Chapter 3 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION - any meaningful collection of variables, constants, grouping symbols, and symbols of operations.

. Examples: RECALL: A constant is a symbol whose value is fixed. Examples: 5, -13, , e 5x, 2x3+3y2, 2a-3b+5c

A variable is a symbol that can assume different values in a given discussion. Examples: x, y, z, a, b, c

An algebraic term is that part of an algebraic expression separated by plus or minus sign with this sign included. Example: 3xy + x + 11 ( 3 terms) 5xy (1 term) ( 2 terms)

If a term is a product of two or more symbols, each of the symbols is called a coefficient of the rest of the product. Example: In the expression 5x3y2z5, -5 is the numerical coefficient, x3 is the coefficient of 5y2z5

Similar terms or like terms are those which differ only with their numerical coefficient. Example: 3x2y and 7x2y are similar terms

An algebraic expression of the form am is called a power of which a is called the base and m is called the exponent. am = a a a . . . a

TYPES OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS A polynomial is an algebraic expression of one or more terms each of which is a product of constants and variables, where each variable is raised to a positive integral exponent including zero. - an algebraic expression of the form Where - constant term - leading coefficient - leading term degree n - a non negative integer - numerical coefficients

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYNOMIALS A. ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE Constant - a polynomial whose degree is 0. Linear a polynomial whose degree is 1. Quadratic a polynomial whose degree is 2. Cubic a polynomial whose degree is 3. Quartic a polynomial whose degree is 4. nth degree a polynomial whose degree is more than 4. B. ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF TERMS 1. Monomial a polynomial of one term 2. Binomial a polynomial of two terms 3. Trinomial - a polynomial of three terms 4. Polynomial 4 or more terms The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of the literal coefficients. Example: Find the degree of each of the following:

4x3 5m2y4 7a2b3c4 The degree of a polynomial is the highest of the degrees of its terms. Example: Find the degree of each of the following: 7x3 2x2 + 4 6x2y2z + 3xy3z2 4y4 8 EXAMPLE: C. According to numerical coefficient 1. Integral the numerical coefficient are integers 2. Rational the numerical coefficients are either fractional or decimal or both 3. Real the numerical coefficients include irrational numbers RATIONAL EXPRESSION - an algebraic expression in the form of a fraction whose numerator and denominator are polynomials. An irrational expression is an algebraic expression with variables raised to non-integral exponents. The following are rational expressions: The following are irrational expressions: INTEGER EXPONENTS EXPONENTIAL NOTATION A product of identical numbers is usually written in exponential notation. For example, 5 5 5 is written as 53. In general, we have the following definition. a) (b) (3)4 = (3) (3) (3) (3) = 81 Example 1 Exponential Notation

(c) 34 = (3 3 3 3) = 81 Example 2 Zero and Negative Exponents The laws that govern exponents are summarized below. 8. Zero exponent: a0 = 1, a 0 7. Negative exponent: a-n = 1/an 6. Power of a quotient: (a/b)n = an/bn 5. Power of a product: (ab)m = ambm 4. Power of a power: (am)n = amn 3. Quotient of powers: am / an = am-n 2. Product of powers: am an = am+n 1. mth power of a: am = a a a . . . a Let a and b be real numbers and m and n are positive integers.

Example 3 Simplifying Expressions with Exponents

Simplify: (a) (2a3b2)(3ab4)3 (b) Solution:

(a) (2a3b2)(3ab4)3 = (2a3b2)[33a3(b4)3] = (2a3b2)(27a3b12) = (2)(27)a3a3b2b12 = 54a6b14 b. Example 4 Simplifying Expressions with Negative Exponents Eliminate negative exponents and simplify each expression. (a) (b) OPERATIONS ON POLYNOMIALS Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials To add or subtract polynomials, arrange similar terms in column and find the sum or the difference of the terms in each column. Examples: 5x7 + 3x7 = (5 + 3)x7 = 8x7 In subtracting polynomials, we have to remember that if a minus sign precedes an expression in parentheses, then the sign of every term within the parentheses is changed when we remove the parentheses: (b + c) = b c [This is simply a case of the Distributive Property, a(b + c) = ab + ac, with a = 1.] Example 1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials (a) Find the sum (x3 6x2 + 2x + 4) + (x3 + 5x2 7x). (b) Find the difference (x3 6x2 + 2x + 4) (x3 + 5x2 7x). Solution: (a) (x3 6x2 + 2x + 4) + (x3 + 5x2 7x)

= (x3 + x3) + (6x2 + 5x2) + (2x 7x) + 4

= 2x3 x2 5x + 4 (b) (x3 6x2 + 2x + 4) (x3 + 5x2 7x)

Combine like terms

= x3 6x2 + 2x + 4 x3 5x2 + 7x Distributive Property = (x3 x3) + ( 6x2 5x2) + (2x + 7x) + 4 Group like terms = 11x2 + 9x + 4 Combine like terms

GROUPING SYMBOLS The commonly used grouping symbols are the parentheses ( ),

braces { }, brackets [ ], and vinculum. Terms inside a grouping symbol form a single quantity. Rules in Simplifying Algebraic Expressions 1. Remove the grouping symbols by applying the distributive

property of multiplication over addition. 2. In case a grouping symbol encloses another grouping symbol,

remove the innermost symbol first and work from the inside out. 3. Collect similar terms as they appear. 4. Arrange the resulting expression in alphabetical and d

descending power of the variable. Remove the grouping symbols and combine similar terms. 1. 2a + [3a 2(a 2b) 3a]

2. 2a [2c 3b (2a + 4c 3b) 2a] (c b)

3. 2{2a b[2a c(2a 1) + 2ac] c}

4. 4[3a 2(a + 2b)] 3{a2 [ 3b + a(a b)] }

5. 2x + 2{y [4x (z + 2y)] + z} 2y

6. 6d 4e {2f + 2[-d + e 2(d f)] + e} + e

7. 3 + x[-6 + x(4 + x)]

8. 1 + x{6 + x[-4 + x(3 + x)] }

Examples: A. Find the sum of the given expressions. 1. 3x + 2y 4z, 2x 3y + 3z, -4x + 5y + 7z 2. 7ab 6bc + 5ac, -6ab + 5bc + 7ac, 3ab + 2bc 8ac 3. 9x2 8x + 3, 6x2 + 7x +4, -11x2 + 2x 5 4. 5a 8ab 6ab2, 4a + 6ab + 5ab2, -8a + ab +ab2 5. 2x3 7x2 + 3, 5x2 2x + 5, x3 2x2 + 7x B. Do as indicated. 1. Subtract 2a + b 3c from 3a + 2b + 4c. 2. Subtract -x3 5x + 2 from 2x3 + x2 3x + 9. 3. Subtract 2x + 3y + 5z from the sum of x + y + 3z and 5x- 6y z.

4. Subtract the sum of 2a + 3p + 5x and 3a + 2p 5x from 6a + 4p + x. 5. Subtract the sum of 2x + 3y 5z and 3x 4y + 7z from the sum of 2x +3y 4z and 5x + 2y 3z. Multiplication of Polynomials To find the product of polynomials or other algebraic expressions, we need to use the Distributive Property repeatedly. In particular, using it three times on the product of two binomials, we get (a + b)(c + d) = a(c + d) + b(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd This says that we multiply the two factors by multiplying each term in one factor by each term in the other factor and adding these products. Schematically, we have (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd In general, we can multiply two algebraic expressions by using the Distributive Property and the Laws of Exponents. When we multiply trinomials or other polynomials with more terms, we use the Distributive Property. It is also helpful to arrange our work in table form. The next example illustrates both methods. Find the product: (2x + 3)(x2 5x + 4) Solution 1: Using the Distributive Property (2x + 3)(x2 5x + 4) = 2x(x2 5x + 4) + 3(x2 5x + 4) Distributive Property

= (2x x2 2x 5x + 2x 4)+(3 x2 3 5x + 3 4) Distributive Property = (2x3 10x2 + 8x) + (3x2 15x + 12) = 2x3 7x2 7x + 12 Solution 2: Using Table Form x2 5x + 4 2x + 3 Laws of Exponents Combine like terms

3x2 15x + 12 2x3 10x2 + 8x 2x3 7x2 7x + 12

Multiply x2 5x + 4 by 3 Multiply x2 5x + 4 by 2x Add like terms

Examples: Find the indicated products. 1. 2x2y( 3xy3 5x2y4) 2. 7x2y4(3x3y2 + 2x5y3) 3. 2x2y(3y 2x) 3xy2(2x y) 4. 3xy(2x + 3x2y) 2x2y(4 xy) 5. (3x + 2y)(2x 3y) 6. (5x 3y)(3x 2y) 7. (3x + 5)(2x2 3x 5) 8. (4x + 1)(3x2 + 4x 2) 9. (2x 3y)(3x2 + 2xy y2) 10. (3x + 7y)(3x2 4xy + 2y2) Division of Polynomials Simple Division Simplify Simplify Algebraic long division

Algebraic long division Algebraic long division Algebraic long division Algebraic long division Algebraic long division

Algebraic long division Algebraic long division Algebraic long division Algebraic long division Dividing by inspection Dividing by inspection Dividing by inspection Examples: Find the quotient and remainder when the first expression is divided by the second. 1. x3 3x2 + 2x + 5, x + 2 2. x4 + x3 7x 3, x 3 3. 6x3 + 5x2 4x + 4, 2x + 3 4. 15x3 8x2 6x + 9, 5x + 4 5. 4x3 2x + 3, 2x 1 6. 4x3 x + 11, 2x + 3 7. 6x4 5x3 8x2 x 6, 2x 3 8. 10x4 + 11x3 26x2 + 23x 6, 5x 2 9. 2x4 + 3x3 + 9x 7, x2 + 2x 1 10. 2x4 + 7x3 + 2x 1, x2 + 3x 1 11. 3x4 4x2 + 8x + 3, 3x2 + 6x + 2 12. 6x4 + 13x3 + 15x 6, 2x2 x + 2 EXERCISES EXERCISES EXERCISES C. Use the laws of exponents to write the expression so that each variable occurs only once and all the exponents are positive. 1. a. b. c.

2. a. 3. a. 4. a.

b. b. b.

c. c. c.

D. Evaluate each expression. 1. 525 = _____

2. (23)2 = _____ 3. (-6)0 = _____ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 2-1 + 2-3 3-1 3-3 = _____ = _____ = _____ = _____ = _____

E. Simplify each expression 1. (2x)4x3 2. -(-3y)4 3. (3z)2(6z2)-3 4. 5. 6. 7.

Chapter 4 SPECIAL PRODUCTS SPECIAL PRODUCTS -these would increase speed and accuracy in computations. There are certain cases of products of polynomials, which have been classified because of the special forms of the factors. These products can be obtained easily by applying the Special Product Formulas. SPECIAL PRODUCT FORMULAS Type 1. Product of Two Binomials

A. ( FOIL METHOD- First-Outside-Inside-Last ) (ax + by)(cx + dy) = acx2 + (ad + bc)xy + bdy2 1. Multiply the First Terms. 2. Multiply the Outer Terms. 3. Multiply the Inner Terms. 4. Multiply the Last Terms. 5. Combine the four terms then simplify. 6. Practice adding the middle terms mentally to write down the

three terms of the answer directly. Example: (3x-4)(x+7) = 3x(x) + 3x(7) -4(x) 4(7) EXAMPLES: 1. (2x 8)(x+7) 2. (3a-b)(2a+3b) 3. (2m2 + n3)(m-n) = 3x2 + 21x 4x -28 = 3x2 + 17x - 28

4. (6r + 2s)(7r 3s) 5. (5a3-6b)(2a + b2) 6. (x + 6)(3x 5) 7. (2x+9y)(x-y2) 8. (12xy2 + 4)(8x-3y) 9. (3xy 8z)(6x2 + 3z) B. BOX METHOD - similar to FOIL METHOD 1. Draw a square and two perpendicular segments connecting the midpoints of the side. 2. Place each term of the 2 binomials vertically in each square. 3. Multiply the terms horizontally and diagonally. 4. Combine the results then simplify. EXERCISES 1. (A + 3B)(A 6B) 2. (hk + 6)(hk 9) 3. (xy 12)(xy + 8) 4. (x2 + 50)(x2 + 40) 5. (9x2y =3z)(2x2y z) 6. (2x + 3)((3x + 4) 7. (3x + 5)(4x + 7) 8. (11y2 + 9z)(3y2 z) 9. (7x2 + y2)(5x2 y2) 10. (x2 50)(x2 + 20)

Type 2. Square of Binomials (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (x y)2 = x2 2xy + y2

The result of the square of a binomial is a perfect square trinomial It is important to emphasize that in

(x +y)2 , x refers to the first term, and y the second term. following: Examples: 1. (3x + 2y)2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(2y) + (2y)2 = 9x2 + 12xy + 4y2 a. square of the first term, b. twice of the product of the first term and the second term, and c. square of the second term. Thus, the square of the binomial comprises the

2. (5x 6)2 = (5x)2 2(5x)(6) + (6)2 = 25x2 - 60x + 36 EXAMPLES: 1. (5x + y)2 2. ( x 9)2 3. (x1/2 + 5z)2 4. (3a 8)2 5. (t3 + 18s2)2 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. Type 3. Product of the Sum and the Difference of the Same Two Terms - square of the first term minus the square of the second term. - the difference of the squares of the terms.

(x + y)(x y) = x2 y2 EXERCISES: 1. (2x 5y)(2x + 5y) 2. (x2 + 7)(x2 -7) 3. (5ab 9c)(5ab + 9c) 4. (3a2 + y3)(3a2 y3) 5. (6y 5)(6y + 5) 6. (2x3 + 9z2)(2x3 9z2) 7. 8. Type 4. A. Square of Polynomial (Trinomial) - equal to the square s of the terms and twice the product of each term by every other term, taken separately. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc Example: 1. (2a + 3b 5c)2 = 4a2 + 9b2 + 25c2 + 2(2a)(3b) + 2(3b)(-5c) + 2(2a)(-5c) = 4a2 + 9b2 + 25c2 + 12ab 30bc 20ac

2. (6x- 3y-4z)2 = 36x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 36xy 48xz + 24yz Examples: 1. (x + y + 5)2 2. (3x + 5y 7)2 3. ( a + b + 2 )2 4. (2x 3y + 4z)2 5. (x2 6x 4)2 6. ( a b + 3 )2 B. Square of Trinomial Box Method 1. Place each term of the trinomial in two rows and 3 columns. 2. Find the product vertically. 3. Multiply diagonally every element in the first row except for the last element. 4. Combine the terms then simplify. Example Exercises: 1. (2xy + 3z + 1)2 2. (x2 -3 y2 - 4)2 3. (5x + 4y 3z)2 4. (x2 -2x + 5)2 5. (3x2 x -2)2 6. (4x3 + 2y2 + z)2 7. (0.2m + 0.3n -0.4p)2 8. (x3 2x2 + x)2

9. (2y3 + y2 +7y)2 10. (0,25 + 3x + 2y)2

Type 5. Cube of a Binomial

(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3

(x y)3 = x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 y3

Examples: 1. (a + 2 )3 2. (5m2 7n)3 3. (8z2 + 7a)3 4. (3x3 2a2)3 5. (2x 9z)3 6. (0.25 4r2)3 7. 8.

9. Type 6. Special Case of Product of Binomial and Trinomial (Sum and Difference of Cubes)

Examples:

(x + y)(x2 xy + y2) = x3 + y3

(x y)(x2 + xy + y2) = x3 y3

a. (4a 3b)(16a2 + 12ab + 9b2) = 64a3 27b3

b. (4a 5b)(16a2 + 20ab + 25b2) = 64a3 125b3 Examples: 1. (2a 5b)(4a2 + 10ab + 25b2) 2. (2x + 3y)(4x2 6xy + 9y2) 3. (x + 3y)(x2 3xy + 9y2) EXERCISES Find the product of the given expressions. 1. (2x 3y)(4x + 5y)

2. ( x + 7) (x + 3) 3. (x - 6) (x + 11) 4. (5x + 6)(3x - 4) 5. (3x - 5y)(2x - 9y) 6. (2xy 5)(3xy + 1) 7. (7x2 yz)(3x2 + 5yz) 8. (a2b + 3)(4a2b + 1) 9. (4xy + 3z)(xy 2z) 10. (8x3 y2)(2x3 3y2)

EXERCISES Find the product of the given expressions. 1. ( a + 5)2 2. (4a - b)2 3. (2x - 3y)2 4. (6x + 7y)2 5. (4ab + 3c)2

6. (11x - 9y)2 7. (5x2 + 7y)2 8. (3x3 2y2)2 9. (2x2y + 7)2 10. (5x2y3 11z4)2

EXERCISES EXERCISES 1. (3a + 5b + 4c)2 2. (x3 + x2 + x)2 3. (3a + 2b c)2 4. (2x2 -3x + 5)2 5. (3 + 4x 5x2)2 6. (y5 + y4 + 3y3)2 9. 10. 1. (4x + 5y)(4x 5y) 2. (3x 7y)(3x +7y) 3. (4x3 9y5)(4x3 + 9y5) 4. (5a2 + 6b2)(5a2 6b2) 5. (5a2 + 7b3)(5a2 7b3) 6. (6a3 + 7b2)(6a3 7b2) 7. (2x + y)(2x - y)(4x2 +y2) 8. (4x 3y)(4x + 3y)(16x2 + 9y2)

7. (5 m + x )2 8. (2m2 3m + 5)2 9. (4a3 + 2a2 a)2 10. (x6 + x4 + x2)2 EXERCISES 1. (x + 2)3

2. (2x 3)3 3. (5x - 2y)3 4. (7x + 3y)3 5. (a2 4)3 6. (a2 + 3bc)3
7.

(3x2 + 4y3)3

8. (2a4 y5)3 EXERCISES 1. (x + 2)(x2 - 2x + 4)

2.

(x 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)

3. (2x 5)(4x2 + 10x + 25) 4. (3x + 7)(9x2 21x + 49)

5.

(7a 4b)(a2 + 28 ab + 16b2)

6.

(5a + 3y)(25a2 15ay + 9y2)

7.

(3c2 5d4)(9c4 + 15 c2d4 + 25d8)

8.

(6x3 + 11y5)(36x6 66x3y5 +121y10)

9.

( 3x + 4y2)(9x2 24xy2 + 16y4)

10. ( 2x 7y)(4x2 14xy +49y2) EXERCISES