Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
! ! ! !
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve Elastic-Beam Theory Moment-Area Method Conjugate Beam Method
=0 roller or rocker
=0 pin
fixed-connected joint
1 2
=0 =0 fixed support
pin-connected joint
fixed-connected joint
3
fixed-connected joint
4
-M
inflection point
+M -M
-M
inflection point P
inflection point
inflection point
P1 A B C D
P2 M -M
+M x
inflection point
10
P1
P2 +M -M x
inflection point
11
Elastic-Beam Theory
w P M dx x x
s = x M x
s x
Before deformation
After deformation
12
Moment-curvature relationship O
s = x y x
s x
x s = ( )
x' = ( ) y
Before deformation
After deformation
M EI = 1
Curvature
O
dx = d
d =
dx
s = x y x
s x
x s = ( )
M dx EI
------(8-2)
Before deformation
After deformation
14
If we chose the axis positive upward, and if we can express the curvature (1/) in terms of x and , we can then determine the elastic curve for the beam.
d 2 / dx 2 = [1 + (d / dx) 2 ]3 / 2 1
Therefore,
M d 2 / dx 2 = EI [1 + (d / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
( d 2 ) 0 dx
d 2 M = 2 dx EI
15
w A B
x1 x2 x3
P C D
d 2 M = 2 dx EI
------(8-3)
16
Sign Convention
+w
+M
O'
+ +M
+ elastic curve
+V
+V
+d +
ds +dx
+d
+x
17
Boundary condition
Continuity Conditions
=0
roller or rocker
1,2
a A
x1
P B
b C
x2
=0
pin
at point B, x1 = x2 = a,
1 (a ) = 2 (a )
=0 =0 fixed support
1 ( a) = 2 (a )
18
integration Constants
d 2 M = 2 dx EI
PL P L
Slope () Deflection ()
d dx
M = dx = ( I1 ) + C1 EI
(I
+ c1 )dx = I 2 + C2
x M EI
I1
d dx
C1
I2
C2
19
Cantilever Beam
PL
A P
P B
Moment-curvature relationship
d 2 M = 2 EI dx d 2 1 ( PL + Px) = 2 dx EI
V P
L P + Px x x
d 1 Px 2 = ( PLx + ) + C1 dx EI 2
(1) (2)
M -PL + Px x
PL2 2 EI
1 PLx 2 Px 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 EI 2 6
d -PL C1 = 0 dx
Boundary Condition
( d ) x =0 = 0 dx
C2 = 0
d 1 Px = ( PLx + ) + C1 > C1 dx EI 2
2
=0
x
PL3 3EI
( ) x =0 = 0
PLx 2 Px 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 > C2 = 0 20 EI 2 6
0 1
Simply Support
P B L/2 P/2 x
Moment-curvature relationship
d 2 M = 2 EI dx
x P/2 L/2
V P/2
P x 2
1 Px d 2 = ( ) 2 dx EI 2
d 1 Px 2 = ( ) + C1 dx EI 4
-P/2 PL/4 x x
1 Px PL ( ) EI 4 16
2 2
(1) (2)
M
d dx
1 Px 3 = ( ) + C1 x + C2 EI 12
Boundary Condition
( ) x =0 = 0
C1
C =0 2
0 1 Px = ( ) + C1 x + C2 > C2 EI 12
3
=0
x
PL3 48EI
d ) x =L / 2 = 0 dx
1 Px 3 PxL2 ( ) EI 12 16
1 Px 2 d PL2 = ( ) + C1 > C1 = dx EI 4 16 EI
L/2
21
Simply Support
w B L
wx 2 wLx M= + 2 2
Moment-curvature relationship
d 2 M = 2 EI dx
wL/2
1 wx 2 wLx d 2 = ( + ) 2 dx EI 2 2
d 1 wx 3 wLx 2 = ( + ) + C1 dx EI 6 4
(1) (2)
1 wx 4 wLx 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 EI 24 12
wx wLx M 2 2
d dx
x wL2/4 wL/2 x x
Boundary Condition
( ) x =0 = 0
0 1 wx 4 wLx 3 = ( + ) + C1 x + C2 > C2 = 0 EI 24 12
x =L = 0
C1
C2 = 0
5wL4 384 EI
Example 8-1 The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic curve and the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.
P B 2a a C
23
x1 A P/2 V
P 2 M
x2 B 2a 3P/2 P +
P 2
P C
a P x
1 = (
M x1 EI
3
) dx)dx ( 2)
Px 1 = 1 + C1 x1 + C2 12 EI
x
M x1 = P x1 2
-
Boundary conditions
Pa
M x2 = Pa + Px2
1 1
x1 = 0
= 0; = 0;
C2 = 0
x1 = 2 a
Pa 2 C1 = 3EI
24
x1 A P/2 V
P 2 M
x2
P C
Double Integration of x2
d 2 2 M x 2 Pa Px2 = = + 2 EI EI EI dx2
2 M x2 d 2 Pax2 Px2 = ( )dx = + + C3 (3) dx2 EI 2 EI EI
B
2a
B a 3P/2 P
P + x
P 2
2 = (
M x2 EI
dx)dx
2 3
Pax2 Px 2 = + 2 + C3 x2 + C4 ( 4) 2 EI 6 EI
x
M x1 = P x1 2
-
Boundary conditions
Pa
M x2 = Pa + Px2
2
d1 dx1
x2 = 0
= 0; d = 2 dx2
C4 = 0
x1 = 2 a
2 Pa 2 C3 = x2 = 0 ; 3EI
C = 2
x2 = a
Pa 3 Pa 3 2 Pa 3 Pa 3 = + = 2 EI 6 EI 3EI EI
d C = 2 dx2
x2 = a
Pa 2 Pa 2 2 Pa 2 7 Pa 2 = + = EI 2 EI 3EI 6 EI
25
x1 Conclusion A
Pa 2 2 d1 Px1 = + C1 3EI dx1 4 EI Pa 2 0 3 3EI Px 1 = 1 + C1 x1 + C2 12 EI
x2
P C
A
2a
B a 3P/2 P +
P 2
P/2 V
P 2
C
P x
M
P M x1 = x1 2
-
x
Pa
2
M x2 = Pa + Px2
C1 = A
Px1 x1 = A + 4 EI
x
7 Pa 2 = C 6 EI x Pa 3 C = EI 26
C3 = B C2 = 0 = A C4 = 0 = B
Example 8-2 The cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.
A L
B L
27
P PL P A Cubic L V P
+
P x x -PL+ P(x1) = Mx Mx
x1
-
-PL PL A P x1
Vx
P PL P A L B L
1 Px 2 d = ( PLx + ) (1) 2 dx EI
1 PLx 2 Px 3 = ( + ) (2) 2 6 EI
BC = B + B ( x L)
PL3 PL2 )+( )( x L) = ( 3EI 2 EI
29
Conclusion
P PL P V A L P
-
B L
d PL ( ) x=L = dx 2 EI
2
( ) x = L = ( ) x:L 2 L
PL 3EI
x x
x
PL2 2 EI
Parabola
PL2 Horizontal 2 EI
-
x
5PL3 6 EI
30
Cubic
PL3 3EI
Straight line
Example 8-3 The simply supported beam shown is subjected to the concentrated force P. Determine the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
P A 2a C a B
31
P A
P/3 x1 x2
B
2P/3
Segment AC
d 21 M 1 1 P = = ( x1 ) 2 EI EI 3 dx1 d1 1 P 2 = ( x1 ) + C1 dx1 EI 6 (1)
( 2)
2a
P/3
x
-2P/3 2Pa/3 M = 2 P a 2 P x 2 2 3 3
P M 1 = x1 3
1 =
1 P 3 ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 EI 18
Segment AC
1 2 Pa 2 P d 2 2 M 2 ( = = x2 ) 2 3 EI EI 3 dx2 d 2 1 2 Pa 2P 2 = ( x2 x2 ) + C 3 dx2 EI 3 6 (3)
(4)
32
2 =
1 2 Pa 2 2 P 3 ( x2 x 2 ) + C 3 x2 + C 4 18 EI 6
P A
P/3 x1 x2
B
2P/3
1 2P 2P 2 d 2 ( = ax2 x2 ) + C3 (3) 6 dx2 EI 3 1 2P 2P 3 2 2 = ( ax2 x2 ) + C3 x2 + C4 (4) 18 EI 6
0 = 0 + 0 + C2 (1*)
2a
C a
Boundary Conditions (1 ) x1 =0 = 0 ;
( 2 ) x2 =a = 0 ; (1 ) x1 = 2 a = ( 2 ) x2 =0 ;
0=
d1 dx1
=
x1 = 2 a
d 2 dx2
;
x2 = 0
1 P ( (2a) 2 ) + C1 = 0 0 + C3 EI 6 2 Pa 2 C3 = 9 EI
(4*)
4 Pa 2 C1 = 9 EI
C2 = 0
4 Pa 3 C4 = 9 EI
33
P A
P/3 x1 x2
B
2P/3
2a
1 2 Pa 2 P 2 2 Pa 2 d 2 ( ) = x2 x2 + 6 9 dx2 EI 3
1 2P 2 P 3 2 Pa 2 4 Pa 3 2 ax2 x2 + x2 2 = ( ) 18 9 9 EI 6
Maximum Deflection
d1 dx1 = 0;
max
1 P 2 4 Pa 2 d1 ( x1 ) = 9 dx1 EI 6
x1 = 1.633a
max
x1 =1.633 a
Summary
P A
P/3 x1 x2
B
2P/3
2a
P/3
x
-2P/3 P/3(2a) M = 2 P a 2 P x 2 2 3 3
M EI
d dx
P M 1 = x1 3
1.633a
2 Pa 2 C3 = 9 EI
4 Pa 2 C1 = 9 EI
C2 = 0
x
Pa EI
3
max = 0.484
4 Pa 3 C4 = 9 EI
35
Example 8-4 From the beam shown determine the slope at supports , the maximum deflection of the beam and the deflection at C. Take E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.
1 kN/m A 3m B C 1m
36
BL
B C 2.667 kN 1m x2 1 + -1.667
BR
Boundary condition 1) Deflection at support is zero (a) 1| x1= 0 = 0 (b) 1| x1= 3 = 0 x (c) 2| x = 0 = 0 2 2) The left of slope and the right of slope at B are equivalent (d) x d1 dx1 = d2 dx2
x1=3
x2=0
Segment AB
A 1.333 kN x1
Moment Curvature
0.0058 rad 3m
B C 2.667 kN 1m x2
1.333 kN
The Slope at A
2
from (1) : at x1 = 0 ,
0
(1)
( 2)
2
0
3
1 2 x1 d x ( A = ( 1 ) x1 =0 = 1 ) + C1 6 dx1 EI 3
1 2 x1 x1 1 = ( ) + C1 x1 + C2 EI 9 24 Boundary Condition
A = C1 = A =
7 8 EI
(a) 1 x =0 = 0 : C2 = 0
1
(b) 1 x =3 = 0 : C1 =
1
7 8 EI
= 0.005833 rad
1 kN/m A 1.333 kN x1
The Maximum Displacement
(1)
(2)
= 0
3m
max
B C 2.667 kN 1m x2
1 2 x1 x1 7 1 = ( ) x1 EI 9 24 8 EI
max when
max = -5.171 mm
39
Segment BC
1 kN/m A 1.333 kN 3m x1
Moment Curvature
1 kN/m
x2 Mx2 Vx2
2
B C 2.667 kN 1m x2
1 kN + Mx2 = 0: M x2 =
1 x + x2 2 2 2
x2
Boundary Condition
2
1 1 d 2 2 x ( + x2 2 ) = 2 2 EI 2 dx2 d 2 1 x2 x2 x = ( + 2 ) + C3 2 6 dx2 EI 2
2 3
(c ) 2
x2 = 0
= 0 : C4 = 0
d1 dx1 =
x1 =3
d 2 dx2
x2 = 0
3
2 3
0
2
0
3
1 x2 x x 2 = ( + 2 2 ) + C3 x 2 + C 4 EI 4 6 24
1 kN/m A B 3m x1
Displacement at C
3.33 mm C 1m x2
x x 1 x2 5 ( x2 2 = + 2 2 )+ EI 4 6 24 8 EI
1 2 3 4 x2 x2 1 x2 5 ( )+ C = 2 x2 =1 = + x2 EI 4 6 24 8 EI
=
3 5 12 + = 24 EI 8 EI 24 EI
C =
Conclusion A
x1 1 kN/m
x2
BL
B C 2.667 kN 1m 1 + -1.667 x
BR
(rad)
(mm)
C2 = 0
A = C1 = 0.005833 rad
C = 3.33 mm
C4 = 0 inflection point x
42
max = -5.171 mm
Moment - Area Theorems The angle between the tangents Theorem 1: B/A = The area under the M/EI diagram between B and A w A dx B
d 2 M = EI 2 dx
M = EI
If slope is small
d d d ( ) = EI dx dx dx
d =
A tangent B M/EI
M dx EI
B/A
M EI
tangent A
B/ A =
M dx A EI
B
B/A
dx
43
The vertical deviation Theorem 2: tA/B = The moment area under the M/EI diagram between B and A, this moment is computed about A. w A B A w B
B tangent A
A tangent B M/EI
tB/A
B tangent A
xA
xB
t A/ B = xA
M dx A EI
B
t B / A = xB
M dx A EI
B
44
t=
B
x + dx
x
Q
M dx EI
M tP / Q = x dx P EI M = xP dx EI
t A/ x = M dx A EI M = xA dx EI
x
P
xP
45
Example 8-5 The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.
P B 2a a C
46
SOLUTION
tA g en tan
tB / A 2a
A =
A
C/A
tB/A C
3 tB / A 2
tC/A
2a
C C
tan ge n tC
M diagram EI
Pa
C = C / A A = C / A
3 C = tC / A t B / A 2
tB / A 2a
----------(1) ----------(2)
47
M ( ) EI
B A
1 Pa Pa 2 = (2a )( ) = 2 EI EI A
2a
-
M ( ) EI a
C = C / A A = C / A
3 C = tC / A t B / A 2
tB / A -----(1) 2a
x BAB
Pa 2a 1 a 3 3
Pa Pa 2 1 = (a )( ) = B 2 EI 2 EI M diagram C EI BC xC
2 a 3
-----(2)
M =( ) EI
C A
5 x CAB = a 3
C / A
tB / A
M =( ) EI
B A
M +( ) EI
C B
3Pa 2 Pa 2 Pa 2 = + = 2 EI 2 EI EI
2 Pa 3 M B Pa 2 2a AB )( ) = = ( ) x B = ( 3 EI A EI 3EI
3Pa 2 1 2 Pa 3 7 Pa 2 C = ( )= 2 EI 2a 3EI 6 EI
tC / A
M B M = ( ) x CAB + ( ) EI A EI
C B
xC
BC
2 Pa 3 Pa 2 5a Pa 2 2a )( ) + ( )( ) = = ( 2 EI 3 EI 3 EI
2 Pa 3 3 2 Pa 2 Pa 3 ( )= , C = 2 3EI EI EI
48
Example 8-6 Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4
9 kN A 4.5 m 9m B C
49
9 kN C
A B C
50
M /EI A
M /EI A
9 m C x (m)
-81/EI A
B/A
B
B
C/A
C
tangent A
C B = B/A = the area under the M/EI diagram between point A and B
1 40.5 81 = ( + )(4.5) EI 2 EI 273.38 kN m 2 EI 273.38 kN m 2 = kN (200 10 6 2 )(250 10 6 m 4 ) m B = -0.00547 rad =
tangent C C = C/A = the area under the M/EI diagram between point A and C
= 1 81 ( )(9) 2 EI
51
M /EI A
4.5 2 B
x (m)
-81/EI
2 4.5 3
-40.5/EI
4.5 m A B = tB/A B tangent A tangent B C B = tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.
= (
182.25 4.5 91.125 2 kN m 2 )( m) + ( kN m 2 )( 4.5 m) 2 3 EI EI
683.44 kN m 3 = EI
B = -0.01367 m = -13.67 mm
M /EI A
1 81 364.5 ( )(9) = EI 2 EI
9m C x (m)
-81/EI
2 9 3
A B C
C = tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
= ( =
364.5 2 kN m 2 )( 9 m) 3 EI 2187 kN m EI
3
C = -0.04374 m = -43.74 mm
Example 8-7 Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the figure. Values for the moment of inertia of each segment are indicated in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa. A B C
500 Nm
54
IAB = 2IBC
500 EI BC
x (m)
=
100 N m2 EI BC
B/A B
B=B/A C
tangent B tangent A
B = 0.00125 rad
55
500 Nm
IAB = 2IBC
500 EI BC
x (m)
( 500 1500 )(3) = EI BC EI BC
tangent C
C/A
C = C/A tangent A
C = 0.00313 rad
56
500 Nm
IAB = 2IBC
250 1000 ( )( 4 ) = EI BC EI BC
500 EI BC
B = tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B. x (m)
1000 N m 2 ( 2 m) = EI BC
= 2000 N m3 EI BC
2m
B B = tB/A
tangent B tangent A
B = 0.0025 m = 2.5 mm
57
500 Nm
IAB = 2IBC
( 500 1500 )(3) = EI BC EI BC
500 EI BC
C = tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C. x (m)
1000 N m 2 1500 N m 2 = (5 m) + (1.5 m) EI BC EI BC
= 7250 N m3 EI BC
250 1000 ( )( 4 ) = EI BC EI BC
1.5 m 5m C
tangent C tangent A
C = tC/A
C = 0.00906 m = 9.06 mm
58
Example 8-8 Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4
20 kN A C 3m 3m D 6m B
59
3m
3m
C
'
6m B D tangent C
tangent B
tB/ A
' t B / A = 3 12
' = 3 1 tB / A = tB / A 12 4
M /EI
tangent A
C = D/C
C
D/C C = D/C
C = 'tC / A 1 C = t B / A tC / A 4 (2)
60
M /EI 30 /EI A 3m C
6m M /EI
1 60 180 (6)( ) = 2 EI EI
6m 60 /EI
x (m) D 6m B
3m
1 60 180 (6)( ) = 2 EI EI
A C D
2 6=4 3 1 6+ 6 =8 3
x (m) B
D/C =
M /EI
135 kN m EI
tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.
tB / A 180 kN m 2 180 kN m 2 =( )](4 m) + ( )](8 m) EI EI 2160 kN m 3 EI
A C 1m
tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
1 30 kN m 45 tC / A = [ (3 m)( )](1 m) = kN m 3 2 EI EI
tB / A =
61
C = D/C =
135 kN m EI
1 C = t B / A tC / A 4 = = 1 2160 45 ( ) 4 EI EI 495 EI
C = 0.01125 rad
495 (200)(60)
A C
C = 41.25 mm
B tangent C
62
C = 0.01125 rad
Example 8-9 Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 6(106) mm4
5 kNm A C 4m 4m B
63
' C C tC/A
4m
tangent A
x (m) A
C/A
A =
tB / A 8
C = A - C/A
So; C = tB / A C / A 8 (1)
64
1 5 2.5 5 (4)( )= 2 EI EI EI
2.5 /EI C
A 8m
2 8 3
2 4 3
2.5 10 ( 4) = EI EI
x (m)
4m
tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.
tB / A 20 kN m 2 2 = ( 8 m) EI 3 106.667 kN m 3 = EI
C / A
10 5 15 kN m 2 = + = EI EI EI
tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
tB / A 10 kN m 2 5 kN m 2 2 = ( 2 m) + ( 4 m) EI EI 3 33.333 kN m 3 = EI
65
C =
tB / A C / A 8
1 106.667 15 C = ( )( ) EI EI 8
= -0.0014 rad
C = 16.67 mm
C
Example 8-10 Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4
1 kN/m A 8m B C 8m
67
B 12 kN 8m B
C
C
tC/A
tangent C
-32/EI
tangent A
' t B / A = 16 8 ' = 2t B / A
C = tC / A '
C
(1)
C =
C = tC / A 2 t B / A
( 2)
68
1 32 85.333 (8)( ) = 3 EI EI
1 32 85.333 (8)( ) = 3 EI EI
M /EI A
8m
8m
3 8 4
8m
8m
C x (m)
1 32 128 (8)( )= 2 EI EI
-32/EI
8 3
1 32 128 (8)( )= 2 EI EI
tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
tC / A = ( 128 85.333 3 1 )( 8) + ( )(8 + 8) EI EI 4 3
-32/EI 2 8 3 1 8+ 8 4 tA/C = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point A.
85.33 128 2 1 )(8 + 8) )( 8) + ( EI 3 EI 4
t A/C = (
1536 kN m 3 = EI
Note h
1 A = bh 3 3 x= b 4
69
C =
1 ( t A/ C + C ) 16 m
1877.37 341.33 2( ) EI EI
C = 0.00341 rad
Example 8-11 (a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B. (b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve. E = 200 GPa I = 200(106) mm4
10 kNm A I 4m B
Hinge
20 kN 2I C 3m
3m
71
10 kNm A I 4m B
Hinge
20 kN 2I C 3m
3m 2.5 kN 0
10 kNm
20 kN 75 kNm
2.5 kN
0 2.5 kN
Hinge
3m
M diagram EI
10 EI
+
3.75 EI
Deflected Curve
B = tB/C
tB / C + tB / A 4 tB / C + tB / A 4 B / A
C/B
BR = C/B
tB/A
A =
B/A
BL
BL = A B / A =
tang
tangent B
ent
73
4m
M diagram EI 10 EI A
3m
5 . 25 B EI 3.75 2 m EI 2 4 3
3m
11.25 EI
+ 20 EI
4.5 m 5m
= 67.5 ( 200)(200) =
BR = B / C =
B = tB / C =
= 0.00168 rad
BL =
tB / C + tB / A 4
B/ A
315 20 2 + ( )( 4) EI EI 3 ) 20 = 72.08 =( EI EI 4
72.08 ( 200)(200)
= 0.0018 rad C
74
Conjugate-Beam Method
dV = w dx d M = dx EI
d 2M = w 2 dx d 2 M = dx 2 EI
Or integrating,
V = wdx
M = [ wdx ]dx
= (
M ) dx EI
= [ (
M ) dx]dx EI
75
Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam. Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
L conjugate beam
76
Conjugate - Beam Supports Real Beam 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Conjugate Beam external pin external roller internal pin internal roller hinge fixed free V M=0 V M=0 V M=0 V M=0 V M V =0 M=0 V M pin roller hinge hinge internal roller free fixed
77
=0 =0 =0 =0
6) = 0 =0 7)
Real Beam
Conjugate Beam
hinge
hinge
hinge
hinge
78
Example 8-10 The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.
P B 2a a C
79
SOLUTION A
=0
2a EI
=0
B
P C a
Real Beam
M diagram EI
Pa 2 EI
V M = 0
Pa 2 3EI
Pa EI
Pa 2 2 EI
Hinge V M = 0
Pa 3 EI
Pa 2 3EI
V 2 M 7 Pa 6 EI
Conjugate Beam
V diagram
2 Pa 2 3EI 7 Pa 2 6 EI Pa 3 3EI
M diagram
80
Conjugate Beam
1 ( 2a ) 3
a B VB
Pa EI
2 a 3
2a A
Pa 2 EI
NB = 0
0 = NB
VB
MC RC
RA Member AB: + MB = 0:
Pa 2 2 EI
Member BC:
Pa 2 1 ( 2a ) R ' A ( 2 a ) = 0 EI 3
+ Fy = 0:
Pa 2 R' A = 3EI
+ Fy = 0:
+ MC = 0:
81
Example 8-11 Use the conjugate beam method for Determine the slope and deflection at points B of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4.
10 kN A 3m 3m B
82
Conjugate Beam 3m A
30 EI 45 EI
3m B
225 EI
5m
45 EI
x (m)
V (kNm2)
-
x (m) -45/EI
M (kNm)
-
-30
x (m) -225/EI
83
Deflected Curve
Conjugate Beam 3m A
30 EI 45 EI
3m B
225 EI
B = V 'B =
45 EI
45 EI
5m
V (kNm2)
-
B = -0.0009 rad
B = M 'B = 225 EI
M (kNm3)
-45/EI
Real Beam
B = -0.0045 m = -4.5 mm
Example 8-12 Use the conjugate beam method for Determine the maximum deflection , the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4.
8 kN A 9m B 3m
85
27 EI
C 9m 6m 10 m 3m
B
63 EI
63/EI x 36/EI
+
x (m) V = = 0
-45/EI M (kNm3)
x (m)
= max
86
maximum deflection
x2 EI
x 18 2x ( )( ) = 9 EI EI
18/EI M C C 3m VC
A
45 EI
x
x 3
M V = 0
A
45 EI
9m
+ Fy = 0:
45 x 2 + =0 EI EI
+ Fy = 0:
x = 6.71 m + Mx = 6.71 = 0:
(6.71) 2 6.71 45 M ' ( )+ (6.71) = 0 EI EI 3
45 81 + V 'C = 0 EI EI 36 V 'C = EI
201.246 EI 201.246 EI
M 'C =
162 EI
87
max
C = 0.003 rad
162 162 kN m 3 C = M 'C = = kN EI (200 106 2 )(60 10 6 m 4 ) m C = -0.0135 m = -13.35 mm
C = 13.35 mm B
Example 8-13 Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4
1 kN/m A 8m B C 8m
89
SOLUTION A 4 kN 8m M A B
Conjugate beam
8m
-32/EI
8m
90
By Ax A Ay B Bx -32/EI
85.33/EI B 8m C -32/EI
1 32 85.33 (8)( ) = 3 EI EI
MC VC
128/EI 8m
(3/4)(8) = 6 m
+ MA = 0:
128 2 8B' y ( 8) = 0 EI 3 85.33 B' y = EI
+ Fy = 0:
V 'C = C = 170.67 EI 170.67 = = 0.00341 rad (200)(250)
+ MC = 0:
85.33 85.33 (8) + (6) = 0 EI EI 1194.62 1194.62 M 'C = C = = = 0.024 m EI (200)(250) + M 'C +
91
A B
C= 24 mm
C tangent C
C = 0.00341 rad
92
Example 8-14 (a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B. (b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve. E = 200 GPa I = 200(106) mm4
10 kNm A I 4m B
Hinge
20 kN 2I C 3m
3m
93
SOLUTION 10 kNm A 10 kNm I 4m B 3m 2.5 kN 0 2.5 kN V (kN) -2.5 10 M (kNm) + -7.5 Deflected Curve
94
Hinge
20 kN 2I 3m C
20 kN 75 kNm
10 kNm A I 4m + B
Hinge
Real Beam
3m
10 M (kNm)
M diagram EI
10 EI
+
3.75 EI
10 EI 3.75 EI
Conjugate Beam
37.5 EI
95
Conjugate Beam
-50.625 (EI)
0.00168 =
4m = BR
M (kNm3)
92.08 EI
MB VBR
BL = V ' BL =
BR = V 'BR =
97
Deflection at point B + MB = 0:
M 'B 20 92.08 (2.667) + ( 4) = 0 EI EI M 'B = M 'B = 315 EI
B = 7.88 mm
98
Example 8-15 The girder in the figure below is made from a continuous beam and reinforced at its center with cover plates where its moment of inertia is larger. The 3 -m end segments have a moment of inertia of I = 60(106) mm4, and the center portion has a moment of inertia of I = 120(106) mm4. Determine the slope and deflection at point C, the maximum deflection. Take E = 200 GPa.
6 kN 8 kN A 3m C
I = 60(106) mm4.
6 kN E
I = 60(106) mm4.
D
I = 120(106) mm4.
B 3m
1.5 1.5
99
Conjugate Beam 6 kN E
I = 60(106) mm4.
D
I = 120(106) mm4.
30 15 18 15 30 EI EI EI EI EI
B 3m 10 kN
A 3m
D 1.5 1.5
E 3m
1.5 1.5
V (kN)
4
+6
2.25 EI
2.25 EI
-4 30
-6
-30 -10 30
45 EI
22.5 EI
22.5 45 EI EI
M (kNm)
36
+
C
69.75 EI
B
69.75 EI
Deflected curve A
100
2.25 EI 45 EI
2.25 EI
22.5 EI
22.5 45 EI EI
A
69.75 EI 3m
D 1.5 1.5
24.75 EI
MC C VC
A
69.75 EI 3m
3m
69.75 EI
V (kNm2)
69.75 EI
-
+ MC = 0: M 'C
x (m)
C = M 'C =
24.75 EI
= -13.69 mm
M (kNm3)
C= 13.69 mm
C = V 'C = x (m)
= -0.002063 rad
C=0.002063 rad
101
2.25 EI 45 EI
2.25 EI
Maximum deflection
45 EI
2.25 EI
22.5 EI
22.5 EI
22.5 45 EI EI
MD D VD = 0 0.5 m 0.75 m
A
69.75 EI 3m
D 1.5 1.5
24.75 EI
B
69.75 EI
A
69.75 EI
3m
69.75 EI
2.5 m 4.5 m + MD = 0:
M 'D
V (kNm2)
69.75 EI
-
24.75 EI
V = 0
x (m)
M (kNm3)
x (m)
max
= max = 15.3 mm
2.25 22.5 (0.5) (0.75) EI EI 45 69.75 (2.5) + ( 4.5) = 0 EI EI 183.375 M 'D = EI 183.375 = D = M 'D = = -15.3 mm (200)(60)
102