CHAPTER 1 WAVES

Definitions 1. Transverse wave a wave in which the particles in the medium vibrate 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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perpendicular to the propagation of the wave Longitudinal wave a wave in which the particles in the medium vibrate parallel to the propagation of the waves Amplitude the maximum displacement from the mean position Wavelength horizontal distance between two successive equivalent points on the wave Period time taken to complete one oscillation Frequency number of complete oscillations in one second Refraction a change of direction in the propagation of the waves from one medium to another due to a change of speed. (* shallow/deep) Diffraction spreading out of waves when they move through an obstacle
Frequency increase -> less obvious Wavelength increase -> obvious Small obstacle -> obvious Small/narrow gap -> obvious Wavelength, frequency x tukar (amplitude decreases after diffraction) Interference superposition of two waves originating from two coherent sources Constructive interference occurs when two wave crests or troughs meet (maximum amplitude) Destructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave meets the trough of another wave (resultant amplitude is zero) Coherent souce - waves which have the same frequency, amplitude and are in phase. Monochromatic light light that consists of one wavelength and frequency only Stroboscope- freeze the image of waves (function)

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Characteristics question CHARACTERISTICS Built at the bay Retaining wall is built EXPLANATION *Water is calmer at the bay compared to cape *small wave amplitude *to reflect the waves from the shore *reduces direct impact of the waves on the share *reduces soil erosion *pressure increase with depth *less destruction to the wall *reduce energy absorption *to prevent overflow of water *diffraction can occur *energy of the water waves decreases *energy does not dissipate easily *to detect a wide range of wave

Sloping structure of retaining wall Uneven surface of the retaining wall High retaining wall Wall with narrow gaps is built Use signal with high energy (effectiveness of communication system) Use a receiver with a big diameter (effectiveness of communication system) Power of the loud speakers is high The distance between the two speakers must be further apart Speakers arranged side by side Soft boards (dinding dewan) Large diameter of the parabolic disc (satellites) Distance of the signal receinver from the centre of the parabolic disc is equal to to its focal length Microwave Height of the parabolic disc from the ground is high

*To produce a longer and louder sound *less interference

*prevent reflection *prevent reflection *to enable more signals to be transmitted at one time *better eception *parallel signals from the radar system can be reflected and focused on the signal receiver *shorter wavelength *can penetrate the atmosphere easily *prevent the signals from being blocked by obstacles

FORMULA:

V=f

=ax D

:wavelength a: distance between two slits/speakers x:distance between two consecutive fringes/soft and loud sound

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1.Explain how dark and light bands are formed on the screen/explain how patterns are formed on the screen -waves consist of crests and troughs -the crest of the wave acts like a conves lens -the light rays passing through the crest will be converged to form a light band -the trough of the wave acts like a concave lens -the light rays passing through the through will be diverged to form a dark band 2.Explain why the wavefronts in the sea follow the shape of the coastline as the water becomes shallower(refraction) -As the wave move towards the shore, the depth of the sea decreases -Therefore the speed decreases -This causes the waves to refract and bend towards the normal and take the shape of the coastline 3. How does the wall barrier (have narrow gap) would be able to protect the ship? -The waves will be diffracted when it passes through the opening of the wall barrier -After diffraction occurs, the amplitude of the wave decreases hence the energy of the wave decreases

4.Explain why the water at the bay is calmer than the water at the cape -At the bay, water waves undergoes refraction as it travels from steep to shallow region -The divergence of the waves energy at the bay produces waves of small amplitude -The convergence of the waves energy at the cape produces waves of big energy

5.The sound waves from the train can be heard loudly and clearly at night.Explain this situation. -At night, the layers of air close to the ground are cooler than the layers further from the ground. -Cool air is denser than warmer air -Sound travels at a slower speed in cold air -As a result, the sound waves are refracted towards the ground.

6.Explain how interference of sound occurs. -Interference is the superposition of two waves originating from two coherent sources -Loud sound is caused by constructive interference which occurs when both the wave crests or troughs meet. -Soft sound is caused by destructive interference which occurs when the crest of one wave meets the trough of another wave