White cement: It is a kind of Ordinary Portland Cement.

The ingredients of this cement are inclusive of clinker, fuel oil and iron oxide. The content of iron oxide is maintained below 0.4% to secure whiteness. White cement is largely used to increase the aesthetic value of a construction. It is preferred for tiles and flooring works. This cement costs more than grey cement. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): Also referred to as grey cement or OPC, it is of much use in ordinary concrete construction. In the production of this type of cement in India, Iron (Fe2O3), Magnesium (MgO), Silica (SiO2), Alumina (AL2O3), and Sulphur trioxide (SO3) components are used.

Portland Pozolona Cement (PPC): As it prevents cracks, it is useful in the casting work of huge volumes of concrete. The rate of hydration heat is lower in this cement type. Fly ash, coal waste or burnt clay is used in the production of this category of cement. It can be availed at low cost in comparison to OPC.

1. Ordinary Portland Cement-It is further classified into three types-33 Grade pertaining to IS 269:1989, 43Grade pertaining to IS 8112:1989, 53Grade pertaining to IS 12269:1987.Commonly referred as OPC, it is the most important type of cement.33Grade signifies that 28 days strength of the cement will not be less than 33N/mm2 and similarly for other grades as well. It is not in much use by masses today and had been replaced by other cement called PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement). Still, it is used in construction activities of large scale.

2. Rapid Hardening Cement-It is pertaining to IS 8041:1990.The name is itself an explanation of the nature of the cement i.e. it gets hardened at a very rapid pace. Apart from rapid hardening it also develops high strength at an early stage than OPC. Used in pre-fabricated concrete construction works or at places where formwork has to be removed for reuse at fast rate or sometimes in road repair works too.

3. Sulphate Resisting Cement- It is pertaining to IS 12330:1988.OPC is vulnerable to the attack of sulphates, so as the name indicates it resist easily to sulphate attacks. Thus it find its use in concreting done in marine conditions or in concrete foundation beneath which soil contain sulphates compounds or sometimes in sewage treatment works too.

4. Portland Slag Cement-It is pertaining to IS 455:1989.This type of cement is manufactured by mixing Portland cement and Ground Granulated Blast Slag in suitable proportions. The resultant cement is more resistant to chemical attacks. It is thus generally used in water retaining structures or where structure is vulnerable to any form of chemical attack.

5. Super Sulphated Cement-It is pertaining to IS 6909:1990.This cement is like sulphate resistance cement but with higher percentage of granulated slag, higher sulphate resistance and fineness higher than that of OPC. It is mostly used in Belgium and recommended for used in foundation works (or sea works) where very high degree of sulphate resistance is required.

6. Low Heat Cement-It is pertaining to IS 12600-1989.It has low heat of hydration. High Heat of hydration is responsible for building cracks in the structure. Thus it finds its use in massive construction work.

7. Portland Pozzolana Cement- It is pertaining to IS 1489 (Part I) 1991 (fly ash based) and IS 1489 (Part II) (calcined clay based). PPC is obtained by mixing OPC with suitable Pozzolans at a certain temperature to produce PPC. Pozzolans are materials that are said to show similar properties as that of cement when they comes in contact with water. It is very popular now days and used by masses for all general construction activities.

8. Coloured Cement-It is pertaining to IS 8042:1989. As per IS code it is white but can be turned to any colour by adding suitable coloured pigments in OPC or PPC. It is manufactured from limestone that is available only near Jodhpur in India. It is use to aesthetically enhance the structure appearance and finish . 9. Hydrophobic Cement-It is pertaining to IS 8043-1991.It is manufactured by grinding together OPC clinker with substances such as oleic acid or stearic acid that are famous for their film forming nature. It reduces the rate of deterioration of cement and thus gives long storage life to cement.

10. Masonry Cement-It is pertaining to IS 3466:1988. As the name suggest, it is used for masonry works in and have properties resembling to lime mortar instead of cement mortar. It is manufactured using certain admixtures.

11. Oil Well Cement-It is pertaining to IS 8229-1986. It is used in the oil wells. This cement is so manufactured using special set of admixtures so as to withstand high temperature and pressure inside the oil wells while maintaining its mobility.

12. Concrete Sleeper Grade Cement-It is pertaining to IRS-T 40:1985. It is special cement and is manufactured as specifications formulated by Indian Railways. Particularly used in concrete sleepers but can also be put forth use in prestressed concrete elements or high rise building where high early strength is required.

13. High Alumina Cement-It is pertaining to IS 6452:1989.It is the cement with very high content of alumina and having a unique property of extensively high rate of strength development. Note:-IS is Indian Standards Code that laid down specifications in framed structure so as to standardized the nature of building material and practices.

BRICKS
Fly ash brick (FAB) is a building material, specifically masonry units, containing class C fly ash and water. Compressed at 4,000 psi and cured for 24 hours in a 150 F (66 C) steam bath, then toughened with an air entrainment agent, the bricks last for more than 100 freezethaw cycles. Owing to the high concentration of calcium oxide in class C fly ash, the brick is described as "self-cementing". The manufacturing method saves energy, reduces mercury pollution, and costs 20% less than traditional clay brick manufacturing.

The raw materials

Funton Creek. Presumably this was a navigable channel in the days when the brick works was serviced by barges bringing fly-ash from London and returning with loads of bricks.

The raw materials for fly ash brick are: fly ash, sand/stone dust, lime, gypsum and cement. Fly ash bricks are lighter than clay bricks. [edit]Advantages

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Due to high strength, practically no breakage during transport and use.

Due to uniform size of bricks mortar required for joints and plaster reduces almost by 50%. Due to lower water penetration seepage of water through bricks is considerably reduced. Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris) can be directly applied on these bricks without a backing coat of lime plaster. These bricks do not require soaking in water for 24 hours. Sprinkling of water before use is enough. [edit]Disadvantages

1. Mechanical bonding strength is weak. But this can be rectified by adding marble waste. 2. Limitation of size. Only modular size can be produced. Large size will have more breakages.

STEEL

Type of Steel Bars

Generally there are two types of steel bars ("Sariya" in hindi) available in the market.

Mild steel bars Deformed steel bars

Steel bars used for construction work (This Picture is Contributed by "Monu")

Mild steel bars (as per IS: 432, part-I -1982)

Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc. in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut quickly and be bent easily without damage.

Deformed steel bars (as per IS: 1786-1985)

As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar, these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials. Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform distances. To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6 mm to 50 mm dia. In addition the strength of bonds of deformed bars calculated should be 40 to 80 % higher than that of plain round bars of same nominal size. And it has more tensile stress than that of plain round bars of same nominal size. Cold twisted deformed (Ribbed or Tor Steel Bars) bars are recommended as best quality steel bars for construction work by structural Engineer.

Various Grades of Mild Steel Bars

Reinforcement bars in accordance with standard IS No. 432 part-I can be classified into following types. 1) Mild Steel Bars: Mild steel bars can be supplied in two grades a)Mild steel bars grade-I designated as Fe 410-S b) Mild steel bars grade-II designated as Fe-410-o or Grade 40 2) Medium Tensile Steel Bars designated as Fe- 540-w-ht or Grade 75 or Grade 60

Physical Requirement: S.No 1. Types of nominal size of Ultimate Tensile Stress bars N/mm2 minimum Mild Steel Grade I or Grade 60 For bars up to 20mm For bars above 20mm upto 50 mm 2. Mild Steel Grade-II or Grade 40 For bar up to 20mm For bars above 20mm upto 50 mm 370 370 225 215 23 23 410 410 250 240 23 23 Yield Stress Elongation Percent minimum N/mm2

3.

Medium Tensile Steel Grade-75 for bars up to 16mm for bars above 16 mm up to 32 mm for bars above 32 mm up to 50 mm 540 540 510 350 340 330 20 20 20

Grade II Mild steel bar are not recommended for use in structures located in earth quake zones subject to severe damage and for structures subject to dynamic loading (other than wind loading) such as railways and highways bridges. Every lot or consignment of mild steel bars brought at the site of work should be tested in laboratory before use in the work. However for small work one can use mild steel bars on the basis of verifying tests results made by manufacturer in his own laboratory; which are available with supplier. Some of manufacturers stamped MS bars grade with their make /name and also give certification of test and grade. On the basis of the above information you can store mild steel bars grade-wise at the site of work.

Steel Bars for RCC Work

All finished steel bars for reinforced work should be neatly rolled to the dimension and weights as specified. They should be sound, free from cracks, surface flaws, laminations, rough, jagged and imperfect edges and other defects. It should be finished in a work manlike manner.

Column made of steel bars

(This Picture is Contributed by "Ahmed")

General precautions for steel bars in reinforcement

bar Steel bars are clear, free from loose mil scales, dust and loose rust coats of paints, oil or other coatings which may destroy or reduce bond strength. Steel bars should be stored in such a way as to avoid distortion and to prevent deterioration and corrosion. Steel bars should not be clean by oily substance to remove the rust. The bar is bent correctly and accurately to the size and shape as shown in drawings. If possible, the bar of full length is used. Overlapping bars do not touch each other and these should be kept apart with concrete. The overlap if given should be staggered. The cranks in the bar at the end should be kept in position by using spots. The steel bars should not be disturbed while lying cements concrete. Required cover under steel bars should be given before laying the cement concrete. No over lap is given in the bar having a diameter more than 36 mm, if required, the should be welded.

Weight of Different Steel Bars

When we want to purchase Mild steel members from the market, the shopkeeper quotes the price of steel members in weight. When any type of steel members for use in house construction is required, we calculate the length of steel member in feet or meter but we are ignorant about the weight of steel. Here are details of weight per meter for various types of steel members:This will help us for estimated weight and cost. It will also help at the time of purchase to avoid pilferage in weight.

M S Steel round & square Bar Sr.No. Dia of steel bar a b c d e f g h i j k l m 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm 16 mm 20 mm 25 mm 28 mm 32 mm 36 mm 40 mm 45 mm 50 mm

Weight per meter Round Bar Square Bar 0.22 Kg. 0.28 Kg 0.39 Kg 0.50 Kg 0.62 Kg 0.78 Kg 0.89 Kg 1.13 Kg 1.58 Kg 2.01 Kg 2.46 Kg 3.14 Kg 3.85 Kg 4.91 Kg 4.83 Kg 6.15 Kg 6.31 Kg 8.04 Kg 7.99 Kg 10.17 Kg 9.86 Kg 12.56 Kg 12.49 Kg 15.90 Kg 15.41 Kg 19.62 Kg

TMT Bars (Thermo Mechanically Treated Bars)

TMT Bars,Thermo mechanically treated bars are high strength deformed steel bars used in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) work manufactured with the help of advancement of technology. TMT bars are latest production in MS steel bars and have superior propertiessuch as strength, ductility, welding ability, bending ability and highest quality standards at international level.

What is thermo mechanically treatment process?

By adopting thermo mechanically treatment process higher strength of TMT bars is obtained. In this process, steel bars get intensive cooling immediately after rolling. When the temperature is suddenly reduced to make surface layer hard, the internal core is hot at the same time. Due to further cooling in atmosphere and heat from the core, the tempering takes place. This process is expected to improve properties such as yield strength, ductility and toughness of TMT bars. With above properties, TMT steel is highly economical and safe for use. TMT steel bars are more corrosion resistant than Tor steel.

How to get higher strength of TMT bars?

Generally, higher strength of TMT bars can be obtained by increasing carbon content, micro alloying, and thermo mechanically treatment or cold twisting. So far in India, cold twisting of bars is extensively used for the production of high strength bars. The two main ribs become helical when cold twisting process is done whereas these ribs in hot rolled bars are straight. The excess of carbon content threatens its property of welding ability. In TMT bars, this problem has been eliminated. In these bars, carbon content has also been brought down leading to improved ductility and can be restricted to 0.2% to attain welding ability and at the same time no strength is lost. The joints can be welded by ordinary electrodes without any extra precautions.

Features of TMT Bars

Better ductility and malleability

High yield strength and toughness More bonding strength Earthquake resistance Corrosion resistance High thermal resistance Economical and safe in use No loss in strength at welded joints Ordinary electrodes used for welding the joints

Caution

While purchasing TMT bars, notice identification mark on these bars from manufacturing firm. For big projects it is advised to check that only one type/grade of bars is brought to the site and is used in the project after conducting test for each lot. Do not use mixed, 2 or 3 types/grades bars in RCC work at one work.

HSD Steel Bars (High Strength Deformed Bars)

High strength deformed bars IS: 1786-1985 are steel bars which are provided with lugs, ribs, projection or deformation on the surface and are produced in form of cold twisted deformed bars. These bars are extensively used for reinforcement purposes in a construction. Due to ribs or projections on the surface, these steel bars minimize slippage in concrete and increase the bond between two materials i.e. between cement concrete and steel bars. The deformed bars have more compressive and tensile stress than that of mild steel plain bars. High strength deformed bars have improved anchorage; therefore they can be used without end hooks or bent up ends of bars. This reduces labor for fabrication of steel reinforcement. The deformation is spaced on bar at uniform distances. These bars are produced in sizes or sections from 4 mm to 50 mm in diameter. Generally cracks develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching of bars, loss of bond under the load. To minimize this problem, deformed bars having projecting ribs or twisted surface which improves the bond with the concrete should be used in RCC work.

Features of HSD Bars

Low carbon value: HSD Bars have lower carbon level, resulting in good ductility, strength and welding ability. Superior bonding strength: HSD bars are well known for their excellent bonding strength when used with concrete. Welding capability: Since these bars have lower carbon content, they have 100% welding capability than conventional bars. High tensile strength: HSD bars feature high tensile strength. They offer great asset in construction process, where a lot of bending and re bending is required. Wide application range: These bars have wide application range like in building residential, commercial and industrial structures, bridges, etc. Satisfactorily malleability, minimum weight and maximum strength and suitable for both compression and tension reinforcement.

Process of production of bars

The main process for production of bars is hot rolling followed by cold twisting. Latest technological advances in the field of micro-alloying of steel and thermo-mechanical treatment process have resulted in the production of deformed bars as reinforcement for use in cement concrete in three grades namely Fe 415, Fe 500 and Fe 550.

The strength of bonds of deformed bars

In addition, the calculated strength of bonds of deformed bars should be 40 to 80 % higher than that of plain round bars of same nominal size. Tor steel possesses the strength of 1.5 to 2.0 times of mild steel in compression as well as in tension, whereas it costs only 10% more than mild steel. Deformed steel bars have minimum 0.2% proof stress or yield stress in N/mm square. Proof stress is the stress at which non proportional elongation equal to 0.2% of the original gauge length takes place. Hence deformed steel bars are very economical to use in RCC work. Structural Engineer recommends cold twisted deformed (Ribbed or Tor Steel Bars) bars as they are best quality steel bars for construction work.

Mechanical properties of high strength deformed (HSD) steel bars for concrete reinforcement

Property

Grade of Steel Fe415 Fe500 500.0 Fe550 550.0

0.2% proof stress/ yield stress minimum N/mm square

415.0

Elongation, percent minimum on Gauge length 5.65 VA where A is the cross sectional area of the test 14.5 piece Tensile strength, minimum, N/ mm square

12.0

8.0

10% more than proof stress but not less than 485, 8% more than proof stress but not less, than 545, 6% more than proof stress but not less than 585

Specification of Steel
Types of Steel
Generally the steel is of two types mentioned below. Structural steel Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars for concrete reinforcement.

Structural Steel:
This specification covers steel sections, plates and bars of the following categories for use in structural work:-

Quality of Finished Structural steel

All finished steel subject to tolerances should be fine and rolled cleanly to the dimension, sections and weights specified. The finished material should be free from cracks, surface flaw lamination rough, jagged and imperfect edges and all other defects. The material should comply in all respects with the test and requirements mentioned in INDIAN standard 226, applicable to the material (Members, sections, plates and bars.) specified or required.

Structure Steel (This Picture is Contributed by "Gungya")

S.No 1. 2. A B

Steel Designation

Purpose for which intended In structures subject to dynamic loading and other special cases. In structures not subject to dynamic loading. In structures subject to dynamic loading and when special welding jobs are involved.

3. C

The following varieties of steel should be used for structural purposes.

S.T 42-S: The standard quality steel designated as ST-42, confirming to IS: 226 should be used for all types of structures (riveted or bolted) including those subject to dynamic loading and where fatigue, wide fluctuation of stress and reversal of stress are involved, as for example: Girders, Crane Gantry, road and railway bridges etc. It is also suitable for welding up to 200 mm thick material. S.T 42-W: The fusion welding quality steel designated as ST 42 W confirming to IS: 2062 is used for the structures subject to dynamic loading.

S.T 42-O: The ordinary quality steel designated as ST 42-O confirming to IS: 1977 is used for the structures not subject to dynamic loading, other than wind load where welding is not used. S.T 32-O: This ordinary quality of steel designated as ST 32-O confirming to IS: 1977 is used for door window frames, grills, steel gates, building hardware fencing etc.

Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars for concrete reinforcement
The specification covers requirement and methods of the test for rolled mild steel and medium tensile steel bars in round and square sections.

TMT Steel bar (This Picture is Contributed by "Arjun") Tolerance of medium tensile steel for Construction Work The bars should be rolled up to following tolerances.

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Diameter of Bar(mm) 19 and below 20 and 21 22,23 and 24 25 and over

Total Tolerances(mm) 0.4 0.45 0.5 2% of dia.

Quality of Finished medium tensile steel:

The following points ensure the quality of finished steel for construction work. All finished steel should be fine and rolled cleanly to the dimension and should have weight as specified by BIS subject to permissible tolerance. The finished material should be free from cracks, surface flaws laminations, rough and imperfect edges and other harmful defects. Steel section should be free from excessive rust, scaling and tilting and be well protected.

Pipes made of mild steel (This Picture is Contributed by "Gungya")

Manufacturing of steel:
All type of steel should be manufactured by open hearth, electric, duplex or by acid Bessemer process or by a combination of the processes.

TILES
Here are the updated prices of Vitrified Tiles Euro Rs.58/- per sq.ft. Kaneria- Rs.49/- per sq.ft. Cengres Rs.45/- per sq.ft. Marbomax Rs.44/- per sq.ft. Spaniso Rs.47/- per sq.ft. Nenno Rs.44/- per sq.ft. Varmora Rs.48/- per sq.ft.

Kerrogres Kajaria Rs.49/- per sq.ft. Nitco Rs.47/- per sq.ft. Lorenzo Rs.45/- per sq.ft. Sorrento Rs.45/- per sq.ft. Coral Rs.44/- per sq.ft. Duracon Nano Rs.55/- per sq.ft. Sungres- Rs.46/- per sq.ft. The above prices are negotiable under quantity orders. As the series changes for each Company the price vaires.

VARIETIES It's no longer just about the drab 4" x 4" white ceramic tiles in your bathroom. Tiles today have entered your kitchen, bedroom, and even your living room. Broadly, there are three tile varieties - porcelain, vitrified and ceramic - differentiated on the basis of their capacity to absorb water. They can be used on floors and walls, anywhere in your house. Just remember: Wall tiles are 6-7mm thick, while floor tiles are 10mm thick; making them Rs.10-15 more expensive (tiles can cost anywhere between Rs.30 per sq ft to Rs.5,000 per sq ft). Vitrified tiles:These are fired at high temperatures and are the least absorbent. They're sturdy and work well for floors in high-traffic areas such as living rooms or your verandah. They come in scratch- and stain-resistant varieties as well. The base remains clay. Price ranges from Rs.30 to Rs.150 per sq ft. Ceramic tiles:These are the most porous and tend to become slippery. If using for your floor, opt for small tiles (with matte finish) so that the grout lines act as grooves and provide a slip-resistant texture. Glossy ceramic tiles do well on walls. Price ranges from Rs.25 per sq ft to Rs.250 per sq ft, depending on colour, size and usage (for floors or walls). Porcelain tiles:These are also baked at higher temperatures and are relatively sturdier. At times, they're harder than natural materials such as granite. Size is usually around 2ft x 2ft and price varies from Rs.25 to Rs.150 per sq ft, again depending on colour, size and usage (for floors or walls). Besides, there are also tiles made out of stone, glass, mosaic and poly-vinyl chloride (popularly known as PVC). Various processes are employed to make them anti-skid, scratch-resistant, acid-wash proof, anti-stain, anti-bacterial and fire-resistant.

Terracotta tiles:Originally from Tuscany in Italy, these tiles do not discolour or show signs of wear and tear. However, they're more expensive - Rs.50 to Rs.2,000 per sq ft. Stone tiles: They're similar in width, easy to lay on the floor, require practically no maintenance and are durable. But they're not uniform in colour or pattern, and require a little more planning for installation. For your bathroom, you need to get their surface honed at the time of installation to make them slip-resistant. Cost ranges fromRs.100 to Rs.250 per sq ft. Some popular brands include Kajaria, Antique International, Astral Corporation, Keramos, Natural Stone India, Nine Star Marbles and Universal Tiles. Mosaic tiles: These are made of a cement base in which chips of glass, marble and other stones are embedded. However, they're not easy to place, since mosaic tiles have to be cast on site. Cost ranges from Rs.40 to Rs.60 per sq ft. Glazed tiles: Colour is added to the surface of the tile after it is fired, and then it's refired to seal in the colour. They're usually not used on the floor since they tend to be slippery, but look good on walls because of their glossy texture. Cost:Rs.65 to Rs.110 per sq ft. Metal tiles: These are imported tiles, but prone to scratches. The price is high -Rs.1,000 to Rs.2,000 per sq ft. A less expensive, low-maintenance option is faux-finish tiles ceramic tiles with metallic finishes from companies such as Nitco, Somany and Kajaria, among others. Leather tiles: These are made from vegetable-tanned cowhide and meant for luxurious, expansive spaces. But they are high-maintenance - regular dusting, vacuuming or damp mopping and waxing (around twice a year) are a must. The size varies with design and pattern. They cost Rs.1,000 per sq ft onwards. You also get wooden tiles covered with a layering of leather that cost Rs.700 toRs.1,100 per sq ft. Glass tiles: Apart from making rooms look brighter and spacious, they don't fade or scratch, and are relatively easy to maintain. Size varies with design and pattern. Glass tiles are mostly imported from Italy and Spain and cost Rs.1,500 to Rs.2000 per sq ft. Some popular tile brands include Kajaria, Orient, Somany, Nitco, Keraben, Crystal, Johnson, Marbito, RAK Ceramics, Kohinoor, Sonata, Regent, Asian, Bajaj and Euro. SOME NEW IDEAS Let the creativity flow: Not just rectangular or square, China mosaic flooring tiles can be broken into small pieces as required, to create multiple patterns with free-flowing lines in colours of your choice on floors, walls or counters. On your rooftop:SLJ Impex, in association with Tejas Borja, Spain and PT MClass, Indonesia, have brought clay-tile roofing options to India. There are "unglazed", "matteglazed" and "bright-glazed tiles" that are suited for villas 2009and farmhouses. Since they're frost-proof, they can be used in cold climates, including snowbound areas. They promise to protect your roof from leaks and fungal growth. They're fire-proof and come

with a 20- to 30-year warranty. Especially for you:For something unique, try handmade tiles from Raja Tiles. They're available in varied colours and designs. Their C-Jaali and Nut Jaali tiles (with patterns cut into the tile itself) work well to create partitions in a large room. Orient Ceramics has introduced its Stiler brand that has tiles made using precious metals, and surfaces with designs engraved in gold, silver and platinum. For the natural look: There are special ceramic tiles that imitate the look of natural stone. And unlike natural materials, they're easy to lay, clean and maintain. Kajaria offers tiles that resemble bricks, while Nitco has a tile that looks similar to slate stone. Johnson offers Agra stone and terracotta look-alikes. LG Floors' Decotile Econo are vinyl tiles available in marble, carpet, slate and natural wood finishes - these have UV coating and so are weather-resistant. Somany Ceramics Ltd has recently introduced its new range of wall claddings that look like stone, wood and brick. Prices range from Rs.24 to Rs.50 per sq ft. Then there's RAK Ceramics' Eco Series that offers a natural wood finish. ROOM-BY-ROOM - SOME HELPFUL TIPS For your bathroom: There's a lot of water splashed around in the bathroom. Choose water- and stain-resistant tiles. Also, make sure they're slip-resistant The tiles you choose should be durable and easy to maintain For your bedroom, living room and dining room: Select sober shades for a soothing feel. But keep in mind the cardinal rule - light-coloured tiles reflect radiance and make smaller spaces look bigger; dark ones make the room cosier The look is all-important in these rooms. If you tend to change your wall shades frequently, select neutral hues For your kitchen:Choose glossy tiles so that the frequent spatters of food and grease can be cleaned quickly and easily The floor is likely to have liquids spilt on it often - it's a good idea to go in for non-slip tiles Vinyl floors may help prevent dropped crockery from breaking For the outdoors:Choose weather-resistant tiles - stone works well. You can also go in for porcelain tiles - they're durable and absorb less water Tiles with a rough texture and unpolished surface work well since they're slip-resistant MAINTENANCE MADE EASY 1. Seal the tile and grout on installation to protect it from water- and oil-based stainsn Dust and mop floor tiles frequently, especially the ones outdoors, since

2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

they bear a lot of traffic. Get your househelp to make a new soap-and-water solution after every 100 sq ft to avoid reintroducing dirt onto the tile. Don't use oil-based detergents and wax, ammonia or bleach-based cleaners. Remember: All tiles come with their own cleaning restrictions. Check with your shopkeeper while buying. Glazed tiles, for instance, must be vacuumed first to get rid of dirt and then mopped with warm water. Avoid detergent since this can leave a film on your glazed tile, hiding its gloss. For deeper cleaning, mix a capful of vinegar to a gallon of warm water and use. Rinse with warm water. Don't use products containing lemon, vinegar or other acids. Also avoid using scouring pads or steel wool - they scratch the tile surface Use non-slip mats or rugs to protect the floor. Keep one at the room's entrance to minimise chances of it getting dirty n Cconduct a routine maintenance check of your tile for dirt, stains or cracks, annually Avoid dropping anything heavy on a tiled surface. Though durable, tiles are not always resistant to cracks and chipping The grout between your tiles can become stained with oil, mildew or algae. Use tile-and-grout cleaners (available at any home-improvement store - you can try Aaqua Mix, Mr Muscle or Eeasy-Ooff Bang). Do follow the application instructions.

Read more at:http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Know+your+tiles/1/62990.html

ntique Stones
PRESENTATION Decorations Special trims Ce Marking Technical specs Images

Chalk

Pearl

Iron

Nut

Carbon

Type production: glazed porcelain stoneware

The material becomes a tool for producing a perfect harmony of colour. The multiple graphic designs intertwine, creating a warm, natural atmosphere that immediately evokes a lightweight, modern sensation of space that is made to measure like a garment. Antique stones, the new glazed porcelain stoneware collection available in the five colourways gives new meaning to a sophisticated surface, making it bright and natural.

Maintaining the appearance and characteristics (especially slip resistance values) of floor tiles is achieved with the implementation of a suitable cleaning regime. It must be stressed that the cleaning material manufacturers instructions must be followed at all times. Regular and correctly undertaken cleaning should maintain a floor product as close to its original state as possible. Incorrect or infrequent cleaning will adversely affect the properties of the flooring material and increase potential hazards. Generally the smoother the surface of the tile the easier it is to clean. However, it should be noted that textured products, required to give adequate slip resistance when wet, can be satisfactorily cleaned the cleanability of a surface is more a function of the contaminant than the texture of the surface. It is therefore essential when selecting and specifying a floor finish that the use of the area and likely contaminants, safety, aesthetic and hygiene requirements are all taken into account at the specification stage. Cleaning can be split into several categories, each of which is dependant upon installation type (ie wet barefoot areas, shopping malls, public toilets etc) and frequency of usage (ie high, medium or low traffic):-

Builders Clean This should be undertaken prior to a floor being brought into service. The builders clean removes any residual film left over from the grouting operation and is a one off cleaning process. It is imperative that this is carried out as any grout residues left behind will act as a key for dirt resulting in the installation being difficult to clean. Temporary sealers may be used to facilitate cleaning off after laying which can be removed with the use of alkaline detergents. Cementitious Grouts The use of a mild acid decementing solution followed by thorough rinsing will remove all but the most stubborn of cement residues. Epoxide Grouts It is essential that ALL residue be removed from the surface of the tiles during the grouting process and before the resin cures. Failure to achieve this will result in a very difficult and expensive process using gel-type epoxide removers. Routine Cleaning The regular use of detergents or other cleaning agents which are excessively acidic or alkaline could cause irreversible damage to the ceramic tile surface. Degreasing agents that contain wax, sodium silicate or other additives which leave sticky deposits and thus retain dirt should be avoided. Oil residues or build-ups of wax can be removed with a proprietary wax and polish remover. Manual Cleaning In normal conditions kerastar tiles require little maintenance and are easily kept clean by sweeping and then mopping with warm water to which a neutral or nearly neutral detergent has been added. The cleaning solution should remain on the floor for 5 to 15 minutes (see manufacturers instructions) to allow it to penetrate and emulsify the dirt after which it should be removed by rinsing thoroughly with clean water. The rinsing process removes the dirt so the use of clean water is important. Mechanical Cleaning For larger floor areas or areas of textured tiles the use of a rotary scrubbing machine is recommended (machines should not be used at speeds in excess of 450rpm). The

choice of brush type is very important. Union mix brushes are suitable for light washing and scrubbing, polypropelene brushes are suitable where dirt deposits are especially heavy. The cleaning solution should remain on the floor for 5 to 15 minutes (see manufacturers instructions) after which a secondary scrubbing action and clean mop or suction should be undertaken to remove the solution and dirt. High Pressure Cleaning Kerastar tiles seldom require the use of high pressure cleaning. Whilst the process will not damage the tiles care must be taken to avoid erosion of the grout. To minimise grout erosion ensure that the water beam is continually moved from side to side and not allowed to concentrate on the grouted joints. Water containing abrasives or steam cleaners should not be used on ceramic tiles. Wet Areas Wet barefoot areas may attract build-ups of body fats, soaps, oil residues and organic growth. To prevent these a mildly acidic cleaning agent used regularly is preferable. If build up has been allowed a preliminary deep clean with a proprietary cleaner is required followed by regular use of a mildly acidic cleaning agent solution. Periodic Deep Cleaning Occasionally foreign matter may cause surface marks that cannot be removed with the usual cleaning processes and materials. If the surface mark cannot be removed, other materials should be considered (it is advisable to experiment on a small inconspicuous area):Paint Paint Remover Organic Stains Bleach or one off treatment with washing soda Rust Masonry Cleaner Oil, Fat, Grease Detergent or degreaser Mould Growth Household bleach or proprietary cleaner Tea, Coffee, Ink Household bleach or proprietary cleaner Abrasive powders or cleaners should never be used on ceramic tiles

Fly ash bricks manufacturing units can be set up nearby thermalpower stations .Because the main raw materialis fly ash is generated by thermal power stations in big quanity . Fly ash supplied by thermal power stations at free of cost the entreprenuer has to bare only transportations charges from thermalpower stations to the fly ash bricks manufacturing unit. . There is good demand for fly ash bricks.The awareness among the people is required and also same time the government has to give some special incentives for these type of activities.The technologies are eco friendly,Reduces solid waste and dust in the nature. Compared to hallow brick and clay brick the cost is reasonable.Technology for construction of wall with out cement between the brick has been developed by GODWIN industris,Auto Nagar, Guntur. Construction of wallwith these bricks is very easy and cost effective.Technology is indeginiously available. PRODUCTION CAPACITY PER ANNUM Required raw material like Fly ash,Gypsum, alum and stone crushing dust have to be mixed as per the ratio.The mixed product can be placed into automatic locking machine . This to be kept in moulds for manufacturing of autoimatic locking fly ash bricks. Adfter the processing the bricks have to be dryied after applying required water on the bricks. After two day drying the bricks can be sold.It is simple manufacturing process. Resolved Question
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Floating bricks it is a light weight brick of size 24"x6"x8"?

it is also manufactured by eurocon tiles its cost is around Rs48-52/no it is sound proof and damp proof it is found in a place known as yellapuram in andhrapradesh , Iwant to know weather it is available in bangalore.

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Due to high strength, practically no breakage during transport and use.

Due to uniform size of bricks mortar required for joints and plaster reduces almost by 50%. Due to lower water penetration seepage of water through bricks is considerably reduced. Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris) can be directly applied on these bricks without a backing coat of lime plaster. These bricks do not require soaking in water for 24 hours. Sprinkling of water before use is enough. [edit]Disadvantages 1. Mechanical bonding strength is weak. But this can be rectified by adding marble waste. 2. Limitation of size. Only modular size can be produced. Large size will have more breakages.

Wirecut The clay is continuously extruded to a required size and shaope and then cut into individual bricks by means of a wire, much like a cheese is cut by cheesewire. Thousands of variations in colour and texture. Usually the cheapest facings available as the manufacturing process is highly automated. Typical wirecut bricks Stock The clay is wetted to a so-called "soft mud" and then moulded to shape, before being allowed to dry prior to firing in the kiln. Much of the process is automated. Tend to be slightly irregular in shape. Usually a bit more expensive than wirecuts. Stock bricks Handmade Usually made on a bench, in a mould, much as described above for a stock brick. Because the clay isn't firmly compacted by machine, each brick normally has distinctive creasing known as a 'smile'. Very desirable, and the most expensive of the facings, but well worth it on prestige jobs. Handmade bricks 5 Fletton Also known as 'London Bricks'. A unique facing brick manufactured from the Lower Oxford clay found only in SE England. This clay contains coal traces, which burn during firing, reducing the amount of fuel needed for the kiln, which not only keeps down costs but also produces some interesting effects in the bricks themse