Flow Assurance Presentation - Rune Time 3

Flow Assurance and Multiphase flow
Scandpower Petroleum Technology

p
part III
Prof. Rune W. Time
Department of Petroleum Engineering
University of Stavanger
Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger May 31st, 2011
O li d i h d l Outline and time schedule
I : 8.30 9.15 Flow regimes and impact on phase slippage,
fluid concentrations and pressure drop in
pipelines pipelines
II : 9.25 10.15 Hydrates, wax and asphaltenes
III: 10.25 -11.00 Multiphase flow influence from
int f c s c mp ssi n ff cts nd s interfaces, compression effects and waves
Seminar at Aker Solutions, Stavanger - May31st, 2011
2
PART III
Multiphase flow
- Influence from interfaces Influence from interfaces,
compression effects and waves
3
l Slug types
Hydrodynamic slugging (Horizontal pipes)
Terrain induced slugging (liquid accumulation and U-tube) Terrain induced slugging (liquid accumulation and U tube)
Severe slugging (stronger version of terrain slugging)
Severe slugging, or terrain induced slugging, may gg g, gg g, y
occur at low flowrates when a downwards inclined or
horizontal pipeline is connected to a vertical riser.
It is characterised by periods of feed starvation It is characterised by periods of feed starvation
for the receiving process, followed by periods of
very high oil and production rates.
4
Terrain induced slugging
http://pipeliner.com.au/
news/super_cooper_sa
t b i i ntos_cooper_basin_pi
peline_network/012082
Gas
Cond
5
Slug catcher facility - Melkya
6
Severe slugging
Figure 8 1: Typical severe slugging geometry Figure 8.1: Typical severe slugging geometry
REF: Rune W. Time: Multiphase compendium
http://www.ljll.math.upm p j p
c.fr/gallery/files/coquel_
slugging-en.htm
7
Structural damages due to high flows
Structural damage due Structural damage due
to slug loading
Flexible riser configurations
may fatigue and fail
IAF Das: The Characteristics and Forces due
t Sl i 'S Sh d Ri PhD Th i
may fatigue and fail
with severe slugging
to Slugs in an 'S Shaped Riser, PhD Thesis
Cranfield 2003
8
Mechanical loads on bends due
to severe slugging
B d Bend
Flow
Resultant force on bend:
2
FR 2 Av =
9
Minimizing Severe slugging
REF: Rune W. Time: Multiphase compendium
Figure 8.3: Pressure drop in riser, choke and
combined riser + choke, for fixed liquid flow rate.
From Schmidt et al.,1985
Other solutions:
- Riser gas lift ?
..
..
10
Wave propagation in two-phase flow
Surface waves:
Stratified flow Interface friction Liquid transport
Slug flow (see movie - later) g ( )
Concentration waves in bubbly systems
(wave speed may influence cross correlation flowmeters) p y
Pressure waves sound speed choked flow
11
Stratified interface drag - I
Interfacial drag in stratified flows:
http://www.thermopedia.co
m/video/2/stratified_wave
Interfacial drag in stratified flows:
For stratified flow in pipelines the interface is found to be smooth for
water for gas velocities less than approximately 3 m/s. At this velocity
small amplitude regular Jeffrey waves appear at the interface.
Above about 5 m/s Kelvin-Helmholtz waves are generated. For
velocities of about 10 m/s droplets are spewed from the crest of the
waves waves.
For liquids with a viscosity greater than 15 centipoise the interface is
smooth for gas velocities less than 5 m/s and Kelvin-Hetmholtz waves are
generated above this velocity.
The appearance of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves is accompanied by a large
increase in the interfacial stress both for water and for viscous liquids increase in the interfacial stress both for water and for viscous liquids.
R. V. A. Oliemans (ed.), Computational fluid Dynamics for the Petrochemical Process Industry. Separated flow
modelling and interfacial transport phenomena, THOMAS J. HANRATTY
12
ifi d i f d II Stratified interface drag - II
Th h i ht f t tifi d fl i i li hl f th The wave heights for stratified flows in pipelines are roughly of the
order of 0.5 to 5 mm so they protrude into the gas space an appreciable
distance.
The magnitude of the form drag should increase linearly with the wave
height, Ah, and with the number of waves per unit length.
A c rr l ti n b Andrits s b s d n m sur m nts f r 2 54 cm nd 9 53 A correlation by Andritsos based on measurements for 2.54 cm and 9.53
cm pipelines and for liquids with viscosities of 1-70 centipoise is:
i i
i
2
1
f h
1 18 , where f
f U
t A
| |
~ =
|

\ .
Here f
s
is the friction factor for a smooth interface.
1
s G 2
f U
|

\ .
Example: Ah = 5mm, = 2cm f
i
/ f
s
= 5.5
More than five times higher interfacial drag!
13
g g
Hydrodynamic slugging
Kadri Mudde, Oliemans, Bonizzi, Andreussi :
Prediction of the transition from stratified to slug flow
or roll-waves in gasliquid horizontal pipes,
International Journal of Multiphase Flow 35 (2009) 1001
1010 1010
Kelvin-Helmholtz
Video: K-H Ugs4p4 Uls 0p3 later2
instability
Slug flow
14
Interfaces - liquid accumulation, wall
wetting, and corrosion
Wet gas pipelines: Wet gas pipelines:
CO2 and H2S may attack washed
pipeline parts lacking inhibitor .
H i d l t
Transportability
Hanging droplet
Flattened droplet
N b d D t d T f Li C i d W t C d ti R t i W t
Flattened droplet
Nyborg and Dugstad: Top of Line Corrosion and Water Condensation Rates in Wet
Gas Pipelines, 2007:
Water condensing in the top of a wet gas pipeline will form small droplets or a thin film on the
t l f Th d d t b idl t t d ith i
15
steel surface. The condensed water can become rapidly supersaturated with corrosion
products, resulting in increased pH and iron carbonate film formation.
Pressure waves, choked flow
- and process control challenge
Case:
The pipeline carries a dispersed bubble flow. Valve A is opened
1:100 (relative pipe). The flow does not change when valve B is p p g
regulated. What is going on?
Flow upstream A; Qmix = 15 L/s , Gas fraction 10%, pipeline D = 10cm
Mixture velocity, Umix = 1.9 m/s Mixture velocity, Umix 1.9 m/s
Valve opening (ratio area to pipe area): 1:100
Mix velocity in pipe restriction Flow velocity in valve A 190 m/s.
With h hi h f ti thi l d t h k d ( i ) fl ! With such high gas fraction this leads to choked (sonic) flow !
Choked flow can give loss of conventional control. However,
h l B i ffi i tl h k d l A it th h ki when valve B is sufficiently choked, valve A exits the choking
condition, and B gets back control.
16
Choked flow Choked flow
): Flow speed cannot exceed sound speed in the relevant fluid
Chung, Park, and Lee:
Sound speed criterion Sound speed criterion
for two-phase critical
flow, JournalofSoundand
Vibration276(2004)1326
17
The challenge of calculating
pressure drop in long traverses
h d l h The pressure gradient varies along the pipe
due to variation in pipe diameter, inclination
and mixture density (pressure dependent)
out
P
P
dl
out in
P P P = + A
Pressure at exit:
in
P
out in
Sum of pressure drop in all pipe segment
Challenge in multiphase flow:
The pressure profile depends on the pressure!
Requires iterative numerical solver
Requires iterative numerical solver.
18
Numerical simulators available
Commercial simulators Commercial simulators
Steady-state:
PIPESIM (Schlumberger)
PIPEFLOW (SPT Group)
Dynamic , transient:
HYSYS 1D (h // h / / h ) HYSYS, 1D (http://www.aspentech.com/core/aspen-hysys.aspx)
TACITE, 1D (http://www.ann.jussieu.fr/ERTint/pdf/Tacite.pdf)
OLGA, 1D (IFE 1908, Scandpower 89-92, WOLGA,SPT Group)
LEDA 2D-3D (TotalFinaElf,Conoco and SINTEF)
Well flow and drilling : Drillbench (IRIS)
Quality assurance in using commercial packages:
- Make sure to have simple inhouse models (semianalytical + numerical) for
checking and comparisons (common sense), e.g.
h i i d l l T i l d D kl d d f ! mechanistic models a la Taitel and Dukler - needed for transparency !
19
Taitel and
D kl d l Dukler model
Physics based y
Liquid holdup
Flow regime models
e.g. slug (K-H):
Pressure gradient
20
Model output Taitel and Dukler in-house program
1
0 5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
/
D
Y 0
X= 23.5829
h
L
/D = 0.87219
Liquid height for
stratified flow
case
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
h
L
/
Y = 0
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
0
0
X
80
100
o
n Y = 0
2
U
GS
= 0.01 m/s
U
LS
= 0.01 m/s
0
20
40
60
o
g

D
u
k
l
e
r

f
u
n
k
s
j
o
X
2
= 556.152
X = 23.5829
hlt = 0.87219
u
G
= 0.13419 m/s
u
L
= 0.010805 m/s
Re
G
= 65.8739
Re
L
= 137.2857
Flow regime determination:
Flow regime determination
and pressure gradient
-80
-60
-40
-20
R
e
s
i
d
u
a
l

T
a
i
t
e
l

o g
- Stratified Smooth
- Stratified Wavy
FINAL REGIME:
Stratified Wavy
Pressure gradient:
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-100
80
h
L
/D
0.47121 (Pa/m]
21
QUIZ:
A simple(st) case of two-phase flow
Horizontal pipeline
Equal inflow
Q
L
= Q
G
Gas
Liquid
Stabilized
interface ?
2
3
1
Liquid
How to decide?
2
How to decide?
Any guideline principles after all .. ?
Previous slide showed a calculation with Stratified flow, and equal
flowrates of gas and liquid :
Liquid height = 0.87
.
Pipe diameter - Liquid level rises!
22
Flow assurance and multiphase flow at UIS p
Staff members
Malcolm Kelland (Hydrate LCI, production chemicals)
Thor Martin Svarts (hydrate kinetics drag reducers natural Thor Martin Svarts (hydrate kinetics, drag reducers, natural
gas)
Aly Hamouda : Wax asphaltenes heavy oils IOR CO2 Aly Hamouda : Wax, asphaltenes, heavy oils, IOR, CO2
injection
Rune W Time : Multiphase flow in pipelines CO2 Rune W. Time : Multiphase flow in pipelines, CO2
sequestration, multiphase metering and advanced flow
instrumentation
In addition several PhDs and postdocs
23
Multiphase flow laboratory
24
Multiphase Projects at UIS - I
PROJECTS d h f ili i UiS ( h // i ) PROJECTS and research facilities at UiS ( http://www.uis.no )
and IRIS
Gas-liquid and liquid-liquid flows: Gas liquid and liquid liquid flows:
- medium scale (20 m pipelines oil+air, 10 m water + air)
- flow regime analysis of gas-liquid flows in horisontal pipes (oil-air)
- terrain and severe slugging (with Iris)
- transient flows and cavitation flows (with Flow Design Bureau and Univ of - transient flows and cavitation flows (with Flow Design Bureau and Univ. of
Minneapolis)
- drag reducers for oil-water production systems
Drilling and well technology (with Iris) Drilling and well technology (with Iris)
- underbalanced drilling and managed pressure drilling (with Iris and Petrobras)
- down-hole metering systems (Aker Maritime, IPCsystem)
Liquid particle flow Liquid particle flow
- hole cleaning and cuttings transport (particle transport) in near horisontal pipes
(10 m slightly flow loop - with Statoil)
- erosion by particles in wells and production lines
25
M l i h P j UI II Multiphase Projects at UIS - II
Multiphase flow metering techniques in our laboratory
X ray multisensor (Financed by the Norwegian Research Council NRC) - X-ray multisensor (Financed by the Norwegian Research Council, NRC)
- Capacitance and impedance techniques (tomography - with Texaco, and norwegian
research institutes)
- Ultrasonics for measurement of thin liquid layers in pipes (for Conoco Phillips)
Ultrasonics for liquid particle slurries ( for Total) - Ultrasonics for liquid particle slurries ( for Total)
- PIV and LDA (Dantecdynamics systems)
- High speed video and PIV (Financed by NRC)
Also Also
- Microwave multiphase flowmeters (with MPM MultiPhase Meters)
( http://www.mpm.biz/Portals/39/Performance%20Oct%2005.pdf )
CFD simulation: Fluent Comsol Multiphysics CFD simulation: Fluent, Comsol Multiphysics
In addition projects within combustion and gas-dynamics
- CO2 capture in oxy-fuel processes (with IRIS, NRC, StatoilHydro and Shell)
- CO2 adsorption dynamics in turbulent water based systems CO2 adsorption dynamics in turbulent water based systems
26
End
27

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