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Mechanics 2
(Version B: reference to new book)
Topic 1: Force
Moments of Force
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Summary M2 Topic 1: (A) A Model for Friction
References: Coulomb's Laws E.g. a block is placed on a rough surface where μ = 0.8.
Chapter 1
Pages 1-3 1. Friction opposes relative
(1) The surface is flat. RN
motion between two surfaces
in contact. There are no horizontal
Example 1.1 forces acting and
Pages 4-5 2. Friction is independent of the so there will be no friction.
relative speed of the surfaces. Mg N
3. The magnitude of the frictional
force has a maximum value
which depends on the normal (2) The surface is a slope of angle 200.
RN FN
reaction between the surfaces
and the roughness of the surfaces Resolving perpendicular
in contact. to the slope:
R = 10gcos20 = 92.1
10g N
4. If there is no sliding between the The maximum value of F is μR 0
F = 92.1 ×0.8 = 73.7 (3 s.f.). 20
surfaces F ≤ μR where F is the
Exercise 1A frictional force and R is the
Q. 4 normal reaction. μ is called the The component of weight down the slope is 10gsin20 = 33.5
coefficient of friction. Since 33.5 < 73.7, there will be no motion and so
F = 33.5 (3 s. f.).
Example 1.2
Page 5 5. When sliding is about to occur,
friction is said to be limiting and (3) The slope is θ 0 such that sliding is about to occur. Find θ 0.
F =μR.
As before: R = 10gcosθ
Exercise 1A
6. When sliding occurs F =μR. No motion along slope means RN
Q. 2 FN
that
7. For any pair of surfaces, μ is 10gsinθ = F
constant.
As sliding is about to occur, 10g N
F = μR θ0
⇒ 10 g sin θ = μ 10 g cos θ
⇒ tan θ = 0.8
References: Modelling with friction
Chapter 1 ⇒ θ = 38.7 0.(3 s. f.).
Pages 4-8 It is often satisfactory to model a
situation as having negligible (4) The slope is 400. Find the acceleration.
friction. We then describe the
Example 1.3 surfaces as ‘smooth’. Otherwise the RN
Page 6 FN
surfaces are described as ‘rough’.
As before: R = 10gcos40
Note that ‘smooth’ surface and a
Exercise 1A ‘smooth’ curve are not the same Maximum F = μR 10g N
Q. 8, 9 thing. = 0.8 ×10gcos40 =8gcos40. 400
42g N 40g N
References: Moments
Chapter 3 If a force does not act through a point then it has a M(O) a.c.: 42 g × 2 − 40 gx = 0
Pages 27-29 turning effect - or moment - about that point. ⇒ x = 2.1 Lewis sits 2.1 m from O.
The moment of a force about a point is defined as :
2. Paul sits 2 m from the fulcrum. Lewis sits
Exercise 3A Moment = Fd on the other side, 0.9 m from the fulcrum.
Q. 2 Where does Clare have to sit to balance
where d is the perpendicular distance of the point from the see-saw?
the line of action of the force, F. In two dimensions, mo- P O L C
ments can be clockwise or anti-clockwise.
2m 0.9 m
References: Couples 42g N 40g N 30g N
Chapter 3 If there is no overall resultant force, then the body will
Page 29 xm
have no linear acceleration. Two forces equal in magni-
tude, opposite in direction and acting along parallel but M(O) c.w.: 40g × 0.9 + 30gx − 42g × 2 = 0 ⇒30gx = 48g
different lines will have a turning effect called a couple. ⇒ x =1.6 Clare sits 1.6 m from O.
R( ↑ ): R1 + R2 = 100
M(A) c.w.: 100. AX − 20 R2 = 0
Method of solution 16
AX = 16cosθ with cosθ = ⇒ AX = 12.8
20
1. Label all the internal forces. They may be 1280
marked as tensions or thrusts but you may ⇒ R2 = = 64 and R1 = 36
20
find it better to mark them all as tensions; C
any negative values will be thrusts. T1
36 N T3
100 N 64 N
2. By resolving and taking moments, as far as θ
possible calculate the external forces on T2
A B
whole system.
Finding internal forces by looking at each point:
3. Take each pin-joint in isolation and find
At A:
horizontal and vertical equilibrium
equations for all the forces acting R( ↑ ): 36 + T1 sin θ = 0
36 T1
(including the internal forces) . ⇒ T1 = −60 (i.e. thrust of 60 N)
R( → ): T2 + T1 cosθ = 0 θ
A T2
Plan the order of visiting the pin-joints to keep
⇒ T2 = 48 (i.e. tension of 48 N)
the number of unknown forces to a minimum
at each stage.
At B:
T3
4. When up-dating your diagram, remember R( ↑ ): 64 + T3 cosθ = 0 64
keep the sign of each force relative to the θ
⇒ T3 = −80 (i.e. thrust of 80 N)
direction marked.
T2 can be found by resolving T2 B
5. In general there will be a redundant point horizontally as a check of the above.
i.e. to find all the forces it will be
necessary to work at all but one of the T3 is found without looking at C,
pin-joints. The values already found may C
Exercise 7A but this can be a useful check.
be checked for this point.
Q. 2, 8
At C:
T1 θ T3
Pages 101-102 A force acting at right angles to the direction of ⇒ v ≈ 12.5 m s-1. 50g
motion does no work.
If a force is acting at an angle to the direction of
Exercise 5B motion then resolve into two forces, along the 2. The snow slope is not smooth and μ = 0.3. What
Q. 8 direction of motion and perpendicular to it. now will be the speed at the bottom of the slope?
NB The work done is calculated as
either force × dist moved in direction of force F = μ R and R = mg cos θ
or dist moved × component of force in 8
direction of displacement. ⇒ F = μ mg cos θ where sinθ = .
20
1
References: Power ⇒ ( mg sin θ − μ mg cosθ ) × 20 = mv 2 − 0
Chapter 5 2
Power is the rate at which work is done.
Pages 109-111 1 2
⇒ 8 g − 6 g cos 23.58 = v
Fs 2
P= = Fv
Exercise 5C t ⇒ v ≈ 49 ⇒ v ≈ 7. Speed ≈ 7 m s -1 .
2
Exercise 6A The linear momentum of a body is defined as mv. (b) a of hockey ball of 0.18 kg moving at
Q. 1(i), 2(i) (In this unit linear momentum is simply called 20 m s –1 is 0.18 × 20 = 3.6 N s.
momentum.)
A force acting on a body changes its velocity and Magnitude of impulse of force of 500 N acting for
hence its momentum. 2 sec is 1000 N s.
If a force acts for time t and changes the velocity A hockey ball of mass 0.18 kg is slowed
from u to v, then down by resistance to the ground from
20 m s –1 to 10 m s –1 in 4 seconds.
Impulse = final momentum − initial momentum Take J , the impulse and F , the friction, to be in the
J = Ft = mv − mu. direction of motion:
Exercise 6A J = 0.18 × 10 − 0.18 × 20 = −1.8
Q. 8, 10 Impulse and momentum are both vector quanti-
Now 4 F = −1.8 ⇒ F = −0.45 N.
ties.
Resistance opposes motion with a force of 0.45 N.
The impulse of a variable force is given by
T
E.g. The direction of a hockey ball of 0.18 kg is
∫ F dt = mv − mu changed by a force acting for 1.2 sec. The original
0 velocity was (12i + 13j) m s –1 and the final
References: velocity is (24i + 5j) m s –1 . Find the magnitude,
The units of momentum and impulse are the N s.
Chapter 6 F N, of the force.
Pages 128-134
Conservation of momentum 1.2 F = 0.18 ( (24i + 5 j) − (12i + 13 j) ) = 0.18(12i − 8 j)
When there are no external forces, the total ⇒ F = 1.8i − 1.2 j
Exercise 6B momentum of the system is conserved.
Q. 2 ⇒ F = 1.82 + 1.22 = 2.16 N (3 s. f.)
mA vA + mB vB = mAuA + mBuB
1. A railway truck of mass 25 tonnes is moving
References: Coefficient of restitution along a horizontal track at 7 m s –1 when it collides
Chapter 6 Newton's Experimental Law (Law of Impact) for with a stationary truck of mass 10 tonnes. They
Pages 138-142 direct impact: join and move on along the track together. With
what speed do they move?
Before uA uB Momentum is conserved so:
Exercise 6C A B 35 v = 25 × 7 + 10 × 0 ⇒ v = 5
Q. 5
After vA vB ⇒ speed is 5 m s − 1 .
References: ⇒ s p e e d is 2 m s − 1 .
Direct impact with a fixed surface
Chapter 6 The speed of the fixed surface before and after the
Page 139 impact is 0. Mechanics 2
Version B: page 6
i.e. v = eu. Competence statements i 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Exercise 6C
Q. 3 © MEI
Summary M2 Topic 3: Impulse and momentum − 2
References: Direct collision in a straight line E. g. Two balls of mass m moving in opposite
Chapter 6 See diagram on previous sheet. directions at 2 m s-1 and 1m s-1 hit each other
Page 131 By Newton’s experimental law directly. The coefficient of restitution is 0.5.
vB − vA Before 2 1
Example 6.10 = −e.
uB − uA m m
Page 131 e = 0.5
If A catches up with B then uA > uB but after the
After v1 v2
collision vB > vA .
By conservation of momentum N.E.L: v2 − v1 = −0.5( −1 −2) = 1.5
Exercise 6C
Cons. of momentum: mv2 + mv1 = 2m + (−1)m
Q. 9 mA vA + mBvB = mA uA + mBuB
⇒ v2 + v1 = 1
Given sufficient information, the two equations Solving simultaneously: v1= − 0.25, v2 = 1.25
may be solved simultaneously. The directions of motion are reversed and the
second ball now moves faster.
References: Oblique Impact with a smooth plane
Chapter 6 When an object hits a smooth plane there can be no If, in the case of the two trucks (see previous page),
Pages 137-139 impulse parallel to the plane so velocity is the coefficient of restitution between the two trucks
unchanged in this direction. is 0.5 then find the velocities in the two cases above
Newton's experimental law (NEL) applies to the after the collision.
Exercise 6D 1.
components of velocity in the direction
Q. 5, 10
perpendicular to the plane.
25v1 + 10v2 = 25 × 0 − 10 × 7
v2 − v1 = −0.5(−7 −0) = 3.5
⇒ v1 = −3, v2 = 0.5 (The lighter truck rebounds.)
In the second case:
Impulse on 10000 kg truck
= 10 000 (0.5−(−7)) Ns
If angle of incidence = α , angle of reflection =β = 75000 Ns towards the right.
uesinα tanβ K.E. lost on impact
tanβ = = etanα ⇒ e =
usinα tanα
Impulse = Final momentum - initial momentum
1
( 1
)
= × 25000 02 − 32 + × 10000 × (72 − 0.52 )
2 2
Since the velocity parallel to the plane is = 131250 J ≈ 1.31 KJ (3 s. f.).
unchanged the momentum in this direction is
unchanged and so Impulse = 0. E.g. a ball is moving at 3 m s-1 and bounces off a
smooth wall. The angle of incidence is 400 and the
Perpendicular to the plane the impulse is coefficient of restitution is 0.7.
meusinα − ( − usinα ) = (1 + e)musinα Find the speed after the bounce and the angle of
reflection.
tanβ = etanα ⇒ tanβ = 0.7 × tan40 = 0.5874
⇒ β = 30.4 0 .
Mechanics 2
v= ( 3cos 40 )2 + ( 3 × 0.7 × sin40 )2 = 2.67
Version B: page 7
0
Competence statements i 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 The angle of reflection is 30.4
© MEI and the new speed is 2.67 m s -1 (3 s.f.).
Summary M2 Topic 4: Centre of Mass
References: Centre of mass (c. m.) E.g. A light rod has masses attached as shown.
Chapter 4 This is the point through which the weight of the Find the centre of mass.
Pages 63-67 whole body may be considered to act.
For the particle model this is the point through which B
all the forces on the body act. A 2 kg 4 kg 2 kg 4 kg
Example 4.3 For the rigid body model, the centre of mass is the 2m 2m 2m 2m
Page 66 ‘balance point’.
For particles on the x-axis, the position, x , of the
centre of mass relative to a point O is such that the
Total mass = 12
moment of the total mass about the point O is equal
If centre of mass is at x from A, then
to the sum of the moments of the separate masses
12x = 2 × 2 + 4 × 4 + 2 × 6 + 4 × 8
about O.
⇒ 12x = 64
⎛ ⎞
Exercise 4A ∑
i.e. ⎜ mi ⎟ x =
⎝ all i ⎠
∑m x
all i
i i ⇒x=
16
3
Q. 2, 4