craw-fish. The crab. The shrimp. The clams. The brine-fish. The cod-fish. The shell.Page 130 The scale.

Ang bocg. Ang hasang.

The fish-bone. The tonsil.

FLOWERS
Ang bulac. Ang rosa. Ang puyus. Ang violeta. Ang clavel. Ang dahon. Ang salingsing. The flower. The rose. The bud. The violet. The pink. The leaf. The stem.

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Ang limon. Ang ocban. Ang siriguelas. Ang tibod, milon. Ang atimon. Ang saging. Ang rbano. Ang ongcug. Ang apio. Ang libgos. Ang tamboali. Ang tabios, mongos. Ang cubasa. Ang parras. Ang palia. Ang manga. Ang coles. Ang higos. The lemon. The orange. The plum. The melon. The water-melon. The banana. The radish. The cucumber. The celery. The mushroom. The squash. A kind of lentils. The pumpkin. The grapes. A bitter vegetable very stomachic. The manga-fruit. The cabbage. The figs.

LAND AND AGRICULTURE

Ang banua, oma. Ang hacienda. The land, field. The farm.Page 131

Ang buquid. Ang capatagan. Ang bunayan. Ang ualg. Ang lanao. Ang baquilid. Ang calapocan. Ang sap. Ang bat. Ang bals. Ang langob. Ang lapoc. Ang lasang. Ang cahoy. Ang sang. Ang bonga. Ang dug. Ang binhi. Ang tanm. Ang tanaman. Ang daro. Ang galab. Ang pala. Ang sarol. Ang ohay. Ang dagami. Ang lugs. Ang inani.

The mountain. The plain. The meadow. The valley. The swamp. The hill. The quagmire. The brook. The stone. The sand. The cave. The clay, mud. The forest. The tree. The branch. The fruit. The sap. The seed. The plant. The garden. The plow. The sickle. The shovel. The hoe. The ear of corn. The straw. The grain. The harvest. Ang sub. The river.

SEA
Ang dagat. Ang laod. Ang sulangan. Ang looc. Ang daplin. Ang honas. The sea. The gulf. The strait. The creek. The shore. The ebb-tide.

Ang taob. Ang balod. Ang onos. Ang bagio. Ang sacayan. Baranggayan. Bilos. Pangco. Salisipan. Baroto. Ang dolong. Oling. Ang quilid. Ang onayan. Ang layag. Ang bansalan, timon. Ang sinipit. Ang gayon, gaod, bugsay.

The flood-tide. The swell of the sea.Page 132 The storm. The typhoon. The vessel. A long-boat with oars. A kind of canoa. A kind of canoa. A kind of canoa. Canoa. The prow of a ship, bow. Poop, stern. The side of a ship. The keel of a ship. The sail. The helm, rubder. The anchor. The oar.

VIRTUES AND VICES

Catarungan. Cadaot. Pagto-o. Paglaom. Paghigugma. Ca-ayo. Ca-ulay. Ca-ligdon. Ca-ugdan. Ca-ulao. Ca-lolot. Ca-mato-od. Pagilob. Caputli. Cabu-ang. Calalang. Virtue. Vice. Faith. Hope. Charity. Charity. Purity, chastity. Modesty. Gravity. Shame. Generosity. Truth. Paciencie. Honesty. Madness. Artifice, craft.

Casina. Limbong. Ticas. Caulag. Cahacug. Pagsapao. Bacac. Causic. Cataspoc. Paghimu-ut. Catac. Pagcaualay pagtamud. Pagpalabilabi. Catalao. Ang ualay pagto-o. Ang pagbia sa paglaom. Cahacug sa pagcaon. Cahubog. Pagtamay sa Dios. Paghinangop sa Dios. Pagpatay sa tao. Pagpatay sa caogalingon nga laoas. Pagpangaoat. Cagobt. Casaba. Pagbudhi. Paglibac. Us ca baaga. Tampalasan. Us ca matistis. Us ca palautang. Us ca bacacon. Us ca sugarol. Us ca daguinotan. Us ca malolot. Us ca andacon.

Envy. Fraud, cheat. Trick. Lewdness. Covetousness.Page 133 Adultery. Lie. Prodigality. Laziness. Pleasure. Slowness. Ingratitude, unthankfulness. Pride. Cowardice. Incredulity. Despair, anger. Gluttony. Intoxication. Impiety. Piety, mercy, pity. Homicide, crime. Suicide, crime. Robbery. Revolution. Tumult. Treachery. Backbiting. A rascal. Malicious. A mercy, gay man. A deceitful man. A lier. A player. Avaricious. A open-handed. A boaster.

THE MOST IMPORTANT ADJECTIVES

Ma-ayo. Dautan. Talamayon. Maquina-admanon. Ualay quina-adman. Dagc. Diutay. Mabaga. Matamboc. Supang. Manioang. Manipis. Masingpot. Hata-as. Hamob. Halagpad. Masigpit. Hago-ot. Matul-id. Matarung. Baliquig. Balic. Bag-o. Da-an. Magahi. Mahumuc. Malomo. Maga-an. Pono. Ualay solud. Gucab. Maculi. Masayon. Matam-is. Mapait. Good. Bad. Contemptible. Wise, learned.Page 134 Ignorant, stupid. Big, great. Small, little. Corpulent, bulky. Big, fat, thick. Bulky person. Thin, lean. Fine, thin, light. Very dense, thick applied to woven goods. Tall, lofty, high. Low, small. Wide. Narrow. Tight. Right. Just. Twisted. Unjust. New. Old, ancient. Hart, solid. Soft. Gentle. Light. Full. Empty. Hollow. Difficult. Easy. Sweet. Bitter.

Maasgad. Maaslom. Mahaoan. Mahugao. Mainit. Mabugnao. Matugnao. Mamala. Mabasa. Maomal. Malig-on. Maisug. Maluya. Matahm. Maanindut. Mangil-ad. But. But sa picas. Libat. Pi-ang. Buctot. Opao. Mama. Gacod. Bungol. Lulid. Nuca. Pon-on. But. Hangol. Maligsi. Dupalog. Bulahan. Palad-an. Ualay palad. Mato-od. Dili mato-od.

Saltish. Sour, sharp. Clear, clear. Dirty. Warm, hot. Cold. Freshness, cold. Dry.Page 135 Wet. Damp, humid. Strong (house). Strong (man). Weak. Beautiful. Pretty. Ugly. Blind. One-eyed. Squinting-squint. Lame, handless. Humpbacked. Bald. Dumb, mute. Stutterer. Deaf. Crippled. Itchy. Scabby. Virulent. Poor. Nimble, light. Rough, dull. Happy. Lucky. Unfortunate. Certain. False.

Masulub-on. Mamingao-on. Maibugon. Masuco. Mabusug. Mahupong. Bu-ang. Bu-ut. Masinabuton. Ualay panagana. Palabilabihon. Ualay sal. Sala-an. Tigbacac. Malimbongon. Maolag. Mau-ulao-on. Maligdon. Lampingasan. Mangahason. Tamastamason. Maquigaoayon. Tapolan. Matinahoron. Mahinoclogon. Burung. Mabangis. Tigpamalus. Masuquihon. Magahi ug bu-ut. Mausicon. Hingaon. Ualay buhat. Abian. Ca-aoay. Matistis.

Melancholy. Sad, gloomy. Capricious. Angry, fretful. Glutted. Satisfied. Fool, mad. Prudent. Intelligent, clever. Imprudent. Haughty.Page 136 Innocent. Guilty. Lying. Cheat. Lewd. Shameful. Serious. Impudent, barefaced. Audacious. Insolent. Quarrelsome. Lazy. Corteous. Merciful. Clumsy. Cruel. Revengeful. Disobedient. Stubborn. Spendthrift. Great eater. Idle, lazy. Friend. Foe, enemy. Merry fellow. Malolot. Generous. Maulay. Chaste.

Malomo ug cagauian. Simpathetic.

Maputi. Maitom. Mapola. Madalag. Asul. Maitomitom. Morado. Velde.

White. Black. Red. Yellow. Blue. Brown. Violet. Green.

THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS

Study. Pagestudio. Pagto-on. Pagto-on sa olo, pagsaolo. Pagsingcamut sa pagto-on. Pagcugui sa pagto-on. Pagtodlo. Pagsaysay. Paggama sa hunahuna. Pagtocod. Pagbasa. Pagsulat. Pagfirma. Pagsaoay. Pagsayop. Pagpans. Paghoad. Paghubad. Pagsugud. Pagdayon. Pagtapus. Paghingpit. Paghibalo. Pagalam. Pagdumdum. To study.Page 137 To learn. To learn by heart. To apply one's self to study. To be diligent to learn. To teach. To explain. To invent, to discover. To compose. To read. To write. To sign. To correct. To mistake. To blot. To copy. To translate. To begin. To continue. To finish. To perfect. To have notice of. To know. To remember. Pagcalimt. To forget.

Pagsanasana. Pagbadlong.

To form an idea. To blame.

CONVERSATION
Pagloas. Pagpamolong. Pagingon. Paguali. Pagsinggit. Pagtiabao. Pagsugil. Pagsugilon. Pagbantug. Pagsangyao. Paghilom. Pagtaoag. Pagpangutana. Pagtubag. Pagbalibad. Pagsultisulti. Pagpahibalo. Pagpanagana. Pagsogo. Pagsugut. Pagtug-an. Pagpamato-od Paglimod. Pagpacadautan. Pagpacama-ayo. Pagpalaban. Pagcasaba. Pagsaoay. Pagindigindig. Pagaoay. To pronounce. To speak. To say, tell. To preach. To cry out. To scream, cry. To refer, report. To tell, relate. To proclaim. To make know.Page 138 To be silent. To call. To ask, question To answer. To excuse. To talk. To advise. To foreknow. To order. To obey. To declare. To certify. To deny. To reject. To approve. To defend. To reprehend. To upbraid. To dispute. To wrangle.

TO EAT AND DRINK

Paggutum. Pagpangaon. Paginom. Paguhao. Pagusap. Pagtolon. Pagsoyop. Paghigop. Pagtilao. Pagpicas. Pagad-ad. Pagpoasa. Pagpamahao. Pagpaniodto. Pagpanihapon. Pagdapit. Pagcahubg. Dili paghilis sa quinaon. Pagpulus sa quinaon. Pagtilap.

To be hungry. To eat. To drink. To be thirsty. To chew. To swallow. To sip. To suck, sip. To taste. To divide, cut. To carve, cut. To fast. To breakfast. To dinner. To sup. To invite. To intoxicate.Page 139 Indigestion. To nourish. To lick, lap.

LIFE
Pagcatao. Paghimogso. Pagbuag. Pagcabuhi. Pagcatobo. Pagtamboc. Pagnioang. Pagmio. Pagmabdos. Paganac. Pagpasoso. Pagbalo. Pagtigulang. Pagcamatay. To be born. To bring forth. To baptise. To live. To grow. To fatten. To weaken. To marry, wed. To be pregnant. To bring forth. To give suck. To become widow. To make old. To die.

Pagluboug. Pagsonod sa cabilin. Pagcabanhao.

To bury. To inherit. To revive.

TOILET
Pagalut. Pagvisti. Paghubo. Pagligo. Paghilamus. Paghunao. To shave. To dress. To take off the dress. To bathe. To wash one's self the face. To wash one's self the face.

BED
Paghigda. Pagcatalog. Paghimat. Pagpucao. Pagtabiog. Pagtucao. Paghagoc. Pagbangon, bacod. To go to bed. To sleep. To wake.Page 140 To awake. To stir, rock. To watch, to keep awake. To snore. To arise, to get up from a bed.

NATURAL ACTIONS
Pagcataoa. Pagngisi-ngisi. Paghilac. Pagpanghayhay. Pagpanghupao. Pagbahaon. Paglabgab. Paghoyop. Pagtaghoy. Pagpamati. Pagpatalinghog. Paglua, luda. To laugh. To smile. To weep. To sigh. To sigh, long for. To sneeze. To gape, yawn. To blow, puff. To hiss, whistle. To listen, hearken. To be attentive. To spit, salivate.

Pagsignga. Paglua sa dug. Pagsingot. Pagquita. Pagtan-ao. Pagdongog. Pagsinghot. Pagcahumt. Pagcabah. Paglami. Paghicap. Paghubag. Pagcaodas. Pagihi. Pagotot. Pagcalibang.
Page 141

To blow one's nose. To vomit blood. To sweat, perspire. To see. To behold, look. To hear. To smell. To smell well. To smell nasty. To give a relish, a zest. To touch. To swell, inflate. To scratch, touch (bad sense). To make water. To break wind. To go to stool.

Pagtoroc sa bonga sa singot. To be fleabitten, to be with rash, to be full of fleabites.

LOVE AND HATRED

Paghigugma. Pagbu-ut. Paghimmu-ut. Pagolo-olo. Pagabi-abi. Pagibid-ibid. Pagamoma. Pagdayeg. Paggacus. Paghaluc. Pagbadlong. Pagsaoay. Pagcastigo. Pagsilot. Paghampac. To love. To wish, will. To be pleased with. To flatter. To court, greet, salute. To fondle. To breat, kindly. To praise. To embrace. To kiss. To advise. To blame. To chastise. To mulct. To whip.

Pagtamay. Pagyubit. Pagmahay. Paghomot. Pagbalus. Pagpasaylo. Pagbalus ug ma-ayo. Pagbayad. Pagdomot. Pagcasilag. Pagbia. Pagcaulao. Pagpangahas. Pagsamoc. Pagsumbong. Pagbalidad. Pagpasangil. Pagsogot. Paghocom. Pagdaut-daut. Pagpaquigaoay. Pagdaug Pagpadaug. Pagpanulay. Pagagao. Pagcaoat. Pagpatay. Pagbon. Pagsamad. Pagbonal. Pagdayeg. Pagtonglo. Pagtabang. Pagtubus. Pagbaui. Pagbilanggo. Pagbitay.

To despise. To scoff. To complain. To threaten. To revenge. To pardon. To reward. To pay. To bear rancour to. To hate. To abandon. To be shamed. To dare to. To trouble. To accuse. To excuse. To reproach. To obey. To sentence. To damage. To wrangle. To conquer, again. To be won.Page 142 To tempt. To despoil. To rob, spoil. To kill. To wound, betray. To wound, hurt. To beat with a stick. To brag. To curse, slander. To help. To redeem. To ransom. To capture. To hang.

Pagigpit.

To compress the neck in the instrument called a garrote.

MEMORY AND UNDERSTANDING

Pagcabut sa hunahuna. Paghunahuna. Pagpalandong. Pagila. Paghibalo. Pagalam. Pagbu-ut. Pagoyon. Pagbut. Pagcabildo. Pagtimbang sa bu-ut. Pagpaquigsabt. Pagtag-an. Pagmatngon. Pagsingcot. Pagtingoha. Pagasoy. Pagsayod. Pagpanghinaot. Pagpa-abut. Pagcahadluc. Pagcalisang. Pagcaculba. Pagbacac. Paghanip sa hunahuna. Pagpaningon. Pagsusi. Paglipay. Paghimu-ut. Pagcasob. Pagcamingaa. Pagcayugot. Pagpo-ol. To conceive. To think. To meditate. To know. To have knowledge of. To be learned. To wish, desire. To agree, submit. To grow blind. To confederate. To exaggerate. To deliberate. To hit upon. To attend. To search. To procure, try. To explain. To instruct. To desire. To wait.Page 143 To fear. To be frightened. To be frightened. To tell lies. To disemble, hide, cloak. To imitate, copy. To inquire. To be gladded. To be pleased. To be saddened. To be afflicted. To be afflicted. To be weary.

Pagsuco. Pagcaligutgut. Pagpungot. Pagpoypoy. Paglucmay.

To become angry. To grow angry. To be in a rage. To become quiet. To soften anger.

RECREATIONS
Pagduladula. Paglingaolingao. Pagcanta. Pagsayao. Pagdula. Pagpacadaog. Pagdaog. Paglocso. Pagambac. Pagdalagan. Pagsacay sa cabayo. Pagdalagan sa cabayo. To amuse. To amuse one's self. To sing. To dance. To play. To gain, win. To lose. To leap, jump. To jump down. To run. To ride. To trot, to make a horse trot.

ILLNESS
Pagalima sa masaquit. Pagtambal. Pagayo-ayo.
Page 144

To take care of a sick. To medicine. To grow better. To fall back. To grow worse. To purify, purge. To syringe. To wash a wound. To stop blood. To see the fathom of the wound. To be confined to one's bed on acount of sickness. To talk nonsense. To breathe one's last, expire.

Pagbughat. Pagsamut. Pagpurga. Pagpageringa. Paghonad sa samad. Pagtampoy sa dug. Pagtugna sa samad. Paghigda sa banig. Pagyamyam. Pagting.

MOVEMENTS
Paglihoc Pagtandug. Pagadto. Paganhi. Paglacao. Pagbalic. Pagpauli. Pagsibut. Pagpado-ol. Pagtindug. Paglibodlibod. Pagpanamilit. Paglicay. Pagsonod. Paglusot. Pagdacup. Pagsandig. Pagholog. Pagpangdol. Pagtonob. Pagirug. Pagpahalayo. Pagsulud. Paggoa. Pagsaca. Pagcanaog. Pagagi. Paglabay. To move one's self. To move. To go. To come. To walk. To return (here). To return (there). To go backward. To approach. To raise. To loiter about. To bid one fare well. To fly, escape. To proceed, follow. To slide, ship. To seize. To lean upon. To fall. To stumble. To tread. To retire. To deviate. To enter, come in.Page 145 To go out. To ascend. To descend. To go though, pass for. To pass by.

HANDIWORKS
Pagbuhat. Pagandam. Pagsira. Pagpiyong. To make, work. To make ready. To shut, close. To shut the eyes.

Pagtac-om. Pagcomcom. Pagpicot. Pagbuc. Pagnganga. Pagbuclad. Pagbila. Pagpaita-as. Pagsacoat. Pagyab. Pagaoas. Paghunob. Pagbasa. Paghumod. Pagumol. Paghumoc. Paggahi. Pagosoag. Paglagpad. Pagcomsod. Pagdaro. Pagcalot sa yuta. Pagpugas. Pagtanom. Paggalab. Pagbunglay. Pagtimbang. Pagtagcus. Pagbadbad. Pagbalictos. Pagondoc. Pagani. Pagtabon. Pagbucas. Pagtago. Pagpacaquita. Paghugao.

To shut the mouth. To shut the hand. To shut the legs. To open the eyes. To open the mouth. To open one's hand. To open the legs. To raise, elevate. To heave, hold up. To pour. To overflow. To ooze. To wet. To wetted. To dampen. To soften. To harden. To extend, expand. To wide. To diminish. To plough. To dig. To sow. To plant. To reap. To weed. To weigh. To tie. To untie.Page 146 To knot. To heap. To gather the corn at harvest time. To cover. To uncover. To hide. To find. To stain.

Pagbuling. Pagpahid. Paghinlo. Pagsilhig. Pagputi. Paglog-o. Pagpamala. Pagpaoga. Paghugas. Paglampaso. Paginit. Pagbugnao. Pagpintal. Pagliloc. Pagbadlis. Pagpatic. Pagtocod. Pagguba. Pagbolda. Pagpo-oc sa bulaoan. Pagpo-oc sa salapi. Paghalup. Pagbuho. Paglangsang. Pagtahi. Pagbilic. Pagtapac. Pagpil. Paglit-ag. Pagpuyo sa ualay buhat.
Page 147

To soil. To cleanse. To embellish. To sweep. To white wash. To rinse the glasses. To air, refresh. To dry, parch. To rub, scour. To swab. To heat. To cool. To paint. To engrave. To draw, sketch. To mark, note. To build. To destroy, waste. To embroider. To gild. To plate with silver. To set (a jewel). To pierce. To nail. To sew. To spin. To patch, mend. To fold. To catch birds with knots. To be idle.

TO BUY AND SELL

Pagpaquicomercio. Pagpalit. To apply one's self to trade. To buy.

Pagbaligya. Pagpaquigsabut sa bili. Pagbili. Pagbutang sa bili. Pagbali. Paghangyo. Paghalin. Paghulam. Pagpahulam. Pagpautang. Pagbayad. Pagdaginot. Pagpoto. Pagusic.

To sell. To adjust the price, to agree. To value. To tax, rate at. To be valuable. To haggle. To dispatch. To lend. To borrow. To owe. To pay. To economize. To ruin. To squander.

ABOUT THE WORSHIP TO GOD

Pagsingba. Paghap. Pagtambong sa misa. Pagpalangdong. Pagpangamoyo. Pagpangadye. Pagsantos sa piesta. Paglohod. Pagcompisal. Pagcalaoat. Pagbalic sa Dios. Paghinulsul. Pagpacasala. Pagcasayop. Pagholog sa inpierno. Pagdangat sa langit. Pagbia sa pagcacristianos. Pagamong-among sa mga butang nga cristianos. Pagpanumpa. Pagpatampalas sa Dios. To adore. To prostrate one's self. To hear mass. To meditate. To supplicate, beg. To pray. To keep the holy day. To kneel down. To confess. To communicate. To return to God. To repent. To sin. To fault. To be condemned. To be salved. To apostatize.Page 148 To profane, violate. To swear, to make oath. To blaspheme.

ABOUT THE TIME

Pagdag-om. Pagadlao. Paghulao. Pagolan. Pagalindahao. Pagolan sa olan nga natibo-oc. Pagolan sa mga tolo nga mibactot. Pagquilat. Pagdalogdog. Paglinti.
Page 149

To be cloudy. To be clear. To be dried. To rain. To drizzle. To snow. To hail. To lighten. To thunder. To thunder strike.

INDEX.

Bisaya Alphabet First LessonOf the article Second LessonOf the Noun Third LessenOf the Cardinal Numbers o Ordinal Numbers o Partitive and distributive Numbers and Vicenal numbers Fourth LessonOf the Pronouns o Demonstrative Pronouns o Possessive Pronouns o Relative Pronouns Fifth LessonOf the Adjective Sixth LessonDiminutive Adjectives Degrees of Comparison Seventh LessonUnitive Particles Eighth LessonThe Verb Ninth LessonOf the verb To be o The verb To have Tenth LessonThe adjective Verbs Eleventh LessonOf the Passives Twelfth LessonSome rules upon the Passives Thirteenth LessonOf the Particles Fourteenth LessonOf the Imperative and Impersonal

Present Participles or Gerunds Fifteenth LessonInfinitive Sentences Sixteenth LessonOf the particles Pa and Iga Seventeenth LessonOf the Particle NagapaPage 150 Eighteenth LessonOf the Particle Nagapaca tt Nineteenth LessonOf the Particle Naca Twentieth LessonOf the particle Naca causal Twenty first LessonOf the Particles Mi and Na Twenty second LessonOf the particles Nanag and Nan Twenty third LessonOf the particles NaquigNaqui Twenty fourth LessonOf the particles Naha, Nahi, Napa, Nasig, Nasighi, Nangi, Nanhi, Nanig, Nanum, Nani Twenty fifth LessonImpersonal Verbs Twenty sixth LessonDefective Verbs Twenty seventh LessonPractical Sentences Twenty eighth LessonPractical Sentences Key to the Exercises Table of the Particles and their Passives
Page 151

ERRATA
Pag. Column. Line. Says. 5 8 13 14 14 17 21 22 32 37 41 55 55 58 1 1 1 2 1 1 10 22 22 20 4 25 20 6 33 18 4 25 9 29 Enhlish Elderst. Nive. Conmandmen. Younh. Nex. Must be said. English. Elder. Nine. Commandment. Young. Next.

Guino-o pasayloa came. Guino-o pasaylo-a cam nga mga macasasala. Expresed. Pasivo. Tings. Kill. Awails. Oar Lord spended. Scolar. Expressed. Passive. Things. Kills. Avails. Our Lord spent. Scholar.

64 69 88 100 118

1 1

7 28 36 8 1 27 25 35 7 23 10

I orderer. the Bisay adialect. peaple. sa mga higala ug ang aco. A Tabla. Paciencie. Molicious. Clear.(2. o) Pagdayeg. Hav knoledge of. Camingaa.

I ordered. the Bisaya dialect. people. sa mga higala mo ug ang aco. A Table. Patience. Malicious. Clean. Pagparayeg. Have knoledge of. Camingao.

140 2 141 2 142 2 150 1 2 151 1