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Used for detecting the presence of small current or voltage Principle application in bridge and potentiometer measurement
where their function is to indicate zero current
Sh ld be sensitive, have a stable zero, short periodic time and Should b iti h t bl h t i di ti d critically damped
D Arsonval Galvanometer
Iron core is spherical (cylindrical) in shape if coil is circular (rectangular) Iron core is used to provide a flux path of low reluctance
produces strong magnetic field This increases the deflecting torque and the sensitivity of galvanometer
Damping p g
present due to production of eddy current in the metal former on which the coil is mounted
Suspension
coil is supported by a flat ribbon suspension which also carries the current to the coil must be leveled carefully
so that the coil hangs straight and centrally without rubbing the poles or soft iron cylinder
Indication
The suspension carries a small mirror upon which a beam of light is cast The beam of light is reflected onto a scale upon which the deflection is measured The scale is about 1 m away from the instrument
Torque Equation
Explained on the board
2. Inertia Constant
A retarding torque is produced owing to inertia of moving system Tj=J (d2/dt2) J
Here, J (Inertia Constant) is the moment of inertia of moving system about the axis of rotation
3. 3 Damping Constant
Damping is provided by the friction due to motion of coil in air TD=D (d/dt)
Here, D is the Damping constant
4. Control Constant
Produced due to the elasticity of system, Tc=K y y ,
Here, K is the Control constant
Therefore,
Tj+TD+Tc=Td T T T
J (d2/dt2)+D (d/dt)+K=Gi
The complementary equation is
Jm2+Dm+K=0
Roots are m1 and m2. Under steady state condition, d2/dt2=0, d/dt=0 and =F
Thus, F=Gi/K
and,
= A exp(m1t) + B exp(m2t) + F
Case I:
D2<4KJ
B th the roots m1 and m2 are i Both th t d imaginary i Motion is oscillatory with decreasing amplitude
Under-damped case
Case II:
D2=4KJ
m1=m2, Con-oscillatory motion Con oscillatory Steady condition is reached in short time
Critically damped condition
Case III:
D2>4KJ
Both the roots are real Motion is non-oscillatory Steady condition is reached in a sluggish manner
Over-damped
Examples
1. The scale of a GM is placed at 0.4m from mirror. A deflection of 44 m is observed. What is the angle through which the coil has turned ? 2. The coil of a moving coil GM is wound on a non-magnetic former whose height and width are both 20mm. It moves in a constant field of 0.12Wb/m2. The moment of inertia of its moving part is 0.2510-6 Kg-m2 and control spring constant is 3010-6 Nm/rad. Calculate the number of turns that must be wound on the coil to produce a deflection of 1500 with a current of 10mA. f 10 A
Ballistic Galvanometer Used for measurement of quantity of electricity (charge) passed through it Can be calibrated to read the charge directly Construction Details: S Same as dA dArsonval type l But,
it has extremely small electromagnetic damping does not show a steady deflection has long period of un-damped oscillation These oscillation are necessary if the galvanometer is to measure Th ill ti th l t i t electric charge