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Checkpoint - Commands IPSO - Commands PEMU - Free Cisco PIX Firewall Emulator / Simulator ESX Convertor - The session is not authenticated vSphere - Creating User and Group Permissions ESX - ViClient Cannot connect to host ESXi White Box - HP DL140 ESXi - Connecting to a named pipe
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Installing GNS3 0.7.2 onto Fedora 13 Configuring a Pre-Shared Site to Site VPN between 2 Cisco Routers IPv4 Subnetting Notes Types of IDS Alerts How to run vSphere using SSH tunnelling Compiling Rancid on an x86 Solaris 10 platform How to secure your Cisco Catalyst switch Solaris 10 x86 - Error compiling from source
Checkpoint
# Article Title
1 Checkpoint - A look at SecureID Files
2 Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1
3 Upgrade Export on Solaris Fails with "Error: Failed to execute 'gtar -c -C"
4 A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA
5 Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial
6 Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features
7 When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ?
8 How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ?
9 Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn"
10 How do I debug ClusterXL at the Kernel level ?
11 How can I check that my Checkpoint Cluster is in Sync ?
12 How do I Uninstall / Install the Connectra Plugin ?
13 Checkpoint Clustering
14 Creating a basic Route Based VPN between 2 Checkpoint Firewalls
15 How do I Create an SSL VPN on a Checkpoint Gateway ?
16 Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways
17 Securing Client Authentication on a Checkpoint Gateway
18 Allowing Domain / DNS based objects through a Checkpoint Firewall
19 Endpoint Connect Installation / Troubleshooting Guide
20 Checkpoint Web Visualization only provides part of the policy
21 I am unable to clear the VPN SA`s using the vpn tu command
22 encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted
23 ClusterXL shows Active Attention / Interface Active Check Error
24 Checkpoint Logging Troubleshooting Guide
Configuring per user IP assignment using ipassignment.conf in Checkpoint for remote

25
access users
26 SmartView Monitor shows device status as Problem
27 Checkpoint is changing SYN packets to ACKs ?
28 SmartView Monitor incorrectly shows status as Disconnected
29 Checkpoint Solaris - Wrapper completed with error code 239
30 Checkpoint - Upgrade to R70 - status=1 Patch installation failed
31 Invalid MD5 digest - BGP Traffic Through Checkpoint
32 Checkpoint - Migrate a Provider-1 R55 CMA to a R65 Smart Centre Server
33 Checkpoint - Provider-1 Export / Failed to export Error
Checkpoint - Upgrading to R65 from R55 causes issues with Traditional Mode based
34
VPN`s
35 Checkpoint - Enabling Gratious ARP (Failover)
36 Checkpoint - How to Reset SIC
37 Checkpoint - Desktop Policy / Split Tunnelling
38 Checkpoint - SSH Blocked
39 Checkpoint - Hashing Commands
40 Checkpoint - Unable to delete administrator
41 Checkpoint - Ive pushed the Wrong Policy
42 Checkpoint - Moving Files using SCP
43 Checkpoint - Stealth / Drop Rule
44 Checkpoint - Debugging NAT
45 Checkpoint - Acronyms
46 Checkpoint - QoS
47 Checkpoint - Commands
48 Checkpoint - Ports
49 Checkpoint - Exporting SmartCentre settings
50 Checkpoint - Useful Files
51 Checkpoint - FW Monitor
52 Checkpoint - Authentication
53 Checkpoint - NAT Explained
54 Checkpoint - Client vs Server Side NAT
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Installing GNS3 0.7.2 onto Fedora 13

GNS3 - GNS3 - Linux Friday, 20 August 2010 10:10 Below shows you how to install GNS3 onto Fedora 13. GNS is a Graphical Network Simulator allowing you to build virtual cisco networks. yum -y install PyQt4 wget telnet qemu xterm
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cd ~ wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/gns-3/GNS3-0.7.2-src.zip?download unzip GNS3-0.7.2-src.zip && rm -f GNS3-0.7.2-src.zip mv GNS3-0.7.2-src /opt/GNS3 cd /opt/GNS3 mkdir Dynamips mkdir IOS mkdir Project mkdir Cache mkdir tmp chmod o+rw -R ./Project chmod o+rw -R ./tmp cd Dynamips wget http://www.ipflow.utc.fr/dynamips/dynamips-0.2.8-RC2-x86.bin chmod +x ./dynamips-0.2.8-RC2-x86.bin
Configuring a Pre-Shared Site to Site VPN between 2 Cisco Routers

Router - Cisco Router Wednesday, 18 August 2010 17:19 Below shows the configuration for one side of a Site to Site VPN between 2 Cisco routers using preshared keys. router(config)# crypto isakmp enable Phase 1 router(config)# crypto isakmp policy 10 router(config-isakmp)# authenticaton pre-share router(config-isakmp)# encryption [?] router(config-isakmp)# group [?] router(config-isakmp)# hash [?] router(config-isakmp)# lifetime 86400 router(config)# crypto isakmp identity address router(config)# cryption isakmp [key] address [peer ip] Phase 2 router(config)# crypto ipsec transform-set [name] [?] router(config)# crypto ipsec lifetime [seconds/kilobytes] [value] router(config)# ip access-list extended S2S-VPN-TRAFFIC router(config-ext-nacl)# permit ip [local network] [mask] [remote network] [mask]
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router(config)# crypto map S2S-VPN-MAP 100 ipsec-isakmp router(config-crypto-map)# match address S2S-VPN-TRAFFIC router(config-crypto-map)# set peer [peer ip] router(config-crypto-map)# set transform-set [set] router(config)# int [int name] router(config-if)# crypto map S2S-VPN-MAP 100
IPv4 Subnetting Notes

General Info - General Info Tuesday, 17 August 2010 15:23 The other day someone asked me to explain subnetting. It had been a while so I dusted off my CCNA books and attempted to answer his questions. So I thought this would be an ideal time to jot down some notes for future reference. This isnt a tutorial or guide but just some some notes on how to calulate the different subnetting values (subnet number, number of hosts etc etc). What is the broadcast address of the network 172.30.233.0 255.255.255.128 ?
q q
128 - 256 = 128 What is the highest number you can make by placing multiple 128`s into 0. None so this is 0. (0 + 128) - 1 = 127
Answer : Broadcast address is 172.30.233.127 How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.30.0.0 255.255.255.240 ?
q
q q q
172.30 is a class B RFC 1918 address and has a /12 prefix. So 12 bits of this address we can do nothing with. The subnet mask is /28 so this mean we can break the address into the following : 28 bits - 12 bits = 16 subnet bits 28 bits - 32 bits = 4 host bits This means that this subnet number will conisist of [12 network ID bits ] [16 subnet bits] [4 host bits] With the following power of 2`s in mind we can calculate the hosts and subnets : 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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Host bits = go along 4 and then an extra 1 (saves adding them up) then minus 2 due to the the broadcast and subnetnet zero bits. This gives us 14 Subnet bits = go along 16 and then 1 extra gives us 65536 subnets.
Answer : 65536 subnets and 14 hosts per subnet. Which subnet does host 172.24.102.208 255.255.255.224 belong to?
q q
224 - 256 = 32 Whats the highest number we can get by placing 32`s into 208 = 192
Answer : 172.24.102.192. What valid host range is the IP address 192.168.126.95/26 a part of?
q q q q q q
192 = 256 = 64 Highest number that you can get from placing 64's into 95 = 64. 64 = Subnet number 64 + 1 = First host (64 + 64) - 1 = Broadcast (64 + 64) - 2 = Last host
Answer : 192.168.126.65-126 What valid host range is the IP address 172.16.93.193/20 a part of?
q q q q q
240 = 256 =16 Highest number that you can get from placing 64's into 93 = 80. 80 = Subnet number x.x.80.1 = First host x.x.80.1 (add 16 to 80 and minus 1), and place .254 into the last octect = Last Host
Answer: 172.16.80.1 through to 172.16.95.254
Types of IDS Alerts

IDS - Snort / Sourcefire Tuesday, 17 August 2010 11:34 There are 4 main types of IDS alerts. These are :
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False Positive - Good traffic is incorrectly raised as bad. False Negative - Bad traffic is incorrectly not raised as bad. True Positive - Good traffic is correctly not raised as bad. True Negative - Bad traffic is correctly raised as bad.
How to run vSphere using SSH tunnelling

VMware - ESX Wednesday, 11 August 2010 14:20 This guide looks at running your vSphere Client through SSH tunnels. You may need to do this due to having a Proxy in place or your firewall is blocking the required ports you need in order to run vSphere. 1. First of all edit your hosts file to include an entry for you ESX box. The file is located here C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc\hosts. And the entry should look something like this. 127.0.0.1 ESX4.HOMELAB
2. Next we need to set up the SSH tunnels. First of all add the external IP of your ESX device.
Home
Now under "Connection > SSH > Tunnels" add The required ports that you need to forward. Below shows you the fields you will need to complete. We need to do this for port 443, 902, and 903. The 10.1.1.1 address will be the internal IP address of your ESX server.
Home
Once done it should look like this. In your case the 10.1.1.1 address will be that of your ESX servers internal IP address.
Home
Go back to the screen where you added your external IP and then under "saved sessions" add a new name for this session and click save. This will ensure you do not have set all this up again every time you wish to connect. Now click open and log into your ESX box via SSH. 3. Open your vSphere client and enter your username and password with the "IP Address / Name" being the name you entered into your host file. Your client will now connect to your ESX box using SSH tunnelling.
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3 IPSO Configuration Sets
4 Nokia - Installing HFA30 onto a Diskless / Flash based Checkpoint Firewall
5 IPSO - Enable / Disable Voyager
6 IPSO - Installing a Checkpoint Package
7 IPSO - Turn off Console Logging
8 IPSO - Commands
9 IPSO - How to preform a Factory Reset via the CLI
10 IPSO - Installing a new image using bootmgr
11 Nokia`s VRRP
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6 How to reset a Netscreen back to factory default
7 Troubleshooting a Netscreen Site 2 Site VPN
8 Netscreen Command Library for ScreenOS 6.2
9 Netscreen - Enabling OSPF
10 Enabling RIP on a Netscreen
11 Netscreen - AC-VPN
12 Netscreen - VPN Topologies
13 Netscreen - What does the command `set arp always-on-dest` do ?
14 Netscreen - Overview of basic Traffic Shaping
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20 Netcreen Attack Detection and Defense Overview
21 Netscreen - Basic Remote Access (Dial up) VPN
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2 Redirecting your Fireboard Login to the Community Builder Login within Joomla 1.5.x
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3 How do I show the module positions of my Joomla site ?
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6 Bash / CGI - Premature end of script headers
7 R65 / R55 Script - Resource Usage Report
8 Bourne - File name Converter
9 Scripting Notes : Register to read more...
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13 BASH - Adding coloured text
14 BASH - AVG Email Update
15 HDD Full Notification
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4 How to Secure your Cisco Router
5 Creating CLI Views on a Cisco Router
6 Configuring TACACS+ on a Cisco Router
7 How to enable SDM on your router
8 How do I create a tunnel interface on a Cisco Router ?
9 Router - SSH
10 Router - Named Access-Lists
11 Router - IOS Commands
12 Router - Port Forwarding
13 Router - Secure a Router - Basic
14 Routing
15 Router - DTE / DCE
16 IPX
17 Frame Relay
18 What is the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) ?
19 ISDN
20 Router - NAT
21 Router - Access-lists
22 Router - Installing IOS onto new FLASH
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# Article Title
1 IPTables Template
2 How to Encode / Decode a File
httpd: Could not reliably determine the servers fully qualified domain name, using
3
127.0.0.1 for ServerName

4 Using SSH Keys - Video Tutorial
5 vi / vim - Show Line Numbers
6 Linux : Random Fact Generator
7 Linux : What is my IP address location ?
8 -bash: /dev/null: Permission Denied
9 AWK - By Example
10 Bash / Korn - Change the default session timeout
11 ffmpeg Commands
12 Recursive ZIP command
13 Logical Volume Manager
14 Basic Regular Expressions
15 VI shortcuts
16 UNIX - Tcpdump
17 UNIX - Grep for TAB
18 UNIX - How to Mount an ISO image
19 UNIX - Sed By Example
20 Linux - Setting up VNC Server
21 Linux - cp: omitting directory error
22 Linux - Unable to send email using Postfix
23 UNIX - TCP/IP Stack Modifications
24 UNIX - IP Forwarding
25 UNIX - Process State Codes
26 UNIX - The Ultimate Linux Command Reference Guide
27 UNIX - Mounting a partition in Linux
28 UNIX - Logrotate - Quick Guide
29 UNIX - Recursive Grep
30 UNIX - Syslog - Quick Guide
31 UNIX - Useful Linux commands
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2 Solaris 10 x86 - Error compiling from source
3 Solaris - compile returns "configure: error: no acceptable grep could be found in"
4 gcc install on Solaris fails with "errno 28, No space left on device"
5 How to install SSH on Solaris 10 x86
6 VI shows the error Terminal too wide within Solaris
7 Solaris Files and Prompts
8 Solaris / ESX - Networking Issues
9 Solaris - add a default route
10 Solaris - Enabling DNS resolution (Client)
11 Solaris - Sed -i work around
12 Solaris - Configuring an Interface
13 Solaris Commands
14 Solaris - Add a route
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2 Ubuntu - Configuring an Interface
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5 Ubuntu - Cannot install via apt-get
6 Debian - Add a Default Gateway
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1 Build a Samba Server on Redhat / CentOS
2 How to set the Time / Date and Timezone in CentOS
3 How do I set the hostname on CentOS ?
4 Enabling a serial connection when booting a Redhat Server into Single User mode.
5 Yum update shows "'module' object has no attribute 'HTTPSHandler'" error
6 How do I password protect / encrypt a file within Linux using OpenSSL ?
7 How to Install RRDtool on Redhat Enterprise Linux
8 How do I install snmpwalk / snmpget using Yum ?
9 Redhat / Fedora - No fonts found
10 Linux - how to use the alias command
11 Linux - Creating a new Logical Volume / Partition
12 UNIX - Add an interface Redhat / Fedora
13 Linux - Setting a Default Gateway
14 Linux - RPM`s
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2 How do I create a trunk port in ESX ?
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3 vSphere / VI Client - User name or password has an invalid format
4 vSphere - Creating User and Group Permissions
5 ESXi - Connecting to a named pipe
6 ESXi - The attempted operation cannot be permited in the current state (Powered Off)
7 ESX Convertor - The session is not authenticated
8 ESX - ViClient Cannot connect to host
9 ESXi - How to enable SSH
10 ESXi White Box - HP DL140
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2 ESX4 - How do I turn on/off a Virtual Machine from the command line ?
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3 How do I run a packet capture on ESX ?
4 ESX Error - The specified key, name or identifier already exists
5 ESX Convertor (Windows 7) - The session is not authenticated
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1 Magical Jelly Bean Keyfinder
2 Backup - Data Lifeline
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1 Exchange 2007 - Commands for Public Folder Permissions

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1 How do I remove all the hyperlinks from a Word Document ?
2 Windows Performance Tweaks
General | Windows
3 How to embed an SWF into a Word 2007 Document
4 Windows - Environment Variables Windows 2000/XP
5 Windows - Comparing 2 files
6 Windows - netsh - Change you IP address via the CLI
7 Windows - Openfiles Command
8 DOS - Boot Files
9 Windows - Installing exe shows MSI dialog Box
10 SQL - How to cap your SQL`s memory usage
11 Windows - What are Ports needed for Active Directory ?
12 Windows - You must install the critical update Windows Update Agent 5.8.02469
13 PowerPoint - Cannot create a hyperlink to ^0
14 Excel - Issues and Problems
15 Windows - Printer is picking up more then 1 sheet
16 Windows - Add a Route
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2 Windows - Sticky Key Registry Fix
Registry | Windows
3 Windows - Speedup Shutdown Times
4 Windows - MSI runas fix
5 What have you been doing on my machine ?
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# Article Title
1 Windows 2003 Supports Tools overview

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1 How do I configure IPv6 in Windows XP ?
2 How do I kill a number of individual processes in one go within XP ?
XP | Windows
3 You cannot log on after you remove the computer from the domain
4 Windows - How do I disable the Windows Update Restart Dialog Box ?
XP - Minimized window not becoming active / Background window not coming to

5
foreground
6 Windows - Securing Windows XP
7 Windows : System Error 1326 has occurred
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24 What is Akamai ?
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GNS3
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Linux
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Installing GNS3 0.7.2 onto Fedora 13 GNS3 Linux - Fedora Dependencies GNS3 Linux - A hypervisor is already running on port 7200 GNS3 Linux - How to Change the Telnet Console Colour Installing GNS3 0.6.1 onto Ubuntu 8.04
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Windows
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GNS3 Windows - VPSC Failed to start dynamips GNS3 Windows - Cant start Dynaips on port 7200 GNS3 Windows - Cant`t start pemu on port 10525
Firewalls
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Checkpoint
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IPSO
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How do I create an IPSO backup via clish ? How do I change an IP address on a IPSO Nokia Firewall via clish ? IPSO Configuration Sets Nokia - Installing HFA30 onto a Diskless / Flash based Checkpoint Firewall IPSO - Enable / Disable Voyager IPSO - Installing a Checkpoint Package IPSO - Turn off Console Logging IPSO - Commands IPSO - How to preform a Factory Reset via the CLI IPSO - Installing a new image using bootmgr Nokia`s VRRP
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SPLAT
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Video Tutorial / How do I Enable Checkpoint SNMPD on SPLAT ?? Proxy ARP SPLAT SPLAT - Unable to log into Smart Portal Checkpoint - Installing an HFA SPLAT - Route / Static ARP startup Script
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Checkpoint - A look at SecureID Files Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1 Upgrade Export on Solaris Fails with "Error: Failed to execute 'gtar c -C"
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A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ? How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ? Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn" How do I debug ClusterXL at the Kernel level ? How can I check that my Checkpoint Cluster is in Sync ? How do I Uninstall / Install the Connectra Plugin ? Checkpoint Clustering Creating a basic Route Based VPN between 2 Checkpoint Firewalls How do I Create an SSL VPN on a Checkpoint Gateway ? Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways Securing Client Authentication on a Checkpoint Gateway Allowing Domain / DNS based objects through a Checkpoint Firewall Endpoint Connect Installation / Troubleshooting Guide Checkpoint Web Visualization only provides part of the policy I am unable to clear the VPN SA`s using the vpn tu command encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted ClusterXL shows Active Attention / Interface Active Check Error Checkpoint Logging Troubleshooting Guide Configuring per user IP assignment using ipassignment.conf in Checkpoint for remote access users SmartView Monitor shows device status as Problem Checkpoint is changing SYN packets to ACKs ? SmartView Monitor incorrectly shows status as Disconnected Checkpoint Solaris - Wrapper completed with error code 239 Checkpoint - Upgrade to R70 - status=1 Patch installation failed Invalid MD5 digest - BGP Traffic Through Checkpoint Checkpoint - Migrate a Provider-1 R55 CMA to a R65 Smart Centre Server Checkpoint - Provider-1 Export / Failed to export Error Checkpoint - Upgrading to R65 from R55 causes issues with Traditional Mode based VPN`s Checkpoint - Enabling Gratious ARP (Failover)
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Checkpoint - How to Reset SIC Checkpoint - Desktop Policy / Split Tunnelling Checkpoint - SSH Blocked Checkpoint - Hashing Commands Checkpoint - Unable to delete administrator Checkpoint - Ive pushed the Wrong Policy Checkpoint - Moving Files using SCP Checkpoint - Stealth / Drop Rule Checkpoint - Debugging NAT Checkpoint - Acronyms Checkpoint - QoS Checkpoint - Commands Checkpoint - Ports Checkpoint - Exporting SmartCentre settings Checkpoint - Useful Files Checkpoint - FW Monitor Checkpoint - Authentication Checkpoint - NAT Explained Checkpoint - Client vs Server Side NAT
Cisco
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ASA
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How to clear an ASA`s configuration ASA Capture Examples ASA 5505 Example Configuration ASA 8.3 - How to configure NAT ASA L2L VPN is not passing traffic when a VPN Filter is applied How do I configure shared licensing on an ASA ? What is ASP and how do I troubleshoot ASP drops on an ASA ? Configuring VPN Traffic Policing on an ASA 8.2.1 ASA - Site 2 Site VPN Example ASA - How do I enable Netflow on an ASA ?? ASA - MSS Exceeded ASA - Upgrading a ASA
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PIX
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PIX / ASA - Display Encrypted Pre-Shared Keys. PIX - BGP Advanced Protocol Inspection PIX - ASDM Read Only Account PIX / ASA - How to enable ICMP Inspect PIX / ASA 8.0(4)16 - Site to Site VPN Sample Config PIX - View the System Health PIX - View Packet Captures in Wireshark PIX - Useful PIX Commands PEMU - Free Cisco PIX Firewall Emulator / Simulator PIX - Static NAT PIX - Advanced Protocol Handling PIX - VPN - Site 2 Site PIX - VPN - Remote Access PIX Protocol Handling PIX - Filter Java/Active X & URLs PIX - Logging Buffer - View logs on your PIX PIX - Create a Read Only account AAA IGMP Cisco PIX - Routing Active-Active PIX - Enabling ASDM upon your PIX PIX - Failover Password Recovery How do I to enable SNMP on a PIX / ASA ?? How to enable SSH on a ASA How to create Security Contexts on a PIX/ASA Enable Web VPN
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PIX 6.3 - Configure an Interface PIX 6.3 - Enabling SSH PIX 6.3 - Add a Default Route
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Netscreen
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Netscreen IPv6 Tunnel Guide The Netscreen Proxy ID problem What is a Floating Route ? File download fails through Netscreen when using IE6 with Passive FTP Creating a VLAN Trunk on a Netscreen Firewall How to reset a Netscreen back to factory default Troubleshooting a Netscreen Site 2 Site VPN Netscreen Command Library for ScreenOS 6.2 Netscreen - Enabling OSPF Enabling RIP on a Netscreen Netscreen - AC-VPN Netscreen - VPN Topologies Netscreen - What does the command `set arp always-ondest` do ? Netscreen - Overview of basic Traffic Shaping Netscreen - IGMP / PIM-SM Netscreen - Redundant Interfaces - How to ?? Netscreen - Virtual Systems / VSYS Netscreen - NSRP Netscreen - Rekeying a VPN / Clearing the SA`s Netcreen Attack Detection and Defense Overview Netscreen - Basic Remote Access (Dial up) VPN Netscreen - Additional Site 2 Site VPN Options Netscreen - Creating a route based VPN. Netscreen - Track IP Netscreen - Routing Basics / Virtual Routers / PBR Netscreen Syslog Logging Formats Juniper - NAT Explained Netscreen - DDNS : Last response - not init Netscreen - Rule Processing Order Netscreen - Changing your Duplex settings Netscreen - Console settings Netscreen - Snoop Juniper Netscreen Commands Netscreen - Create a Policy based VPN Netscreen - Debugging / Troubleshooting Netscreen - MSS
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Netscreen - NSRP Basic Setup Netscreen - Basic Config
NSM
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NSM fails to update device but shows successful Installing NSM 2009.1 on RHEL 5 Backup / Restore a Juniper NSM NSM - Cannot log into the NSM Gui - Affects NSM 2008.2 versions NSM - Delayed Logs NSM - Files and Folders NSM - I`ve Forgotten / Lost my NSM Password Netscreen - NSM Issues
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Checkpoint - IPSO Nokia

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How do I create an IPSO backup via clish ? How do I change an IP address on a IPSO Nokia Firewall via clish ? IPSO Configuration Sets Nokia - Installing HFA30 onto a Diskless / Flash based Checkpoint Firewall IPSO - Enable / Disable Voyager IPSO - Installing a Checkpoint Package IPSO - Turn off Console Logging IPSO - Commands IPSO - How to preform a Factory Reset via the CLI IPSO - Installing a new image using bootmgr Nokia`s VRRP
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Checkpoint - SPLAT
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Video Tutorial / How do I Enable Checkpoint SNMPD on SPLAT ?? Proxy ARP SPLAT SPLAT - Unable to log into Smart Portal Checkpoint - Installing an HFA SPLAT - Route / Static ARP startup Script
Cisco - PIX
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PIX / ASA - Display Encrypted Pre-Shared Keys. PIX - BGP Advanced Protocol Inspection PIX - ASDM Read Only Account PIX / ASA - How to enable ICMP Inspect PIX / ASA 8.0(4)16 - Site to Site VPN Sample Config PIX - View the System Health PIX - View Packet Captures in Wireshark PIX - Useful PIX Commands PEMU - Free Cisco PIX Firewall Emulator / Simulator PIX - Static NAT PIX - Advanced Protocol Handling PIX - VPN - Site 2 Site PIX - VPN - Remote Access PIX Protocol Handling PIX - Filter Java/Active X & URLs PIX - Logging Buffer - View logs on your PIX PIX - Create a Read Only account AAA IGMP Cisco PIX - Routing Active-Active PIX - Enabling ASDM upon your PIX PIX - Failover Password Recovery How do I to enable SNMP on a PIX / ASA ?? How to enable SSH on a ASA How to create Security Contexts on a PIX/ASA Enable Web VPN
Cisco - PIX 6.3

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PIX 6.3 - Configure an Interface PIX 6.3 - Enabling SSH PIX 6.3 - Add a Default Route
Juniper - Netscreen
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Netscreen IPv6 Tunnel Guide The Netscreen Proxy ID problem
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What is a Floating Route ? File download fails through Netscreen when using IE6 with Passive FTP Creating a VLAN Trunk on a Netscreen Firewall How to reset a Netscreen back to factory default Troubleshooting a Netscreen Site 2 Site VPN Netscreen Command Library for ScreenOS 6.2 Netscreen - Enabling OSPF Enabling RIP on a Netscreen Netscreen - AC-VPN Netscreen - VPN Topologies Netscreen - What does the command `set arp always-on-dest` do ? Netscreen - Overview of basic Traffic Shaping Netscreen - IGMP / PIM-SM Netscreen - Redundant Interfaces - How to ?? Netscreen - Virtual Systems / VSYS Netscreen - NSRP Netscreen - Rekeying a VPN / Clearing the SA`s Netcreen Attack Detection and Defense Overview Netscreen - Basic Remote Access (Dial up) VPN Netscreen - Additional Site 2 Site VPN Options Netscreen - Creating a route based VPN. Netscreen - Track IP Netscreen - Routing Basics / Virtual Routers / PBR Netscreen Syslog Logging Formats Juniper - NAT Explained Netscreen - DDNS : Last response - not init Netscreen - Rule Processing Order Netscreen - Changing your Duplex settings Netscreen - Console settings Netscreen - Snoop Juniper Netscreen Commands Netscreen - Create a Policy based VPN Netscreen - Debugging / Troubleshooting Netscreen - MSS Netscreen - NSRP Basic Setup Netscreen - Basic Config
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Cisco - ASA
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How to clear an ASA`s configuration ASA Capture Examples ASA 5505 Example Configuration ASA 8.3 - How to configure NAT ASA L2L VPN is not passing traffic when a VPN Filter is applied How do I configure shared licensing on an ASA ? What is ASP and how do I troubleshoot ASP drops on an ASA ? Configuring VPN Traffic Policing on an ASA 8.2.1 ASA - Site 2 Site VPN Example ASA - How do I enable Netflow on an ASA ?? ASA - MSS Exceeded ASA - Upgrading a ASA
NSM
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NSM fails to update device but shows successful Installing NSM 2009.1 on RHEL 5 Backup / Restore a Juniper NSM NSM - Cannot log into the NSM Gui - Affects NSM 2008.2 versions NSM - Delayed Logs NSM - Files and Folders NSM - I`ve Forgotten / Lost my NSM Password Netscreen - NSM Issues
IDS/IPS
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Cisco
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Create a Read Only account Cisco IDS Commands
Snort / Sourcefire
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Types of IDS Alerts Running a packet capture on a SourceFire Sensor Writing Signatures
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Adding a custom module position to the RocketTheme Afterburner template How do I remove the Title Filter and Display # from the Category List within Joomla ? How do I show the module positions of my Joomla site ? Joomla Site shows : Redirect Loop: Firefox has detected that the server is redirecting the request for this address in a way that will never complete How do I create a page using just a module in Joomla 1.5.x ?
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Programming
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Bourne / BASH
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Adaptec Storage Manager Script for ESX4 RHEL5 Backup Shell Script Solaris Backup Script Shell Script - Checkpoint Backup FTP Transfer script for SGS logs files Bash / CGI - Premature end of script headers R65 / R55 Script - Resource Usage Report Bourne - File name Converter Bourne - Different ways to execute a script Bourne - Special Characters BASH - F-Prot Scripts BASH - Adding coloured text
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BASH - AVG Email Update HDD Full Notification
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Perl PHP
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Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 8388608 bytes exhausted
Windows BAT
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Clear Temp Internet Browser Files DS Tools
Routers
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Cisco
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Configuring a Pre-Shared Site to Site VPN between 2 Cisco Routers What are reflextive access-lists ? Securing your IOS configuration and files How to Secure your Cisco Router Creating CLI Views on a Cisco Router Configuring TACACS+ on a Cisco Router How to enable SDM on your router How do I create a tunnel interface on a Cisco Router ? Router - SSH Router - Named Access-Lists Router - IOS Commands Router - Port Forwarding Router - Secure a Router - Basic Routing Router - DTE / DCE IPX Frame Relay What is the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) ? ISDN Router - NAT Router - Access-lists Router - Installing IOS onto new FLASH
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Switches
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Cisco Switch - 2950 / 1900

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Cisco Switch - Adding a Port to a VLAN CISCO - VLAN Trunking CISCO - How do I set up logging on my Cisco Switch ? CISCO - Port Range CISCO - Delete port from VLAN CISCO - Create a VLAN CISCO - Configure a Trunk Port CISCO - Configuring an IP
Cisco Catalyst
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How to secure your Cisco Catalyst switch
UNIX / Linux
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UNIX
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BSD General
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IPTables Template How to Encode / Decode a File httpd: Could not reliably determine the servers fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName Using SSH Keys - Video Tutorial vi / vim - Show Line Numbers Linux : Random Fact Generator Linux : What is my IP address location ? -bash: /dev/null: Permission Denied AWK - By Example Bash / Korn - Change the default session timeout ffmpeg Commands Recursive ZIP command Logical Volume Manager Basic Regular Expressions
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VI shortcuts UNIX - Tcpdump UNIX - Grep for TAB UNIX - How to Mount an ISO image UNIX - Sed By Example Linux - Setting up VNC Server Linux - cp: omitting directory error Linux - Unable to send email using Postfix UNIX - TCP/IP Stack Modifications UNIX - IP Forwarding UNIX - Process State Codes UNIX - The Ultimate Linux Command Reference Guide UNIX - Mounting a partition in Linux UNIX - Logrotate - Quick Guide UNIX - Recursive Grep UNIX - Syslog - Quick Guide UNIX - Useful Linux commands
Solaris
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Compiling Rancid on an x86 Solaris 10 platform Solaris 10 x86 - Error compiling from source Solaris - compile returns "configure: error: no acceptable grep could be found in" gcc install on Solaris fails with "errno 28, No space left on device" How to install SSH on Solaris 10 x86 VI shows the error Terminal too wide within Solaris Solaris Files and Prompts Solaris / ESX - Networking Issues Solaris - add a default route Solaris - Enabling DNS resolution (Client) Solaris - Sed -i work around Solaris - Configuring an Interface Solaris Commands Solaris - Add a route
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Linux
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Debian/Ubuntu
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How do I run apt-get when Im behind a proxy ? Ubuntu - Configuring an Interface Debian - How to configure an interface as promisc Linux - VNC Blank Screen Ubuntu - Cannot install via apt-get Debian - Add a Default Gateway
Redhat/Fedora/CentOS
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Build a Samba Server on Redhat / CentOS How to set the Time / Date and Timezone in CentOS How do I set the hostname on CentOS ? Enabling a serial connection when booting a Redhat Server into Single User mode. Yum update shows "'module' object has no attribute 'HTTPSHandler'" error How do I password protect / encrypt a file within Linux using OpenSSL ? How to Install RRDtool on Redhat Enterprise Linux How do I install snmpwalk / snmpget using Yum ? Redhat / Fedora - No fonts found Linux - how to use the alias command Linux - Creating a new Logical Volume / Partition UNIX - Add an interface Redhat / Fedora Linux - Setting a Default Gateway Linux - RPM`s
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Files:
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dbdel.sh
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dbdel is a Checkpoint tool that allows you to remove 100`s of Database Revisions with one simple command string. This tool only works on SPLAT Smart Center Servers. Further details can be found here. Download
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Checkpoint - Commands IPSO - Commands PEMU - Free Cisco PIX Firewall Emulator / Simulator ESX Convertor - The session is not authenticated vSphere - Creating User and Group Permissions ESX - ViClient Cannot connect to host ESXi White Box - HP DL140

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Checkpoint - Commands
Wednesday, 27 August 2008 11:20
Firewalls - Checkpoint
Checkpoint commands generally come under,

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cp - general fw - firewall fwm - management
CP, FW & FWM Commands

cphaprob stat cphaprob -a if cphaprob syncstat cphaprob list cphastart/stop cp_conf sic cpconfig cplic print cprestart cpstart cpstop cpstop -fwflag -proc cpwd_admin list cplic print cpstat -f all polsrv cpstat fw tab -t sam_blocked_ips fw fw fw fw fw fw fw fw fw fw tab -t connections -s tab -t connections -f tab -t fwx_alloc -f tab -t peers_count -s tab -t userc_users -s checklic ctl get int [global kernel parameter] ctl set int [global kernel parameter] [value] ctl arp ctl install List cluster status List status of interfaces shows the sync status Shows a status in list form Stops clustering on the specfic node SIC stuff config util prints the license Restarts all Checkpoint Services Starts all Checkpoint Services Stops all Checkpoint Services Stops all checkpoint Services but keeps policy active in kernel List checkpoint processes Print all the licensing information. Show VPN Policy Server Stats Shows the status of the firewall Block IPS via SmartTracker Show connection stats Show connections with IP instead of HEX Show fwx_alloc with IP instead of HEX Shows VPN stats Shows VPN stats Check license details Shows the current value of a global kernel parameter Sets the current value of a global keneral parameter. Only Temp ; Cleared after reboot. Shows arp table Install hosts internal interfaces

fw ctl ip_forwarding fw ctl pstat fw ctl uninstall fw exportlog .o fw fetch fw fetch localhost fw hastat fw lichosts fw log -f fw log -s -e fw logswitch fw lslogs fw monitor fw printlic -p fw printlic fw putkey fw stat -l fw stat -s fw unloadlocal fw ver -k fwstart fwstop fwm lock_admin -v fwm dbexport -f user.txt fwm_start fwm -p fwm -a fwm -r Control IP forwarding System Resource stats Uninstall hosts internal interfaces Export current log file to ascii file Fetch security policy and install Installs (on gateway) the last installed policy. Shows Cluster statistics Display protected hosts Tail the current log file Retrieve logs between times Rotate current log file Display remote machine log-file list Packet sniffer Print current Firewall modules Print current license details Install authenication key onto host Long stat list, shows which policies are installed Short stat list, shows which policies are installed Unload policy Returns version, patch info and Kernal info Starts the firewall Stop the firewall View locked admin accounts used to export users , can also use dbimport starts the management processes Print a list of Admin users Adds an Admin Delete an administrator
Provider 1
mdsenv [cma name] mcd mds_setup mdsconfig mdsstat mdsstart_customer [cma name] mdsstop_customer [cma name] cma_migrate cmamigrate_assist Sets the mds environment Changes your directory to that of the environment. To setup MDS Servers Alternative to cpconfig for MDS servers To see the processes status To start cma To stop cma To migrate an Smart center server to CMA If you dont want to go through the pain of tar/zip/ftp and if you wish to enable FTP on Smart center server
VPN
vpn tu vpn ipafile_check ipassignment.conf detail dtps lic cpstat -f all polsrv vpn shell /tunnels/delete/IKE/peer/[peer ip] vpn shell /tunnels/delete/IPsec/peer/[peer ip] vpn shell /show/tunnels/ike/peer/[peer ip] vpn shell /show/tunnels/ipsec/peer/[peer ip] VPN utility, allows you to rekey vpn Verifies the ipassignment.conf file show desktop policy license status show status of the dtps delete IKE SA delete Phase 2 SA show IKE SA show Phase 2 SA
vpn shell show interface detailed [VTI name]
show VTI detail
Debugging
fw ctl zdebug drop shows dropped packets in realtime / gives reason for drop
SPLAT Only
router Enters router mode for use on Secure Platform Pro for advanced routing options

patch add cd backup restore snapshot Allows you to mount an iso and upgrade your checkpoint software (SPLAT Only) Allows you to preform a system operating system backup Allows you to restore your backup Performs a system backup which includes all Checkpoint binaries. Note : This issues a cpstop.
VSX
vsx get [vsys name/id] vsx set [vsys name/id] fw -vs [vsys id] getifs fw vsx stat -l fw vsx stat -v reset_gw get the current context set your context show the interfaces for a virtual device shows a list of the virtual devices and installed policies shows a list of the virtual devices and installed policies (verbose) resets the gateway, clearing all previous virtual devices and settings.
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Checkpoint - Commands IPSO - Commands PEMU - Free Cisco PIX Firewall Emulator / Simulator ESX Convertor - The session is not authenticated vSphere - Creating User and Group Permissions ESX - ViClient Cannot connect to host ESXi White Box - HP DL140

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IPSO - Commands
Wednesday, 10 December 2008 12:43
Firewalls - Checkpoint - IPSO Nokia
Below are the command IPSO commands that can be used,
IPSO commands
newimage newpkg -m localhost clish ipsctl -a Installs IPSO OS from the local machine Checkpoint package Install IPSO OS CLI displays all of the IPSO Settings and Values
ipsctl -a ifphys:eth-s5p1:errors|more display errors on eth-s5p1 ipsctl -w net:ip:tcp:default_mss 1460 Change MSS to 1460 netstat 1 ipsofwd list ipsofwd slowpath fsck -fyb 32 shows network stats every second displays ipso properties (flowpath, etc) turns off flows (flowpath turns back on) check the file system on a flash based nokia (KB 1355433)
Bootmgr
printenv install boot print environment variables install an image across the network boot an image
clish commands
show useful-stats show package all show package active show package inactive show images show image current delete image [name] Shows Disk, VRRP, RAM summary
set hostname testbox set date timezone-city "Greenwich (GMT)" set static-route default nexthop gateway address 192.168.29.2 priority 1 on set static-route 10.2.2.15/32 nexthop gateway address 192.168.0.1 on set interface eth2 speed 100M duplex full active on --- add interface eth2c0 address 192.168.1.1/24 enable
set interface eth-s3/s1p1 active off
Set Hostname Set Timezone Set default gateway Add static routes Add an interface set hostname set package name Add Proxy arp Add an NTP server set hostname assignment
set hostname testbox

set package name name [on | off] add arpproxy address 192.168.1.1 macaddress 0:a0:1b:3e:33:f1 add ntp server 10.1.1.2 version 3 prefer yes add package media local name [opt/packages/IPSO-3.9.tgz] add host name testbox ipv4 192.168.29.54
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Windows - Securing Windows XP Juniper Netscreen Commands IPSO - Installing a Checkpoint Package UNIX - Useful Linux commands IPSO - How to preform a Factory Reset via the CLI IPSO - Installing a new image using bootmgr Checkpoint - Authentication Checkpoint - Client vs Server Side NAT Checkpoint - NAT Explained Checkpoint - Useful Files Cisco IDS Commands Linux - VNC Blank Screen PIX - Useful PIX Commands Checkpoint - Ports Checkpoint - Stealth / Drop Rule Checkpoint - Commands Excel - Issues and Problems Windows - Installing exe shows MSI dialog Box DOS - Boot Files Linux - Creating a new Logical Volume / Partition Nokia - Installing HFA30 onto a Diskless / Flash based Checkpoint Firewall Netscreen - Basic Remote Access (Dial up) VPN Unix Mount Commands Proxy ARP SPLAT vSphere / VI Client - User name or password has an invalid format

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IPSO Configuration Sets Slow Firefox Startup / Firefox Performance Tweaks Netscreen Command Library for ScreenOS 6.2 How do I change an IP address on a IPSO Nokia Firewall via clish ? How do I create an IPSO backup via clish ? How to enable the telnet client in Windows 7 Creating CLI Views on a Cisco Router
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PEMU - Free Cisco PIX Firewall Emulator / Simulator

Tuesday, 15 July 2008 11:49
Firewalls - Cisco - PIX
Introduction
This is a guide on how to install a Free pix emulator / simulator onto a linux platform. You
can also obtain the windows version, which you can find (along with other tutorials and forum) at www.7200emu.hacki.at This software was written by mmm123, and is called PEMU, which is based on the QEMU emulator.
What do I need ?
You will need to the following in order to install PEMU, 1. Install Guide (How-to) - Linux Platform - click here 2. PEMU Software - Linux Platform - download 3. IOS Image - Obtained via the Cisco website Please bear in mind you will need to unzip the PEMU software, in order to obtain your pemu_2008-03-03_bin.tar.bz2 which you can then use when going through the install guide above. You will also find in here a README file which also has some good information to help with the install.
What do I need to do ?
The best option with this version of PEMU is to use pcap, this means that you do not have to configure the ifup.ini file and the traffic should run much quicker then if just using tap. You then configure your host (linux) interfaces to 0.0.0.0 with a subnet of the same (or set them to promisc mode). And then run the PEMU command with the relevant switches (please see below). Below is the command with the require switches. This presumes you are in the pemu directory, ./pemu -net nic,vlan=1,macaddr=00:aa:00:00:02:01 -net pcap,vlan=1,ifname=eth0 net nic,vlan=2,macaddr=00:aa:00:00:02:02 -net pcap,vlan=2,ifname=eth1 -serial stdio -m 128 FLASH With all the information and tutorials above you should be able to configure this software without to many problems. If you do encounter any issues, visit the forum at www.7200emu.hacki.at and they should be able to help. Finally a big thanks goes out to mmm123.
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ESX Convertor - The session is not authenticated

Sunday, 15 March 2009 14:42
VMware - ESXi
Issue
When trying to authenticate, and convert machines within your VMware convertor you
recieve the following error : The session is not authenticated
Fix
Within windows go into your task manger and kill all of your VMware convertor processes that are currently running. Reference http://communities.vmware.com/thread/195575
Still have Issues ?

If this has still not resolved you issue you may want to look here :
http://www.fir3net.com/VMware/ESX/esx-convertor-the-session-is-not-authenticated.html
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Netscreen - DDNS : Last response - not init How do I create a trunk port in ESX ? When running tcpdump in ESX I only see broadcast traffic ESX Convertor (Windows 7) - The session is not authenticated Adaptec Storage Manager Script for ESX4 ESX4 - How do I turn on/off a Virtual Machine from the command line ? How to run vSphere using SSH tunnelling
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vSphere - Creating User and Group Permissions

Wednesday, 29 July 2009 21:23
VMware - ESXi
This tutorial was created using the vSphere client, but the general steps should pretty much the same for the Virtual Infrastructure Client. If you are using vCentre please read the notes relating to this at the bottom of the article.
Create Privileges
1. Click "View | Administration | Roles" 2. Right client and cick "Add" 3. Select a name and select the required privileges
Create User
1. 2. 3. 4. Click on the "Users and Groups" tab Click on the "Users" button Right click and select "Add" Specify the desired User Name, Password, etc and Click "OK"
Create a Local Group

1. Click on the "Groups" button 2. Right click and select "Add" 3. Enter the group name you want and enter the User Name you created above in the User Name field and click Add 4. Click "OK" to create the group
Assign Permissions
1. Click on the "Permissions" Tab 2. Right click and Select "Add Permission" 3. Click on the "Add" button and select the Group you created above and click on the Add button. 4. Click on the OK button. 5. Choose the Assigned Role (Priviages) and click "OK". Note : You can use the permissions tab in either the main inventory (main page) or per Virtual Machine. This is useful to know if you need to allow one user to access just one Virtual Machine.
vCentre
When administrating users on a single ESX box the users and groups are managed locally. With vCentre all users and groups are managed via the use of an Active Directory (LDAP) server. You can them specifiy which users and groups you wish to grant permissions to within the vCentre GUI.
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ESX - ViClient Cannot connect to host

Friday, 06 March 2009 12:25
VMware - ESXi
Issue
When trying to connect to the console within the VI Client you receive the following error,
Cannot connect to host my.esx.host.com: no connection could be made because the target machine actively refused it
In this example you have the required ports open on both your firewall and your ESX box. You see the traffic on tcp 902 going to your VMware server but your server is closing the connection.
Solution
This is a known bug when trying to access the console of a ESX hosted VM across multiple networks. To resolve the issue add the following to /etc/vmware/config vmauthd.server.alwaysProxy = "TRUE" I believe that you also may need to add this to your advanced options in the VI Client GUI to survive a reboot, but I still need to confirm this...... Has anyone else already tried this ???
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ESXi White Box - HP DL140

Monday, 13 October 2008 15:08
VMware - ESXi
White Box is a term used to describe a hardware spec/platform that has been used outside of the Vendors recommendations.
In order to run VMware ESXi on a platform outside of the Vendors HCL (Hardware Compatibility List) I used various Whitebox resources to run ESXi on the below, 1. HP Proliant DL140 G1 (2x 3Ghz Xeons / 4Gb RAM) 2. Adaptec SA2420 SATA (II) 300 PCI-X 64-Bit RAID Controller 3. 2 x 500Gb Seagate ST3500320AS SATA II 7200rpm Hard-Drives
Issues / Solution
On trying to install ESXi onto this platform the install produced the following error, Unable to find a supported device to write the VMware ESX server 3i 3.5.0 image to This was resolved by disabling ACPI in the VM Kernel Here are the steps, 1. 2. 3. 4. When you boot from the installation CD press tab as soon as it starts loading. Then after the first .gz file name insert acpi=off then press enter. The install will now work but when you boot the system it will fail again. You also need to add this parameter to the boot.cfg file on the 2nd partition. Which you can do by booting the server from a Ubuntu Live CD which will auto detect and mount the partitions. 5. Open boot.cfg and and you should see a line that says kernelopt=. Add acpi=off here. 6. Then once in the VMware Infrastructure Client goto "Configuration | Advanced Settings | VMKernel | Boot" - In here disable the VMKeneral.Boot.ACPI. Further ESX troubleshooting and how-to articles can be found here.
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Friday, 10 April 2009 10:51
VMware - ESXi
Within this article we will be creating a named serial pipe on 2 machines to allow us to connect to a virtual machines serial port. In this example we will use hyperterminal on a virtual XP machine to connect to the serial
port of another virtual machine (in this case SUSE Linux)
Adding a serial port (named pipe) to your virtual machine

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make sure the machine is switched off Right click on the virtual machine and select edit settings Under the Hardware tab select add. Select Serial Port then Next Select Named Pipe and enter a Pipe name (we will change the near end and far end in a mo) 6. Click next and finish
Required Settings
Once we have a serial port on the 2 virtual machines (client and server) we need to set them accordingly. Within the hardware settings of the virtual machines serial port you will need the following settings as follows,
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XP - Near End Client Far End Virtual machine SUSE - Near End Server Far End Virtual machine
Below you can see the settings for SUSE (the named pipe/serial connection on the SUSE box)
Below you can see the settings for XP (the name pipe/serial connection we are connecting to)
Connecting
In order to connect go into windows open hyperterminal and connect to COM1, you will now be connected to the named serial pipe.
Problems
If there is no connection you will need to make sure that you have not connected your Hyperterminal connection after the SUSE box has powered up. I normally open hyperterminal in XP and then power the other device up.
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Installing GNS3 0.7.2 onto Fedora 13

Friday, 20 August 2010 10:10
GNS3 - GNS3 - Linux
Below shows you how to install GNS3 onto Fedora 13. GNS is a Graphical Network Simulator allowing you to build virtual cisco networks.
yum -y install PyQt4 wget telnet qemu xterm cd ~ wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/gns-3/GNS3-0.7.2-src.zip?download unzip GNS3-0.7.2-src.zip && rm -f GNS3-0.7.2-src.zip mv GNS3-0.7.2-src /opt/GNS3 cd /opt/GNS3 mkdir Dynamips mkdir IOS mkdir Project mkdir Cache mkdir tmp chmod o+rw -R ./Project chmod o+rw -R ./tmp cd Dynamips wget http://www.ipflow.utc.fr/dynamips/dynamips-0.2.8-RC2-x86.bin chmod +x ./dynamips-0.2.8-RC2-x86.bin
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Configuring a Pre-Shared Site to Site VPN between 2 Cisco Routers

Router - Cisco Router
Below shows the configuration for one side of a Site to Site VPN between 2 Cisco routers
using pre-shared keys. router(config)# crypto isakmp enable Phase 1 router(config)# crypto isakmp policy 10 router(config-isakmp)# authenticaton pre-share router(config-isakmp)# encryption [?] router(config-isakmp)# group [?] router(config-isakmp)# hash [?] router(config-isakmp)# lifetime 86400 router(config)# crypto isakmp identity address router(config)# cryption isakmp [key] address [peer ip] Phase 2 router(config)# crypto ipsec transform-set [name] [?] router(config)# crypto ipsec lifetime [seconds/kilobytes] [value] router(config)# ip access-list extended S2S-VPN-TRAFFIC router(config-ext-nacl)# permit ip [local network] [mask] [remote network] [mask] router(config)# crypto map S2S-VPN-MAP 100 ipsec-isakmp router(config-crypto-map)# match address S2S-VPN-TRAFFIC router(config-crypto-map)# set peer [peer ip] router(config-crypto-map)# set transform-set [set] router(config)# int [int name] router(config-if)# crypto map S2S-VPN-MAP 100
IPv4 Subnetting Notes | General Info | General Info
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IPv4 Subnetting Notes

Tuesday, 17 August 2010 15:23
General Info - General Info
The other day someone asked me to explain subnetting. It had been a while so I dusted off my CCNA books and attempted to answer his questions. So I thought this would be an ideal time to jot down some notes for future reference.
This isnt a tutorial or guide but just some some notes on how to calulate the different subnetting values (subnet number, number of hosts etc etc). What is the broadcast address of the network 172.30.233.0 255.255.255.128 ?
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128 - 256 = 128 What is the highest number you can make by placing multiple 128`s into 0. None so this is 0. (0 + 128) - 1 = 127
Answer : Broadcast address is 172.30.233.127 How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.30.0.0 255.255.255.240 ?
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172.30 is a class B RFC 1918 address and has a /12 prefix. So 12 bits of this address we can do nothing with. The subnet mask is /28 so this mean we can break the address into the following : 28 bits - 12 bits = 16 subnet bits 28 bits - 32 bits = 4 host bits This means that this subnet number will conisist of [12 network ID bits ] [16 subnet bits] [4 host bits] With the following power of 2`s in mind we can calculate the hosts and subnets : 65536 32768 16384 8192 4096 2048 1024 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Host bits = go along 4 and then an extra 1 (saves adding them up) then minus 2 due to the the broadcast and subnetnet zero bits. This gives us 14 Subnet bits = go along 16 and then 1 extra gives us 65536 subnets.
Answer : 65536 subnets and 14 hosts per subnet. Which subnet does host 172.24.102.208 255.255.255.224 belong to?
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224 - 256 = 32 Whats the highest number we can get by placing 32`s into 208 = 192
Answer : 172.24.102.192. What valid host range is the IP address 192.168.126.95/26 a part of?
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192 = 256 = 64 Highest number that you can get from placing 64's into 95 = 64. 64 = Subnet number
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64 + 1 = First host (64 + 64) - 1 = Broadcast (64 + 64) - 2 = Last host
Answer : 192.168.126.65-126 What valid host range is the IP address 172.16.93.193/20 a part of?
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240 = 256 =16 Highest number that you can get from placing 64's into 93 = 80. 80 = Subnet number x.x.80.1 = First host x.x.80.1 (add 16 to 80 and minus 1), and place .254 into the last octect = Last Host
Answer: 172.16.80.1 through to 172.16.95.254
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Types of IDS Alerts

IDS - Snort / Sourcefire
There are 4 main types of IDS alerts. These are :

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False Positive - Good traffic is incorrectly raised as bad.

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False Negative - Bad traffic is incorrectly not raised as bad. True Positive - Good traffic is correctly not raised as bad. True Negative - Bad traffic is correctly raised as bad.
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Cisco IDS Commands Create a Read Only account
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How to run vSphere using SSH tunnelling

VMware - ESX
This guide looks at running your vSphere Client through SSH tunnels. You may need to do this due to having a Proxy in place or your firewall is blocking the required ports you need in order to run vSphere.
1. First of all edit your hosts file to include an entry for you ESX box. The file is located here C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc\hosts. And the entry should look something like this. 127.0.0.1 ESX4.HOMELAB
2. Next we need to set up the SSH tunnels. First of all add the external IP of your ESX device.
Now under "Connection > SSH > Tunnels" add The required ports that you need to forward. Below shows you the fields you will need to complete. We need to do this for port 443, 902, and 903. The 10.1.1.1 address will be the internal IP address of your ESX server.
Once done it should look like this. In your case the 10.1.1.1 address will be that of your ESX servers internal IP address.
Go back to the screen where you added your external IP and then under "saved sessions" add a new name for this session and click save. This will ensure you do not have set all this up again every time you wish to connect. Now click open and log into your ESX box via SSH. 3. Open your vSphere client and enter your username and password with the "IP Address / Name" being the name you entered into your host file. Your client will now connect to your ESX box using SSH tunnelling.
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Compiling Rancid on an x86 Solaris 10 platform

Monday, 09 August 2010 00:00
UNIX / Linux - Solaris
Below shows you the steps in order to compile Rancid on an x86 Solaris 10 platform. RANCID monitors a router's (or more generally a device's) configuration, including software and hardware (cards, serial numbers, etc) and uses CVS or Subversion to maintain history
of changes.
Space on /var
If you havent much space on /var run the following commands to provide you with some additional space. mv /var/sadm/ /export/ rm -rfv /var/sadm/ ln -s /export/sadm/ /var/sadm
Install Packages
[mount cd-rom] pkgadd -d /cdrom/Solaris_10/Product/ SUNWsprot SUNWtoo SUNWhea SUNWarc
Add User and $PATH

useradd -d /home/rancid rancid PATH=$PATH:/usr/lib/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sfw/bin If useradd does not create the directory you may want to look into removing /home from the /etc/auto_master file.
Install Dependencies
Download the following dependancies from http://www.sunfreeware.com/indexintel10.html and copy to /export/home 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. libgcc-3.4.6-sol10-x86-local.gz libiconv-1.13.1-sol10-x86-local.gz libidn-1.19-sol10-x86-local.gz libintl-3.4.0-sol10-x86-local.gz make-3.81-sol10-x86-local.gz openssl-1.0.0a-sol10-x86-local.gz wget-1.12-sol10-x86-local.gz expect-5.43.0-sol10-x86-local.gz
Now run the following command to install cd /export/home for i in `ls` ; do gunzip $i ; done for i in `ls | grep -v gz` ; do pkgadd -d $i ; done
Edit Grep
I ran into a number of issues regarding my grep version not being compatable for the compliling of Rancid. To resolve this follow these steps : CLICK HERE
Download Rancid
cd /export/home ; wget ftp://ftp.shrubbery.net/pub/rancid/rancid-2.3.2.tar.gz gunzip rancid-2.3.2.tar.gz
tar xvf rancid-2.3.2.tar cd rancid-2.3.2
Compile
./configure --prefix=/home/rancid make install Once this is completed you can move towards configuring Rancid which will be covered in a later tutorial.
Additional Issues
Below are some additional issues you may face :
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Solaris 10 x86 - Error compiling from source gcc install on Solaris fails with "errno 28, No space left on device"
Download
You can download the pre-compiled version here.
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How to secure your Cisco Catalyst switch

Thursday, 05 August 2010 00:00
Switches - Cisco Catalyst
Below is a guide to the main areas and features that you should be aware of to ensure that your Cisco Catalyst switch is fully secured within your network.
Prevent Rouge Trunks

By default ports are set to dynamic diserable. Meaning that they can either be a trunk port or a access port depending on what you plug in. To ensure that a rouge device can not be plugged in and a trunk port formed (meaning all VLAN traffic would be sent out of this port) a switchport can be configured to be only set to access mode. (config-if)# switchport mode access
Port security
Cisco provides the ability via the port-security commands to limit the amount of MAC address that can be assigned to each port. Note : When you enter the default value the full command will not be displayed via a `show run` (config-if)# (config-if)# (config-if)# The options
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switchport port-security switchport port-security maximum 1 [1 is default] switchport port-security violation shutdown [shutdown is default] you have other the shutdown are :
Protect - If more mac addresses are found entering the port then have been configured the first set of MAC addresses are allow and any further more are refused. Restrict - Same as the above but additionally generates logs.
Sticky MAC allows the configured number of mac address that enters the port to be assigned against it, any further MACs would be denied. (config-if)# switchport port-security mac-address [mac]/[sticky mac] Below are the main show commands : show port-security interface fastethernet 0/8 show port-security
Spanning Tree Security

Intruders can attempt to sabotage the root bridge role, changing the root bridge role can then allow them to force traffic over alternative STP path that is possible slower and also allow them to span traffic from the switch that they have forced to become the root bridge. To guard against this you can use the guard root feature. This will ensure that if someone plugs a switch into this port and tries to place themselves as the root bridge the switch will place this port into a "blocking" state. (config-if)# spanning-tree guard root BPDU guard ensures that no STP Protocol traffic (BPDU`s) are sent over ports that are designated as access ports.
(config-if)# spanning-tree bpduguard enable (config-if)# spanning-tree portfast You can also enable this globally on any port that has portfast enabled by running the following command, (config) spanning-tree portfast bpduguard default
DHCP
DHCP attacks can cause network outages and can also become a catalyst for man in the middle attacks. Man in the middle attacks are produced via rouge DHCP server replying to DHCP requests and then providing them with a default gateway of themselves. They then receive the traffic, sniff it and pass it on to their own default gateway. DHCP Snooping - DHCP Snooping is intended to prevent a malicious user from pretending to be the network DHCP server. Below we stop DHCP replies on the following VLANs. (config)# ip dhcp snooping vlan 1,4,3 As our DHCP server is on port 24 we allow DHCP (config)# interface fastethethernet 0/24 (config-if)# ip dhcp snooping trust DHCP rate limiting prevents pool exhaustion. The example below would allow for 3 DHCP replies per second. (config-if) ip dhcp snooping limit rate 3
MISC
-- Switch Port Analyser (SPAN) SPAN ports allow you to send all the traffic from other ports out to a designated port. This is normally configured if you need to either place a standard packet sniffer on the designated port or an IDS/IPS. (config)# monitor session 1 source interface fastethernet 0/1 - 20 both (config)# monitor session 1 destination interface fastethernet 0/24 -- Private VLANs PVLANs are VLANs inside of VLANs. This allows you to segregate on a host to host level rather than a a subnet level as with conventional VLANs. -- Storm Control Strom control allows you to configure actions at a port level based on overall traffic levels seen per port seen by the switch. Below gives you an example where the port would be shutdown based on the total throughput of the ports traffic being broadcast based. (config-if) storm-control action shutdown (config-if) storm-control broadcast level 70

Solaris 10 x86 - Error compiling from source | Solaris | UNIX / Linux
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Solaris 10 x86 - Error compiling from source

UNIX / Linux - Solaris
When compiling from source you may see the following errors occur : /usr/include/sys/siginfo.h:259: error: parse error before "ctid_t" /usr/include/sys/siginfo.h:292: error: parse error before '}' token
/usr/include/sys/siginfo.h:294: error: parse error before '}' token /usr/include/sys/siginfo.h:390: error: parse error before "ctid_t" /usr/include/sys/siginfo.h:392: error: conflicting types for `__proc' /usr/include/sys/siginfo.h:261: error: previous declaration of `__proc' /usr/include/sys/siginfo.h:398: error: conflicting types for `__fault' /usr/include/sys/siginfo.h:267: error: previous declaration of `__fault' In order to resolve this you will need to update your header files. Below shows you how to rebuild your header files for your particular version of Solaris 10. find / -name mkheaders.conf vi /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/i386-pc-solaris2.10/3.3.2/install-tools/mkheaders.conf [add the following line to the beginnning of the file :- SHELL=/bin/sh ] cd cd /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/i386-pc-solaris2.10/3.3.2/install-tools/ ./mkheaders After doing this, then you should be able to rebuild your code without compiler errors.
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Checkpoint - A look at SecureID Files | Checkpoint | Firewalls

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Checkpoint - A look at SecureID Files

Tuesday, 25 May 2010 11:04
In order to to enable SecureID authentication you will need to generate an 'sdconf.rec' file from your ACE SERVER. You will then need to copy this file to the the '/var/ace' directory of your Checkpoint Firewall (if the directory does not exsist create one). At the point that your ACE SERVER and your ACE AGENT (Checkpoint Firewall) start communicating a 'sdstatus.12' file will be generated. When the communication is deemed successful a 'secureid' file will be generated. It is worth noting that 'secureid' is the default name given for the node secret file. !! If no secureid file is generated you may want to check that the "Reset Node Secret" option was enabled at the point of the sdconf.rec file being generated on the ACE SERVER. !! Once the sdstatus.12 and the secureid file have been generated encrypted communication between the ACE AGENT and SERVER can be established. Below is a summary of these files : sdconf.rec sdopts.rec sdstatus.12 securid Generated by the ACE SERVER and copied to the /var/ace directory Allows you to force the ACE AGENT to use a specific IP address when generating its hash Automatically created at point of communication between the ACE AGENT and SERVER Automatically created at point of successful communication between the ACE AGENT and SERVER

Packet Capture Example : 14:44:49.619735 14:44:50.387343 14:44:57.954218 14:45:00.733002 [FIREWALL].1117 > [ACE SERVER].5500: [ACE SERVER].5500 > [FIREWALL].1117: [FIREWALL].1117 > [ACE SERVER].5500: [ACE SERVER].5500 > [FIREWALL].1117: udp udp udp udp 124 124 124 124 - FIREWALL queries ACE SERVER ACE SERVER responds FIREWALL confirms response ACE SERVER responds
Issues
You may see authentication issues after the initial authentication along with the error message : [LOG_ERR] ACEAGENT: The message entry does not exist for message ID: 100x This is down to the embedded hash of the Checkpoints IP address (that is sent to the ACE SERVER within the authentication request) being different the hash of the Checkpoint`s IP address that is generated by the ACE SERVER. This can be caused by multihomed or NAT configurations. To resolve this : 1. create the sdopts.rec file in the /var/ace directory 2. using VI, edit the sdopts.rec file and insert the line: CLIENT_IP=[IP Address of the ACE AGENT (Checkpoint Firewall)] 3. restart FW-1 using cpstop && cpstart Note : it has been reported this will also correct issues using SecurID on Secure Platform.

Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1 | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1

Tuesday, 18 May 2010 00:00
Fir3net.com is pleased to release dbdel ver3.1. This is basically a wrapper for Checkpoints existing dbver tool, but allows you to remove 100`s of Database Revisions with one simple command string. Unlike dbver where you have to add each database revision id. This allows
you to add the amount your want to remove and then does the rest for you.
Download
View the script here / Download the script here. You can then copy and paste the script into your manager.
Adding the script to your manager

Below shows you the steps required to add the tool to your Checkpoint manager. [Expert@sc-manger]#cat > dbdel <-- paste script --> [Expert@sc-manger]#chmod +x dbdel [Expert@sc-manger]#mv dbdel $FWDIR/bin
Options
Below shows you the switches the tool allows you to use. [Expert@sc-manger]# dbdel ? usage: dbdel [-d number | -b id_number | -s | -c | -l ] List, count and remove multiple database revisions -d -b -s -c -l -? number of db revisions to remove remove this db revision id and all before size of all DB Revisions count DB Revisions list DB Revisions usage
Count
[Expert@sc-manger]# dbdel -c Total number of Database Revisions = 13
Remove DB Revisions
[Expert@sc-manger]# dbdel -d 632 Are you sure you want to remove 632 from the current 732 DB Revision(s) ? [Y/N]y Successfully removed 632 DB Revision(s)
Remove DB Revisions before

[Expert@sc-manger]# dbdel -b 122 Are you sure you want to remove the Database Revision 122 and all Revisions before? [Y/N] Successfully removed 122 DB Revision(s)
Show the Size

[Expert@sc-manger]# dbdel -s Total size of all DB Revisions = 4.2M
List Revisions
[Expert@sc-manager]# dbdel -l ---------------------------------| ID Date | ---------------------------------| 61 | Fri Oct 2 11:05:21 2009 | | 62 | Tue Nov 17 11:04:23 2009 | ----------------------------------
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Upgrade Export on Solaris Fails with "Error: Failed to execute 'gtar -c -C" | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Upgrade Export on Solaris Fails with "Error: Failed to execute 'gtar c -C"
Monday, 17 May 2010 00:00
When running an upgrade_export on a Solaris Smart Centre you may receive the following error : Compressing the files... gtar: Only wrote 2047 of 10240 bytes to export.tgz.tar gtar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now Error: Failed to execute 'gtar -c -C "/opt/CPsuite-R65/fw1/tmp/upgrade_temp_dir" -f "export.tgz.tar" .' command [ 26409 1]@#######[10 May 15:35:27] Compress: Error >> Failed to run gtar -c -C "/opt/CPsuite-R65/fw1/tmp/upgrade_temp_dir" -f "export.tgz.tar" . command Error: Failed to compress Check Point Software files This is down to a 2Gb limitation of the gtar command. There are 2 ways to resolve this issue :
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Reduce the size of the files that are being gtar`d. The best way to do this is by normally clearing out any unwanted DB Revisions. Replace the standard gtar command (both the Solaris and Checkpoint provided binary) with the latest version of gtar. Then when you relaunch the upgrade_export gtar will be able to handle more then 2Gbs worth of files.

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A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA

Wednesday, 05 May 2010 08:50
This guide will outline OPSEC LEA and how it works within a Checkpoint Infrastructure.
What is OPSEC LEA ?

OPSEC LEA is a Log Extraction Agent that allows 3rd Parties to write software based on the OPSEC SDK to pull logs from a Checkpoint device. OPSEC LEA listens on port tcp/18184 on the device (OPSEC LEA Server) which will contain your logs. Your OPSEC LEA Client will then connect into 18184 and pull the logs.
Checkpoint Terms and Components

When configuring your software to pull logs using OPSEC LEA there are a few terms that you will need to know. The Checkpoint foundations The main components required for Checkpoint are:
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Firewall / VPN-1 Firewall/VPN Gateway Smart Centre Server Manager/Policy Server for all other objects such as firewalls and log managers. Log Manager Log manager for which any Checkpoint object can forward its logs to.
Please Note: All of these components can be installed onto the same device or each component onto different devices. Provider-1 Ok, now to confuse things slightly more you have Provider-1. Provider-1 allows for you to install multiple log managers and smart centre servers upon single devices using the specific Provider-1 software. Along with using a range of new acronyms for the various components,
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CMA Customer Management Add-on. You can also think of this as a logical Smart Center Server CLM Customer Log Manager. You can also think of this as a logical Log Manager MDS Multi Domain Server. This contains all of you various CMAs. MLM Multi-Domain Log Module. This contains all of your CLMs.
Generic Related Terms

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OPSEC LEA Checkpoint Log Extraction Agent that allows the extraction of Logs via Checkpoints SIC. OPSEC LEA Client This is the 3rd Party software which is defined as an OPSEC LEA Object via the Smart Dashboard. OPSEC LEA Server This is the device which we will pull the logs from. This can be any device and does not have to be just a Smart Centre Server or a Log Manager
General Setup
Though the steps between vendors may be slightly different the overall steps will remain the same : 1. Create an OPSEC LEA Object within the OPSEC LEA and Applications Tab. 2. Name the object, add the host that the software (OPSEC LEA Client will pull the logs from) and select LEA as the Client Entries. 3. Within the SIC Communication section add an Activation Key and chose activate. 4. Install the Database to the Manager. (There is no need to repush the policy to the gateways) 5. You will then be able to (within the 3rd Party Software) use this SIC Activation Key to pull a SSL Cert from the Manager. This will allow you to directly talk to the device holding the Logs (OPSEC LEA Server).
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How do I run apt-get when Im behind a proxy ? What is an XML Firewall ? ESX Convertor (Windows 7) - The session is not authenticated Adaptec Storage Manager Script for ESX4 ESX4 - How do I turn on/off a Virtual Machine from the command line ? Configuring TACACS+ on a Cisco Router Creating CLI Views on a Cisco Router How to Secure your Cisco Router Securing your IOS configuration and files gcc install on Solaris fails with "errno 28, No space left on device" Solaris - compile returns "configure: error: no acceptable grep could be found in" Solaris 10 x86 - Error compiling from source Types of IDS Alerts
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Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial

Monday, 03 May 2010 09:55
This guide will explain the various steps required to set up Enpoint Connect using a Multiple Entry Point setup. Ok, so to start with Endpoint Connect is Checkpoints new Remote Access VPN Client other then SSL Network Extender is the only client supported on Windows 7 64-Bit. The main problem with SNX (SSL Network Extender) is that it doesn't allow for MEP setups. What is MEP (Multiple Entry Point) ? This allows for your client to access your VPN domain via an alternative gateway if it is unable to establish a VPN tunnel using your primary gateway. This can allow redundancy in scenarios such as gateway outages, ISP problems or even just general internet routing issues. What does this Tutorial Include ? This tutorial will include the following sections : 1. 2. 3. 4. Upgrading your Gateway to the latest Endpoint Connect Version Configuring Endpoint Connect Enabling and Configuring the Endpoint Connect MEP New Mode feature. Licensing
Upgrading your Gateway to the latest Endpoint Connect Version

Please note : this tutorial is based on upgrading the gateway to version 835000022. In order to ensure that your gateway has the latest Endpoint Connect files you will need to : 1. Confirm the Endpoint Connect Version you are running on your client 2. Confirm the Endpoint Connect Version you are running on your gateway by running cat $FWDIR/conf/extender/CSHELL/trac_ver.txt If your gateway has an older version you will need to : 1. Download the .cab file from the Checkpoint site for your latest version of Endpoint Connect. In this example the file we need to download is Check_Point_Endpoint_Connect_R73_For_Windows_835000022.cab. 2. Run the following commands on your gateway. These commands also backs up your old files using their previous files names with an added .bak. cd $FWDIR/conf/extender/CSHELL cp TRAC.cab TRAC.cab.bak cp trac_ver.txt trac_ver.txt.bak
mv -f /var/tmp/Check_Point_Endpoint_Connect_R73_For_Windows_835000022.cab TRAC.cab chmod 750 TRAC.cab echo 835000022 > trac_ver.txt
Configuring Endpoint Connect

1. Add your encryption domain to your gateway.
2. Enable NAT-T and Visitor Mode.
3. Enable Office Mode.
4. Add both gateways to your Remote Access Community.
5. Create your Security Rule.
Enabling and Configuring the Endpoint Connect MEP New Mode feature
To enable MEP New mode you will need to edit the file $FWDIR/conf/trac_client_1.ttm. Under the section :ips_of_gws_in_mep you will need to add the IP addresses of the gateways that will act as the various Entry Points. Change :
:enable_gw_resolving ( :gateway ( :default (true) ) ) To this : :enable_gw_resolving ( :gateway ( :default (true) ) ) :mep_mode ( :gateway ( :default (first_to_respond) ) ) :ips_of_gws_in_mep ( :gateway ( :default (1.1.1.1&# 2.2.2.2&#) ) ) Please Note : The MEP section should not have a character between the # and 2.2.2.2.
Push Policy
Once all the above steps have been completed push the policy to the gateway.
Licensing
Licensing principle: VPN clients (SecureClient, Endpoint Connect, Secure Access, SNX) require a Secure Access license to be enabled. Secure Access is licensed per seat, so VPN clients (SecureClient, Endpoint Connect, Secure Access, SNX) for VPN-1 are also licensed per seat, meaning that if two users connect from the same computer, it will count as one license.
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Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features

Friday, 30 April 2010 07:35
There are a number of Checkpoint Remote Access VPN terms and features. This guides attempts to explain them.
Main Features
Office Mode Office mode allows your remote VPN user to receive an IP address designated by the Checkpoint Gateway, internal DHCP server or radius server. Visitor Mode Visitor Mode allows your VPN client to connect to the gateway over SSL on port 443. This can be used where the user is unable to connect to the gateway due to being behind devices which are blocking non standard ports. Connection Profiles Secure Client allows the use of Connection profiles. Connection profiles gives you the ability and flexibility to build customized connection configs (such as MEP, Backup gateways, Visitor Mode, HA Policies Servers etc.) along with allowing the user the ability to choose which connection profiles they require. SSL Network Extender Checkpoints SSL Nextwork Extender (SNX) is a Clientless VPN solution which allows for the user to use their web browser as a the VPN Client and connect to the gateway over SSL (port 443).
Connection Modes
There are 2 main types of connection modes which defines how the connection is initalised.
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Connect Mode - This is by comparision the standard method of connecting. You open the client, choose your site and login. Once you are finished you disconnect. Transparent Mode - If you direct any traffic to a host in the encryption domain your client will display a login prompt requesting your log in credentials so that it can automattically establish a VPN. This term is also known (post NGX R65) as Auto Connect.
Wire Mode Wire mode allows you to bypass the firewall to enusre that the traffic is not subject to stateful inspection. The gateway defines internal interfaces snd communities as trusted. when a packet reaches the gateway 2 questions are raised : 1. Is the information coming from a trusted source 2. Is the information coming from a trusted destination If both answers are yes then stateful inspection is not enforced.
This feature is useful for MEP and Route based VPNs where differences in state tables due to network changes could cause prevent the traffic from passing the gateway.
Directional VPN Enforcement between communities

This allows for you to specify within the VPN column of the policy the direction in which to allow traffic between communities. Say you had a New-york Star community and a Mesh Paris community. You could allow traffic to only initiate in the direction from Paris to New-york.
Backup Gateways
For backup gateways each gateway should have their own VPN Domain configured which shouldn't over lap. To enable this : 1. Enable the Backup gateway feature within Global Properties | VPN | Advanced 2. Under each Gateway object under VPN you will be presented with a drop down box for you to select your backup gateway. MEP Multiple Entry Points is an addition to Backup Gateways and has 3 modes :
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First to Respond Primary Backup Load Distribution
Below outlines the ways in which you can configure the different modes : First to Respond - Each Gateway should have the same encryption domain. RDP Probing packets are sent out from the client to determine which gateway they should connect to. Primary Backup - This requires a connection profile. Within this profile you can specify the primary and backup gateway. Load Distrubution - This allows the client to randomly select which gateway to connect to. This is enabled via "Properties | Remote access | VPN - Basic | Enable Load Distribution"
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When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ?

Thursday, 29 April 2010 07:35
You may find when you enable vistor mode on the Checkpoint object that the port is not
listening when you run the command netstat -anp | grep vpnd | grep [your port] This can be down to one of the following : 1. The devices management GUI is also listening on that port. For SPLAT use the command "webui [port] enable" to change the port. 2. You have not installed the correct license 3. You have not pushed the policy after enabling vistor mode. 4. You have not added the gateway into the remote access community.
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How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ?

Wednesday, 28 April 2010 22:55
To debug VPND run the following command : vpn debug trunc To disable the debug run the commands :
vpn debug off; vpn debug ikeoff To view the logs run the command : cd $FWDIR/log ; tail -f ike.elg vpnd.elg
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Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server wrong password or wrong dn"
When trying to add an LDAP server to your SmartCenter and then clicking on your Domain
within the Users tab (located at the bottom) you may receive the error : Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn.
Solution
Normally this is down to the wrong password or wrong DN specified within the LDAP Account Unit Properties for the LDAP Server. But the major gotcha here is that the login DN is completely case sensitive. Please Note : It is the LDAP server that requires the DN to be the correct case rather then the Checkpoint introducing any restrictions.
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How do I debug ClusterXL at the Kernel level ?

Once you have exhusted the cphaprob commands and packet captures have been run for port UDP/8116 all to no avail you may want to run a debug on ClusterXL. The steps are detailed below :
Enable debugging
fw fw fw fw ctl ctl ctl ctl debug -x debug -buf 4096 debug -m cluster all kdebug-f > file_name.txt
Disable debugging
[ctrl + c] fw ctl debug 0
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How can I check that my Checkpoint Cluster is in Sync ?

All "true" clusters require that certain attributes are syncronised. So that in the event of a
failover the newly promoted node can continue where the other node left off. In order to ensure that the State Tables of all your nodes within your Checkpoint Cluster are syncronised you will need to check the #VALS of your State Table summary on each node. Note : 1. You may find that these figures aren`t identical but this is just down to the delay/latancy in which occurs between State Syncronisations. You should only be concerned if the values are hunreds or even thousands out. 2. The best way to view the State Table summaries (on SPLAT based firewalls) is to run the command watch 'fw 3.
tab -t connections -s'. Below is based on a R65 ClusterXL HA Cluster.
Steps
Check the State Tables on both nodes, checking for the #VAL totals.
[Expert@fw1]# fw tab -t connections -s HOST NAME localhost connections [Expert@fw2]# fw tab -t connections -s HOST NAME localhost connections ID #VALS #PEAK #SLINKS 8158 3624 36074 14234
ID #VALS #PEAK #SLINKS 8158 3632 36073 14242
You can see here that the #VALS are fairly similar. With this we can safley say that the State Tables are syncronised.
How do I Uninstall / Install the Connectra Plugin ? | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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How do I Uninstall / Install the Connectra Plugin ?

First of all check to see if the Connectra Plugin is installed. [Expert@R65-Manager]# fwm ver
This is Check Point SmartCenter Server NGX (R65) HFA_50, Hotfix 650 - Build 011 Installed Plug-ins: Connectra NGX R62CM
Uninstall
To uninstall follow these steps : 1. Run the plug in clean up ultility /opt/CPPIconnectra*R65/bin/plugin_preuninstall_verifier 2. Then remove the package rpm -e CPPIconnectra-R65-00 3. Reboot the manager.
Install
Below shows you the steps to install the Connectra Plugin on your Smart Centre Gateway 1. Copy the file CPPIconnectra-R65-00.i386.rpm from the /linux/CPconplg directory of the SPLAT R65 Installation CD to your Smart Centre Server. 2. Then run the command rpm -ivh /[path]/CPPIconnectra-R65-00.i386.rpm 3. Reboot the manager.
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Checkpoint Clustering
ClusterXL
Check Point's ClusterXL is a software-based Load Sharing and High Availability solution that
distributes traffic between clusters of redundant Security Gateways High Availability Allows for an Active-Standby setup were one node (Active) passes all the traffic. In the event of failure the Standby node will be promoted to the Active node.
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New Mode - Both devices have their own IP and MAC addresses. A Virtual IP is used which uses the MAC address of the Active gateway. Traffic is then directed to the VIP and passed to the Active Gateway. Gratuitous ARP is used to update the VIPs MAC address on neighboring devices at point of failover. Legacy Mode - Both gateways use the same IP and MAC address. The standby gateway interfaces remain disabled unless the master fails and the gateway is promoted to master.
Load Sharing Load sharing distrubutes the traffic between the nodes so that the traffic load is shared.
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Multicast - Traffic is sent to both nodes using Multicast (MAC addresses). Between both nodes they then decide which node will process the packet. Unicast - Traffic is sent to only one node. This is called the pivot node. The pivot node then either processes the packet or passes to the other node for processing.
3rd Party Solutions

Both of the 3rd Party solutions are configured primarily within the IPSO operating system. Though there are a few settings that are still required within the Checkpoint Object such as state synchronization.
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Nokia VRRP - Interface checking and failover is dealt with by Nokia`s VRRP. This only allows for HA clusters. Nokia IP Clustering - Interface checking and failover is dealt with by Nokias IP clustering. This allows for both HA and Load Sharing cluster configurations.
In both cases above you can use and configure ClusterXL for state synchronization.

Creating a basic Route Based VPN between 2 Checkpoint Firewalls | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Creating a basic Route Based VPN between 2 Checkpoint Firewalls

Within this example we will build a Route Based VPN between 2 SPLAT R65 NGX Checkpoint
Firewalls. Static Routes will used to direct the traffic via the VPN Tunnel Interfaces. In this example both Firewalls are managed by the same manager. The gateways are :
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Site A - External 192.168.1.1 Inside 10.1.1.1 Site B - External 192.168.2.1 Inside 10.1.2.1
In order to build a route based vpn we need to create VPN Tunnel Interfaces. A VPN Tunnel Interface is a virtual interface on a VPN-1 module, which is associated with an existing VPN tunnel, and is used by IP routing as a point to point interface directly connected to a VPN peer gateway.
Virtual Tunnel Interfaces (VTI's)

VTIs can be created only on SPLAT and IPSO (3.9 or above). Though you can only create numbered VTIs within SPLAT. A numbered tunnel interface has a unique IP address assigned to it, while an unnumbered tunnel interface does not. In order to create VTI`s you will need to ensure you are running SPLAT Pro. And that the Dynamic Routing feature is enabled. You will also need the nessecary license for this feature.
Steps Create Object

1. Create a Group Object called Empty containing no objects within SmartDashboard
Site A
1. Create the VTI by running the command on Site A's CLI : vpn shell i a n 22.22.22.1 22.22.22.2 SiteB 2. Within the Gateway Object under Topology add you Object named Empty as your VPN Domain. 3. Within the Gateway Object under Topology use the "Get" icon to retrive your new VPN Tunnel Interface (VTI).
Site B
1. Create the VTI by running the command on Site B's CLI : vpn shell i a n 22.22.22.2 22.22.22.1 SiteA 2. Within the Gateway Object under Topology add you Object named Empty as your VPN Domain. 3. Within the Gateway Object under Topology use the "Get" icon to retrive your new
VPN Tunnel Interface (VTI).
General
1. 2. 3. 4. Create a new Meshed Site-2-Site Community within the VPN Community Tab. Under General select Accept All Encrypted Traffic Under Paricitpating Gateways add both Site A and Site B. Push the Policy to both gateways.
Add Static Routes

1. On Site A add the following commands via the CLI : route add -net 10.1.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev vt-SiteB ; route --save 2. On Site B add the following commands via the CLI : route add -net 10.1.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev vt-SiteA ; route --save Additional Notes : Below shows you the syntax used to create the VTIs : [Expert@fw]# vpn shell i a n Usage: /interface/add/numbered <LocalIP> <RemoteIP> <PeerName> [IfName] LocalIP - The local IP of the tunnel RemoteIP - The remote IP of the tunnel PeerName - The peer to attach to this interface IfName - The name of the interface to be used Additional Resources : For further information on Route Based Checkpoint VPNs along with how to create a Route Based VPN between a Cisco device and Checkpoint device please see here (You will need to login into the Checkpoint UserCentre prior to accessing this link)
How do I Create an SSL VPN on a Checkpoint Gateway ? | Checkpoint | Firewalls

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How do I Create an SSL VPN on a Checkpoint Gateway ?

Below shows you the steps in order to create an SSL VPN on a Checkpoint Gateway : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Create a new network object. This will be used as the remote users IP address. Name this "net_office-mode-IPs" Within the Checkpoint Object under Tolopogy > VPN Domain add your local domain. Within the Checkpoint Object under Remote Access make the following changes : Enable Support Vistor Mode Within the Checkpoint Object under Office Mode - Select "Allow Office Mode to all users". Add this new network object under Manual (Allocate IP address from Network) Within the Checkpoint Object Under Client VPN - Tick Support Clientless VPN. Under Certificate for gateway authentication select ICA_CERT. Within the Checkpoint Object under SSL Clients - Tick the SSL Network Extender and select the ICA_CERT as the The gateway authenticates with this certificate. Within the VPN community Tab under your Remote Access community. Add your Gateway as a paricipating gateway. Within the Users Tab create your users and add these to a new user group. Create a Rule for to allow access from your usergroups to your internal hosts (local encryption domain) and select your Remote Access Community.
Please Note :
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The user will now be able to connect to your gateway via your web browser on port 443. Enter https://[gateway ip] into your browser. You will need to enusre that enusre your SPLAT WebUI or your IPSO Yoyger is listening on another port other the tcp/443.
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Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways

This example will show you how to create a certifcate based VPN between 2 Checkpoint
firewalls which are managed via different Smart Centre Servers. Please note that simplified mode VPN was used along with the Checkpoint version being R65.
Site A
Create VPN Community 1. Within your Gateway Object add you local domain to "Topology | VPN Domain | Manually Defined" 2. Within Network Objects create a Externally Managed VPN gateway (For Site B) and add its local domain. 3. Goto the VPN communities Tab and Right Click "Site To Site" and select "New" then "Mesh". 4. Give your Communitiy a name 5. Select "Accept all encypted traffic" 6. Within Participates add your Gateways. 7. Click Ok. Export the Certificate 1. Within the Servers and OPSEC applications tab right click "Servers > Trusted CAs > Internal CA" and select "New > CA > Trusted > New CA > Trusted." 2. Enter a name for your Certificate (such as VPN-CERT) 3. Under the Certificate Authority TYpe choose "External Checkpoint CA" 4. Click the External Checkpoint CA tab and select "Save As". 5. Save the Certificate
Site B
Create VPN Community 1. Within your Gateway Object add you local domain to "Topology | VPN Domain | Manually Defined". 2. Within Network Objects create a Externally Managed VPN gateway (For Site A) and add its local domain. 3. Goto the VPN communities Tab and Right Click "Site To Site" and select "New" then "Mesh". 4. Give your Communitiy a name 5. Select "Accept all encypted traffic" 6. Within Participates add your Gateways. 7. Click Ok.
Import the Certificate 1. Within the Servers and OPSEC applications tab right click Servers and select "New > CA > Trusted" 2. Enter a name such as VPN-CERT. 3. Under the Certificate Authority TYpe choose "External Checkpoint CA". 4. Click the External Checkpoint CA tab and select "Get". 5. Import the previously saved certificate from Site A.
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Checkpoint - Commands Checkpoint - Unable to delete administrator Checkpoint - Hashing Commands Checkpoint - Installing an HFA Checkpoint - SSH Blocked Netscreen - Create a Policy based VPN PIX / ASA 8.0(4)16 - Site to Site VPN Sample Config Netscreen - Basic Remote Access (Dial up) VPN Checkpoint - Migrate a Provider-1 R55 CMA to a R65 Smart Centre Server Checkpoint - Upgrading to R65 from R55 causes issues with Traditional Mode based VPN`s Shell Script - Checkpoint Backup Netscreen - Creating a route based VPN. Netscreen - Rekeying a VPN / Clearing the SA`s Netscreen - VPN Topologies SmartView Monitor shows device status as Problem ASA - Site 2 Site VPN Example Configuring VPN Traffic Policing on an ASA 8.2.1 Troubleshooting a Netscreen Site 2 Site VPN encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ? Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn" How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ? Site 2 Site VPN Template Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA The Netscreen Proxy ID problem Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1
Securing Client Authentication on a Checkpoint Gateway | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Securing Client Authentication on a Checkpoint Gateway

Tuesday, 06 April 2010 12:05
By default Client Authentication allows you to authenticate using HTTP (on port 900) or
Telnet (on port 259). Both of which can pose security risks due to the username and passwords being sent un-encrypted. To secure Client Authenitcation follow the following steps : Change the following line in $FWDIR/conf/fwauthd.conf, 900 fwssd in.ahclientd wait 900 to 900 fwssd in.ahclientd wait 900 ssl:defaultCert And remove the line : 259 fwssd in.aclientd wait 259 This allows you to change the HTTP server to an encrypted HTTPS server and disables authentication over Telnet.
Allowing Domain / DNS based objects through a Checkpoint Firewall | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Allowing Domain / DNS based objects through a Checkpoint Firewall

In order to to allow domain based objects through a Checkpoint firewall we need to understand how the domain objects actually work. When a packet hits a rule with a domain based object the Checkpoint does a reverse DNS looking up on the IP address against the domain object to see if they match, and if not the packet is dropped. Not only can this cause a number of issues but it can cause massive performance implications (further details see sk41632). Below takes a closer look at this process. When a packet hits a rule containing a domain based object the firewall does the following : 1. Queries the PTR record against the packets IP to see if it matches the domain name provided in the domain object.
Below you can see the DNS process of a domain object using ftp.symantec.com. Note : 22.19.1.1 = Firewall / 2.2.2.2 = DNS Server 22.19.1.1.32874 > 2.2.2.2.domain: 40818+ PTR? 171.22.67.77.in-addr.arpa. 2.2.2.2.domain > 22.19.1.1.32874: 40818 NXDomain q: PTR? 171.22.67.77.in-addr.arpa. 0/1/0 ns: 77.in-addr.arpa.
Now this can cause problems if the PTR record doesn't match the domain name of the A Record as Checkpoint will drop the traffic believing that the destination you are trying to reach isnt that of the Domain object. !! You can also spot the PTR record being displayed rather then the domain name of the object as the destination name within the logs when troubleshooting these kind of issues. This is a quick and easy step to confirm that the PTR record doesn't match your domain name !!
Another way to to check your PTR record is via the following steps :
[Expert@fw]# dig a ftp.symantec.com +short ftp25280.symantec.edgesuite.net. 25280.ftp.download2.akadns.net. 25280.ftp.download.akadns.net. 171.22.67.77 213.248.114.171 [Expert@fw]# dig -x 213.248.114.171 +short 213-248-114-171.customer.teliacarrier.com.
A number of companies will have PTR records that do not match their domain name (A record), which when trying to allow access through a Checkpoint can cause issues as the Firewall will just drop the traffic.
Solution
The best solution to resolve this issue is to have your traffic pass via an internal proxy. Proxies are designed and better suited for allowing and denying such traffic compared to a Checkpoint Firewall. Also there are massive performance issues with using Checkpoints domain objects and URI resources. If you are unable to use an internal proxy then there are 2 alternatives. These are based on using the built in security servers within the Checkpoint Firewall.
FTP
Within Checkpoint you can configure a FTP resource. This allows you to configure a path which can then be denied or allowed within a rule. The problem with this is that you cannot specify the host but only the path. Below shows you the steps : 1. Create a new FTP resource
2. Assign the FTP Resource a name
3. Assign a path and the action method(s).
4. Right click on a new rule and select Service with Resource.
5. Then add the rest of the actions to the rule such as source and destination etc.
HTTP
The HTTP security server gives you much more options. Below shows you the steps : 1. Create a new HTTP resource
2. Add a name and the connection method(s). These are based on the following :
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Transparent - This means that the security server is invisible to the client that originates the connection, and to the server. The Transparent connection method is the most secure. Proxy - This allows the Checkpoint to receive proxied traffic (from the client) and relay it through to the HTTP security server. Tunneling - This is used for connections that cannot be examined by VPN-1 such as HTTPS. Due to this only the hostname and port number is checked. This is the least secure of the connection methods.
3. Select HTTP, the method and the hostname of your server.
4. Right click on a new rule and select Service with Resource.
Then add the rest of the actions to the rule such as source and destination etc.
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Endpoint Connect Installation / Troubleshooting Guide

Friday, 12 March 2010 16:53
What is EndPoint Connect ?

Checkpoint`s Endpoint Connect software provides a number of client side security based
features such as Anti-virus/Anti-spyware. Firewall/Email Protection, Program Control and Remote Access VPN. This document will only details and discuss the Remote Access VPN section of the Endpoint Connect Software. Note : This document will refer to the Endpoint Connect Remote Access VPN as just Endpoint Connect. Endpoint Connect is built into the software for mangers and gateways running R70 and above. For R65 gateways that require Endpoint Connect a few additional configuration steps are required which are included within this document. Please note : This testing and documentation is based on the Endpoint Connect R73 Client.
Advantages
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Lightweight Client if you are using a single site or single entry point setup. Can be installed onto Windows 7 64-bit.
Disadvantages
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An additional SNX (SSL Network Extender License) is required due to that in which it authenticates across HTTPS (vistor mode) Link Selection is disabled (this is due to sites being defined via a single IP address). MEP configurations can only be achieved by using Geo-Cluster DNS name resolution.
Installation on an R65 Gateway

Upgrading a R65 Gateway to R65 Endpoint Connect: 1. Ensure that you are running HFA40 or higher. 2. Ensure that you are managing the gateway with R70 or higher. You will now be able to configure the require Endpoint Connect settings via the Smart Dashboard.
Configuration
To enable Endpoint Connect configure/enable the following settings : Under the Checkpoint Gateway Object 1. Enable VPN
2. Create a VPN domain
3. Enable NAT-T
4. Enable Visitor Mode :
5. Enable Office mode
6. Enable SSL Network Extender
7. Endpoint connect doesn`t support DES. If this is set please re-configure.
Additional Settings
Further settings can be set within the Global Properties:
Troubleshooting
Issue : Authenticating failed: GEN_application_error(0) You may receive this error when trying to login.
This is down to your client being unable to authenticate with the VPN gateway using HTTPS. This can be caused by the following:
1. Port 443/tcp on the firewall is assigned to a web management GUI (WEBUI/Voyuger) instead of VPND. 2. Port 443/tcp is not listening due to no SNX (SSL Network Extender) License being present. Issue : Failed to download topology Endpoint Connect fails to connect to NGX R65 Security Gateways that are managed by an R70 Security Management server with error: "failed to download topology". To resolve this run through the following steps : 1. On the R70 Security Management server, edit the file: /opt/CPNGXCMP-R70/lib/vpn_table.def 2. Scroll down to the section that starts with: /* Slim Client gateway tables */ 3. Add the entry for the ccc_sessions table below it: ccc_sessions = dynamic expires 900 keep sync kbuf 1; 4. After adding this entry to the vpn_table.def file, open SmartDashboard and reinstall policy to the NGX R65 Security Gateway(s). Further details can be found within the Checkpoint KB article sk43124
Licensing
Details on licensing can be found within Checkpoints KB article sk43329.
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Checkpoint Web Visualization only provides part of the policy | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Checkpoint Web Visualization only provides part of the policy

Monday, 08 March 2010 10:52
When using the Checkpoint Web Visualization tool and trying to obtain the policy for a Cluster object you may receive one of the following errors/issues :
1. The policy is saved as an .html file but it is only showing part of the policy. 2. You receive one of the following errors when running the Web Visualization syntax: Querying tables... Error Reason: Inconsistency problem: table communities is not recognized by serv er. An error occurred while synchronizing with server tables. 1 file(s) copied. 1 file(s) copied. XSLT warning: Fatal Error at (file <unknown>, line 0, column 0): An exception oc curred! Type:RuntimeException, Message:The primary document entity could not be opened. Id=file:///d:/temp/temp/Security_Policy.xml (, line -1, column -1) or Querying tables... Failed to open DB. Error Reason: A disk error occurred during a read operation Failed to get data from the management server "10.18.10.6"!
Solution
To resolve the issue use the cluster object name rather then the individual cluster node name when using the Web Visualization command. An example would be : C:\Program Files\CheckPoint\SmartConsole\R65\PROGRAM>cpdb2html.bat . C:\temp\ [manager ip] [username] [pw] o fw-policy.html -m [cluster object name]
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I am unable to clear the VPN SA`s using the vpn tu command

Tuesday, 23 February 2010 17:11
If you are unable to clear the VPN SA`s using the "vpn tu" command you may want to try
using the following commands vpn vpn vpn vpn shell shell shell shell /show/tunnels/ike/peer/[remote gw ip] /show/tunnels/ipsec/peer/[remote gw ip] /tunnels/delete/IKE/peer/[remote gw ip] /tunnels/delete/IPsec/peer/[remote gw ip]
The reason to this can be down to a number of issues and bugs with the Checkpoint software which they supply Hotfix`s for. Further details can be found on the Checkpoint site.
encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted
When trying to establish a VPN tunnel you may find that the tunnel is built but you receive
the error message : encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted This can be down to either :
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Overlapping encryption domains for that of the local and remote endpoints. The local and remote encryption domains added to either end are the wrong way round. Routing issues causing the non-encapsulated traffic to hit the Checkpoint outside of the VPN tunnel.
Additional Notes : You may see the unencrypted traffic on the inbound interface (or to be more specfic the 1st Inspection point of the Inbound VPN-1 Kernel / the small "i"). This can cause confusion as it will appear that the remote peer is sending the traffic to you unencypted, even though this is not the case as the problem is down to the 3 points listed above.
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ClusterXL shows Active Attention / Interface Active Check Error | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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ClusterXL shows Active Attention / Interface Active Check Error

This article will provide the required troubleshooting steps for resolving the issue of the "Interface Active Check" error within ClusterXL.
First of all you spot there is an error within ClusterXL using the following command, root@firewall # cphaprob stat Cluster Mode: Number Legacy High Availability (Active Up) State
Unique Address Assigned Load
1 192.168.12.1 100% 2 (local) 192.168.12.2 0%
active attention down
Confirming the issue

To pinpoint which part of the ClusterXL Checkpoint is not happy with run the following command. (This will list all the ClusterXL components and there status`s) root@firewall # cphaprob list Built-in Devices: Device Name: Interface Active Check Current state: problem Registered Devices: Device Name: Synchronization Registration number: 0 Timeout: none Current state: OK Time since last report: 241598 sec Device Name: Filter Registration number: 1 Timeout: none Current state: OK Time since last report: 241598 sec Device Name: fwd Registration number: 2 Timeout: 2 sec Current state: OK Time since last report: 1 sec Device Name: cphad Registration number: 3 Timeout: 2 sec Current state: OK Time since last report: 1 sec From this you can see that the issue is based on the Interface Checking, Device Name: Interface Active Check Current state: problem
Checking the Monitored Interfaces

Now that we see the error we will need to look a bit closer at the state of the interfaces: root@firewall # cphaprob -a if
Required interfaces: 6 Required secured interfaces: 1 eth4 eth0 eth1 eth10 eth11 eth2 eth3 UP sync(secured), unique, multicast UP non sync(non secured), shared, multicast Inbound: DOWN (241522 secs) Outbound: DOWN (241523 secs) non sync(non secured), shared, multicast UP non sync(non secured), shared, multicast Disconnected non sync(non secured), unique, broadcast UP non sync(non secured), unique, multicast UP non sync(non secured), shared, multicast
We can see here that eth1 is still being monitored but is showing as down. When I connect to the other cluster node I see that eth1 is also showing down.
Solution
So in order to ensure that Checkpoint completely ignores this interface we will need to add this interface to the file "$FWDIR/conf/discntd.if". Below shows you how the file should look once we add eth1 to it. root@firewall # cat $FWDIR/conf/discntd.if eth1 eth11 Once you have changed this file on both nodes, re-push the policy and the ClusterXL status should be back to Active/Standy and the output of "cphaprob list" should show no errors. If it appears that this hasnt resolved the issue run a `cphaprob -a if` and confirm that this interface is now showing as disconnected. If the output of `cphaprob stat` is still not showing active/standby run a `cpstop && cpstart` on each node which then should resolve the problem.
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Checkpoint Logging Troubleshooting Guide

Monday, 25 January 2010 09:19
Below are some basic guidelines for troubleshooting Checkpoint Logging issues. Please note : This guide does not cover issues with any OPSEC LEA based issues.
Please note : The FWD (Firewall Daemon) is responsible for sending and receiving the Checkpoint Logs on port tcp/257.
Are the logs being sent to the manager ?

Ok, so first of all are the logs being sent to the Smart Centre Manager or the necessary Log Manager ? We can check this by confirming whether the gateway is sending the log packets via the FW Log port tcp/257 upon the gateway and the manager. To do this use either or both of the following commands,
q q
netstat -an | grep 257 - This will show the state of the TCP sockets. tcpdump -ni [interface name] port 257 - This will show a packet capture of the FW Log packets on the subsequent interface.
If the gateway is not sending the logs then this can be down to one of the following issues, 1. 2. 3. 4. SIC is not established. The Logging configuration for the Gateway is not configured correctly. The SmartCentre/Log Manager is not listening on port tcp/257. There is an issue with FWD on the gateway. In some instances you may need to restart FWD via a cpstart. Though the root cause could be down to a number of factors.
The SmartCentre / Log Manager is not receiving the logs

If the gateway is sending the logs but the SmartCentre / Log Manager is not receiving them then either a device between the 2 nodes is blocking the packets or there is a routing issue.
Why are the logs not being displayed within SmartView tracker ?
Ok so the manager is receiving the logs but you may still not see them within the SmartView tracker this will be down to either the FWD (Firewall Daemon) or the log files being corrupted. Log Files Corrupted If the log files are corrupted you should expect to see no logs within the SmartView Tracker. If this is the case you will need to action the following steps : 1. Close the Log Viewer/SmartView Tracker and Policy Editor/SmartDashboard. 2. Execute the fwstop or cpstop command (depending on the version) from the command line. 3. Remove all files starting with fw.log and fw.logptr from the $FWDIR\log directory. 4. Execute the fwstart or cpstart (depending on the version) command.
Full details can be found at Checkpoints KB within Solution ID sk6432. Only some of the logs are not being displayed If only some of the logs are not being displayed then this could point to an issue with the trust between the manager and the gateway. To confirm the issue you will need to debug FWD using the following steps.
root@cp-mgnt# fw debug fwd on TDERROR_ALL_ALL=5 root@cp-mgnt# tail -f $FWDIR/log/fwd.elg root@cp-mgnt# tail -f $FWDIR/log/fwd.elg revoked" root@cp-mgnt# fw debug fwd off | grep -i "Certificate is
Within these steps we first enable the debug. Then we run a live tail on the log file. And then we run a grep on the live tail for a specific error. The live tail allows us to view the end of the log file in real time. We finally turn off the debug. Below shows an example of an error with the SIC trust between the Gateway and Manager obtained from the $FWDIR/log/fwd.elg,
[FWD 2177 1]@cp-mgnt[22 Jan 14:47:32] fwCert_ValCerts: Certificate is revoked. CN=cp-fw1,O=cp-mgnt..bizt7z [FWD 2177 1]@cp-mgnt[22 Jan 14:47:41] fwCert_ValCerts: Certificate is revoked. CN=cp-fw2,O=cp-mgnt..bizt7z
In this instance resetting SIC would resolve this issue.
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Configuring per user IP assignment using ipassignment.conf in Checkpoint for remote access users
Thursday, 03 December 2009 23:56
In order to assign individual IPs and ranges to certains remote access users, Checkpoint provides a configuration file allowing you to configure your gateway as required. This configuration file is : $FWDIR/conf/ipassignment.conf This article we will outline some of the possible gotcha`s and also run through the required steps. Within this example we will provide a single user (certificate based) with a specific IP address and allow the rest of the subnet to be assigned to the rest of the users within this group.
Steps
1. Edit the file $FWDIR/conf/ipassignment.conf with the required changes. Please click here to view the configuration file with the required changes for this example. 2. Ensure you have selected the required option within the Checkpoint Object telling it to use the ipassignment.conf file.
3. Check the file using the command vpn ipafile_check ipassignment.conf detail 4. Push the Policy to the Gateway and test that your changes have been successful.
Gotcha`s
1. You cannot use the hostname of the gateway but can use the Gateway object name within the conf file. 2. You must push the policy after making changes to the ipassignment.conf file. 3. For users using certificate based authentication you will need to add the users DN. 4. The vpn ipafile_check ipassignment.conf detail command does not check the spelling of entries within the conf file nor does it check to see if the gateway/object/usernames exsist or are within the policy of the firewall gateway.
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SmartView Monitor shows device status as Problem

Thursday, 12 November 2009 12:25
Issue
q
Within the Smartview Monitor you may find that the device status is shown as "Problem".

q
Within Smartview Monitor you are unable to find any further details for what is causing the issue.
Troubleshooting Steps
This article isn't a solution to the issue but more of a pointer to a stepping stone on finding what is causing this error. Within the CLI of the box run the following command :
# cpstat -f all os Product Name: SVN Foundation SVN Foundation Major Version: 6 SVN Foundation Minor Version: 2 SVN Foundation Service Pack: 0 SVN Foundation Version String: NGX (R65) HFA_50, Hotfix 650 SVN Foundation Build Number: 620650036 SVN Foundation Status code: 2 SVN Foundation Status short: Problem SVN Foundation Status long: FireWall-1 daemon (fwd) is not running OS Name: IPSO OS Major Version: 4 OS Minor Version: 2 This should provide you with some additional information for troubleshooting the issue. In this case, where fwd is not running. We know that this would prevent any logs being sent to the log manager. Due to this we would be able to see log buffer full errors within the /var/log/messages and therefore pinpoint when this happened and in turn what else happened around this time. In this instance the fwd crashed due to a policy push which is currently a known issue with Checkpoint (sk42589), which they supply a Hotfix for once a service request has been raised to them. Please note : This article is based on R65 HFA50 / IPSO 4.2.

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Checkpoint is changing SYN packets to ACKs ?

Wednesday, 28 October 2009 14:06
Issue
The initial SYN packets from your client to your server is being translated by your Firewall
into ACK packets which is preventing the initial 3 way handshake establishing. Below shows you an example : Inbound 15:32:19.546115 I 10.1.1.1.12345 > 192.168.1.1.1111: S 2292544025:2292544025(0) win 49640 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 0,nop,nop,sackOK> (DF) 15:32:22.924625 I 10.1.1.1.12345 > 192.168.1.1.1111: S 2292544025:2292544025(0) win 49640 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 0,nop,nop,sackOK> (DF) 15:32:29.684476 I 10.1.1.1.12345 > 192.168.1.1.1111: S 2292544025:2292544025(0) win 49640 <mss 1460,nop,wscale 0,nop,nop,sackOK> (DF) Outbound 15:32:19.546791 O 10.1.1.1.12345 > 192.168.1.1.1111: . ack 3336546225 win 49640 (DF) 15:32:22.925787 O 10.1.1.1.12345 > 192.168.1.1.1111: . ack 1868928554 win 49640 (DF) 15:32:29.685355 O 10.1.1.1.12345 > 192.168.1.1.1111: . ack 3910026716 win 49640 (DF)
Cause
This is due to a Checkpoint feature called Smart Connection Reuse. When a client tries to establish a new connection to a server on the same port as a previously established connection that the client/server believes is terminated, but that the firewall does not, the firewall tries to determine what state the connection is in by sending an ACK (instead of a SYN). Dependant on the response to the ACK (from the server) the firewall concludes whether the firewall allows the initial SYN or refuses it.
Do we need this feature ?

Before Smart Connection Reuse was added to the Checkpoint software package any SYN that came to the firewall which matched an exsisting connection (same source/destination port/ip) would be dropped and a log message of "SYN on Established Connection" would be created. This feature prevents new connections from being unnecessarily dropped.
What else do I need to know ? This feature can be useful but certain setups and situatio can cause this feature not to
function as per design. Such as,

q
q q
The server is not responding to the ACK with a RST which would tell the Firewall this is a new connection and allow it to pass the SYN. The servers RST response to the SYN isnt reaching the Firewall. The server/client is not correctly closing down the connection, causing the connection state information on the firewall to remain. Another firewall is blocking the ACK or RST.
Solution to Potential Issues

You may find you have a scenerio which fits one of the above points, and ACK packets are leaving the firewall and no response is being given. In which case the inital 3 way handshake is failing. To allow for the firewall to allow a SYN through a established connection you can set the following kernel global setting : Set the option Temporarily (does not survive reboot) : 1. fw ctl set int fw_reuse_established_conn [port_number] IPSO 1. modzap fw_reuse_established_conn $FWDIR/boot/modules/fwmod.o [port_number] 2. Then reboot SPLAT 1. Add the line "fw_reuse_established_conn=[port_number]" to the file $FWDIR/boot/modules/fwkern.conf 2. Then Reboot
Further details of changing kernel global parameters can be found below :
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sk26202 - Changing the kernel global parameters on all platforms
References :
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sk33285 - Kernel Global Parameters sk39455 - Why does the firewall change certain SYN packets to ACK packets ?

q
sk24960 - VPN-1/FireWall-1 NG with AI R54 modifies some SYN packets, and changes them to ACK
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SmartView Monitor incorrectly shows status as Disconnected

Issue
q q q
The SmartView Monitor shows the status of your gateway as "Disconnected". It takes for ages before your gateway shows as "Connected. No AMON (Application Monitoring) packets (tcp/18192) are leaving the SmartCentre Server for the gateway.
Solution
This can be down to issues within the Database files for the SmartView Monitor. Below will show you how to backup the files, and recreate these files. Log into your SmartCentre Server and run the following commands, cpstop cd $FWDIR/conf mkdir svm_bkup mv applications.C* svm_bkup/ mv CPMILinksMgr.db* svm_bkup/ cpstart Check the the files have been recreated, ls -l application* CPMILinks* Now log back into the SmartView Monitor.
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Windows 2003 Supports Tools overview How do I to enable SNMP on a PIX / ASA ??

PIX - Failover Checkpoint Logging Troubleshooting Guide PIX - Logging Buffer - View logs on your PIX Checkpoint - Provider-1 Export / Failed to export Error Checkpoint - How to Reset SIC PIX - View Packet Captures in Wireshark Checkpoint - Client vs Server Side NAT Checkpoint - FW Monitor Checkpoint - Useful Files Checkpoint - Exporting SmartCentre settings Linux - VNC Blank Screen Checkpoint - Ports Checkpoint - Stealth / Drop Rule VPN - PIX 2 Checkpoint Checkpoint - Ive pushed the Wrong Policy Checkpoint - Commands Checkpoint - Unable to delete administrator Checkpoint - Hashing Commands Checkpoint - Installing an HFA Checkpoint - SSH Blocked Checkpoint - Upgrading to R65 from R55 causes issues with Traditional Mode based VPN`s Shell Script - Checkpoint Backup SmartView Monitor shows device status as Problem encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ? Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn" How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ? Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1 Creating CLI Views on a Cisco Router
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Checkpoint Solaris - Wrapper completed with error code 239

Sunday, 26 July 2009 13:27
Issue
On Solaris 8 or Solaris 9, installing Check Point package fails with either :

/var/opt/cp_tmp/CPsuite-R65/install/request: /var/opt/cp_tmp/CPsuite-R65/install/request: cannot open pkgadd: ERROR: request script did not complete successfully Installation of <CPsuite-R65> failed.
or
/opt/CPInstLog/Wrapper_R65.elg contains [25/02 11:52:36] Installing "Primary SmartCenter" [25/02 11:52:55] Installing of "Primary SmartCenter" failed ! [25/02 11:52:57] Fail to install: Primary SmartCenter! See application usage format. [25/02 11:52:57] Wrapper completed with error code 239
Solution
This error is due to permissions changes to the "pkgadd" script. On Sun Solaris 9, the relevant patch number is 113713(SPARC) or 114568(x86).
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With patch 113713-16 and below, pkgadd scripts ran as the current user (typically "root"). With patch version 113713-17 through 113713-19, these scripts were run as user "nobody". With 113713-20 and above, they are run as user "noaccess".
The 2 solutions for this are: 1. Backout of the patch, run the upgrade, and re-apply the patch. This is not always possible - as if the patch was in the initial build, there will be no backout files. or 2. Modify the permissions of the users "noaccess" and "nobody", run the upgrade, and then adjust them back again. You can check the permissions of the users by running the following:
root@fw1 # grep ^no /etc/passwd nobody:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/:/sbin/noshell noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:/sbin/noshell To modify them to work for the upgrade run these commands:
root@fw1 # usermod -u 0 -o noaccess root@fw1 # usermod -u 0 -o nobody Check they were successful: root@fw1 # grep ^no /etc/passwd nobody:x:0:60001:Nobody:/:/sbin/noshell noaccess:x:0:60002:No Access User:/:/sbin/noshell
The install will now complete without errors, providing that you have enough disk space For all info - see SK39956 on the CheckPoint site.
Checkpoint - Upgrade to R70 - status=1 Patch installation failed | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Checkpoint - Upgrade to R70 - status=1 Patch installation failed

Issue
When upgrading to R70 on SPLAT you may receive the following error, CPwrapper: Wrapper part one completed successfully, data saved Upgrading the operating system. Preparing to upgrade Check Point Products. status=1 Exiting .. Patch installation failed. Please Note : This refers to a copied iso file which has been copied to the device and mounted rather then an upgrade with physical cd media within the cdrom drive.
Solution
This is due to not changing to the /mnt/cdrom directory before running the `patch add cd` command. You can also run into problems were you have mounted the `Check_Point_R70_CD1.Splat.iso` but there is still a CD in the drive. To resolve the issue/error above you need to, 1. 2. 3. 4. Go into sysconfig Select option 10 (Product Installation) Run through the wizard again. Once complete reboot the firewall.
Additional Notes
Before running through any upgrade you should first confirm that their is no cd mounted or inserted into the drive
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To confirm if there is a CD mounted run - `mount | ls -l /mnt/cdrom` To confirm if there is a CD present in the drive - `mount /mnt/cdrom` (you should get "mount:no medium found")
Once you have checked that there is no disc in the drive copy the file across, mount, change directory and then run the patch command, mount -o loop [path to iso] /mnt/cdrom cd /mnt/cdrom patch add cd

Invalid MD5 digest - BGP Traffic Through Checkpoint | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Invalid MD5 digest - BGP Traffic Through Checkpoint

Tuesday, 30 June 2009 09:07
Issue
When allowing eBGP traffic through a Checkpoint Firewall you may receive the following
error message on your BGP peered routers. (This error may occur at the point of pushing a policy to your Checkpoint Firewall), TCP-6-BADAUTH: Invalid MD5 digest from [Source IP]:[Source Port] to [Dest IP]:179
Solution
This is down to the Checkpoint State Table and the TCP sequence number of the BGP Traffic changing at the point of policy push. To prevent this occurring you will need to change the following settings,
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Checkpoint Gateway Object > Advanced > Connection Persistence > (Tick) Keep all connections Services > TCP > BGP Service > (Tick) Keep connections open after Policy has been installed
Checkpoint - Migrate a Provider-1 R55 CMA to a R65 Smart Centre Server | Checkpoint | Firewalls
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Checkpoint - Migrate a Provider-1 R55 CMA to a R65 Smart Centre Server

Thursday, 11 June 2009 15:59
Below are the steps required to migrate a Provider-1 CMA to a Smart Centre Server. This tutorial was based on exporting and migrating from R55 to R65 and will involve the following steps,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Export the CMA on the Provider-1 Import the CMA into Smart Centre Export and detach license Update the Smart Centre Object (IP, Name, and Topology) Via the CLI reinitialise the Certificate Authority Import and attach License Update Package details
Export the CMA

Note: The upgrade_export command is run from the $FWDIR/bin/upgrade_tools directory of the CMA. Log into the Provider-1 via SSH and remove the following Links,
#mdsenv [cma] #rm $FWDIR/conf/cp-admins #rm $FWDIR/conf/cp-gui-clients #rm $FWDIR/conf/packages.c

Delete the links, (you can find the CMA name/IP using mdsstat) and then run:
#mdsenv #mdsstop_customer [cma] #mdsenv [cma] #mcd bin (note the path) #cd upgrade_tools #./upgrade_export /var/tmp
If you want to continue to use the CMA you will need to restore the links. Here are the steps to restore your CMA,
#mdsstop_customer [cma] #mdsenv [cma] #mcd conf #ln -s /opt/CPmds-R55/conf/mdsdb/cp-admins.C cp-admins #ln -s /opt/CPmds-R55/conf/mdsdb/cp-gui-clients.C cp-gui-clients #ln -s /opt/CPmds-R55/conf/mdsdb/packages.c packages.c #mdsenv #mdsstart_customer [cma]
Import the CMA in Smart Centre Server

1. Copy the exported CMA to your Smart Centre Server. 2. Import the config by using $FWDIR/bin/upgrade_tools/upgrade_import
[exported_cma].tgz 3. When asked about the licensing select No. 4. Once the import is complete you will find that you receive an error when trying to run cpconfig. 5. Run the command cd $CPDIR/conf ; mv inst.conf inst.conf.bak 6. Run cpstart
7. Within the Smart Dashboard change the Origin IP of the Manager and select Install Database.
Export and Detach license

1. Log into the Smart Centre Server via the Smart Dashboard and goto Smart Update. 2. Export the license as a file and detach from the Smart Centre Server Object.
Update the Smart Centre Object

1. Edit the Checkpoint Manager Object to reflect the new Smart Centre details (Name, IP, Tolopolgy and Operating System)
2. Change the Object Name to that of the Smart Centre`s hostname.
Reinitialise the Certificate Authority

1. Using cpconfig select the Certificate Authority option. 2. Select Yes to Reinitialise the CA and use the Smart Centre Object name as the internal CA name.
Import and attach License

1. Re-import the license into the repository and reattach to the Smart centre server.
Update Package details

1. Go into Smart Update and under the Packages tab select Get Gateway Data for the Smart Centre Server. 2. If this option is greyed out, a missing symlink could be missing. Troubleshooting steps can be found at : http://www.cpug.org/forums/smartupdate/8162-error-
when-getting-gateway-data-smartupdate.html or select (from toolbar) Packages > Get Data

From All.
Final Steps
1. As an additional test of the Smart Centres ICA connectivity select Get OS within the Smart Centre Object. If this completes without any dialog then the communication is fine. 2. Then re-push the policy from your new manager to your firewalls. Additional Reources : CheckPoint KB : SK22867 Peer Sent Wrong DN - Useful for ICA issues.
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Checkpoint - Provider-1 Export / Failed to export Error

Tuesday, 09 June 2009 16:24
Issue
When trying to run an upgrade_export from a Provider-1 you get the following error,
Failed to export. Please close all Check Point clients. If the failure to export persists, stop all Check Point Services and run the upgrade_export command again.
Solution
Note: The upgrade_export command is run from the $FWDIR/bin/upgrade_tools directory of the CMA. Note: This solution is based on R55.
Remove the following Links, #mdsenv [cma] #rm $FWDIR/conf/cp-admins #rm $FWDIR/conf/cp-gui-clients #rm $FWDIR/conf/packages.c Delete the links, and then run: #mdsenv #mdsstop_customer [cma] #mdsenv [cma] #mcd bin (note the path) #cd upgrade_tools #./upgrade_export /var/tmp If you want to continue to use the CMA you will need to restore the links. Here are the steps to restore your CMA, #mdsenv [cma] #mcd conf #ln -s /opt/CPmds-R55/conf/mdsdb/cp-admins.C cp-admins #ln -s /opt/CPmds-R55/conf/mdsdb/cp-gui-clients.C cp-gui-clients #ln -s /opt/CPmds-R55/conf/mdsdb/packages.c packages.c #mdsenv #mdsstart_custmer [cma] If you require a full guide to exporting a Provider-1 CMA and importing into a Smart Centre please click here

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Checkpoint - Upgrading to R65 from R55 causes issues with Traditional Mode based VPN`s
Wednesday, 13 May 2009 11:17
Issue
Checkpoint have now replaced the Support Key Exchange for subnets with VPN Tunnel Sharing for Traditional mode VPN`s.
The problem this causes is when you upgrade to R65 is that the Support Key Exchange for subnets setting isnt transferred. With all Traditional VPN`s being set to "One VPN tunnel per subnet
pair" as default. You may experience the following error if One VPN Tunnel per each pair of hosts is not ticked, but required,
IKE: Quick Mode Received Notification from Peer: no proposal chosen
Solution
To prevent any issues prior to upgrade note whether the Support Key Exchange for subnets is enabled on the interoperable device. Once you have upgraded the Checkpoint package you can make the following change in R65 with reference to the previous setting that was noted before the upgrade. R55 - Support key exchange for subnets = Ticked R65 VPN Tunnel Sharing / Custom Settings / One VPN Tunnel per subnet pair = Ticked R55 - Support key exchange for subnets = Unticked R65 VPN Tunnel Sharing / Custom Settings / One VPN Tunnel per each pair of hosts = Ticked
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Checkpoint - Enabling Gratious ARP (Failover)

Thursday, 12 March 2009 20:19
If you firewall isnt Gratuitous ARPing when it fails over, you will need to edit the file $FWDIR/boot/modules/fwkern.conf, and add the following line (if it doesnt exist create it),
fwha_use_arp_packet_queue=1 Then reboot the machine.
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Checkpoint - How to Reset SIC

Friday, 13 February 2009 17:02
How do i reset SIC ?

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Go into the CLI of the Firewall and type cpconfig then choose Secure Internal
Communication. You will then be prompted to enter a passcode. Enter anything it doesnt matter. Then exit cpconfig using option 10.
cpfw[admin]# cpconfig This program will let you re-configure your Check Point products configuration. Configuration Options: ---------------------(1) Licenses and contracts (2) SNMP Extension (3) Group Permissions (4) PKCS#11 Token (5) Random Pool (6) Secure Internal Communication (7) Disable cluster membership for this gateway (8) Disable Check Point SecureXL (9) Automatic start of Check Point Products (10) Exit Enter your choice (1-10) : 6
Go into the Smart Dashboard and go into the Checkpoint Object > General Properties > Communication. Select "reset" Enter the passcode you previously entered within cpconfig. Select "Initalize" The Trust State should now say "Trust established". Re-push the policy.
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Additional Notes
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After you have entered a new passcode into cpconfig and exited, the gateway will perform a cprestart. After the cprestart it will install the Inital Policy onto the gateway. The Inital Policy is set to deny all traffic. Beware of this as this can cause you issues if you go through your firewalls to get to you manager, as this will block your access to your manager, and in turn prevent you from being able to push a new policy. In this case you will need to have console access to your gatewayand action a fw unloadlocal
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Checkpoint - Desktop Policy / Split Tunnelling

Friday, 30 January 2009 21:22
Desktop Policy / Split Tunneling

In the world of Checkpoint remote access there are 2 types of clients that are used for remote VPN access. They are,
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Secure Remote Basic Free client Secure Client Non-free licensed client allowing the enforcement of desktop policies.
Desktop Policy
Within the Desktop Policy Tab of your Checkpoint Policy (via Smart Dashboard) you have 2 sections inbound and outbound. In these sections you have various actions. Accept, Encrypt and Block.
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Accept This allows traffic out unencrypted. But also includes an implicit encrypt. This means that any traffic within the encryption domain will be encrypted. Encrypt Allows only this traffic through encrypted. Block Simply blocks the traffic.
Below shows an example of a desktop policy. This desktop policy would allow inbound unencrypted RDP traffic.
Disabling Split tunneling

What is Split Tunneling? Split tunneling is a term given to which a remote access VPN user can access the Internet directly, rather then traffic destined for the internet being sent down the VPN tunnel. How to disable Split Tunneling? Checkpoint enables split tunneling by default. In order to disable this you must first of all make sure your using Office mode. Below are the steps involved in disabling Split Tunneling,
1. Goto the Checkpoint objects and Enable Allow Secure Client to route traffic through the gateway
2. You will need to configure the traffic destined for the internet is NAT`s behind a public IP.
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First of all configure a manual NAT rule to keep the original source address of your Remote access user if going to an internal address. Then add a manual NAT after this to NAT the remote users source address to youre your gateways external IP address if destined for the internet.
3. Configure your Desktop Policy to encrypt all traffic and one below to accept all traffic.
The reason we have the accept at the bottom is to ensure that if you are not connected to the VPN the policy will still allow traffic out to the internet. 4. Add the relevant rules to your gateway security policy to allow access from the remote users IP (or username) to the internet.
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Checkpoint - SSH Blocked

Wednesday, 22 October 2008 15:58
Problem
You find that your gateway is blocking SSH connections and showing in the logs even though you have the ssh and ssh_version_2 protocols added to your rule.
message_info: SSH version 1.x is not allowed
Reason
On closer inspection when you look at the ssh_version_2 protocol object it says in the comment, Secure Shell, version 1.x block. This service object will block both versions.
Solution
Add only the ssh service obejct to your rule, to allow both ssh versions through your gateway.
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Checkpoint - Hashing Commands

Tuesday, 30 September 2008 07:12
Even though these are more OS specific commands, i mainly use them for HFA installs on Checkpoints, hence it being under the Category Checkpoint.
Linux
md5sum
Nokia IPSO
md5
Solaris
digest
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Checkpoint Logging Troubleshooting Guide SmartView Monitor incorrectly shows status as Disconnected Checkpoint - Provider-1 Export / Failed to export Error Checkpoint - How to Reset SIC Checkpoint - Client vs Server Side NAT Checkpoint - FW Monitor Checkpoint - Useful Files Checkpoint - Exporting SmartCentre settings

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Checkpoint - Ports Checkpoint - Stealth / Drop Rule VPN - PIX 2 Checkpoint Checkpoint - Ive pushed the Wrong Policy Checkpoint - Commands Checkpoint - Unable to delete administrator Checkpoint - Installing an HFA Checkpoint - SSH Blocked Checkpoint - Upgrading to R65 from R55 causes issues with Traditional Mode based VPN`s PIX - BGP Advanced Protocol Inspection Shell Script - Checkpoint Backup SmartView Monitor shows device status as Problem encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ? Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn" How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ? Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1
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Checkpoint - Unable to delete administrator

If you cannot delete the administrator via cpconfig, or the fwm commands then remove the administrator (the complete line) from the following file /$FWDIR/conf/fwmusers
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Checkpoint - Ive pushed the Wrong Policy

Monday, 08 September 2008 11:35
Issue There may be a time where you install the wrong policy onto a Checkpoint Firewall. This can
block your connections, and screw which traffic is allowed through the firewall.
Resolution
These steps will show you how to remove and reinstall the correct policy via the CLI on the manager (SCS), 1. fw stat -l [firewall ip] 2. fwm unload [fwname] 3. fwm load [PolicyName].W [fwname] Steps Explained, 1. This will show you the policy history, so we can find out the name of the policy we need to reinstall. 2. This will remove the security policy from the firewall. 3. This will install the correct policy back onto your Firewall. Note how we add the .W to the policy name as it has yet to be be compiled into a .cf file (which is what is installed onto the Firewall/Gateway) Additional Resources Additonal Checkpoint commands can be found here
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Cisco PIX - Routing PIX Protocol Handling PIX - Advanced Protocol Handling

Checkpoint Logging Troubleshooting Guide ESX - ViClient Cannot connect to host PIX - Static NAT Routing Netscreen - Rule Processing Order ESXi - The attempted operation cannot be permited in the current state (Powered Off) SmartView Monitor incorrectly shows status as Disconnected Checkpoint - Provider-1 Export / Failed to export Error Checkpoint - How to Reset SIC Backup - Data Lifeline Debian - Add a Default Gateway Checkpoint - Client vs Server Side NAT Checkpoint - NAT Explained Checkpoint - FW Monitor Checkpoint - Useful Files Checkpoint - Exporting SmartCentre settings Linux - Setting a Default Gateway Solaris - Configuring an Interface UNIX - Process State Codes Checkpoint - Ports Checkpoint - Stealth / Drop Rule VPN - PIX 2 Checkpoint Checkpoint - Commands Checkpoint - Unable to delete administrator Checkpoint - Hashing Commands SPLAT - Route / Static ARP startup Script Checkpoint - Installing an HFA Checkpoint - SSH Blocked Netscreen - Create a Policy based VPN Checkpoint - Desktop Policy / Split Tunnelling PIX / ASA - How to enable ICMP Inspect Checkpoint - Migrate a Provider-1 R55 CMA to a R65 Smart Centre Server Checkpoint - Upgrading to R65 from R55 causes issues with Traditional Mode based VPN`s PIX - BGP Advanced Protocol Inspection Proxy ARP SPLAT Shell Script - Checkpoint Backup Netscreen - Virtual Systems / VSYS SmartView Monitor shows device status as Problem Configuring VPN Traffic Policing on an ASA 8.2.1 encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted

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Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ? Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn" How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ? Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1 What is an XML Firewall ?
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Checkpoint - Moving Files using SCP

Thursday, 04 September 2008 13:55
Method 1 Even though this maybe more of an article for the Linux area, the only reason I came across
this is trying to move the output of a upgrade_export from my SPLAT box, so hence it being under Firewalls - Checkpoint. If you keep getting prompted with a password box when trying to connect edit the following file on your SPLAT Box /etc/passwd Change the shell for your login account from /bin/cpshell to /bin/bash Note !! Make sure to change this back after copying the files across otherwise users will be able to connect straight into expert mode. Or you can try this method, Method 2 1. Add the username of the firewall you are moving the file to, to a file /etc/scpusers 2. then on the device you want to tranfer the file from run, scp <file to transfer> remoteuser@remoteip:<remote location> So if you wanted to do all of this in one line, then try (check before doing this that there isnt already a scpusers file), echo admin > /etc/scpusers && scp myfile.txt admin@1.1.1.1:/tmp
This would create a scpusers file for the user admin, then tranfer the file myfile.txt to 1.1.1.1 to the folder /tmp.
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Checkpoint - Stealth / Drop Rule

Stealth Rule The first rule in the rule base which prevents access to the firewall itself.
Implicit Drop / Clean Up Rule This is added by the firewall at the bottom of the rule base. Its role is to drop any traffic that hasn't been matched to any of the previous rules.
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Checkpoint - Hashing Commands SPLAT - Route / Static ARP startup Script Excel - Issues and Problems Router - Named Access-Lists Windows - Sticky Key Registry Fix Checkpoint - Installing an HFA Windows - What are Ports needed for Active Directory ? Netscreen - NSRP ESXi White Box - HP DL140 ESXi - How to enable SSH Debian - How to configure an interface as promisc Windows : System Error 1326 has occurred Checkpoint - SSH Blocked Solaris - Enabling DNS resolution (Client) XP - Minimized window not becoming active / Background window not coming to foreground Nokia - Installing HFA30 onto a Diskless / Flash based Checkpoint Firewall vi / vim - Show Line Numbers Checkpoint - Upgrading to R65 from R55 causes issues with Traditional Mode based VPN`s Solaris Files and Prompts Proxy ARP SPLAT vSphere - Creating User and Group Permissions Shell Script - Checkpoint Backup IPSO Configuration Sets Video Tutorial / How do I Enable Checkpoint SNMPD on SPLAT ?? Windows Performance Tweaks SmartView Monitor shows device status as Problem How do I remove the Title Filter and Display # from the Category List within Joomla ? encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted Endpoint Connect Installation / Troubleshooting Guide Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ? Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn" How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ? Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA How do I change an IP address on a IPSO Nokia Firewall via clish ? How do I create an IPSO backup via clish ? Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1 Upgrade Export on Solaris Fails with "Error: Failed to execute 'gtar -c -C"

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How to clear an ASA`s configuration How to enable the telnet client in Windows 7 Adaptec Storage Manager Script for ESX4 Configuring TACACS+ on a Cisco Router How to Secure your Cisco Router Solaris - compile returns "configure: error: no acceptable grep could be found in"
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Checkpoint - Debugging NAT

In order to debug NAT on a checkpoint we need to obtain information via the following, 1. Set the debugging buffer to 2 KB
2. Enable 2 debugging flags 3. Output your data 4. Then to reset the debugging flags. The commands are,
fw ctl debug -buf 2048 fw ctl debug xlate src fw ctl kdebug -f >& /tmp/kdebug.out fw ctl debug O
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Checkpoint - Acronyms
FWM ICA SIC
Firewall Management e.g. the SmartCenter Internal CA, normally SmartCenter Secure Internal Communication
SCS VTI MDG MDS CMA MLM CLM
Smart Centre Server Virtual Tunnel Interface (VPNs) Multi Domain GUI (Provider-1) Multi Domain Server, Manager or Container (Provider-1) Customer Management Add-on (Provider-1) - "Smart Center Server" Multi Customer Log Module (Provider-1) Customer Log Module (Provider-1)
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Checkpoint - QoS
DiffServ (Differentiated Services) A layer 3 protocol, defined by the IEFT. Used for adding QoS to IP networks.
WFRED(Weighted Flow Random Early Drop) A process for managing packet buffers, by dropping packets during periods of network congestion. This is transparent to the user and requires no configuration. IQ (Intelligent Queuing Engine) Using information from the Checkpoint INSPECT engine to classify traffic, the IQ Engine places traffic into a dynamically changing traffic queue. Using the packet scheduler, it moves packets within the queue based on the QoS policy. RDED (Retransmission Detection Early Drop) Prevents TCP retransmit storms by stopping redundant restransmits during periods of network congestion.
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Checkpoint - Ports
General
tcp/257 tcp/18208 tcp/18190 tcp/18191 tcp/18192
FireWall-1 log transfer CPRID (SmartUpdate) SmartDashboard to SCS SCS to FW-1 gateway for policy install SCS monitoring of firewalls (SmartView Status)
SIC Ports
tcp/18209 tcp/18210 tcp/18211
NGX Gateways <> ICAs (status, issue, or revoke). Pulls Certificates from an ICA. Used by the cpd daemon (on the gateway) to receive
Certificates.
Authentication
tcp/259 tcp/900
Client Authentication (Telnet) Client Authentication (HTTP)
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IPSO - Commands IPSO - Turn off Console Logging Windows - Securing Windows XP

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encryption failure: According to the policy the packet should not have been decrypted Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ? Checkpoint shows "Failed to bind to LDAP Server - wrong password or wrong dn" How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ? Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA How do I create an IPSO backup via clish ? Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1 How to clear an ASA`s configuration
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Checkpoint - Exporting SmartCentre settings

Sunday, 03 August 2008 18:21
This will show you the steps involved in exporting the settings of a Smart Centre Server for importing into a newly installed Smart Centre server,
1. Download the upgrade_export utlity and run it from $FWDIR/bin to export the config to a .tgz 2. Transfer the tgz to another machine 3. Uninstall all ngx packages and reboot 4. Install new server 5. Run upgrade_import to import
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Checkpoint - Useful Files

Below are some of the various files and commands which you may find useful on a Checkpoint.
Smart Centre Server

$CPDIR/conf - Contains parts of the CPShared system * cp.license - license of machine * sic_cert.p12 - SIC certificate $FWDIR/lib - .def files which are used when the rulebase is complied into inspection code for Enforcement points. $FWDIR/conf - the rule base and the rest of the security policy can be found here. * rulebases_5_0.fws - Contains rulebases and duplicate in *.w files * objects_5.0.C - Contains all the objects. objects.C is created when sent to the Enforcement Points $FWDIR/conf/fwauth.* - User Database, main file being fwauth.NDB $FWDIR/conf/masters - Defines the local log definition in Dashboard $FWDIR/database/fwauth.* - User Datbase, main file being fwauth.NDB $FWDIR/log - Logs
Enforcement Point
$CPDIR/conf - Contains parts of the CPShared system * cp.license - license of machine * sic_cert.p12 - SIC certificate $FWDIR/conf/discntd.if - Add interfaces you want to show as disconnected for ClusterXL.
Misc
/etc/sysconfig/netconf.C - Used to configure interface as down, this is useful for ClusterXL when interfaces have no link.
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Checkpoint - FW Monitor
FW monitor is a great tool for troubleshooting traffic flow issues with your checkpoint. It works by using 4 inspection points,
Checkpoint Inspection Points
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i - Pre Inbound I - Post Inbound o - Pre Outbound O - Post Outbound
Examples
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fw monitor -e "accept dport=6000;" fw monitor -m iO -e 'accept dport=80;' fw monitor -e 'accept dport;' -o ping.cap
For a further detailed description please see, http://www.checkpoint.com/techsupport/downloads/html/ethereal/fw_monitor_rev1_01.pdf
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Checkpoint - Authentication
Thursday, 31 July 2008 14:47
When adding an authentication action to a rule there are 3 types, 1. User

2. Session 3. Client User authentication works by intercepting connects going through the FW-1 and prompting the user for athentication. To do this the firewall has to modify the traffic, so this authentication type can only be used with FTP, HTTP, Telnet and RLOGIN.
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Advantages - Most secure, as authenicating is done on each connction Disadvantages - Only available on FTP, HTTP, Telnet and RLOGIN protocols
Session authentication uses software installed on the clients machine. When the rule with session authenitication is hit, the firewall trys to connect to the agent on the clients machine on port 261, a authentication dialog box is then presented to the user. This works on all protocol.
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Advantages - Works on all protocols Disadvantages - Software has to be installed on the clients machine (Windows only)
Client authentication acts on authenticating the machine. The user is required to connect to the FW-1 gateway address on either port 259 (telnet) or 900 (HTTP). Once the user has authenticated the machine IP will be permitted.
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Advantages - Works on all protocols Disadvantages - Not as secure as the previous 2 as it is associated with an IP rather then a user. We recommend this is only used on single-user machine.
Rule Base Order

With authentication rules the standard top to bottom doesnt apply. The firewall will check to see if there are any rules that match any non authentication rules first. So where do I put my rules ?? 1. Add them above your stealth rule (stealth rule being the rules that allow access to your firewall) so that it allows the user to authenticate with the firewall (Client Authentication). 2. Place the authentication rule above the accept rule. Then add a deny rule for the spefic host. As you can see below.
Using the above example access to any host would be accepted using the accept rule. Where as access to 64.20.35.155 would use the client auth rule.
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Checkpoint - NAT Explained

There are many types of NAT in the land of Checkpoint. Heres a quick overview,
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Static NAT - One to one translation

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Hide/Dynamic NAT - Allows you to NAT mutliple IPs behind one IP/Interface Automatic NAT - Quick basic address NAT translation. Manual NAT - Allows greater flexibility over automatic NAT. Proxy ARP is not automatic, so unless routed to the firewall Proxy ARPs are required.
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Server Side NAT - destination is NAT`d by the outbound kernel Client Side NAT - destination is NAT`d by the inbound kernel
For more information on Server / Client side NAT click here
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Checkpoint - Client vs Server Side NAT

Client and Server side NAT relates to when we perform destination NAT`ing. The "Translate destination on Server side" option is an legacy option which was included
due to pre NG versions of checkpoint using Server-Side NAT.

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Client Side NAT - The destination address is NAT`d by the inbound Kernel Server Side NAT - The destination address is NAT`d by the outbound Kernal
Note !! Source NAT always happens on the Outbound Kernel. Note !! Rule > NAT - The kernals will always process the rules before the NATs.
So why does this matter ?

Well when we use client side NAT the IP address is NAT`d before it hits the routing table. So we can route the packet based on the real IP. But when we use Server side NAT the IP is NAT`d after passing the routing table so there has to be a route for NAT`d (fake) IP in the routing table so that the operating system can pass the packet to the correct interface. To explain things a little easier have a look at the diagram below,
So we want to access the server (10.8.8.1). If we use Client Side NAT the inbound kernel will NAT the destination IP (192.168.8.1) to the real IP (10.8.8.1) and then pass the packet to the (OS) routing table. Which as you can see will have the routing entry for this subnet and pass it out (via the outbound kernel) to the interface (eth0). But if we use Server Side NAT the packet would not get NAT`d by the inbound kernel. It would get to the (OS) routing table with a destination of 192.168.8.1. Which, there is no entry for. We would need to add an entry to the routing table. Once added the operating system would know where to route this packet, the packet would pass through the outbound kernel which would NAT the destination IP to 10.8.8.1. Note: Client AND Server side NAT are options ONLY for destination NAT. Types of Checkpoint NAT - Click Here Proxy ARP - Click Here
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2 Checkpoint Tool - dbdel ver3.1

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4 A Quick Guide to Checkpoints OPSEC LEA

5 Endpoint Connect MEP Tutorial

6 Checkpoint Remote Access VPN Features

7 When I enable Checkpoints Vistor Mode the port is not listening ?

8 How do I debug VPND on Checkpoint ?

10 How do I debug ClusterXL at the Kernel level ?

11 How can I check that my Checkpoint Cluster is in Sync ?

12 How do I Uninstall / Install the Connectra Plugin ?

14 Creating a basic Route Based VPN between 2 Checkpoint Firewalls

15 How do I Create an SSL VPN on a Checkpoint Gateway ?

16 Creating a Certificate Based Site to Site VPN between 2 Checkpoints Gateways

17 Securing Client Authentication on a Checkpoint Gateway

18 Allowing Domain / DNS based objects through a Checkpoint Firewall

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19 Endpoint Connect Installation / Troubleshooting Guide

20 Checkpoint Web Visualization only provides part of the policy

21 I am unable to clear the VPN SA`s using the vpn tu command

23 ClusterXL shows Active Attention / Interface Active Check Error

24 Checkpoint Logging Troubleshooting Guide

Configuring per user IP assignment using ipassignment.conf in Checkpoint for remote

27 Checkpoint is changing SYN packets to ACKs ?

28 SmartView Monitor incorrectly shows status as Disconnected

29 Checkpoint Solaris - Wrapper completed with error code 239

30 Checkpoint - Upgrade to R70 - status=1 Patch installation failed

31 Invalid MD5 digest - BGP Traffic Through Checkpoint

32 Checkpoint - Migrate a Provider-1 R55 CMA to a R65 Smart Centre Server

33 Checkpoint - Provider-1 Export / Failed to export Error

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36 Checkpoint - How to Reset SIC

37 Checkpoint - Desktop Policy / Split Tunnelling

38 Checkpoint - SSH Blocked

39 Checkpoint - Hashing Commands

40 Checkpoint - Unable to delete administrator

41 Checkpoint - Ive pushed the Wrong Policy

42 Checkpoint - Moving Files using SCP

43 Checkpoint - Stealth / Drop Rule

44 Checkpoint - Debugging NAT

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49 Checkpoint - Exporting SmartCentre settings

50 Checkpoint - Useful Files

53 Checkpoint - NAT Explained

54 Checkpoint - Client vs Server Side NAT

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