PASSAGES

RC Session 1

PASSAGE 1 (OGVR2)

PASSAGE
Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the relational feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of equality in difference or equity as distinct from equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's pro-creative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.
Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920however , relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. I ndividualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall : because they underline women's physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge .

PASSAGE PARA 1
To support womens freedom 2 Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in RF Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the relational feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of equality in difference or equity as distinct from difference between men and women equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary 1st thing that RF believes in sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's pro2nd thing that RF believes in creative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By IF Contrasting theory individuality contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and 2 theories for womens emancipation RF 1: divide labor per men & women. 2: Contrast between RF & IF

Prediction 1: similarities and/or dissimilarity may be presented

celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of
this aspect is against RF gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.

IF all are same

PASSAGE PARA 2
Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920however , relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the

Prediction 1: time progression may be presented

< 19th cen views existed together RF dominated 1890 1920 RF lost in England and US Still predominates in Europe and nonwestern Reason given Goals became more different

Individualism already in other arenas in these countries

United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in

US & England
English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to

Differences became more stark

IF strong view stated IF & RF agree for something

seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally genderblind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and

RF strong view stated

mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.

PASSAGE PARA 3
Focus on differences between sexes
Relational arguments have a major pitfall : because they underline women's physiological

Used by political rivals

and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and

Prediction 1: disadvantages stated

- of RF stated and explained - of IF stated and explained Authors recommendation combine + aspects of both.

used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles,

denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial

-ve of IF
institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles

important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's

autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a

more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge .

MAIN POINT
Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies. 2 theories for womens emancipation Arguments in what could be called the relational feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of equality in RF divide labor per men that biological distinctions between the sexes result difference or equity as distinct from equality. They posit & women Contrast between RF & IF in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's pro-creative IF all are same labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.
Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920however , relational feminism, which had been the < thought, views existed together dominant strain in feminist 19th cen and which still predominates among European and non-Western RF and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was feminists, lost ground in England dominated 1890 Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to already well established in the 1920 RF lost in England and US predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to Still predominates in Europe and non-western seem increasingly irreconcilable. I ndividualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with Reason given equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities Goals became more different outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.
- of RF stated and explained Relational arguments have-aof IF stated :and explained underline women's physiological and psychological major pitfall because they distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used both. Authors recommendation combine + aspects of to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the Presented 2 theories regarding womens emancipation. family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy, Explained the progression over time nations. could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for Presented flaws contemporary feminist Presented hisemerge . approach politics could suggested

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 1
The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to
(A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history

(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of womens emancipation. (C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries

(D) help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English speaking countries.

(E) account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English speaking countries

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 1
The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to
Read the pertinent location where this was used. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries Presented as reason (A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history (B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of womens emancipation. (C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries
Opposite: This reverses the causality. The passage suggests that the prevailing intellectual trend made IF popular. OFS no mention of it going unnoticed.

iSWAT decline of RF in English-speaking countries has been explained.

(D) help account for an increasing shift toward individualist CORRECT feminism among feminists in English speaking countries.

(E) account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English speaking countries

OFS - it talks about transition in importance of IF over RF. It does not explain the differences.

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 2
The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?
(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.

(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.
(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women. (D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained. (E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical framework for contemporary feminist politics, but individualist feminism could contribute much toward refining and strengthening modern feminist thought.

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 2
The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?
Open ended inference. So no Prethinking. Apply POE.
(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated. Passage presents a cause

(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.
(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women. (D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained. (E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical framework for contemporary feminist politics, but individualist feminism could contribute much toward refining and strengthening modern feminist thought.

Opposite: The author suggests a hormonized approach in 3rd para.

iSWAT - The author presents a potential path forward. But he does not present reason for that. Correct. Logical deduction of they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. Opposite This is the closest choice. The author predicts the opposite in this case. He suggests using the IF framework and refining it with RF ideologies. The author does not say that one is better than the other. He just says that both can be used together for greater good.

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 3
It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?
(A) A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks. (B) A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members. (C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group. (D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members. (E) Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 3
It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?
Re-read the definition of RF & IF IF - By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. RF - that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society. Pre-Thinking causality is biological differences -> division of labor. (A) A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks. (B) A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members. (C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group. OFS - No mention of efficiency anywhere in the passage iSWAT uses all the terms used in the passage but in a totally different context. Correct

(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members. (E) Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.

OFS - No culturally based differences

OFS no mention of educational programs and sense of well-being

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 4
According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that

(A) individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims (B) the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated (C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed (D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society (E) the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 4
According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that
Re-read the part where the further differences between the two theories are presented. Note for keyword while and see the change in direction of the passage. Read that part. See how noticing such changes in direction of passage helps in getting to the correct answer.

(A) individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims (B) the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated (C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed (D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society (E) the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes

OFS passage is about emancipation of women. Individual human rights are not discussed. IF says this but not RF

RF does not say this

RF says this but not IF

Correct. Both say this while agreeing with IF

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 5
The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States after 1920?
(A) They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues. (B) They began to reach a broader audience and their programs began to be adopted by mainstream political parties. (C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation among womens groups to achieve their goals. (D) They moderated their initial criticism of the economic systems that characterized their societies. (E) They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist approaches in their thought.

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 5
The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States after 1920?

Re-read the part in 2nd para about the progression of theories in England and US.
Between 1890 and 1920however , relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable

(A) They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues. (B) They began to reach a broader audience and their programs began to be adopted by mainstream political parties. (C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation among womens groups to achieve their goals. (D) They moderated their initial criticism of the economic systems that characterized their societies.

OFS - Politics not even discussed

OFS political parties not discussed

OFS international not discussed

OFS economic systems not discussed

(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist Correct inference of the word irreconcilable approaches in their thought.

PASSAGE (E-GMAT)

PASSAGE
Even after decades of cooperation in business and politics, America and Japan still trip over a seemingly simple concept: the apology. Neither culture appears to fully understand what the other means or expects. On one hand, most Americans were unmoved by Toyota CEO Akio Toyodas effusive apologies in 2010, after widespread reports of malfunctioning Prius accelerator. Japan, on the other hand, bristled when a U.S. submarine commander didnt immediately apologize after colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat off Hawaii in 2001. The confusion over the meaning of and occasion for an apology extends beyond those countries; indeed, it seems that virtually every culture has its own rules. While apologies are far less common in India, they are so prevalent and ritualized in Hong Kong that many people are inured to them. A core issue contributing to this cultural gap is differing perceptions of culpability: Americans see an apology as an admission of wrongdoing, whereas Japanese see it as an expression of eagerness to repair a damaged relationship, with no culpability necessarily implied. And this difference affects how much traction an apology gains. This can be demonstrated by the two recent surveys carried among undergraduates from the two countries. In the initial survey, it was found that the Japanese students apologized a lot morethey recalled issuing an average of 11.05 apologies in a week, whereas U.S. students recalled just 4.51. In a second study, the utility of apologies for repairing trust was assessed. Undergraduates from both countries were placed in situation such that they had to choose whether to hire an applicant who had admitted to a blunder and apologized for it. The Japanese students were more willing than their U.S. counterparts to trust the candidates assertion that she wouldnt engage in such behavior again and to offer her a job. We believe that this is owing to Americans inclination to associate apologies with culpability. This is in keeping with the psychological tendency of westerners to attribute events to individuals action. Thus, in the U.S., an apology is taken to establish culpability of mistakes to individuals. Whereas, in Japanwhich, like many other East Asian countries, has a more group-oriented cultureapologies are perceived just as an expression of agreement on the presence of a fault without implying any blame on anyone. Researchers whove compared apologies in America and China have found a similar pattern: U.S. apologies serve to establish personal responsibility, while Chinese ones focus on the larger consequences of the transgression.

PASSAGE PARA 1
Even after decades of cooperation in business and politics, America and Japan still trip
over a seemingly simple concept: the apology. Neither culture appears to fully understand what the other means or expects. On one hand, most Americans were 1 unmoved by Toyota CEO Akio Toyodas effusive apologies in 2010, after widespread Japan did something bad reports of malfunctioning Prius accelerator. Japan, on the other hand, bristled when a 2 U.S. submarine commander didnt immediately apologize after colliding with and US did something bad sinking a Japanese fishing boat off Hawaii in 2001. The confusion over the meaning of US & Japan cooperate otherwise They differ on apology Ex 1 Japan apologized a lot but US was unmoved Ex 2 US did not apologize soon enough as expected by Japan Differences in other countries too. Ex India and HK

Prediction 1: Passage about differences regarding apology 2: examples of other countries with differences on apology front.

and occasion for an apology extends beyond those countries; indeed, it seems that
virtually every culture has its own rules. While apologies are far less common in India, they are so prevalent and ritualized in Hong Kong that many people are inured to them.

PASSAGE PARA 2

Blame or no blame

A core issue contributing to this cultural gap is differing perceptions of culpability:

US view point Americans see an apology as an admission of wrongdoing, whereas Japanese see it as Japan view point an expression of eagerness to repair a damaged relationship, with no culpability

Prediction 1: Passage may explain about the reasons behind the confusion

necessarily implied. And this difference affects how much traction an apology gains. Evidence This can be demonstrated by the two recent surveys carried among undergraduates May skip this part come back later if any question on these studies is asked. from the two countries. In the initial survey, it was found that the Japanese students apologized a lot morethey recalled issuing an average of 11.05 apologies in a week,
whereas U.S. students recalled just 4.51. In a second study, the utility of apologies for repairing trust was assessed. Undergraduates from both countries were placed in Diff perception of taking blame or not. US say sorry when they take blame on themselves Japan no question of blame. Goal to mend the relationship. Evidence presented thru 2 studies.

situation such that they had to choose whether to hire an applicant who had admitted to
a blunder and apologized for it. The Japanese students were more willing than their U.S. counterparts to trust the candidates assertion that she wouldnt engage in such behavior again and to offer her a job. We believe that this is owing to Americans inclination to associate apologies with culpability.

PASSAGE PARA 3
This is in keeping with the psychological tendency of westerners to attribute events to
Same conclusion as in 2nd para individuals action. Thus, in the U.S., an apology is taken to establish culpability of mistakes to individuals. Whereas, in Japanwhich, like many other East Asian countries, has a more group-oriented cultureapologies are perceived just as an Same conclusion as in 2nd para expression of agreement on the presence of a fault without implying any blame on anyone. Researchers whove compared apologies in America and China have found a similar pattern: U.S. apologies serve to establish personal responsibility, while Chinese US Apology <-> blame IS IN LINE with their tendency to relate events to ind. Actions Japan has group oriented culture. Chinese apologies focus on consequences of the wrong doing.

ones focus on the larger consequences of the transgression.

PASSAGE
Even after decades of cooperation in business and politics, America and Japan still trip over a seemingly simple US & Japan cooperate otherwise concept: the apology. Neither culture appears to fully understand what the other means or expects. On one hand, They differ on apology most Americans were unmoved by Toyota CEO Akio Toyodas effusive apologies in 2010, after widespread reports Ex 1 Japan apologized a lot but US was unmoved of malfunctioning Prius accelerator. Japan, on the other hand, bristled when a U.S. submarine commander didnt Ex 2 US did not apologize soon enough as expected by Japan immediately apologize after colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat off Hawaii in 2001. The confusion Differences in other countries too. over the meaning of and occasion for an apology extends beyond those countries; indeed, it seems that virtually Ex India and HK every culture has its own rules. While apologies are far less common in India, they are so prevalent and ritualized in Hong Kong that many people are inured to them.

A core issue contributing to this cultural gap is differing perceptions of culpability: Americans see an apology as an admission of wrongdoing, whereas Japanese see it as an expression of eagerness to repair a damaged relationship, with no culpability necessarily implied. And this difference affects how much traction an apology Diff perception of recent surveys not. gains. This can be demonstrated by the twotaking blame orcarried among undergraduates from the two countries. US found that the Japanese students themselves In the initial survey, it was sorry when they take blame on apologized a lot morethey recalled issuing an Japan no question of blame. Goal to mend the relationship. average of 11.05 apologies in a week, whereas U.S. students recalled just 4.51. In a second study, the utility of Evidence assessed. Undergraduates apologies for repairing trust waspresented thru 2 studies. from both countries were placed in situation such that they had to choose whether to hire an applicant who had admitted to a blunder and apologized for it. The Japanese students were more willing than their U.S. counterparts to trust the candidates assertion that she wouldnt engage in such behavior again and to offer her a job. We believe that this is owing to Americans inclination to associate apologies with culpability.
This is in keeping with the psychological tendency of westerners to attribute events to individuals action. Thus, in is taken to establish culpability LINE with their tendency to relate events the U.S., an apology US Apology <-> blame IS INof mistakes to individuals. Whereas, in Japanwhich, like to ind. Actions many other East Asian countries, has a more group-oriented cultureapologies are perceived just as an Japan the presence of a fault without expression of agreement onhas group oriented culture. implying any blame on anyone. Researchers whove in America and China have consequences of the U.S. apologies compared apologies Chinese apologies focus onfound a similar pattern:wrong doing. serve to establish personal responsibility, while Chinese ones focus on the larger consequences of the transgression.

Author presents and discusses the difference in perception of apology among different countries.

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 1
The author of the passage is most likely to agree with which of the following?
(A) China has a more group-oriented culture than the USA

(B) Indians tend to associate apologies with culpability.

(C) Chinese culture emphasizes on the importance of apologies

(D) American perspective of apologies needs to change.

(E) Japanese perspective of apologies needs to change.

PASSAGE 1 QUESTION 1
The author of the passage is most likely to agree with which of the following?
Global Inference - Perform POE on the answer choices

(A) China has a more group-oriented culture than the USA (B) Indians tend to associate apologies with culpability.

Correct have found a similar pattern Japanwhich, like many other East Asian countries, has a more group-oriented culture OFS No such discussion apologies are far less common in India

(C) Chinese culture emphasizes on the importance of OFS No such discussion Chinese ones focus on the larger consequences of apologies
the transgression

(D) American perspective of apologies needs to change.

OFS - Need for change not implied anywhere

(E) Japanese perspective of apologies needs to change.

OFS - Need for change not implied anywhere

PASSAGE 2 QUESTION 2
The author mentions the psychological tendency of westerners primarily to?
(A) Make additional conclusions on the basis of the surveys.

(B) Strengthen his conclusion about American perceptions of an apology by correlating it to established facts about western psychology. (C) Illustrating another aspect of American perceptions

(D) Extending his conclusions about the American and Japanese perceptions to Chinese perceptions too.

(E) Covering additional facets of US apologies.

PASSAGE 2 QUESTION 2
The author mentions the psychological tendency of westerners primarily to?
Purpose Question Author mentions the psychological tendency here - This is in keeping with the psychological tendency of westerners to attribute events to individuals action. this in the sentence refers to the previous sentence We believe that this is owing to Americans inclination to associate apologies with culpability. So the author tries to make his conclusion, that Americans tend to associate apologies with culpability, more convincing by discussing it in the light of known western psych.

(A) Make additional conclusions on the basis of the surveys. (B) Strengthen his conclusion about American perceptions of an apology by correlating it to established facts about western psychology.

The fact about western psych is taken as a fact without supplying any arguments to support. No additional conclusions have been made based on the surveys Correct Answer

(C) Illustrating another aspect of American perceptions

(D) Extending his conclusions about the American and Japanese perceptions to Chinese perceptions too. (E) Covering additional facets of US apologies.

While the statement presents another aspect of American perceptions, the purpose of stating this statement is not to present another perception.
Out of Context. While in the same paragraph, this is done, but the purpose of bringing up the pysc tendency is not to extend his conclusions. Same characteristics are discussed from a psychological point of view

PASSAGE 2 QUESTION 3
The Author mentions all of the below about the Japanese except(A) Japan has a group-oriented culture.

(B) The Japanese use apologies much more frequently than the Americans

(C) The people of Japan forgive apologetic people more easily than American people do.

(D) The Japanese people do not blame individuals for mistakes and errors.

(E) Japanese people use apologies to express willingness to rectify relationships.

PASSAGE 2 QUESTION 3
The Author mentions all of the below about the Japanese exceptRead all choices and find the one that is not discussed in the passage at all. That is the correct answer.

(A) Japan has a group-oriented culture.

Last Para
Japanwhich, like many other East Asian countries, has a more group-oriented culture

(B) The Japanese use apologies much more frequently than the Americans

2nd para
The Japanese students apologized a lot more

(C) The people of Japan forgive apologetic people more easily than American people do.

2nd para
Japanese students were more willing than their U.S. counterparts to trust the candidates assertion

(D) The Japanese people do not blame individuals for mistakes Correct not mentioned and errors.

(E) Japanese people use apologies to express willingness to rectify relationships.

2nd para
whereas

Japanese see it as an expression of eagerness to repair a damaged relationship

PASSAGE 2 QUESTION 4
Based on the information in the passage, it may be inferred that the US submarine commander
(A) Considered the collision to be a fault of the Japanese

fisherman who was fishing in US waters.

(B) Did not perceive himself to be responsible for the

colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat.

(C) Did not value the importance of Japanese-US

relations

(D) Was angry about the reports of malfunctioning Prius

accelerators and chose to express his agitation by refusing to apologize.

(E) Did not want to admit wrongdoing in spite of being

culpable of sinking a much smaller ship.

PASSAGE 2 QUESTION 4
Based on the information in the passage, it may be inferred that the US submarine commander
Combination Inference Japan, on the other hand, bristled when a U.S. submarine commander didnt immediately apologize after colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat off Hawaii in 2001. Americans see an apology as an admission of wrongdoing,

(A) Considered the collision to be a fault of the Japanese OFS: this is not mentioned in the

fisherman who was fishing in US waters.

(B) Did not perceive himself to be responsible for the

passage Correct: This is implied from the information in para 1 and 2 OFS: no mention in the passage

colliding with and sinking a Japanese fishing boat.

(C) Did not value the importance of Japanese-US

relations
(D) Was angry about the reports of malfunctioning Prius

accelerators and chose to express his agitation by refusing to apologize. (E) Did not want to admit wrongdoing in spite of being culpable of sinking a much smaller ship.

Inconsistent: combining 2 unrelated events OFS: no information about culpulabilty is provided in the passage