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Worker Training of Electrical Hazards Including Arc Flash SH-16614-07 This material was produced under grant number SH-16614-07 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Overview
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Introduction Revisions to the NFPA 70E Electrically Safe Work Conditions Energized Electrical Work Permit Flash Protection Boundary and Limits of Approach NFPA 70E Boundaries and Spaces Flash Protection Calculations Choosing Correct PPE Reducing the Arc Flash Hazard
Introduction
What is Arc Flash?
Arc flash results from an arcing fault, where the electric arcs and resulting radiation and shrapnel cause severe skin burns, hearing damage, and eye injuries.
Introduction
Why are we so interested in Arc Flash now?
Numerous workers are injured and/or killed each year while working on energized equipment. Many of these casualties are a result of arc flash. Working on energized equipment has become commonplace in many industries.
Introduction
Injuries that can result from an arc flash:
Burns Respiratory system damage Hearing damage Skin penetration from flying debris Eye and face injuries
Introduction
Important Temperatures Skin temperature for curable burn Skin temperature causing cell death Ignition of clothing Burning clothing Metal droplets from arcing Surface of sun Arc terminals
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Introduction
A First Degree Burn is red and sensitive to touch. There is minimal skin damage and only the skin surface is involved. Example: Sunburn
Introduction
A Second Degree Burn involves the first and second layers of skin. The skin reddens intensely and blisters develop. Severe pain and swelling occur and chance for infection is present.
Introduction
A Third Degree Burn causes charring of skin and coagulation of blood vessels just below the skin surface. All three layers of skin are affected. Extensive scarring usually results.
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Introduction
Skin damage will occur based on the intensity of the heat generated by an electrical arc accident. The heat reaching the skin of the worker is dependant on the following three factors:
Power of the arc at the arc location Distance of the worker to the arc Time duration of the arc exposure
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Introduction
The intent of NFPA 70E regarding arc flash is to provide guidelines which will limit injury to the onset of second degree burns.
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Introduction
Inhalation Injuries In addition to burns, an arc flash can cause inhalation injuries. More than a hundred known toxic substances are present in fire smoke. When inhalation injuries are combined with external burns the chance of death can increase significantly.
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Introduction
The pressure of an arc blast is caused by the expansion of the metal as it vaporizes and the heating of the air by the arc energy. This accounts for the expulsion of molten metal up to 10 feet away. In addition, the sudden expansion of an arc blast creates loud sounds that can cause hearing damage.
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(4)
(5)
Less than 50 50 to 300 301 to 750 751 to 15 kV 15.1 kV to 36 kV 36.1 kV to 46 kV 46.1 kV to 72.5 kV
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The incident energy exposure level shall be based on the working distance of the workers face and chest areas from a prospective arc source for the specific task to be performed.
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The fault clearing time is determined from the Coordination Studys Time Current Curves. The total clearing time of the primary fuse for a secondary side fault is 1 second.
T4 T4
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TIME IN SECONDS
T4 1 M2
1 sec
T4 Main Phase T4 - T5 Phase MCC Fdr Phase TX Inrush
0.10
0.01
0.5 1
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100
1K
10K
T4 arc flash.tcc Ref. Voltage: 480 Current Scale x10^2 T4 arc flash.drw
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EMA=maximum open arc incident energy (cal/cm2) DA=distance from arc electrodes (inches) tA=arc duration (seconds) F=bolted fault current in kA (16kA-50kA)
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EMB=max 20 in. cubic box incident energy (cal/cm2) DB=distance from arc electrodes (inches) for 18 in. and greater tA=arc duration (seconds) F=bolted fault current in kA (16kA-50kA)
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Insertion or removal of MCC buckets Insertion or removal of power circuit breakers with switchgear doors open Removal of bolted covers from switchgear
On systems >1000 V, also includes operation, insertion or removal of switching devices with equipment enclosure doors closed.
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Applicable Tasks
All Hazard/Risk Category 1 or 2 tasks listed in NFPA 70E, Part II, Table 3-3.9.1 NFPA On systems 1000 V, tasks include work on exposed energized parts of all equipment On systems <1000 V, tasks include i nsertion or removal of LV MCC buckets, insertion or removal of power circuit breakers with the switchgear enclosure doors open, and removal of bolted covers from switchgear
Or Insulated FR coveralls (minimum arc rating of 25) worn over untreated natural fiber long sleeve shirt with cotton blue jeans and worn over an untreated cotton T-shirt.
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oz/yd2 0 1 2 3 Untreated Cotton (1) FR shirt and FR pants (1) Cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants (2) Cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants plus FR coverall (3) Cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants plus double layer switching coat and pants (4) 4.5 - 7 4.5 - 8 9 - 12 16 - 20
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* ATPV is defined as the incident energy that would just cause the onset of a second degree burn. * EBT is defined as the highest incident energy which did n ot cause FR fabric breakopen and did not exceed the second degree burn criteria. E BT is reported when ATPV cannot be measured due to fabric breakopen.
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OSHA 1910.333 severely limits the situations in which work is performed on or near equipment or circuits that are or may be energized.
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Reference Materials
Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E 2004 Edition Controlling Electrical Hazards. OSHA Publication 3075, (2002). Also available as a 350 KB PDF, 71 pages. Provides a basic overview of electrical safety on the job, including information on how electricity works, how to protect against electricity, and how OSHA can help. Electrical Safety: Safety and Health for Electrical Trades Student Manual. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Publication No. 2002-123, (2002, January), 1.7 MB PDF, 88 pages. This student manual is part of a safety and health curriculum for secondary and post-secondary electrical trades courses. It is designed to engage the learner in recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazards associated with electrical work. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pdfs/02-123.pdf Electrocutions Fatality Investigation Reports. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Safety and Health Topic. Provides information regarding hundreds of fatal incidents involving electrocutions investigated by NIOSH and state investigators Working Safely with Electricity. OSHA Fact Sheet, 353 KB PDF, 2 pages. Provides safety information on working with generators, power lines, extension cords, and electrical equipment. http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_Hurricane_Facts/elect_safety.pdf Lockout/Tagout. OSHA Fact Sheet, (2002), 212 KB PDF, 2 pages. A 92 KB PDF (Spanish version) is also available. http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001501-d001600/d001514/d001514. html Lockout-Tagout Interactive Training Program. OSHA. Includes selected references for training and interactive case studies. http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/lototraining/index.htm NIOSH Arc Flash Awareness, NIOSH Publication No. 2007-116D
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Questions?
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