Scientist

Alessandro Volta

Contribution(s)
Italian physicist, first demonstrated the electric pile Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius. 1543 On the Fabric of the Human Body Law of Conservation of Matter - matter cannot be created nor destroyed. Published drawing after using a very premature microscope to see blood corpuscles, sperm, and bacteria Pascal was French mathematician and inventor. He proved Euclids 32nd proposition. And invented the first calculator. System Nature- developed methods to classify and name plants and animals. Calculated the force neccessary to keep a planet in orbit. Christiaan Huygens's explanation of the propagation of light by suggesting that it "flowed" like a fluid
Invented the barometer, to measure air pressure, in 1643. A unit of pressure, called a Torr, is named after him.

Impact
laid foundations for the battery Most widely used measurement of temperature in the world Challenged Galen theory about where blood flows. Father of modern Chemistry

Anders Celsius

Andreas Vesalius Antoine Lavoisier

Anton Leeuwenhoek

No one back then took bacteria as as serious cause of disease, but he laid the fundamentals for bacterial disease research. Laid the foundation for much more complicated computing and calculators and technology. modern taxonomic system

Blaise Pascal

Carolus Linnaeus

Christiaan Huygens

Cartesian approach to physical science

Evangelista Torricelli

This was a large step in the understanding of the properties of air, and the basic structure of the barometer remains the same today.

Francis Bacon

Bacon contributed to scientific developments in

Bacon argued that this process of controlled

the seventeenth century by advocating an inductive method for scientific experimentation. The inductive method begins with direct observation of phenomena. This produces data that is systematically recorded and organized. The data leads to a tentative hypothesis that is re-tested in additional experiments. Gabriel Fahrenheit Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees. an Italian scientist who used controlled experiments to formulate laws of motion and inertia that were expressed in mathematical formulas. With the telescope, he found proof of the Copernican theory of heliocentric motion. A northern german philosopher and mathematician who argued that the universe was set in motion and god didn't need to intervene. Newton publishing the Principia in 1687. This momentous work combined Keplers law of planetary motion, Galileos laws of inertia and falling bodies, and Newtons own conception of gravitation into a single mathematical law of universal gravitation.

experimentation (which in the science world is fundamental today) would lead to the formulation of universal principles and scientific laws.

Fahrenheit temperature measurement Galileo was one of the first people to use the telescope for astronomical observation. His discoveries provided irrefutable support for the heliocentric view that the earth was a planet circling around the sun. With Newton, helped invent calculus.

Galileo

Gottfried Leibniz

Isaac Newton

Newtons concise mathematical formula described all forms of celestial and terrestrial motion. Newton demonstrated that the universe is governed by universal laws that can be expressed in mathematical formulas. Newtons mechanistic concept of the universe dominated Western thought until the discoveries of Albert Einstein in the early

twentieth century. Johannes Kepler When Tycho Brahe died in 1601, his assistant Johannes Kepler continued his work. After carefully studying Brahes data, Kepler formulated three theories: The planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits, Planets move more rapidly as their orbits approach the sun, and finally the time a planet takes to orbit the sun varies proportionately with its distance from the sun. a Polish clergyman and astronomer. In his landmark book, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies, Copernicus presented his readers with a heliocentric view in which the earth revolved around the sun, which was the center of the universe. Descartes contributed to the scientific developments in the seventeenth century by advocating a deductive method for the search for truth. Descartes began by doubting all notions based on authority or custom. Instead, he started with a self-evident axiom known to be true. He then used logical reasoning to deduce various influences. Boyle developed a law on the pressure of gases. Keplers three theories ended up becoming the three very important laws of planetary motion we know today.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Copernicus directly challenged the geocentric view of the universe providing the world with a much more accurate depiction.

Rene Descartes

Advocated a deductive method for the search for truth. Contributed along with Bacon in the development of the scientific method.

Robert Boyle

Boyle proved that only a part of the air is used in respiration and combustion, and is thus credited with the discovery of oxygen. Boyle's further work touched on the beginnings of the study of matter on the

atomic scale.

Tycho Brahe

In the late 1500s, a Danish astronomer, Tycho, carefully recorded the movements of each known planet. Harvey demonstrated that the heart was a pump and that blood circulated throughout the body.

Provided Kepler with the tools he needed to formulate three very important laws of planetary motion.
The first to demonstrate that the circulation of blood through the human body is continuous, rather than consisting of different types circulating through the veins and arteries, as had been previously assumed by the ancient Greek physician, Galen.

William Harvey

Sources
Brautigam, Jeffrey. AP European History, 2012-2013. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print. Link, Jere, and Miles E. Campbell. AP European History. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association, 2009. Print. Palmer, R. R., Joel Colton, and Lloyd S. Kramer. A History of the Modern World. Boston [etc.: McGraw-Hill, 2007. Print.