1

M at er i al bal ance r eact i on -

Compound f or mi ng
Ref er ence
Hi mmel bl au DM . 1989.
Basi c Pr i nci pl es and
Cal cul at i ons i n Chemi cal
Engi neer i ng, 5t h edi t i on.
Pr ent i ce-Hal l Int er nat i onal ,
Inc., Si ngapor e.
2
St oi chi omet r y
Refer s t o quant i t i es of r eact ant s and pr oduct s
i n a bal anced chemi cal r eact i on.
aA + bB cC + dD
i .e. a mol es of A r eact w i t h b mol es of B t o gi ve c
mol es of C and d mol es of D.
a,b,c,d ar e st oi chi omet r i c coef f i ci ent
t he st oi chi omet r i c f act or = st oi chi omet r i c mol es
r eact ant r equi r ed per mol e pr oduct
Li mi t i ng r eact ant / excess r eact ant
In pr act i ce a r eact ant may be used i n excess of
t he st oi chi omet r i c quant i t y f or var i ous
r easons.
In t hi s case t he ot her r eact ant i s l i mi t i ng (i .e.,
i t w i l l l i mi t t he yi el d of pr oduct (s))
Li mi t i ng/ excess r eact ant usual l y appl i ed f or
r ever si bl e r eact i on
aA + bB cC + dD

3
Paul Ashal l , 2008
Li mi t i ng r eact ant / excess r eact ant
A r eact ant i s i n excess i f i t i s pr esent i n a quant i t y
gr eat er t han i t s st oi chi omet r i c pr opor t i on.
% excess =

(mol es suppl i ed mol es r equi r ed)
mol es r equi r ed
x 100
Conversi on
Fr act i onal conver si on = amount r eact ant
consumed/ amount r eact ant suppl i ed
% conver si on =
amount r eact ant consumed
amount r eact ant suppl i ed
x 100
Not e: conver si on may appl y t o si ngl e pass r eact or
conver si on or over al l pr ocess conver si on

Yi el d =
mol es pr oduct
mol es l i mi t i ng r eact ant suppl i ed
x 100

4
Exampl es
A B
i .e. st oi chi omet r i c coef f i ci ent s a = -1; b = 1
100 kmol f r esh f eed A; 90 % si ngl e pass
conver si on i n r eact or ; unr eact ed A i s
separ at ed and r ecycl ed and t her ef or e
over al l pr ocess conver si on i s 100%


r eact or separat i on
Feed
Recycl e
Produk
Overal l
process
React i on Syst ems
Process
i nput out put
i nput
t hrough
syst em
boundar i es
accumul at i on
w i t hi n
t he
syst em
out put
t hrough
syst em
boundar i es
generat i on
w i t hi n
t he
syst em
consumpt i on
w i t hi n
t he
syst em
5
React i on Syst ems

Bat ch (cl osed) syst em
mass i n = mass out + accumul at i on
Cont i nuous (f l ow / open) syst em

mass i n
per t i me
=
mass out
per t i me
+
accumul at i on
per t i me

M ass Bal ance at St eady St at e:
Tot al mass i n = Tot al mass out
Process
i nput out put
Combust i on Pr ocess of Fl ow Syst em
React i on:
Fuel + Oxygen Combust i on gases
CH
4
+ 2 O
2
CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
C
2
H
6
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
C
8
H
18
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
6
Exampl es of M at er i al Bal ance wi t h
Chemi cal React i on
If 300 kg of ai r and 24.0 kg of car bon ar e fed t o
a r eact or at 600 F and af t er compl et e
combust i on no mat er i al r emai ns i n t he r eact or,
how many pounds of car bon w i l l have been
r emoved? How many pounds of oxygen? How
many pounds t ot al ?
How many mol es of car bon and oxygen ent er ?
How many l eave t he r eact or ?
How many t ot al mol es ent er t he r eact or and
how many l eave t he r eact or ?
Exampl es of M at er i al Bal ance wi t h
Chemi cal React i on
Basi s: 300 kg ai r
Cal cul at e t he mol of car bon, oxygen and ni t r ogen
ent er (i nput ):
C:
24.0 kg C
12.0 kg C moI C
= 2.00 mol C
O
2
:
300 kg aIr
29.0 kg aIr moI aIr

21 moI O
2
100 moI aIr
= 2.17 m ol O
2

N
2
: 2.17 mol O
2

79 moI N
2
21 moI O
2
= 8.17 m ol N
2

React or
24.0 kg C
?
300 kg ai r
7
Exampl es of M at er i al Bal ance wi t h
Chemi cal React i on
React i on: C + O
2
CO
2
St oi chi omet r y: 2.00 mol C r equi r es 2.00 mol O
2
and
pr oduces 2.00 mol CO
2
O
2
out = O
2
i n O
2
consumpt i on
O
2
out = 2.17 2.00 = 0.17 mol
CO
2
out = CO
2
i n + CO
2
gener at i on
CO
2
out = 0 + 2.00 = 2.00 mol
Exampl es of M at er i al Bal ance wi t h
Chemi cal React i on (Pur e Compounds)
Input Out put
mass (kg) mol mass (kg) mol
C 24.0 2.00 0 0
O
2
69.5 2.17 5.5 0.17
N
2
230.5 8.17 230.5 8.17
CO
2
0 0 88.0 2.00
Tot al 324. 0 12. 34 324. 0 10. 34
8
Type of balance
Equalit y required for input and out put
of st eady-st at e process
Wi t hout chemi cal
react i on
Wi t h chemi cal
react i on
Tot al bal ances
Tot al mass
Tot al mol es






Component bal ances
M ass of a pure compound
M ol es of a pure compound
M ass of an at omi c speci es
M ol es of an at omi c speci es










El ement Bal ance
M ol e bal ance C CO2 O2 C CO2 O2
C 2 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 2 + 0
O 0 + 0 + 2.17
(2)
= 0 + 2(2) + 0.17
(2)
or O
2
0 + 0 + 2.17 = 0 + 2 + 0.17
M ass bal ance
C 24 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 24 +
O 0 + 0 + 69.5 = 0 + 64 + 5.5
or O
2
0 + 0 + 69.5 = 0 + 64 + 5.5
9
Ai r i s a mi xt ur e of gases and t he t ot al mass can
be est i mat ed by addi ng t he wei ght of al l maj or
component s as show n bel ow :
ht t p:/ / www.engi neer i ngt ool box.com/ molecular -mass-ai r -d_679.ht ml
Combust i on and Dr y Ice Pr oduct i on
In t he combust i on of hept ane, CO
2
i s pr oduced.
Assume hat you want t o pr oduce 500 kg of dr y
i ce per hour and t hat 50% of t he CO
2
can be
conver t ed i nt o dr y i ce. How many ki l ogr ams of
hept ane must be bur ned per hour ?
React i on: C
7
H
16
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
M W C
7
H
16
= 100 kg/ kg mol C
7
H
16

10
Engine
Gas C
7
H
16
CO
2
gas
( 50%)
Basi s: 500 kg/ hr of dr y i ce
CO2 sol i d:
500 kg Jry icc
0.5 kg Jry icc 1 kg C0
2
44 kg C0
2
kg mol C0
2

= 22.72 kg mol C0
2

React i on: C
7
H
16
+ 11 O
2
7 CO
2
+ 8 H
2
O
CO2 sol i d (dr y i ce) 3.25 ~ 22.72
kg C
7
H
16
= 3.25 kg mol C
7
H
16
100 kg kg mol C
7
E
16

kg C
7
H
16
= 325 kg C
7
H
16


Ot her
pr oduct s
CO
2
solid
( 50%) , 500 kg/ hr
Cor r osi on of Pi pes i n Boi l ers
Cor r osi on of pi pes i n boi l er s by oxygen can be
al l evi at ed t hr ough t he use of sodi um sul f i t e. Sodi um
sul f i t e r emoves oxygen f r om boi l er feedwat er by t he
f ol l ow i ng r eact i on:
2 Na
2
SO
3
+ O
2
2 Na
2
SO
4
How many pounds of sodi um sul f i t e ar e t heor et i cal l y
r equi r ed (f or compl et e r eact i on) t o r emove t he
oxygen f r om 8.33 x 10
6
l b of wat er cont ai ni ng 10.0
ppm of di ssol ved oxygen and at t he same t i me
mai nt ai n a 35% excess of sodi um sul f i t e?
11
Basi s: 8.33x10
6
l b of wat er wi t h 10 ppm O
2
M W Na
2
SO
3
= 126
O
2
: 8.33x10
6
l b H
2
O
10 Ib 0
2

10
6
-10 Ib H
2
0
= 83.3 l b O
2
(2.6 l b
mol O
2
)
React i on: 2 Na
2
SO
3
+ O
2
2 Na
2
SO
4

5.2 ~ 2.6
Na
2
SO
3
: 5.2 l b mol Na
2
SO
3

126 Ib Nu
2
S0
3
1 Ib moI Nu
2
S0
3
1.35
= 884.5 l b Na
2
SO
3

H
2
O: 8.33x10
6
l b
10 ppm O
2
Na
2
SO
3

H
2
O: 8.33x10
6
l b
no O
2
Combust i on Pr oduct
Flue or st ack gas ( w et basis)
al l t he gases r esul t i ng f r om a
combust i on pr ocess, i ncl udi ng t he
wat er vapor
Orsat analysis ( dry basis)
al l t he gases r esul t i ng f r om t he
combust i on pr ocess, excl udi ng t he
wat er vapor
CO
2

CO
O
2

N
2

SO
2

H
2
O
Flue or st ack gas ( w et basis)

Orsat analysis ( dry basis)
12
Combust i on
Theoret i cal / requi red ai r (or t heoret i cal oxygen)
t he amount of ai r (or O
2
) requi red t o be brought i nt o t he process
f or compl et e combust i on
Excess ai r (or excess oxygen)
t he amount of ai r (or O
2
) i n excess of t hat requi red f or compl et e
combust i on

% cxccss oir =
cxccss oir
rcouircJ oir
100%

% cxccss oir =
cxccss 0
2
0.21
rcouircJ 0
2
0.21
100%

% cxccss oir =
0
2
cntcring proccss 0
2
rcouircJ
0
2
rcouircJ
100%


Exampl e of Excess Ai r
Compr essed pr opane has been suggest ed as a
sour ce of economi c power f or vehi cl es.
Suppose t hat i n a t est 20 l b of C
3
H
8
i s bur ned
w i t h 400 l b of ai r t o pr oduce 44 l b of CO
2
and
12 l b of CO. What was t he per cent excess ai r ?
React i on:
C
3
H
8
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
13
Exampl e of Excess Ai r
Basi s: 20 l b of C
3
H
8

React i on:
C
3
H
8
+ 5 O
2
3 CO
2
+ 4 H
2
O
mass 20
M W 44 32 44 18
mol 0.45 ~ 2.27

Exampl e of Excess Ai r
The ent er i ng O
2
:
O
2
:
400 Ib aIr
29.0 Ib aIr moI aIr

21 moI O
2
100 moI aIr
= 2.90 m ol O
2

The excess O
2
: 2.90 2.27 = 0.63 mol 0
2
% excess ai r :
2.90-2.27
2.27
100% = 27.8%

14
M at er i al Bal ance w i t h Combust i on
A sal esper son comes t o t he door sel l i ng a ser vi ce
desi gned t o check chi mney r ot . He expl ai ns t hat
i f t he CO
2
cont ent of t he gases l eavi ng t he chi mney
r i ses above 15%, i t i s danger ous t o your heal t h, i s
agai nst t he ci t y code, and causes your chi mney t o
r ot . On checki ng t he f l ue gas f r om t he f ur nace, he
f i nds i t i s 30% CO
2
. Suppose t hat you ar e bur ni ng
nat ur al gas w hi ch i s about 100% CH
4
and t hat t he
ai r suppl y i s adj ust ed t o pr ovi de 130% excess ai r.
Do you need hi s ser vi ce?
M at er i al Bal ance w i t h Combust i on
React i on:
CH
4
+ 2 O
2
CO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Basi s: 1.00 mol e of CH
4
St oi chi omet r y:
1.00 mol CH
4
r equi r es 2.00 mol O
2
and
pr oduces 1.00 mol CO
2
and 2.00 mol H
2
O

Chimney
Feed: CH
4
100%
Ai r : O
2
21%
Ai r : N
2
79%
Product : CO
2
?%
Product : H
2
O ?%
15
M at er i al Bal ance w i t h Combust i on
Requi r ed ai r :
100
21
2 mol 0
2
= 9.52 mol
composed of 2.00 mol O
2
and 7.52 mol N
2

Excess ai r : 9.52 mol
130
100
= 12.4 mol
composed of 2.60 mol O
2
and 9.80 mol N
2
Tot al ai r ent er i ng pr ocess: 12.4 + 9.52 = 21.92 mol
composed of 4.60 mol O
2
and 17.32 mol N
2

Chimney
Feed: CH
4
100%
Ai r : O
2
21%
Ai r : N
2
79%
Product : CO
2
?%
Product : H
2
O ?%
Out put
mol %
CH
4
0 0
O
2
2.60 11.4
N
2
17.3 75.5
CO
2
1.00 4.4
H
2
O

2.00 8.7
Tot al 22. 9 10. 34
16
Input Out put
mol mass
%
mol mass %
CH
4
1 16 4.3 0 0
O
2
4.6 147.2 20.1 2.60 83.2 11.4
N
2
17.3 488.4 75.6 17.3 488.4 75.5
CO
2
0 1.00 44 4.4
H
2
O

0 2.00 36 8.7
Tot al 22. 9 651. 6 100 22. 9 651. 6 100
Combust i on of Et hane
Et hane i s i ni t i al l y mi xed w i t h oxygen t o obt ai n
a gas cont ai ni ng 80% C
2
H
6
and 20% O
2
t hat i s
t hen bur ned i n an engi ne w i t h 200% excess
ai r. Ei ght y per cent of t he et hane goes t o CO
2
,
10% goes t o CO, and 10% r emai ns unbur ned.
Cal cul at e t he composi t i on of t he exhaust gas
on a wet basi s and dr y basi s.
17
Engine
O
2
21%
N
2
79%
CO
2
Proct :
CO
C
2
H
6

O
2

N
2

H
2
O
Fuel Gas Exhaust Gas
Air,
200% excess
C
2
H
6
80 l b mol e
O
2
20 l b mol e
Basi s: 100 l b mol e of f uel
React i on:
C
2
H
6
+
7
2
O
2
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O 80 %
C
2
H
6
+
5
2
O
2
2 CO + 3 H
2
O 10 %

Tot al O
2
ent er i ng: 3.00 t i mes r equi r ed O
2

(100 % r equi r ed + 200 % excess)
O
2
f or compl et e combust i on:
= 80 l bmol C
2
H
6

3.5 Ib moI 0
2
1 Ib moI C
2
H
6
= 280 l b mol O
2
C
2
H
6
+
7
2
O
2
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
l b mol 80 ~ 280
Requi r ed O
2
: 280 20 = 260 l b mol O
2
O
2
ent er i ng w i t h ai r : 3 (260 l b mol O
2
) = 780 l b mol O
2
N
2

ent er i ng w i t h ai r : 780 l b mol O
2

79 Ib moI N2
21 Ib moI 02

= 2934 l b mol N
2
18
224
20
St oi chi omet r y:
C
2
H
6
+
7
2
O
2
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O 80 %
80 128 192
C
2
H
6
+
5
2
O
2
2 CO + 3 H
2
O 10 %
80 16 24
Unbur ned: 80 l b mol e C
2
H
6
(0.1) = 8 l b mol e C
2
H
6

O
2
avai l abl e i n syst em: 780 + 20 = 800 l b mol O
2
O
2
used up by r eact i on: 224 + 20 = 244 l b mol O
2
O
2
out : 556 l b mol O
2
H
2
O out : 192 + 24 = 216 l b mol H
2
O
Exhaust Gas i n Wet Basi s
l b mol Percent in
exhaust gas
Component Fuel Ai r Exhaust gas
C
2
H
6
80 - 8 0. 21
O
2
20 780 556 14. 41
N
2
- 2934 2934 76. 05
CO
2
- - 128 3. 32
CO - - 16 0. 41
H
2
O - - 216 5. 60
Tot al 100 3714 3858 100. 00
19
Exhaust Gas i n Dr y Basi s
l b mol Percent in
exhaust gas
Component Fuel Ai r Exhaust gas
C
2
H
6
80 - 8 0. 22
O
2
20 780 556 15. 27
N
2
- 2934 2934 80. 56
CO
2
- - 128 3. 51
CO - - 16 0. 44
Tot al 100 3714 3642 100. 00
M ul t i pl e Uni t s i n Combust i on
In t he f ace of hi gher f uel cost s and t he
uncer t ai nt y of t he suppl y of a par t i cul ar f uel ,
many compani es oper at e t w o f ur naces, one
w i t h nat ur al gas and t he ot her w i t h f uel oi l .
Each f ur nace had i t s ow n suppl y of oxygen;
t he gas f ur nace used ai r and t he f uel oi l
f ur nace used a gas st r eam t hat anal yzed O
2

20%; N
2
76%, and CO
2
4%, but t he st ack gases
went up a common st ack.
20
M ul t i pl e Uni t s i n Combust i on
Dur i ng bl i zzar d, al l t r anspor t at i on w as cut of f
and t he r eser ve of f uel oi l was onl y 1000 bbl .
How many hour s coul d t he company oper at e
bef or e shut t i ng dow n i f no addi t i onal f uel oi l ?
How many l b mol / hr of nat ur al gas w er e bei ng
consumed? The mi ni mum heat i ng l oad w hen
t r ansl at ed i nt o t he st ack gas out put was 6205
l b mol / hr of dr y st ack gas. Anal ysi s t he f uel s
and st ack gas at t hi s t i me.
Gas
Fur nace
Oi l
Fur nace
Nat ural Gas (G)
CH4: 96%
C2H2: 2%
CO2: 2%
Fuel Oi l (F)
C: 50%
H2: 47%
S: 3%
Ai r / Gas st r eam (A* )
O2: 20%
N2: 76%
CO2: 4%
Ai r (A)
O2: 21%
N2: 79%
Wat er Vapor (W)
H2O: 100%
St ack Gas (P): 6205 l b mol / hr
O2: 4.13%
N2: 84.93%
SO2: 0.10%
CO2: 10.84%
(Orsat Anal ysi s)
Pr obl em: F & G i n l b mol / hr ?
F i n bbl / hr ?
21
Basi s: P = 6205 l b mol / hr
M W of f uel = 7.91 l b/ l b mol
Densi t y of f uel = 7.578 l b/ gal
Sol vi ng by usi ng el ement al mol e bal ances

I n Out
H2 G((2)(0.96) + 0.02) + F(0.47) = W(1)
N2 A(0.79) + A* (0.76) = 6205(0.8493)
O2 G(0.02) + A(0.21) + A* (0.24) = 6205(0.0413+0.001+0.1084)
+ W(0.5)
S F(0.03) = 6205(0.001)
C G(0.96 + (2)(0.02) + 0.02) +
F(0.5) + A* (0.04)
= 6205(0.1084)
F = 207 l b mol / hr
G = 498 l b mol / hr
The f uel oi l consumpt i on:
=
207
Ib moI
h
7.91
Ib
Ib moI
7.578
Ib
paI
42
paI
bbI
= 5.14 bbl hr
If t he f uel oi l r eser ve was onl y 1000 bbl , i t coul d l ast :
=
1000 bbI
5.14
bbI
h
= 195 hr