Introduction The observable progress in the development of steel structures is extremely significant emphasizing continuous achievement of creative designers,

engineers and architects alike. Over the last period engineers have been called upon to built larger and larger structures, all of them with less material and less cost. So the best engineers developed under the discipline of extreme economy and their ideas developed under competitive cost control. Architectural concepts of aesthetics are changed all the time, leading to the introduction of new structural systems. In this Course work we have to identify the functional requirements of typical industrial and commercial buildings and select the most appropriate building structure for the above proposed aircraft hangar and apply the construction technique to suit a given scenario . Classify long span & complicated structures
1) Form Active Systems - are systems of flexible, non-rigid matter, in which the redirection of

forces is effected by particular form design and characteristic form stabilization.

Example of structures:

1. Cable structures 2. Tent structures

Advantages of Tensile Structures The total cost is lower than the other structures. Cover large space by using cable tensile. Creates attraction to the construction. Extra light and ventilation. Will not ignite. Easy to assemble. (If use fabric roof) Disadvantages of Tensile Structures Need skill labours. Water leakages. Difficulty of working heavy rainy days and sunny days. Wasting of inner space. Difficult to maintain. Discolour of walls.

3. Pneumatic structures Advantages Light in Weight. Reusable.

Are Easy To Secure In Almost Any Terrain. Easy to Install Comparably to other Materials. Can be set up and taken down relatively quickly. Low Cost comparably to other Products.

Disadvantages Sometimes Develop Air Leaks. Less Weight Bearing Ability comparing to others. Need High Skill Labors to Install these Structures. Less Durability Comparing to Other Structures. High Maintenance Cost.

4. Arch structures
Advantages Large span can be achieved by a very thin curved membrane. Example; 57-63mm thick concrete membrane up to 30m span structure, 90mm thick concrete membrane up to 45-50m span structure The thick curved membrane also requires less material The common construction material used is concrete, which is durable, fire resistance and available in Sri Lanka. The curve structure enables the designers to design the building in to an innovative or a unique structure.

Disadvantages This type of construction requires special technologies which is not economical in as Asian country like Sri Lanka The tropical climate can affect the concrete shell making fractures due to heat expansions and sudden rainfall It is difficult to place services ducts in the curved roof and requires underground ducting systems The construction of the large concrete structure requires a considerable time duration The maintenance of the structure is difficult and expensive

The space inside the building cannot be utilized to its maximum due to the curved structure. Therefore space is wasted.

2) Vector Active Systems - are systems of short, solid, straight lineal members, in which the

redirection of forces is effected by vector partition, i.e. by multidirectional splitting of single force simply to tension or compressive elements
Example of structures:

1. Flat trusses 2. Curved trusses

Advantages of Vault Structures Except extra support from middle A multiplicity of spaced-apart generally stirrup-shaped arches extending over and having free ends supported on opposite surfaces, arches forming a vault skeleton. A ventilation layer on skeleton at least partially covering same and open to passage Sound proof & Sound Traveler The main reason; to use vault structures in Romanesque & Islamic architecture. Good Appearance Therefore; the combination of most vault types use in modern architecture. Disadvantages of Vault Structures Difficulty in finding shaped materials. Need experienced workmen. Limited number of window openings. Low heat transforming. Due to wider span cost become high.

3. Space trusses

4. Portal Frame
Advantages

Standard range of manufactures system Less overall dead load Good wind resistance Quickly assembling

Disadvantages

Although steel is incombustible it has a poor resistance to fire as it bend easily when hot. Lower Fire resistance Corrosive material hence regular protective maintaince required

3) Section Active Systems - are systems of rigid, solid, linear elements, in which redirection of

forces is effected by mobilization of sectional forces

Example of structures:

1. Beam structures 2. Frame structures 3. Slab structures

4) Surface Active Systems - are systems of flexible or rigid planes able to resist tension, compression or shear, in which the redirection of forces is effected by mobilization of sectional forces
Example of structures:

1. Plate structures

2. Folded structures
Advantages Strength and span: the limit of the tension in such a membrane surface is limited by the strength of the steel cables - rather than by the tension capacity of the membrane itself - allowing for much tauter fabrics than would otherwise be possible. Low profile: near-horizontal surfaces can be employed. The membrane itself is not near horizontal, and the high tension cables are effective at preventing pooling - eliminating spots where rain water might otherwise collect.

Flat panels: the pattern lends itself well to flat, rectangular frameworks. These are commonly used in buildings - most walls, floors and roofs in the world consist of what are essentially flat panels, or composites of them. Economical: the near flat surface saves material compared to use of a pattern with high points. Flexible: cylindrical and conical shapes are well suited to the approach. Shingling: shingling works well with the pattern - reducing the need for water-tight welding.

Disadvantages
Stability: while pleated patterns with doubly-curved anticlastic surfaces are possible, pleating mainly represents an alternative approach to stabilizing a fabric - supporting it regularly with high tension cables. However, unless some kind of curved surface is used for the membrane, its surface is likely to have a tendency to oscillate. While the pattern encourages the use of flat surfaces - to avoid complex anticlastic patterning issues there are disadvantages to going too far in this direction - since completely flat surfaces are the ones most prone to vibration and rippling. Cost: while the pattern is economical on fabric, it does use additional cables - and sometimes struts. The materials and detailing associated with these will have its costs. Time: the pattern may have some of its overheads in areas which affect construction time on site - rather than being confined to the factory - if there are cases where the cable network can't easily be preconstructed on the ground before being lifted into place.

3. Shell structures
Advantages Attraction of elegant simplicity of curved shell forms that utilize the natural strength & stiffness of shell from with great economy in the use of material. Continuity and curvature the essential ingredients of a shell structure. Disadvantages More expensive than a part framed structure. Cost of the labour construction of centering of shell is very high. While rigidity and strength are in many cases desirable attributes of shell structures, there are some important difficulties that can occur precisely on account of unavoidable rigidity.

Advantages of Dome Structures Resists compression Good insulators Fire Resistant Durability Free shaped designs Variety of structures & shapes Enough sunlight Less damage if collapse Disadvantages of Dome Structures Cant resist tension Long Period of time Expensive High Maintenance cost Not good insulators