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INTRODUCTION
An electric resistor is a two-terminal passive component specifically used to oppose and limit current. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:
Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.
UNITS
The ohm (symbol: ) is the SI unit of electrical resistance. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm (1 m = 10 3 ), kilohm (1 k = 103 ), and megohm (1 M = 106 ) are also in common usage.
SYMBOLS
The symbol used for a resistor in a circuit diagram varies from standard to standard and country to country. Two typical symbols are as follows.
2. WORKING OF RESISTOR
The working of a resistor can be explained with the similarity of water flowing through a pipe. Consider a pipe through which water is allowed to flow. If the diameter of the pipe is reduced, the water flow will be reduced. If the force of the water is increased by increasing the pressure, then the energy will be dissipated as heat. There will also be an enormous difference in pressure in the head and tail ends of the pipe. In this example, the force applied to the water is similar to the current flowing through the resistance. The pressure applied can be resembled to the voltage.
As a special case, the resistance of N resistors connected in series, each of the same resistance R is given by NR.
Resistors in a parallel configuration are each subject to the same potential difference (voltage), however the currents through them add. The conductances of the resistors then add to determine the conductance of the network. Thus the equivalent resistance (Req) of the network can be computed:
3. TYPES OF RESISTORS:
Resistors can be broadly classified based on the following criteria: The type of material used the power rating and resistance value.
carbon material and modifying the shape of the resistor. The helical resistive path make these resistors highly inductive and of little use for RF applications. They exhibit a temperature coefficient between -100 and -900 ppm/ C. The carbon film is protected either by a conformal epoxy coating or a ceramic tube. The operation of these resistors requires high pulse stability.
Metal film resistors can be obtained in a wide range of resistance values from a few Ohms to tens of millions of Ohms with a very small tolerance. For example, for a stated value of 100K Ohm, the actual value will be between 99K Ohm and 101K Ohm. Small carbon, metal and oxide resistors come in various colors such as dark red, brown, blue, green, grey or white.
Enamel resistors are used in scenarios where high power is involved and are encapsulated in heat proof bases. Since wire wound resistors are primarily coils, they have more undesirable inductance than other types of resistor, although winding the wire in sections with alternately reversed directions can minimize inductance. Other techniques employ bifilar winding to reduce cross-section area of the coil. For the most demanding circuits, resistors with Ayrton-Perry windings are used.
material onto an insulating substrate whereas thick film are made using screen and stencil printing processes. Ceramic conductors such as tantalum nitride (TaN), ruthenium dioxide (RuO2), lead oxide (PbO), bismuth ruthenate (Bi2Ru2O7), nickel chromium (NiCr), and bismuth iridate (Bi2Ir2O7) are the materials commonly used for making thin film resistors. Thick film resistors are usually made by mixing ceramics with powdered glass. Thick films have tolerances ranging from 1 to 2% and a temperature coefficient between 200 or 250 ppm/K. Thin film resistors are usually more expensive than thick film resistors. Thin film resistors are preferred for microwave passive and active power components such as microwave power resistors, microwave power terminations, microwave resistive power dividers, microwave power attenuators.
0.02%. Contacts at each end are provided, which are soldered directly onto the conductive print on the circuit board, usually by automatic assembly methods. These are mostly used where space is an important factor.
exponentially as the wiper slides. The value is meant to be set correctly when installed in some device, and is not adjusted by the device's user.
The variable may have three tabs where the middle tab is the wiper. If all the three tabs are used, it behaves as a voltage divider. If only wiper tab is used along with another tab, it becomes a variable resistor or rheostat. If only the side tabs are used, then it behaves as a fixed resistor. These are mostly used for tuning, voltage division and adjusting sensitivity of sensors. The variable can have one or two switches in-built where the resistor operates for the ON state of the switch(s). Such resistors were mostly used for volume control in older TV and radio circuits. There may also be four-tab variables where the fourth lead is for feedback signal and placed near the first tab. Wire wound variable resistors are used for very precise control of resistance. The wiper may also be rotary (as in most presets), sliding or disc shaped (as used in pocket radios for volume control).
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6. USES OF RESISTORS
Though resistors can cause wastage of electricity, it has a lot of advantages and applications in our daily life. Resistance is one of the main ingredients in the working of a light bulb. When electricity passes through the filament of the bulb, it burns bright as it turns extremely hot due to its smaller size. Though this mechanism wastes a lot of electricity, we are forced to use it to obtain light. The light used nowadays are highly efficient than the older incandescent lamps. The similar filament working is the main ingredient in the working of some of our usual household stuffs like electric kettles, electric radiators, electric showers, coffee makers, toasters, and so on. The application of variable resistance is also helpful to us. Our TVs, radios, loud speakers and so on work on this principle.
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8. CONCLUSION
Although we may think that resistors dont play any kind of significant role within electrical as well as electronic circuits, but they do play much important role as far as these circuits are concerned and without any ambiguity. Without proper load or proper biasing no active circuit can work out in a stable manner as without proper biasing. In most cases circuits without resistors may be open and will do no significant work as well. Therefore resistors cannot be taken as normal electrical / electronic component, although they are widely used in almost every kind of circuits
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