I

TENSE
subject

. TIMPLE
FHRf'frlTlY-E
hav/has

EXPRESSE$

li,,rli;itltlll. rirri,,,r..,,rf.,G0l$Ell .i:$ ;liiiifiS#l.Hilil*TilV.Er

subject
rave/has been verb (pres. part.

lO ,l.i

.i:

..,l

verb (past. part.)

t an action that began in the

past and continues to the present I have studied English since
1

you
WE

-tz{} lrl =t tt:1 art {tJ t- c-

you they
he

have 'vg played

you
WE

990.

she
it

has
ts

a past action recently finished you they She has just left. lf you hurry you might catch her in the lobby r a past action when the time is

have been

I an action which began in thr

has just finished l've been waiting for two playing hours and they still haven't come.

past and is continuing, o

Short fonn: I have=l've; he has=he's

not given I have travelled all over the world.

he

she
it

has been

Comparison between Present Perfect Tense and Present Per fect Continuous: He has lived here for ten months. He has been living here for ten months. (Either is possible bu I Present Perfect Continuous is prefened!). l've written four letters since morninq. l've been writinc letters sinc re mornino.
subject
I

had

verb (past. part.)

subjecl lad beer

verb (pres. part.)

3-

you
he

r
had 'd

she
it

played

a past action that took place before another past action When lwent home, lfound out that she had left.

r
I

a past action that begar

before another past actior and probably conlinued after

=*

we you thev Short form:

subjecl
I

rad=l'd; He had=He'd
verb

you he she it we you they

subject

it or had just finished playing He had been waiting four been hours when she finally arrived.

had

will/shall

wilUshall be

verb (pres. part.,

E I-

3I

we you
he

will shall play will

the speaker's opinion about the future

t

I think he ll come back.

willbe
future action This time tomorrow l'llbe playing flying to New York.

Probably he willmarry her.

we
you
he

-I it n

]E she

= e}
all

you they

for future habitual actions Summer will come again. People willgo to the seaside or to the mountains.

r a continuous

she
it
WE

willk

::.1

Short form : I will=l'll; I shall=l'll ; You will=You'll

subjet be going to

=,

you they

lL,

verb

am

you
he

are
ts ts

the subject's intentions to perform a certain future action (with or without a time
expression)

h
:1li;:'ti.

she it we you they

subject
I

gorng

I am going to meet him soon.

is

to

play

a future action that is sure to

are are are

will/shall rerb (pas' have
)art.)

happen It is very cloudy. lt is going to

rain.

lllirii

WE

will shall

you
he

she
ir

will

a future action finished before another future action ln two years from now, I shall have finished school. have played When you arrive in Paris, he will have left for London.

wi
'ry
/- end+r 'vd:-..lfg*;{ -hd J
t"r"*" I* -\ ry r

---

H6J? -:r9*

you thev Future Tense: I will leave tomorrow. Future Continuous: Tom< rrrow at this time I will be leaving. Future Perfect: ln two davs from now I will have left the count rv.

L/- t
{:

t*